<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa, Augusta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madeira, Manuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plieninger, Tobias</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak woodlands patchiness: A signature of imminent deforestation?</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Geography</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest degradation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fractional canopy cover</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean landscape</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patch size–frequency distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Power-law function</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0143622814001623</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18 - 26</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woodlands of the agroforestry landscapes of Southwestern Iberia are undergoing drastic change due to severe natural and anthropogenic disturbances. These may eventually result in woodland loss or deforestation, the final step of an ongoing process of woodland degradation. Monitoring changes in the spatial patterns of woodlands – especially fractional canopy cover of woodlands and/or their patchiness in the landscape mosaic – potentially enables forecasting of loss and responding to it at an early stage. We examine the degradation process in two cork oak woodlands, resulting from distinct disturbances, wildfire and oak mortality, aimed at evaluating the changes, trends and deviations of the spatial attributes of these woodlands as they move from an initial (less disturbed ecosystem) to a final state (more disturbed ecosystem). While undergoing disturbances, both woodlands exhibited similar trends of decreasing fractional canopy cover and decreasing number of larger patches. Patchiness rather than fractional canopy cover seems, however, to be potentially more useful as a signature of imminent oak woodlands deforestation, given that its contrast before and after disturbance was much higher. The structural dynamics of oak woodlands is a crucial but neglected issue that needs greater attention from policy forums working toward their conservation and restoration as well as from stakeholders and society as a whole.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa, Augusta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madeira, Manuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lima Santos, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plieninger, Tobias</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seixas, Júlia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fragmentation patterns of evergreen oak woodlands in Southwestern Iberia: Identifying key spatial indicators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Environmental Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest spatial pattern</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oak woodlands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus rotundifolia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479713007196</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18 - 26</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands (composed of Quercus suber L. and Quercus rotundifolia Lam.) are becoming increasingly fragmented in the human-modified landscapes of Southwestern Portugal and Spain. Previous studies have largely neglected to assess the spatial changes of oak woodlands in relation to their surrounding landscape matrix, and to characterize and quantify woodland boundaries and edges. The present study aims to fill this gap by analyzing fragmentation patterns of oak woodlands over a 50-year period (1958–2007) in three landscapes. Using archived aerial imagery from 1958, 1995 and 2007, for two consecutive periods (1958–1995 and 1995–2007), we calculated a set of landscape metrics to compare woodland fragmentation over time. Our results indicated a continuous woodland fragmentation characterized by their edge dynamics. From 1958 to 2007, the replacement of open farmland by shrubland and by new afforestation areas in the oak woodland landscape surrounding matrix, led to the highest values for edge contrast length trends of 5.0 and 12.3, respectively. Linear discriminant analysis was performed to delineate fragmented woodland structures and identify metric variables that characterize woodland spatial configuration. The edge contrast length with open farmland showed a strong correlation with F1 (correlations ranging between 0.55 and 0.98) and may be used as a proxy for oak woodland mixedness in landscape matrix. The edge dynamics of oak woodlands may result in different patterns of oak recruitment and therefore, its study may be helpful in highlighting future baselines for the sustainable management of oak woodlands.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa, Augusta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying kinetics of cork planks in a cork pile in the field</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Food and Bioproducts Processing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">empirical drying models</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture content</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">moisture ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural sun drying</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960308512000624</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1 - 9</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moisture content is one important parameter in the trading of raw cork planks after harvesting. This study presents a mathematical modeling of the drying curve of raw cork planks in a cork pile in the ﬁeld, under natural sun drying conditions. Experimental data were obtained by following the water loss (i.e. by daily weighing) of 97 cork planks positioned in nine points within a cork pile. Immediately after harvesting, the raw cork planks had a mean moisture content in a dry basis of 40.4% and after 20-day drying 16.6%. The drying process of the cork planks showed three phases: drying was very fast in the ﬁrst 2 days; in the next 2–15 days there was a decreasing drying rate; and a ﬁnal phase, after 15 days in the cork pile, with a slightly decreasing drying rate. Mathematical modeling provided a direct relation between moisture content and drying time. After comparing sixteen empirical drying models, the Modiﬁed Henderson and Pabis model showed the best ﬁt. According to this model, the cork planks are commercial dry (14% moisture content in a wet basis) 15 days after harvest.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Institution of Chemical Engineers</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How resilient is Quercus suber L. to cork harvesting? A review and identification of knowledge gaps</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112712000357</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">270</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">257 - 272</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woodlands are ecologically sensitive and human-supported areas which strongly rely on the high market value of cork for their sustainability. Cork harvesting is a forestry practice speciﬁc to this Mediterranean evergreen oak, whereby the bark (cork) is periodically removed from stems and branches over the whole tree lifetime. This practice is a strain factor for the tree, particularly because it is performed during the most stressful time of the year, and also because stripped oaks become more vulnerable to pathogens and environmental hazards such as wildﬁres. This review gathers and analyzes information about tree responses to cork harvesting. Cork removal leads to phellogen destruction and subsequent regeneration. Upon each harvesting, the tree faces important losses of water, released from the suddenly exposed living cells, and of cork. Immediate responses relate to stem healing mechanisms, leaf stomatal closure and prompt production of new cork layers by the restored phellogen, the latter actually representing the most evident response of Q. suber to cork harvesting. Further strategies to compensate for water and cork losses are insufﬁciently understood, but possibly include prolonged reduction of leaf transpiration (and consequent reduction of photoassimilation), increased water uptake from the soil, use of reserves and changes in whole-tree energy allocation to support cork regeneration. Cork stripping by unskilled workers may leave wounds on the tree, which eventually hinder cork regeneration and lead to premature tree death. The relationship between current cork harvesting practices (e.g. harvesting intensities or periodicity) and tree resilience is not quite established. Higher stripping pressures seem to trigger more pronounced or drastic tree responses and/or to enhance their decline. A major conclusion is that the available information is still too scarce to allow for a consistent evaluation of the effects of cork harvesting on cork oak and on its associated woodlands. So far, few studies have addressed how tree resilience relates to harvesting intensities, a crucial issue to enable improved tree and stand management strategies and to ensure adequate conservation of these sensitive forest systems.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">How resilient is Quercus suber L. to cork harvesting? A review and identification of knowledge gaps</style></title><short-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Ecology and Management</style></short-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012/4/15/</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112712000357</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">270</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">257 - 272</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0378-1127</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woodlands are ecologically sensitive and human-supported areas which strongly rely on the high market value of cork for their sustainability. Cork harvesting is a forestry practice specific to this Mediterranean evergreen oak, whereby the bark (cork) is periodically removed from stems and branches over the whole tree lifetime. This practice is a strain factor for the tree, particularly because it is performed during the most stressful time of the year, and also because stripped oaks become more vulnerable to pathogens and environmental hazards such as wildfires.This review gathers and analyzes information about tree responses to cork harvesting. Cork removal leads to phellogen destruction and subsequent regeneration. Upon each harvesting, the tree faces important losses of water, released from the suddenly exposed living cells, and of cork. Immediate responses relate to stem healing mechanisms, leaf stomatal closure and prompt production of new cork layers by the restored phellogen, the latter actually representing the most evident response of Q. suber to cork harvesting. Further strategies to compensate for water and cork losses are insufficiently understood, but possibly include prolonged reduction of leaf transpiration (and consequent reduction of photoassimilation), increased water uptake from the soil, use of reserves and changes in whole-tree energy allocation to support cork regeneration.
Cork stripping by unskilled workers may leave wounds on the tree, which eventually hinder cork regeneration and lead to premature tree death.
The relationship between current cork harvesting practices (e.g. harvesting intensities or periodicity) and tree resilience is not quite established. Higher stripping pressures seem to trigger more pronounced or drastic tree responses and/or to enhance their decline.
A major conclusion is that the available information is still too scarce to allow for a consistent evaluation of the effects of cork harvesting on cork oak and on its associated woodlands. So far, few studies have addressed how tree resilience relates to harvesting intensities, a crucial issue to enable improved tree and stand management strategies and to ensure adequate conservation of these sensitive forest systems.
</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa, Augusta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madeira, Manuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lima Santos, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliveira, Ângelo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Change and dynamics in Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands landscapes of Southwestern Iberian Peninsula</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape and Urban Planning</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Socioeconomic driving forces</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation cover metrics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169204611001691</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">164 - 176</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscapes with open evergreen oak woodlands in Southwestern Iberian Peninsula have been subjected to a consistent oak forest loss. In these landscapes, the abandonment of traditional land management activities have been associated with major land use transformations, such as the replacement of agricultural land uses and native oakwoodlands by both shrublands and fast-growing Eucalyptus and pine (Pinus pinea L.) plantations. In this study a spatially explicit approach, combining aerial photographs, geographical information systems and land covermetrics, was used to assess long-termlandscape dynamics over a 50-year period. The aim was to provide interpreted quantitative information on the landscape dynamics and to determine the key roles of open farmland, shrubland and new forest plantations on the ongoing loss and fragmentation of oak woodlands. Different trends of land abandonment and intensiﬁcation of land uses were found across the study areas mainly related to combination of particular socioeconomic and biophysical conditions, resulting in different types of evergreen oak forest conservation and restoration issues. A comprehensive assessment ofthese (biophysical and socioeconomic) change driving forces is, therefore, presented and discussed, as a baseline for future planning by setting of appropriate management, restoration and conservation strategies for oak woodlands in the studied landscapes. Although this study focused on a speciﬁc system of Southwestern Mediterranean, the methodology applied herein can be extrapolated to other comparable human-driven scattered tree systems, within cultural landscapes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier B.V.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa, Augusta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madeira, Manuel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analysis of spatial patterns of oak decline in cork oak woodlands in Mediterranean conditions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annals of Forest Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Logistic regression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oak decline</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oak mortality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote sensing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?id=doi:10.1051/forest/2009097</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">67</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">• Cork oak mortality is a recurrent problem in southwestern Portugal. Despite the perception of increasingly visible damage in oak woodlands on drought-prone sites, the role of the various environmental factors in their decline is not clear. • To describe the spatial patterns of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) mortality, a cork oak mortality index (MI) was determined for each landscape feature (agroforestry system, soil type, slope and aspect) using a GIS approach. To achieve this goal, a logistic regression model was formulated analyzing interactions between landscape attributes and allowing a prediction of cork oak mortality. • Maximum values of MI were found in (i) shrublands and open woodlands with shrub encroachment (MI 6 and 3, respectively), where competition for soil water between tree and understory increases; and (ii) on lower slopes in the rounded hilltops and smooth hillsides or shallow soils where access to groundwater resources during summer drought is diﬃcult. • The model highlighted the importance of the agroforestry systems on cork oak mortality and may be used to identify sensitive areas where mitigation actions should be employed in a scenario of increasing drought severity in these Mediterranean ecosystems.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa, Augusta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madeira, Manuel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Análise Espacial da Mortalidade do Sobreiro em S. Bartolomeu da Serra (Santiago do Cacém)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Congresso Florestal Nacional, 6º, Ponta Delgada, 2009 - A floresta num mundo globalizado</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">declínio do montado de sobro</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">detecção remota</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mortalidade do sobreiro</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">regressão logística</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/1706</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123 - 129</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avaliou-se a distribuição espacial da mortalidade do sobreiro (Quercus suber L.) na área da freguesia de S. Bartolomeu da Serra (Santiago do Cacém), integrada numa região em que ela ocorre com elevada incidência, através de técnicas de detecção remota (SIG), e determinou-se a probabilidade de ocorrência de mortalidade através da aplicação de um modelo de regressão logística. Determinou-se um índice de mortalidade e identificaram-se as unidades fisiográficas com maior probabilidade de mortalidade em três sistemas agroflorestais distintos: floresta de sobreiro (florestas densas), montado de sobro tradicional (florestas abertas em sistemas dominantemente agrícolas, com culturas arvenses sob coberto) e incultos (florestas abertas em sistemas dominantemente incultos, com matos sob coberto). A mortalidade do sobreiro é significativamente diferente para os três tipos de sistemas agro-florestais. A mortalidade é influenciada por características físicas da paisagem como o solo, o declive e a exposição. Em solos pouco profundos ou em solos mais compactos, a mortalidade é mais frequente, mostrando a importância do desenvolvimento radicular em profundidade do sobreiro em regiões susceptíveis a extensos períodos de secura.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: Congresso Florestal Nacional, 6º, Ponta Delgada, 2009 - A floresta num mundo globalizado</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Análise Espacial da Mortalidade do Sobreiro em S. Bartolomeu da Serra (Santiago do Cacém)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Congresso Florestal Nacional, 6º, Ponta Delgada, 2009 - A floresta num mundo globalizado</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-129</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avaliou-se a distribuição espacial da mortalidade do sobreiro (Quercus suber L.) na área da freguesia de S. Bartolomeu da Serra (Santiago do Cacém), integrada numa região em que ela ocorre com elevada incidência, através de técnicas de detecção remota (SIG), e determinou-se a probabilidade de ocorrência de mortalidade através da aplicação de um modelo de regressão logística. Determinou-se um índice de mortalidade e identificaram-se as unidades fisiográficas com maior probabilidade de mortalidade em três sistemas agroflorestais distintos: floresta de sobreiro (florestas densas), montado de sobro tradicional (florestas abertas em sistemas dominantemente agrícolas, com culturas arvenses sob coberto) e incultos (florestas abertas em sistemas dominantemente incultos, com matos sob coberto). A mortalidade do sobreiro é significativamente diferente para os três tipos de sistemas agro-florestais. A mortalidade é influenciada por características físicas da paisagem como o solo, o declive e a exposição. Em solos pouco profundos ou em solos mais compactos, a mortalidade é mais frequente, mostrando a importância do desenvolvimento radicular em profundidade do sobreiro em regiões susceptíveis a extensos períodos de secura.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa, Augusta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madeira, Manuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliveira, Ângelo Carvalho</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The relationship between cork oak growth patterns and soil, slope and drainage in a cork oak woodland in Southern Portugal</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork yield</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">drainage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">montado</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus Suber L</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">slope</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tree density</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112707008754</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">255</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1525 - 1535</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The inﬂuence of soil type, slope and drainage on tree growth patterns (density, tree size, crown canopy cover and cork yield) was assessed in a cork oak montado, located in Central-western Portugal, based on a GIS approach followed by ﬁeld survey. Five soil groups, that is, Arenosols, Regosols, Podzols, Luvisols and Gleysols, combined in three slope classes (ﬂat, undulating and steep) under two different hydromorphic conditions (normal or deﬁcient) were compared based on ﬁve cork oak stand parameters using ANOVA and PCA tests. The results showed a clear inﬂuence of soil type on cork oak growth patterns (cork yield, basal area, number of trees per hectare, crown canopy cover and circumference at breast height). In Arenosols all parameters showed maximum values and, in contrast, in Gleysols were found the minimum values. For instance, the average of the annual cork production for Gleysols (153 kg ha 1 year 1 ) was only 70% of the expected annual cork production of Arenosols (219 kg ha 1 year 1 ) and the average exploited tree density decreased from 56 trees ha 1 in Arenosols to 44 trees ha 1 in Gleysols, for an average exploited tree density of 53 trees ha 1 for the study area. Slope also seems to inﬂuence the cork oak growth patterns, as signiﬁcant statistical differences were found for cork oak growth parameters between slope classes: steep slopes decreased the cork production, the tree size (circumference at breast height) and the tree density. An overall PCA test showed that three main soil groups could be identiﬁed: (i) Arenosols and Podzols; (ii) Regosols and (iii) Luvisols and Gleysols, showing that the former, which could allow the tree root development, have a positive inﬂuence on the cork oak growth. A two-way analysis of variance, for soil type and slope, showed that the cork yield and the exploited tree density are clearly affected by these two factors interaction.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The relationship between cork oak growth patterns and soil, slope and drainage in a cork oak woodland in Southern Portugal</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">255</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1525-1535</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The inﬂuence of soil type, slope and drainage on tree growth patterns (density, tree size, crown canopy cover and cork yield) was assessed in a cork oak montado, located in Central-western Portugal, based on a GIS approach followed by ﬁeld survey. Five soil groups, that is, Arenosols, Regosols, Podzols, Luvisols and Gleysols, combined in three slope classes (ﬂat, undulating and steep) under two different hydromorphic conditions (normal or deﬁcient) were compared based on ﬁve cork oak stand parameters using ANOVA and PCA tests. The results showed a clear inﬂuence of soil type on cork oak growth patterns (cork yield, basal area, number of trees per hectare, crown canopy cover and circumference at breast height). In Arenosols all parameters showed maximum values and, in contrast, in Gleysols were found the minimum values. For instance, the average of the annual cork production for Gleysols (153 kg ha 1 year 1 ) was only 70% of the expected annual cork production of Arenosols (219 kg ha 1 year 1 ) and the average exploited tree density decreased from 56 trees ha 1 in Arenosols to 44 trees ha 1 in Gleysols, for an average exploited tree density of 53 trees ha 1 for the study area. Slope also seems to inﬂuence the cork oak growth patterns, as signiﬁcant statistical differences were found for cork oak growth parameters between slope classes: steep slopes decreased the cork production, the tree size (circumference at breast height) and the tree density. An overall PCA test showed that three main soil groups could be identiﬁed: (i) Arenosols and Podzols; (ii) Regosols and (iii) Luvisols and Gleysols, showing that the former, which could allow the tree root development, have a positive inﬂuence on the cork oak growth. A two-way analysis of variance, for soil type and slope, showed that the cork yield and the exploited tree density are clearly affected by these two factors interaction.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa, Augusta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of vision systems, black and white, colored and visual digitalization, in natural cork stopper quality estimation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">canonical discriminant analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork pores</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural cork stopper</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality classification</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2947</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2222 - 2228</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality classification of wine natural cork stoppers is related to presence of discontinuities in the cork tissue. Automated image analysis of stoppers based on black and white cameras is used industrially for commercial classification but recently color has been introduced in image processing. This paper compares the performance of three image vision systems regarding classification accuracy of cork stoppers of good, medium and inferior quality: black and white, three-band RGB color and manual detection by digitalization in color image. A canonical discriminant analysis approach was used to compare the discriminating power between cork stopper quality in each vision system. Good discriminant results were obtained with the area of pores expressed either in total or as ratio, mean or maximum value. The use of color slightly enlarges the range of cork inspection systems and automated systems have a similar accuracy of classification to visual inspection. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of vision systems, black and white, colored and visual digitalization, in natural cork stopper quality estimation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2222-2228</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality classification of wine natural cork stoppers is related to presence of discontinuities in the cork tissue. Automated image analysis of stoppers based on black and white cameras is used industrially for commercial classification but recently color has been introduced in image processing. This paper compares the performance of three image vision systems regarding classification accuracy of cork stoppers of good, medium and inferior quality: black and white, three-band RGB color and manual detection by digitalization in color image. A canonical discriminant analysis approach was used to compare the discriminating power between cork stopper quality in each vision system. Good discriminant results were obtained with the area of pores expressed either in total or as ratio, mean or maximum value. The use of color slightly enlarges the range of cork inspection systems and automated systems have a similar accuracy of classification to visual inspection. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decision rules for computer-vision quality classification of wine natural cork stoppers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AMER SOC ENOLOGY VITICULTURE</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PO BOX 1855, DAVIS, CA 95617-1855 USA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">210-219</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image-analysis techniques were applied to the surface of wine cork stoppers (tops and bodies) of the standard seven commercial quality classes to characterize their porosity. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) were used to differentiate quality class and to identify the best features to select these classes. The accuracy of classification using CDA functions was on average greater than 50% for the seven commercial classes and was greater than 67% for a simplified three-grade classification. Based on the independent variables of the first CDA function determined by the stepwise method, a set of features was selected for use in decision rules for cork stopper classification: porosity coefficient and maximum pore dimensions (length and area) for bodies and porosity coefficient and number of pores for tops. Threshold limits for each feature were established for each quality class and a classification algorithm was applied. Results showed an overall match in class yield of 86% and better class homogeneity and separation. These are proposed as a foundation for future standardization of cork stopper classification based on image analysis and computerized vision systems selection of quantified features to ensure uniformity and transparency in trade while maintaining the overall economical feasibility in industrial processing.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa, Augusta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decision rules for computer-vision quality classification of wine natural cork stoppers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">canonical discriminant</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality classes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wine cork stoppers</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">210 - 219</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image-analysis techniques were applied to the surface of wine cork stoppers (tops and bodies) of the standard seven commercial quality classes to characterize their porosity. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) were used to differentiate quality class and to identify the best features to select these classes. The accuracy of classification using CDA functions was on average greater than 50% for the seven commercial classes and was greater than 67% for a simplified three-grade classification. Based on the independent variables of the first CDA function determined by the stepwise method, a set of features was selected for use in decision rules for cork stopper classification: porosity coefficient and maximum pore dimensions (length and area) for bodies and porosity coefficient and number of pores for tops. Threshold limits for each feature were established for each quality class and a classification algorithm was applied. Results showed an overall match in class yield of 86% and better class homogeneity and separation. These are proposed as a foundation for future standardization of cork stopper classification based on image analysis and computerized vision systems selection of quantified features to ensure uniformity and transparency in trade while maintaining the overall economical feasibility in industrial processing.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: PO BOX 1855, DAVIS, CA 95617-1855 USA&lt;br/&gt;publisher: AMER SOC ENOLOGY VITICULTURE</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caracterização e Análise de Rendimento da Operação de Traçamento na Preparação de Pranchas de Cortiça para a Produção de Rolhas</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silva Lusitana</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scielopt</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51-66</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0870-6352 UL - http://www.scielo.gpeari.mctes.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-63522004000200005&amp;nrm=iso</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The industrial processing of natural cork stoppers, the most profitable cork product, begins with the preparation of the cork planks. The raw cork planks are boiled in water and then manually cut by expert operators into smaller planks of homogeneous thickness and quality. This operation originates the first cork wastes in the industrial process. The cutting of the cork planks was studied with a random sampling of raw cork planks taken from one industrial unit after boiling, for which a virtual cutting was made following the markings done by skilled operators. The dimension and shape of the cork planks were analyzed as well as the potential maximum number of cork stoppers to be produced. The area, length and width of the raw cork planks are related with the shape of the tree stem and branches and with the cork stripping techniques, while the dimensions of the prepared cork planks are related to the specificities of the manual handling in the following operations in the industrial flow. On average, the cutting decreased the cork plank area to half. The wastes consisting of small pieces represented 5% of the initial raw cork. The analysis of the maximum potential yield of cork stoppers showed that the regions of the raw cork planks that do not allow the cutting of cork strips for the punching out of stoppers or their excess length represent a waste residue amounting to 17% of the cork plank area. The potential maximum number of cork stoppers depended directly on the plank area but the proportion of waste showed a decreasing trend with the increase of the plank area. In order to maximize the yield in the production of cork stoppers, raw cork planks with large dimensions should be used, taking into account the probable need for automation in the industrial cutting of cork strips.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of climate on the seasonality of radial growth of cork oak during a cork production cycle</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. For. Sci.</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">429-437</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The radial growth of mature cork oaks (Quercus suber L.) was studied during a 9-year production cycle using monthly dendrometer measurements and cork ring widths. The mean tree radial increase was 5.1 mm yr -1 and the cork increment accounting for 3.8 mm yr -1. The radial growth curves for cork, wood and stem were very similar, showing a decreasing trend along the production cycle. Cork increment was always the largest fraction of tree growth (on average 74%) and showed less inter-annual variations as compared to wood. Tree radial growth presented a clear within-the-year seasonal pattern, extending from March to October, with a maximum in June-July. The overall pattern of monthly growth distribution was similar among the years of the production cycle, but some inter-annual variations occurred with 1-2 month shifts or monthly growth rate decreases, related to climatic factors. Early spring growth was enhanced by winter rain, autumn growth by high summer rain and June increments by high temperatures during this month.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa, Augusta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliveira, Ângelo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of climate on the seasonality of radial growth of cork oak during a cork production cycle</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. For. Sci.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climatic fluctuations</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dendroclimatology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">diameter growth</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:2002017</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">59</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">429 - 437</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The radial growth of mature cork oaks (Quercus suber L.) was studied during a 9-year production cycle using monthly dendrometer measurements and cork ring widths. The mean tree radial increase was 5.1 mm yr -1 and the cork increment accounting for 3.8 mm yr -1. The radial growth curves for cork, wood and stem were very similar, showing a decreasing trend along the production cycle. Cork increment was always the largest fraction of tree growth (on average 74%) and showed less inter-annual variations as compared to wood. Tree radial growth presented a clear within-the-year seasonal pattern, extending from March to October, with a maximum in June-July. The overall pattern of monthly growth distribution was similar among the years of the production cycle, but some inter-annual variations occurred with 1-2 month shifts or monthly growth rate decreases, related to climatic factors. Early spring growth was enhanced by winter rain, autumn growth by high summer rain and June increments by high temperatures during this month.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue></record></records></xml>