<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carmona, Carlos P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Azcárate, Francisco M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oteros-Rozas, Elisa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">González, José A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peco, Begoña</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessing the effects of seasonal grazing on holm oak regeneration: Implications for the conservation of Mediterranean dehesas</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agricultural intensification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Browsing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transhumance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712004831</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">159</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">240 - 247</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scattered trees in agricultural landscapes are globally declining due to the intensification of agricultural practices. Dehesas, highly species-diverse Mediterranean open woodlands, are seriously affected by this decline, because of a generalized regeneration failure of oak, which compromise their long-term stability. Traditionally, dehesas were the wintering areas for transhumant herds, but transhumance is disappearing in the Mediterranean, due to multiple causes. Reductions in grazing intensity or grazing abandonment have been proposed to improve oak regeneration in dehesas, but the effect of the recovery of non-continuous grazing practices such as transhumance has not been tested to date. We measured different indicators of holm oak regeneration and condition in dehesas under transhumant grazing and in dehesas under permanent grazing in southern Spain. Oak juveniles were remarkably less browsed and their canopies covered a much higher area in transhumant estates. As a consequence, the median density of saplings was more than four times higher in transhumant than in permanently-grazed estates. Although transhumant grazing is necessarily associated with a reduction in the stocking rate across the year, the timing of grazing was always included as a predictor in the best models to explain the condition and density of holm oak. Our results suggest that the lack of oak regeneration in dehesas can be caused not only by the increases in stocking rates, but also by the recent abandonment of traditional grazing practices like transhumance. We propose the recovery of seasonal grazing regimes based on transhumant pastoralism as a measure to improve the conservation status of dehesas.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carmona, Carlos P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Röder, Achim</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Azcárate, Francisco M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peco, Begoña</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing management or physiography? Factors controlling vegetation recovery in Mediterranean grasslands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Modelling</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boosted Regression Trees</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cost surfaces</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing gradients</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spectral Mixture Analysis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380012005716</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">251</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73 - 84</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing intensification and abandonment are increasing the risk of degradation of Mediterranean grasslands. The development of techniques for monitoring grazing effects on herbaceous vegetation is an essential need for the management of these rangelands. However, the high variability of these systems make physiographical and management effects hard to disentangle and quantify. We present a methodology to support rangeland management and assess grazing effects on environmentally heterogeneous areas, and provide an example of its application in a Mediterranean rangeland in central Spain. We evaluated the difference in photosynthetically active vegetation cover between spring and summer using Spectral Mixture Analysis of very high spatial resolution (2.4 m) Quickbird images. To analyze this difference, we developed Boosted Regression Trees models using grazing management (accumulated cost distance to points of livestock concentration and water points) and physiographical variables (slope, wetness, proximity to the closest tree and orientation). Results show that the main factor determining changes in vegetation cover is habitat type. The magnitude of this change was maximized at intermediate grazing pressures for humid habitats, suggesting the existence of an optimal level of grazing in this zones, while in dry habitats differences in vegetation cover increased consistently along with grazing pressure. Our models provided a valuable insight into how different variables and its interactions affect the observed recovery capacity of vegetation. Moreover, by identifying areas in which grazing-induced land degradation could be taken place, our methodology can be used as a powerful tool in the management of highly heterogeneous rangelands.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>