<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deceuninck, B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peris, S J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calvo, J M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual, J A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DelaCruzCardiel, P J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mate guarding in the spotless starling (Sturnus unicolor): Timing and duration pattern in intermediate breeding pairs</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOLIA ZOOLOGICA</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intermediate clu</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">male behaviour</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sturnus unicolor</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INST VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">KVETNA 8, BRNO, CZECH REPUBLIC 603 65</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-134</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mate guarding behaviour in the spotless starling Sturnus unicolor, a&lt;br/&gt;colonially breeding passerine was observed in five focal pairs of a&lt;br/&gt;nestbox colony in a Spanish `'dehesa'' (extensive pastured helm oak&lt;br/&gt;wood) in 1993. Daily observations were performed since the day of pair&lt;br/&gt;formation. Escorting behaviour began 4 days prior to laying and declined&lt;br/&gt;sharply between the 2 and 3 days of the laying period. Males followed&lt;br/&gt;their females more than the reverse, and spent more than 90% of time in&lt;br/&gt;the colony with the female during her fertile period. When escorting the&lt;br/&gt;females, males actively chased off other males to prevent them&lt;br/&gt;appproaching their mate. While males escorted females during fertile&lt;br/&gt;period up to 100% of times when they left colony, females came back to&lt;br/&gt;colony without their mate nearly 30% of times, showing that females&lt;br/&gt;succeeded in escaping their mate Vigilance when moving outside the&lt;br/&gt;colony. These results suggest that males guard in aim to keep other&lt;br/&gt;males away from their female, but also to keep females from approaching&lt;br/&gt;other males. Most of the observed copulations occurred during the&lt;br/&gt;guarding period. No extra-pair copulations (EPC) were witnessed between&lt;br/&gt;individuals of breeding pairs during the study time. One attempt of EPC&lt;br/&gt;occurred between a male of focal pair and a female of non-focal unstable&lt;br/&gt;pair. Nestbox occupation by unstable pairs and the shortness of time&lt;br/&gt;separating pair formation and laying in intermediate breeding pairs are&lt;br/&gt;discussed.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual, J A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NO EFFECTS OF A FOREST SPRAYING OF MALATHION ON BREEDING BLUE TIPS (PARUS-CAEREULEUS)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BLUE TIT (PARUS-CAERULEUS)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding success</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOREST SPRAYING</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indirect effects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MALATHION</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SETAC PRESS</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1127-1131</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultra low volume (ULV) aerial spraying of the organophosphorus insecticide malathion is widely used in Spain to control Tortrix viridana, the most important lepidopteran pest of Spanish holm oak forests (Quercus ilex). A field study was carried out in spring 1988 to analyze the short-term effects of a standard application rate of malathion (1, 160 g a.i./ha) on the breeding success of the blue tit (Parus caeruleus). Several blue tit reproductive parameters and seasonal variation of arthropod densities in canopy trees (focusing on caterpillars, the main food resource for breeding blue tits) were compared between a malathion-treated plot and a control plot. None of the breeding parameters (nest abandonment, nest success, hatching success, nestling mortality, daily survival rate, and nestling weight) showed differences between the treated and the control plots. Malathion spraying caused nearly a 100% mortality of the target pest Tortrix viridana, but it did not reduce availability of another Tortricidae (Archips xylosteana), with the result that food supply was similar or higher in the treated plot than in the control plot. The main conclusion of this study is that a forest standard application of malathion did not cause adverse short-term effects on breeding blue tits. Moreover, this work focused on the indirect effects of insecticides via food depletion; its results suggest that in these kinds of studies it is more important to assess the abundance of arthropods remaining alive after treatment than the degree of arthropod mortality caused by the insecticide.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>