<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>7</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mosquera-Losada, M R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pardini, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">McAdam, J H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Papanastasis, V</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Burgess, P J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lamersdorf, N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Castro, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liagre, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rigueiro-Rodríguez, A</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nair, P K Ramachandran</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garrity, Dennis</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Past, Present and Future of Agroforestry Systems in Europe</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry - The Future of Global Land Use SE - 16</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Policy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvoarable</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvopasture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Netherlands</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">285--312 LA -- English</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">978-94-007-4675-6</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Many traditional land-use systems in Europe involved agroforestry in the pre-industrial era, but, over the years, increased mechanization led to the develop- ment of increasingly specialized crop, animal and wood production systems. As a consequence, the area under agroforestry declined in many regions of Europe, and agroforestry systems became con fi ned to situations where understorey primary production is restricted due to cold temperatures (Boreal and Alpine areas) or drought (Mediterranean areas) and to plots that are hard to reach or too small for cultivation with modern machinery, as in Spain, Italy and the lower altitude mountain regions in southern and central Germany. On the whole, agroforestry continued to be practised only where it enabled farmers to obtain economic returns from lands that were otherwise relatively unproductive and mostly limited to silvopastoral practices. Since the mid-1990s, however, European policies have encouraged land management systems that combine production, environmental services (biodiversity, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling and water quality) and social bene fi ts, and this has created a new interest in agroforestry systems. Today, the major agroforestry practices in Europe include silvopasture and silvoarable. However, the bene fi ts and opportunities offered by agroforestry can only be realized with substantial investments and coordinated efforts in research, education, knowledge transfer and appropriate national policies across Europe.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>7</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Castro, M</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rigueiro-Rodríguez, A</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvopastoral systems in Portugal: Current status and future prospects</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry in Europe: Current Status and Future Prospects.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chestnut systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">montado</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">olive tree system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Portugal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pyrenean oak system</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">111-126</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Portugal has a high diversity of agroforestry systems like other Mediterranean countries. This is the result of the Mediterranean climate, great variability of bioclimatic conditions, a long history of land use, and a marked variation in land tenure between north and south of the country. Four major silvopastoral systems are described: two classically Mediterranean – montado and Olive tree system, and two typically of the transitional environment between Mediterranean and Temperate conditions – Pyrenean oak and Chestnut systems. Some products of traditional agroforestry systems such as charcoal, organic manure, livestock production and others have become less valuable with the socio-economic transformation of the 1960s. These systems have been declining from approximately 1950 onwards. Currently, the focus on sustainable agriculture, with greater emphasis on nature and landscape conservation, has meant that environmental values now represent new opportunities for income generation from these systems. A better understanding of traditional agroforestry systems is needed for the formulation of a specific European policy that will preserve European landscapes. This paper looks at the future potential for silvopastoral systems in Portugal based on current status.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>