<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penuelas, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guenther, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rapparini, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Llusia, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Filella, I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seco, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estiarte, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mejia-Chang, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ogaya, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ibáñez, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sardans, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Castaño, L M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turnipseed, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duhl, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harley, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vila, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estavillo, J M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Villanueva, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facini, O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baraldi, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geron, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mak, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patton, E G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiang, X</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Greenberg, J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intensive measurements of gas, water, and energy exchange between vegetation and troposphere during the MONTES Campaign in a vegetation gradient from short semi-desertic shrublands to tall wet temperate forests in the NW Mediterranean basin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atmospheric Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aircraft</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boundary Layer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CH4</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CO2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evapotranspiration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">green biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">isoprene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lai</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land Cover</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">latent heat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">masts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MEGAN</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monoterpenes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N2O</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NDVI</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O3</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sensible heat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tethered balloons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vertical profiles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VOCs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Submitted</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract MONTES (“Woodlands”) was a multidisciplinary international field campaign aimed at measuring energy, water and especially gas exchange between vegetation and atmosphere in a gradient from short semi-desertic shrublands to tall wet temperate forests in NE Spain in the North Western Mediterranean Basin (WMB). The measurements were performed at a semidesertic area (Monegros), at a coastal Meditrerranean shrubland area (Garraf), at a typical Mediterranean holm oak forest area (Prades) and at a wet temperate beech forest (Montseny) during spring (April 2010) under optimal plant physiological conditions in driest-warmest sites and during summer (July 2010) with drought and heat stresses in the driest-warmest sites and optimal conditions in the wettest-coolest site. The objective of this campaign was to study the differences in gas, water and energy exchange occurring at different vegetation coverages and biomasses. Particular attention was devoted to quantitatively understand the exchange of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) because of their biological and environmental effects in the WMB. A wide range of instruments (GC-MS, PTR-MS, meteorological sensors, O3 monitors,…) and vertical platforms such as masts, tethered balloons and aircraft were used to characterize the gas, water and energy exchange at increasing footprint areas by measuring vertical profiles. In this paper we provide an overview of the MONTES campaign: the objectives, the characterization of the biomass and gas, water and energy exchange in the 4 sites-areas using satellite data, the estimation of isoprene and monoterpene emissions using MEGAN model, the measurements performed and the first results. The isoprene and monoterpene emission rates estimated with MEGAN and emission factors measured at the foliar level for the dominant species ranged from about 0 to 0.2 mg m-2 h-1 in April. The warmer temperature in July resulted in higher model estimates from about 0 to ca 1.6 mg m-2 h-1 for isoprene and ca. 4.5 mg m-2 h-1 for monoterpenes, depending on the site vegetation and footprint area considered. There were clear daily and seasonal patterns with higher emission rates and mixing ratios at midday and summer relative to early morning and early spring. There was a significant trend in CO2 fixation (from 1 to 10 mg C m-2 d-1), transpiration (from x 1 to 5 kg C m-2 d-1), and sensible and latent heat from the warmest-driest to the coolest-wettest site. The results showed the strong land-cover-specific influence on emissions of BVOCs, gas, energy and water exchange, and therefore demonstrate the potential for feed-back to atmospheric chemistry and climate.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guenther, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Koble, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leip, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seufert, G</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A new European plant-specific emission inventory of biogenic volatile organic compounds for use in atmospheric transport models</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BIOGEOSCIENCES</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emissions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">isoprene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monoterpenes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VOC</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1059-1087</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We present a new European plant-specific emission inventory for isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated VOC (OVOC), on a spatial resolution of 0.089x0.089 degrees, for implementation in atmospheric transport models. The inventory incorporates more accurate data on foliar biomass densities from several litterfall databases that became available in the last years for the main tree species in Europe. A bioclimatic correction factor was introduced to correct the foliar biomass densities of trees and crops for the different plant growth conditions that can be found in Pan-Europe. Long-term seasonal variability of agriculture and forest emissions was taken into account by implementing a new growing season concept. The 2004-2005 averaged annual total biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions for the Pan-European domain are estimated to be about 12 Tg with a large contribution from the OVOC class of about 4.5 Tg and from monoterpenes of about 4 Tg. Annual isoprene emissions are found to be about 3.5 Tg, insensitive to the chosen emission algorithm. Emissions of OVOC were found to originate to a large extent from agriculture. Further experiments on crop emissions should be carried out to check the validity of the applied standard emission factors. The new inventory aims at a fully transparent and verifiable aggregation of detailed land use information and at the inclusion of plant-specific emission data. Though plant-specific land use data is available with relatively high accuracy, a lack of experimental biomass densities and emission data on terpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated VOC, in particular for agricultural plants, currently limits the setup of a highly accurate plant-specific emission inventory.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jardine, K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harley, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karl, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guenther, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lerdau, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mak, J E</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant physiological and environmental controls over the exchange of acetaldehyde between forest canopies and the atmosphere</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BIOGEOSCIENCES</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acetaldehydes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">emission</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Populus deltoides</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stomatal resistance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1559-1572</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We quantified fine scale sources and sinks of gas phase acetaldehyde in two forested ecosystems in the US. During the daytime, the upper canopy behaved as a net source while at lower heights, reduced emission rates or net uptake were observed. At night, uptake generally predominated throughout the canopies. Net ecosystem emission rates were inversely related to foliar density due to the extinction of light in the canopy and a respective decrease of the acetaldehyde compensation point. This is supported by branch level studies revealing much higher compensation points in the light than in the dark for poplar (Populus deltoides) and holly oak (Quercus ilex) implying a higher light/temperature sensitivity for acetaldehyde production relative to consumption. The view of stomata as the major pathway for acetaldehyde exchange is supported by strong linear correlations between branch transpiration rates and acetaldehyde exchange velocities for both species. In addition, natural abundance carbon isotope analysis of gas-phase acetaldehyde during poplar branch fumigation experiments revealed a significant kinetic isotope effect of 5.1 +/- 0.3 parts per thousand associated with the uptake of acetaldehyde. Similar experiments with dry dead poplar leaves showed no fractionation or uptake of acetaldehyde, confirming that this is only a property of living leaves. We suggest that acetaldehyde belongs to a potentially large list of plant metabolites where stomatal resistance can exert long term control over both emission and uptake rates due to the presence of both source(s) and sink(s) within the leaf which strongly buffer large changes in concentrations in the substomatal airspace due to changes in stomatal resistance. We conclude that the exchange of acetaldehyde between plant canopies and the atmosphere is fundamentally controlled by ambient acetaldehyde concentrations, stomatal resistance, and the compensation point which is a function of light/temperature.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simpson, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winiwarter, W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borjesson, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cinderby, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreiro, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guenther, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hewitt, C N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janson, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khalil, M A K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Owen, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pierce, T E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Puxbaum, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shearer, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skiba, U</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinbrecher, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tarrason, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oquist, M G</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inventorying emissions from nature in Europe</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emissions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NOx</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volatile Organic Compounds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8113-8152</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As part of the work of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations Task Force on Emission Inventories, a new set of guidelines has been developed for assessing the emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, NH,, CH,, and nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) from biogenic and other natural sources in Europe. This paper gives the background to these guidelines, describes the sources, and gives our recommended methodologies for estimating emissions. We have assembled land use and other statistics from European or national compilations and present emission estimates for the various natural/biogenic source categories based on these. Total emissions from nature derived here amount to similar to 1.1 Tg S yr(-1), 6-8 Tg CH4 yr(-1), 70 Gg NH3 (as N) yr(-1), and 13 Tg NMVOC yr(-1). Estimates of biogenic NOx emissions cover a wide range, from 140 to 1500 Gg NOx (as N) yr(-1). In terms of relative contribution to total European emissions for different pollutants, then NMVOC from forests and vegetation are clearly the most important emissions source. Biogenic NOx emissions (although heavily influenced by nitrogen inputs from anthropogenic activities) are very important if the higher estimates are reliable. CH, from wetlands and sulphur from volcanoes are also significant emissions in the European budgets. On a global scale, European biogenic emissions are not significant, a consequence of the climate and size (7% of global land area) of Europe and of the destruction of natural ecosystems since prehistoric times. However, for assessing local budgets and for photochemical oxidant modeling, natural/biogenic emissions can play an important role. The most important contributor in this regard is undoubtedly forest VOC emissions, although this paper also indicates that NMVOC emissions from nonforested areas also need to be further evaluated. This paper was originally conceived as a contribution to the collection of papers arising as a result of the Workshop on Biogenic Hydrocarbons in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, August 24-27, 1997. (Several papers arising from this workshop have been published in Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(D19) 1998.).</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></research-notes></record></records></xml>