<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bartolomé, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franch, J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing alone is not enough to maintain landscape diversity in the Montseny Biosphere Reserve</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">calluna vulgaris</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erica arborea</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean rangeland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">small ruminants</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">77</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">267-273</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservative land-use over the past few decades has converted the Montseny Biosphere Reserve (Spain) from the original open, patchy landscape to almost continuous woodland. Small ruminant grazing is virtually the only major remaining utilisation activity yet little is known about its role in the changing vegetation of the Reserve. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of current grazing practice on its main vegetation components. Three ﬂocks, composed of sheep and goats, that graze yearlong on three separate ranges in the Reserve were selected for study. The ranges represent the wooded slopes and the shrubby upland (altiplano) in the area. Biomass consumption by the ﬂocks was estimated by calculation of normative requirements for observed production and the botanical composition of the livestock diets over a whole annual cycle was determined by micro-histological analysis of the faeces. Production of herbaceous vegetation was determined by clipping sample quadrats, the production of the woody vegetation was derived from previous work in the Reserve. It was found that grazing removed a very small proportion of the dominant Holm oak (Quercus ilex) on the slopes, and a moderate fraction of the shrubby and herbaceous vegetation on the altiplano. Only the heath tree (Erica arborea), an edible shrub in the woodlands, was relatively heavily grazed. It is concluded that grazing alone is not enough to maintain the open, diverse landscape with its many natural values. As in other northern Mediterranean countries, under-utilisation of these woodlands is becoming a serious problem that is also increasing the ﬁre hazard. Maintaining landscape diversity in the region is a complex challenge that land managers should recognise</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bartolomé, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franch, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plaixats, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seligman, N G</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diet selection by sheep and goats on Mediterranean heath-woodland range</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">calluna vulgaris</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Erica arborea</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fecal analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microhistological analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">383-391</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study determined the species components of the diets of small ruminants grazing mountain ranges of the Montseny Biosphere Reserve (Catalunya, NE Spain). Three mixed flocks of sheep and goats, led by shepherds, were monitored for a year. Animals grazed a mountain rangeland composed of Qeurcus ilex woodland and Calluna-Erica heathland during the day and were returned to their corrals every night. Diet selection was estimated using fecal analysis. Of the 111 species that were identified, 71 were common to both sheep and goat. Of these, 23 were represented in proportions of more than 1% of the annual diet. Even though goats and sheep grazed together, their diets were significantly different (p &lt; 0.0001), the animal factor accounting for 18% to 60% of the total variation among the main diet components. Variation between seasons was also a major (5% to 56%) highly significant factor, while differences between flocks accounted for a significant, but relatively small part (3% to 10%) of the total variation in diet. The outstanding difference was the avoidance of the tree, Quercus ilex, by the sheep while the goats selected it throughout the year. Sheep selected graminoids throughout the year while goats tended to avoid them. For the rest there.was substantial overlap in species composition between the diet of sheep and goats, especially when analysed over an entire cycle.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>