<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brasier, C M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora cinnamomi and oak decline in southern Europe. Environmental constraints including climate change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. For. Sci.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drought</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oak decline</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phytophthora cinnamomi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">root pathogen</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">347-358</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">One of the most destructive of all tree root pathogens, the oomycete fungus Phytophthora cinnamomi, is associated with mortality and decline of Quercus suber and Q ilex in the Mediterranean region. The symptoms and distribution of this decline are described. P cinnamomi is a primary pathogen on a very wide range of trees and woody ornamentals worldwide, but is probably a native of the Papua New Guinea region. It is soil borne and requires warm, wet soils to infect roots. Since 1900 it has caused major epidemics on native chestnuts in the United States and Europe, and now threatens the stability of entire forest and heath communities ecosystems in some parts of Australia. Together with drought, it may be a major predisposing factor in the Iberian oak decline. Its possible role in this decline including its interaction with drought is discussed, and a generalised working hypothesis of decline is presented. The potential influence of climate warming on the activity of P cinnamomi is also considered. A model based on the CLIMEX program suggests that warming would significantly enhance the activity of the pathogen at its existing disease locations (such as the western Mediterranean and coastal northwest Europe), but that it would not greatly extend its activity into areas with cold winters such as central and eastern Europe</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brasier, C M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SCOTT, J K</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European oak declines and global warming: a theoretical assessment with special reference to the activity of Phytophthora cinnamomi</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EPPO Bulletin</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global warming</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oak decline</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phytophthora cinnamomi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">range expansion (PG)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">root disease</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">221-232</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Causes of current severe declines of the deciduous oaks Quercus robur and Q. petraea in northern and central Europe and of the evergreen Q. ilex, Q. suber and other Quercus spp. in the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Factors implicated include drought, pollution, winter cold, flooding, and stress-related attacks by insects and fungi. Additional factors in Mediterranean oak declines include changing land-use patterns and root disease caused by the aggressive, exotic oomycete root pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi. Under conditions of global warming the survival and degree of root disease caused by this fungus seems likely to be enhanced, while the host range of the organism might also be increased. Application of the CLIMEX climate-matching program suggests that with a mean increase in temperatures of 1.5–3°C the fungus might considerably increase its disease activity in its existing locations, and to some extent spread northwards and eastwards. However, it seems unlikely to become significantly active in areas of Europe with colder winters such as parts of Scandinavia, Russia and the central Danube. The predictive value of research on major environmental problems such as oak declines could be enhanced by more highly coordinated European forestry research programmes.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brasier, C M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ROBREDO, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FERRAZ, J F P</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evidence for Phytophthora cinnamomi involvement in Iberian oak decline</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drought</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oak decline</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phytophthora cinnamomi</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">site factors (PG)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">42</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140-145</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rapid and sometimes extensive mortality and decline of oak, principally Quercus suber and Q. ilex, has occurred in parts of southern Spain and Portugal in recent decades. We report here isolation of the aggressive root pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi from roots of diseased oaks or from soil at eleven out of thirteen decline foci examined. It is proposed that the introduction and spread of P. cinnamomi may be a major factor in the Iberian oak decline, interacting with drought and other site factors, and leading to stress-related attacks by insects and other fungi. By analogy, it may also be involved in the similar oak declines occurring elsewhere on the Mediterranean.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>