<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Classification modeling based on surface porosity for the grading of natural cork stoppers for quality wines</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Food and Bioproducts Processing</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Submitted</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract The natural cork stoppers are commercially graded into quality classes according with the homogeneity of the external surface. The underlying criteria for this classification are subjective without quantified criteria and standards defined by cork industry or consumers. Image analysis was applied to premium, good and standard quality classes to characterize the surface of the cork stoppers and stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) was used to build predictive classification models. The final goal is to analyze the contribution of each porosity feature and propose an algorithm for cork stoppers quality class classification. This study provides the knowledge based on a large sampling to an accurate grading of natural cork stoppers.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NATURAL VARIABILITY OF SURFACE POROSITY OF WINE CORK STOPPERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal international des sciences de la vigne et du vin</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">331 - 340</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aim : The aim of this study was to characterize the variability and to quantify the surface porosity of wine cork stoppers of different quality classes. Methods and results: The porosity of 300 cork stoppers was characterized by image analysis on the lateral surface and tops. Porosity coefficient was 2.4%, 4.0% and 5.5% for premium, good and standard stoppers, respectively. The lateral surface of stoppers was heterogeneous with respect to porosity features: the tangential regions presented higher porosity while the radial regions had larger pores. Conclusion : The quality classes of cork stoppers can be differentiated by the mean values of the main porosity features of their surface. There is a natural heterogeneity of the porosity features over the external surface of cork stoppers that can be traced back to the biological basis of cork formation and the production process. Significance and impact of the study: Natural cork stoppers are the premium product of the cork industry, with worldwide recognition of quality and performance as wine sealant. Due to the large sampling and detailed observation, the results presented in this study may be used for reinforcing quality requirements, e.g., with definition of standards to improve the classification system. A better understanding of cork intrinsic variability and of the anisotropy of porosity features shown by cork stoppers is important for performance development.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliveira, Vanda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapic, Sofia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NATURAL VARIABILITY OF SURFACE POROSITY OF WINE CORK STOPPERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal international des sciences de la vigne et du vin</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lateral surface</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural cork stoppers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality classes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">331 - 340</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aim : The aim of this study was to characterize the variability and to quantify the surface porosity of wine cork stoppers of different quality classes. Methods and results: The porosity of 300 cork stoppers was characterized by image analysis on the lateral surface and tops. Porosity coefficient was 2.4%, 4.0% and 5.5% for premium, good and standard stoppers, respectively. The lateral surface of stoppers was heterogeneous with respect to porosity features: the tangential regions presented higher porosity while the radial regions had larger pores. Conclusion : The quality classes of cork stoppers can be differentiated by the mean values of the main porosity features of their surface. There is a natural heterogeneity of the porosity features over the external surface of cork stoppers that can be traced back to the biological basis of cork formation and the production process. Significance and impact of the study: Natural cork stoppers are the premium product of the cork industry, with worldwide recognition of quality and performance as wine sealant. Due to the large sampling and detailed observation, the results presented in this study may be used for reinforcing quality requirements, e.g., with definition of standards to improve the classification system. A better understanding of cork intrinsic variability and of the anisotropy of porosity features shown by cork stoppers is important for performance development.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vessel size and number are contributors to define wood density in cork oak</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Journal of Forest Research</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1023-1029</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) has a dense wood that allows high-quality uses. In the present work, we study the inﬂuence of vessel characteristics, measured through image analysis and optical microscopy, on wood density, measured using X-ray microdensitometry, on 40-year-old trees. Vessel area increases with cambial age (5403–33064 lm 2 ), while wood density decreases (1.229–0.836 g/cm 3 ). The number of vessels is relatively constant at 6 vessels/mm 2 , while vessel proportion in cross-section increases from 3.3% near the pith to 20.5% near the bark. In growth rings closest to the pith, with high wood density and low vessel area, the relationship between the two variables is linear (R 2 = -32.1%, P\0.01) but with increasing tree age and vessel size, the wood density remains rather constant, suggesting that decreases in density might compromise mechanical support of the tree at a stage when the increase in crosssectional area alone might not provide mechanical stability. Other anatomical characteristics not considered in this study, like large xylem rays that increase with cambial age, may be responsible for the constant density</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Within-tree and between-tree variation of wood density components in cork oak trees in two sites in Portugal</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forestry</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">465-473</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The axial and radial variation of wood density was studied using microdensitometry in cork oaks (Quercus suber) in two sites in Portugal. The observations were made in mature trees under cork production and in juvenile trees before the first cork extraction, at three height levels (stem base, 1.3 m and before stem bifurcation). The cork oak wood revealed a very high mean density (0.884–1.068 g cm−3). Differences between earlywood and latewood were small (0.866 and 1.061 g cm−3, respectively). Latewood corresponded on average to 61 per cent of the total. The variation of density between trees was statistically highly significant, but no differences were found between the two sites. The within-tree axial variation was negligible but the radial direction within a cross-section was one of the main origins of variation of the density components (18 per cent of the total variation). The density decreased from pith to cambium and this radial variation corresponded to 19–24 per cent of the total variation of wood density. Overall, the magnitude of density variations between and within cork oaks was small and an advantageous factor for their use for quality wood products.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/forestry/cpn012</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/forestry/cpn012</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelos de reconstrução do tronco e programas de simulação . Ferramentas para avaliar o potencial de produção de madeira em sobreiros jovens .</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Congresso Florestal Nacional, 5º, Viseu, 2005</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O sobreiro (Quercus suber L.) é actualmente valorizado como produtor de cortiça, embora no passado a madeira de sobreiro tenha já sido o produto desejado. A disponibilidade da madeira de sobreiro para serração encontra-se limitada ao material proveniente de desbastes ou de abates autorizados. Este estudo teve como objectivo avaliar o potencial desta espécie para a produção de peças sólidas de madeira através da aplicação de técnicas de reconstrução tridimensionais do tronco e simulação de serração. Utilizaram-se os programas de reconstrução do tronco e de simulação de corte WoodCIM®, desenvolvidos no VTT (Technical Research Centre of Finland), que permitiram prever rendimentos da produção em serração. Pretendeu-se contribuir para o aumento do conhecimento do sobreiro como espécie madeireira e do seu potencial para o fabrico de peças de qualidade elevada. Utilizaram-se três sobreiros jovens, escolhidos aleatoriamente num povoamento em desbaste. Os troncos foram cortados em serração em tábuas com 22 mm de espessura. Nestas foi aplicada uma técnica de varrimento visual (scan) e através de análise de imagem (programa PuuPilot) e utilizando um software de reconstrução matemática foi possível desenvolver modelos bi e tridimensionais próximos da realidade, permitindo uma visualização do tronco, entrecasco e cortiça. Neste estudo analisou-se a produção de peças para painéis e soalho. As árvores foram virtualmente serradas em toros de 500 e 1000 mm de comprimento. Os rendimentos variaram entre 26,6% e 35,4% para toros de 0,5 m, e 28,75 e 34,0% para toros de 1,0 m. O melhor rendimento foi obtido para a produçao de parquet, utilizando toros de 0,5 m.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>