<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garcia-Valverde, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nieto, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lachica, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguilera, J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of herbage ingestion on the digestion site and nitrogen balance in heavy Iberian pigs fed on an acorn-based diet</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LIVESTOCK SCIENCE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acorns</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digestibility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">energy value</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">iberian pig</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63-77</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We conducted two experiments in heavy-weight Iberian pigs to determine: a) the effect of lysine or protein addition - the former as L-lysine-HCl, the latter by fresh cut herbage supplementation - on protein deposition when they were fed on holm-oak acorns; b) the digestibility of energy and nutrients in acorns and freshly cut, mixed herbage; and c) a possible change in the partition of digestion along the gastro-intestinal tract of the pigs fed on acorns with the inclusion of herbage. In Experiment 1, carried out in eight cannulated pigs, the daily intake of acorns reached 44.9 g DM/kg(0.75) BW and the addition of 0.58 g L-lysine/kg of whole acorns failed to alter N retention significantly (P &gt; 0.05). We obtained high coefficients for the apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter (ApDM(tt), 0.84) and organic matter (ApOM(tt), 0.86) and of gross energy (ApGE(tt), 0.84) in whole acorns. The corresponding ileal values were 0.71, 0.74 and 0.74. The N balance was on average - 1.08 g/day. In Experiment 2, fresh herbage containing principally legumes was offered to six cannulated Iberian pigs of 140 kg either as a single feed (13.7 g DM/kg(0.75) BW) or as a supplement to acorns (28.4 g DM/kg(0.75) BW; in this case the herbage accounted for 22% of the daily DM intake). The apparent ileal digestibilities of OM and GE for herbage accounted for 70 to 77% of the values observed at total-tract level (0.65 and 0.64 respectively). N retention reached 4.21 g/day. Average ApDM(tt), ApOM(tt) and ApGE(tt) in the herbage/whole-acorn mixture were slightly above 0.74. The intake of freshly cut herbage as complementary feed to acorns resulted in a significant transference of digesta from the small intestine to the hind gut together with a substantial decrease in ileal digestibility of nutrients and energy (P &lt; 0.001) and a moderate decline in digestibility at throughout the whole tract (P &lt; 0.01-P &lt; 0.001). On the other hand, the apparent digestibility of total N increased (P &lt; 0.001) and 31% of the N apparently digested was retained in the body of the pigs. We also observed a substantial decrease in the precaecal digestion of the DM (P &lt; 0.01), OM (P &lt; 0.01) and GE (P &lt; 0.05) in acorn kernels. We concluded that the main contribution of herbage to the overall nutrient supply to the grazing Iberian pig would rely upon the provision of amino acid N and also of available minerals, both present in low quantities in acorns. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lachica, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somlo, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barroso, F G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boza, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prieto, C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goats locomotion energy expenditure under range grazing conditions: Seasonal variation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heat production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">locomotion</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">431-435</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The estimation of the energy cost of various activities using calorimetric techniques in conjunction with direct field observations can be used to estimate energy expended in the daily activities of free-ranging animals. The objective of this study was to observe and quantify the grazing activities and to estimate the energy expenditure due to locomotion of goats in open range. The study was carried out at `Finca de Bonaya' privately-owned site, which extends over 1,482 ha, located in the Nevada mountain-range, Almeria. The local altitude varies from 1,100 to 2,000 m above sea level. The area has a mediterranean mountain climate, with annual precipitation ranging from 400 to 700 mm and average daily temperatures from 4.7 degrees C in winter to 23.0 degrees C in slimmer. Landscape is characterised by holm oak wood and pine wood, degradation scrubs and hydrophilic grasses communities. The experimental flock grazed on 3 routes during the whole year. The goats were released to graze during the day and then returned to an enclosed shed. The type of goat management was considered as semi-extensive. Direct observation was used to simulate the total distance walked, the vertical ascent or descent, and to quantify other grazing activities. Data on activities on range and distance travelled were taken on 3 days in each season. The energy expenditure of locomotion was calculated from the horizontal and vertical components of travel and the corresponding costs, which had been previously obtained by calorimetry. There was no significant seasonal effect on period devoted to specific activities on range (P&gt;0.05). However, significant changes in the estimated daily energy expenditure and extra energy expenditure due to locomotion of the animals at pasture were found in different seasons (P&lt;0.05). Grazing and walking were the primary activities of goats throughout the study, accounting for 51.7 and 42.0% of the animals' daily period on range, respectively. Daily travelled distances by goats on range fluctuated from 12,777 m in summer to 8,100 m in autumn, with an annual average of 9,954 m, which represents a mean speed of 20.8 m/min calculated over the whole period on range. The mean annual vertical ascent or descent was 500 m. Estimated heat production due to locomotion ranged from 130.9 to 88.5 kJ/kg(0.75) per day in summer and autumn respectively. These values account for an increased metabolizable energy (ME) requirement at pasture above maintenance of 46.6 and 31.6%, respectively, assuming a ME requirement for maintenance of 401 kJ/kg(0.75) per day for the restrained goat.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>