<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barra-Jimenez, Azahara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blasco, Miquel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruiz-Galea, Mar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celestino, Cristina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alegre, Jesús</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arrillaga, Isabel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toribio, Mariano</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cloning mature holm oak trees by somatic embryogenesis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult trees</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arabinogalactan protein</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integuments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ovules</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetative propagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPRINGER</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">657-667</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integuments from holm oak developing ovules were suitable initial explants to obtain embryogenic lines from which plants could be regenerated. The implementation of multivarietal forestry as part of breeding strategies is expected to provide more productive forest plantations. To achieve this, a reliable and effective method for mass production of clonal plants is needed. Somatic embryogenesis is considered the enabling technology for implementing multivarietal forestry. The holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) is a Mediterranean evergreen tree of economic interests because of the acorn production for animal feed and edible fungi mycorrhization. The aim of this work was to obtain clonal plants by inducing somatic embryogenesis in tissues of female flowers from mature trees. The influence of the developmental stage of the explant, the genotype and medium composition, and the effect of arabinogalactan proteins on the induction frequency, were assessed. Somatic embryogenesis induction (frequency ranging from 1.2 to 3.2 %) was restricted to ovules excised at an advanced stage of development, when they were at least 3-4 mm wide and the rest of the ovules within the ovary had aborted. Somatic embryos arose from the integuments of those fertilized ovules. Embryogenic response was obtained on media with and without plant growth regulators. All the genotypes that were cultured on medium containing ``as reported by Schenk and Hildebrandt (Can J Bot 50:199-204, 1972){''} SH macronutrients could be captured. Treatments including Larix arabinogalactan proteins did not improve induction, while those from Acacia inhibited the embryogenic response. Several embryogenic lines were multiplied by repetitive embryogenesis on medium lacking plant growth regulators. Mature somatic embryos of three genotypes were germinated at frequencies ranging from 41 to 58 %, and converted into plants at frequencies from 11 to 30 %, depending on the genotype.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiménez, Jesús</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">López-Vela, Dolores</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruiz-Galea, Mar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celestino, Cristina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toribio, Mariano</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alegre, Jesús</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Embryogenic suspensions of adult cork oak: the first step towards mass propagation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trees</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">á somatic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">embryogenesis á suspension culture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">micropropagation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">micropropagation á quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somatic embryogenesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suspension culture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s00468-012-0763-yhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00468-012-0763-y</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13 - 23</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protocols have been established to clone adult cork oak trees by somatic embryogenesis using semisolid medium. However, for economically viable mass propagation, embryogenic cultures in liquid medium need to be developed. In this study, suspension cultures were initiated from embryo clusters obtained by secondary embryogenesis on a gelled medium lacking plant growth regulators. After 6 days of culture, these embryo clusters generated high cell density suspensions that also contained small organized structures (embryos and embryogenic clumps). As the culture duration increased, tissue necrosis and fewer embryogenic structures were observed and the establishment of suspension cultures failed. An alternative method was found adequate for initiation of embryogenic suspensions: embryo clusters from gelled medium were brieﬂy shaken in liquid medium and detached cells and embryogenic masses of 41–800 lm were used as inoculum. Maintenance of embryogenic suspensions was achieved using a low-density inoculum (43 mg l -1 ) by subculturing four embryogenic clumps of 0.8–1.2 mm per 70 ml of medium. Proliferation ability was maintained for almost 1 year through ten consecutive subcultures. The initiation and maintenance protocols ﬁrst developed for a single genotype were effective when tested on 11 cork oak genotypes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record></records></xml>