<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Espín, Juan Carlos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">González-Barrio, Rocío</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerdá, Begoña</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">López-Bote, Clemente</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rey, Ana I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomás-Barberán, Francisco a</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iberian Pig as a Model To Clarify Obscure Points in the Bioavailability and Metabolism of Ellagitannins in Humans</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bile</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bioavailability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Availability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Fluids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Fluids: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cereals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cereals: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">colon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ellagic acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellagitannin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gall bladder</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrolyzable Tannins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrolyzable Tannins: metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrolyzable Tannins: pharmacokinetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intestine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seeds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seeds: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine: metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue Distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">urolithin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17990850http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0723864</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10476 - 10485</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellagitannin-containing foods (strawberries, walnuts, pomegranate, raspberries, oak-aged wine, etc.) have attracted attention due to their cancer chemopreventive, cardioprotective, and antioxidant effects. Ellagitannins (ETs) are not absorbed as such but are metabolized by the intestinal flora to yield urolithins (hydroxydibenzopyran-6-one derivatives). In this study, Iberian pig is used as a model to clarify human ET metabolism. Pigs were fed either cereal fodder or acorns, a rich source of ETs. Plasma, urine, bile, lumen and intestinal tissues (jejunum and colon), feces, liver, kidney, heart, brain, lung, muscle, and subcutaneous fat tissue were analyzed. The results demonstrate that acorn ETs release ellagic acid (EA) in the jejunum, then the intestinal flora metabolizes EA sequentially to yield tetrahydroxy- (urolithin D), trihydroxy- (urolithin C), dihydroxy- (urolithin A), and monohydroxy- (urolithin B) dibenzopyran-6-one metabolites, which were absorbed preferentially when their lipophilicity increased. Thirty-one ET-derived metabolites were detected, including 25 urolithin and 6 EA derivatives. Twenty-six extensively conjugated metabolites were detected in bile, glucuronides and methyl glucuronides of EA and particularly urolithin A, C, and D derivatives, confirming a very active enterohepatic circulation. Urolithins A and B as well as dimethyl-EA-glucuronide were detected in peripheral plasma. The presence of EA metabolites in bile and in urine and its absence in intestinal tissues suggested its absorption in the stomach. Urolithin A was the only metabolite detected in feces and together with its glucuronide was the most abundant metabolite in urine. No metabolites accumulated in any organ analyzed. The whole metabolism of ETs is shown for the first time, confirming previous studies in humans and explaining the long persistency of urolithin metabolites in the body mediated by an active enterohepatic circulation.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">25</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 (Iberian Pig as a Model To Clarify Obscure Points in the Bioavailability and Metabolism of Ellagitannins in Humans - Espín, Juan Carlos; González-Barrio, Rocío; Cerdá, Begoña; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana I; Tomás-Barberán, Francisco A)From Duplicate 2 (Iberian Pig as a Model To Clarify Obscure Points in the Bioavailability and Metabolism of Ellagitannins in Humans - Espín, Juan Carlos; González-Barrio, Rocío; Cerdá, Begoña; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana I; Tomás-Barberán, Francisco A)The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: American Chemical Society&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 17990850</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Espín, Juan Carlos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">González-Barrio, Rocío</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerdá, Begoña</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">López-Bote, Clemente</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rey, Ana I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tomás-Barberán, Francisco a</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iberian Pig as a Model To Clarify Obscure Points in the Bioavailability and Metabolism of Ellagitannins in Humans</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bile</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bioavailability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Availability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Fluids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Fluids: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cereals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cereals: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">colon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diet</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ellagic acid</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellagitannin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gall bladder</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Humans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrolyzable Tannins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrolyzable Tannins: metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hydrolyzable Tannins: pharmacokinetics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intestine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seeds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seeds: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine: metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tissue Distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">urolithin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Chemical Society</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">55</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10476-10485</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ellagitannin-containing foods (strawberries, walnuts, pomegranate, raspberries, oak-aged wine, etc.) have attracted attention due to their cancer chemopreventive, cardioprotective, and antioxidant effects. Ellagitannins (ETs) are not absorbed as such but are metabolized by the intestinal flora to yield urolithins (hydroxydibenzopyran-6-one derivatives). In this study, Iberian pig is used as a model to clarify human ET metabolism. Pigs were fed either cereal fodder or acorns, a rich source of ETs. Plasma, urine, bile, lumen and intestinal tissues (jejunum and colon), feces, liver, kidney, heart, brain, lung, muscle, and subcutaneous fat tissue were analyzed. The results demonstrate that acorn ETs release ellagic acid (EA) in the jejunum, then the intestinal flora metabolizes EA sequentially to yield tetrahydroxy- (urolithin D), trihydroxy- (urolithin C), dihydroxy- (urolithin A), and monohydroxy- (urolithin B) dibenzopyran-6-one metabolites, which were absorbed preferentially when their lipophilicity increased. Thirty-one ET-derived metabolites were detected, including 25 urolithin and 6 EA derivatives. Twenty-six extensively conjugated metabolites were detected in bile, glucuronides and methyl glucuronides of EA and particularly urolithin A, C, and D derivatives, confirming a very active enterohepatic circulation. Urolithins A and B as well as dimethyl-EA-glucuronide were detected in peripheral plasma. The presence of EA metabolites in bile and in urine and its absence in intestinal tissues suggested its absorption in the stomach. Urolithin A was the only metabolite detected in feces and together with its glucuronide was the most abundant metabolite in urine. No metabolites accumulated in any organ analyzed. The whole metabolism of ETs is shown for the first time, confirming previous studies in humans and explaining the long persistency of urolithin metabolites in the body mediated by an active enterohepatic circulation.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17990850</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 (Iberian Pig as a Model To Clarify Obscure Points in the Bioavailability and Metabolism of Ellagitannins in Humans - Espín, Juan Carlos; González-Barrio, Rocío; Cerdá, Begoña; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana I; Tomás-Barberán, Francisco A)</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 (Iberian Pig as a Model To Clarify Obscure Points in the Bioavailability and Metabolism of Ellagitannins in Humans - Espín, Juan Carlos; González-Barrio, Rocío; Cerdá, Begoña; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana I; Tomás-Barberán, Francisco A)</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daza, Argimiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">López-Bote, Clemente</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rey, Ana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olivares, Álvaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olivares, Álvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period on growth and carcass and fat quality in Iberian pigs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archives of Animal Nutrition</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a and g tocopherols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adipose Tissue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adipose Tissue: metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpha-Tocopherol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpha-Tocopherol: analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal Feed</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Composition: physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carcass quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fatty acid proﬁle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fatty acids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fatty Acids: analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">free-range fattening</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gamma-Tocopherol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gamma-Tocopherol: analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pig age</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skeletal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skeletal: anatomy &amp; histology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skeletal: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine: growth &amp; development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weight Gain</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16921928http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450390600785285</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">317 - 324</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract This experiment was carried out to study the influence of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period (traditional pigs, TP, age 12 months vs. young pigs, YP, age 8 months) on the performance of Iberian pigs. During 152 days prior to the fattening period, TP and YP pigs received 1.7 and 2.6 kg feed per day, respectively. During fattening, TP pigs had a higher average daily gain (p &lt; 0.05) than YP pigs. The proportions of PUFA and n-3 fatty acids of the outer and inner layers of subcutaneous backfat were higher in TP than in YP pigs (p &lt; 0.05), while the proportions of C16:0 and SFA in the inner layer of subcutaneous backfat were greater in YP than in TP pigs (p &lt; 0.05). The ratio of n-6/n-3 in subcutaneous backfat was lower in TP than in YP pigs (p &lt; 0.05). The percentage of intramuscular fat in longissimus dorsi muscle was higher in TP than in YP pigs (p &lt; 0.05). The relationship between the percentage of intramuscular fat in longissimus dorsi muscle and average daily gain during the free-range fattening period adjusted to a quadratic function (p &lt; 0.05). The concentration of α- and ?-tocopherol in subcutaneous backfat at slaughter was significantly higher in TP than in YP pigs (p &lt; 0.05). It is concluded that Iberian pigs that have 8 months of age at the beginning of free-range feeding have adequate commercial quality.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 (Effect of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period on growth and carcass and fat quality in Iberian pigs - Daza, Argimiro; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana; Olivares, Álvaro)From Duplicate 2 (Effect of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period on growth and carcass and fat quality in Iberian pigs - Daza, Argimiro; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana; Olivares, Álvaro)The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Taylor &amp; Francis&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 16921928</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Daza, Argimiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">López-Bote, Clemente</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rey, Ana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olivares, Álvaro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olivares, Álvaro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period on growth and carcass and fat quality in Iberian pigs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Archives of Animal Nutrition</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a and g tocopherols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adipose Tissue</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adipose Tissue: metabolism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Age Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpha-Tocopherol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alpha-Tocopherol: analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal Feed</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body Composition: physiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carcass quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fatty acid proﬁle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fatty acids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fatty Acids: analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">free-range fattening</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gamma-Tocopherol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gamma-Tocopherol: analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muscle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pig age</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skeletal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skeletal: anatomy &amp; histology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skeletal: chemistry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swine: growth &amp; development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Weight Gain</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor &amp; Francis</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">317-324</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract This experiment was carried out to study the influence of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period (traditional pigs, TP, age 12 months vs. young pigs, YP, age 8 months) on the performance of Iberian pigs. During 152 days prior to the fattening period, TP and YP pigs received 1.7 and 2.6 kg feed per day, respectively. During fattening, TP pigs had a higher average daily gain (p &lt; 0.05) than YP pigs. The proportions of PUFA and n-3 fatty acids of the outer and inner layers of subcutaneous backfat were higher in TP than in YP pigs (p &lt; 0.05), while the proportions of C16:0 and SFA in the inner layer of subcutaneous backfat were greater in YP than in TP pigs (p &lt; 0.05). The ratio of n-6/n-3 in subcutaneous backfat was lower in TP than in YP pigs (p &lt; 0.05). The percentage of intramuscular fat in longissimus dorsi muscle was higher in TP than in YP pigs (p &lt; 0.05). The relationship between the percentage of intramuscular fat in longissimus dorsi muscle and average daily gain during the free-range fattening period adjusted to a quadratic function (p &lt; 0.05). The concentration of α- and ?-tocopherol in subcutaneous backfat at slaughter was significantly higher in TP than in YP pigs (p &lt; 0.05). It is concluded that Iberian pigs that have 8 months of age at the beginning of free-range feeding have adequate commercial quality.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16921928</style></accession-num><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 (Effect of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period on growth and carcass and fat quality in Iberian pigs - Daza, Argimiro; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana; Olivares, Álvaro)</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 (Effect of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period on growth and carcass and fat quality in Iberian pigs - Daza, Argimiro; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana; Olivares, Álvaro)</style></research-notes></record></records></xml>