<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramírez-Valiente, José Alberto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valladares, Fernando</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sánchez-Gómez, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delgado, Antonio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aranda, Ismael</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Population variation and natural selection on leaf traits in cork oak throughout its distribution range</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Oecologica</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen leaf content</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phenotypic selection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Population divergence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Specific leaf area</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water use efficiency</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49-56</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A central issue in evolutionary biology is the exploration of functional trait variation among populations and the extent to which this variation has adaptive value. It was recently proposed that specific leaf area (SLA), leaf nitrogen concentration per mass (Nmass) and water use efficiency in cork oak play an important role in adaptation to water availability in the environment. In order to investigate this hypothesis, we explored, first, whether there was population-level variation in cork oak (Quercus suber) for these functional traits throughout its distribution range; if this were the case, it would be consistent with the hypothesis that different rainfall patterns have led to ecotypic differentiation in this species. Second, we studied whether the population-level variation matched short-term selection on these traits under different water availability conditions using two fitness components: survival and growth. We found high population-level differentiation in SLA and Nmass, with populations from dry places exhibiting the lowest values for SLA and Nmass. Likewise, reduced SLA had fitness benefits in terms of growth for plants under dry conditions. However, contrary to our expectations, we did not find any pattern of association between functional traits and survival in nine-year-old saplings despite considerable drought during one year of the study period. These results together with findings from the literature suggest that early stages of development are the most critical period for this species. Most importantly, these findings suggest that cork oak saplings have a considerable potential to cope with dry conditions. This capacity to withstand aridity has important implications for conservation of cork oak woodlands under the ongoing climate change.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gimeno, Teresa E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pías, Beatriz</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lemos-Filho, José P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valladares, Fernando</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plasticity and stress tolerance override local adaptation in the responses of Mediterranean holm oak seedlings to drought and cold</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree Physiology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological: physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cold Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Droughts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eﬃciency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freezing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genetic Variation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hot Temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nuts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photosynthesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photosynthesis: physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Physiological</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus: physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermal tolerance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Water: physiology</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-98</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant populations of widely distributed species experience a broad range of environmental conditions that can be faced by phenotypic plasticity or ecotypic differentiation and local adaptation. The strategy chosen will determine a population’s ability to respond to climate change. To explore this, we grew Quercus ilex (L.) seedlings from acorns collected at six selected populations from climatically contrasting localities and evaluated their response to drought and late season cold events. Maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax), instantaneous water use efficiency (iWUE), and thermal tolerance to freeze and heat (estimated from chlorophyll fluorescence versus temperature curves) were measured in 5-month-old seedlings in control (no stress), drought (water-stressed), and cold (low suboptimal temperature) conditions. The observed responses were similar for the six populations: drought decreased Amax and increased iWUE, and cold reduced Amax and iWUE. All the seedlings maintained photosynthetic activity under adverse conditions (drought and cold), and rapidly increased their iWUE by closing stomata when exposed to drought. Heat and freeze tolerances were similarly high for seedlings from all the populations, and they were significantly increased by drought and cold, respectively; and were positively related to each other. Differences in seedling performance across populations were primarily induced by maternal effects mediated by seed size and to a lesser extent by idiosyncratic physiologic responses to drought and low temperatures. Tolerance to multiple stresses together with the capacity to physiologically acclimate to heat waves and cold snaps may allow Q. ilex to cope with the increasingly stressful conditions imposed by climate change. Lack of evidence of physiologic seedling adaptation to local climate may reflect opposing selection pressures to complex, multidimensional environmental conditions operating within the distribution range of this species.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19203935</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/treephys/tpn007</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/treephys/tpn007</style></research-notes></record></records></xml>