<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguilera, J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nieto, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rivera, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García, M A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Amino acid availability and energy value of acorn in the Iberian pig</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Livestock Production Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acorn</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">amino acids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy value</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pig-feeding and nutrition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protein quality</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">227-239</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two experiments have been performed to determine amino acid digestibility and energy value of acorn (Quercus rotundifolia L.) for Iberian pigs. In experiment 1 ileal digestibility of amino acids was determined in ﬁve ileum-cannulated growing pigs fed whole ground acorn. An estimation of endogenous protein losses was carried out by feeding a protein-free diet, added (180 g/kg) or not with acorn hulls. True ileal digestibility of all essential amino acids measured was high (0.798–1.03) except for arginine (0.523), lysine (0.601), isoleucine (0.760), leucine (0.777) and phenylalanine (0.716). The average value for the digestibility of the sum of amino acids was 0.664. Lysine was the ﬁrst limiting amino acid compared with the amino acid proﬁle of the ideal protein for pigs. In experiment 2, total tract digestibility of nutrients and N balance were determined in ﬁve, non-cannulated pigs offered whole acorns. High coefﬁcients for the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (ApDM) (0.830) and energy metabolizability (ME/GE; 0.805) were found. ME content for acorn kernel was 16.6 MJ/kg DM, while the apparent total tract digestibility of total N (ApTN) was as low as 0.408. However, a positive N retention was observed (3.7 g/day). Comparing experiments 1 vs. 2, inclusion of acorn hulls resulted in a marked decrease in DM intake, ApTN and in N retention (25.1 g/day, in total tract data from experiment 1). The negative effects of acorn hulls on protein digestibility and N balance were corroborated in rats given similar amounts of either whole ground acorn or ground acorn kernel. Dietary supplementation with lysine is proposed to achieve a higher efﬁciency of protein accretion in the Iberian pig when fed on acorn.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alcaide, E M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García, M A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguilera, J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The voluntary intake and rumen digestion by grazing goats and sheep of a low-quality pasture from a semi-arid land</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Livestock Production Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intake</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rumen fermentation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semi-arid land</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-47</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An experiment was carried out in late autumn with goats and wethers fitted with permanent ruminal cannulae, grazing in a semi-arid area of South Spain. Shrubs were the most available plant species, although natural vegetation also included trees and grasses. In general, the dominant species of the available vegetation accounted for the highest proportion in the selected diet. Similar proportion and species of grasses were found in the pasture selected by goats and wethers, whereas interspecies differences were observed regarding the selection of shrubs and tree species. Crude protein content was similar in selected diets by goats and sheep, but a higher unavailable N proportion was found for sheep (27.1 and 30.0% of total N for goats and sheep, respectively). Digestibility of forage selected was higher for goats than for wethers. Voluntary intake was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher in goats than in sheep; the metabolizable energy intake for goats was higher than their maintenance requirements but failed to meet maintenance needs for wethers. Fermentative rumen activity was moderate and similar for goats and sheep. No interspecies differences were found in rumen fermentation parameters except for molar proportions of acetic and propionic acid and for acetic/propionic ratio, which were significantly higher in wethers. The degradation rate tended to be faster in goats, whereas potential and effective degradability tended to be similar in goats and sheep.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>