<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>7</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouat, David A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bassett, Scott</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lancaster, Judith</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kepner, W G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubio, Jose L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mouat, David A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pedrazzini, F</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE USE OF ALTERNATIVE FUTURES IN A STRATEGY TO ASSESS THE LIKELIHOOD OF LAND DEGRADATION LEADING TO INCREASED SUBSEQUENT POLITICAL INSTABILITY</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">alternative futures analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">desertification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land degradation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">security risk (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social stability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Submitted</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Springer Netherlands</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">601-614</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As stated by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD), desertification or land degradation is at the root of political and socio-economic problems and poses a threat to the environmental equilibrium in affected regions. That desertification and political instability are interlinked should not be a surprise, the UN states that half of the 50 armed conflicts in 1994 had environmental causal factors characteristic of drylands (i.e., land degradation). One example cited states that the land’s loss of productivity exacerbates poverty in the drylands, forcing its farmers to seek a way of living in more fertile land or cities. In fact, over one billion people are affected as a direct consequence of desertification including 135 million people who are at risk of being displaced. The physical, biological and social causes of desertification that lead to grave human impacts are interlinked with significant feedback mechanisms. Soil salinization, for example, may result from unsuitable irrigation practices. Changes of vegetation from perennial grasses to shrubs and to annual grasses and forbs might result from overgrazing. Increases in poverty and human out-migration might result from declining agricultural productivity caused by salinization and overgrazing. Because poverty forces the people who depend on land for their livelihood to overexploit the land for food, energy, housing and source of income, desertification can be seen as both the cause and consequence of poverty. Any effective mitigation strategy must address poverty at its very center. It must take into account the social structures and land ownership as well as pay proper attention to education, training and communications in order to provide the fully integrated approach which alone can effectively combat desertification. Seeking solutions to such complex problems requires appropriate technologies and common sense. This paper suggests a technique, alternative futures analysis, to model the likelihood of future land uses in a given region undergoing desertification or at great risk to desertification and to develop an understanding of the risk to political instability coming from each of the alternatives. Furthermore, alternative futures analysis provides a technique (and communication strategy) for illustrating possible conflicts as well their causes and potential solutions. Such a strategy would help local, national and regional land managers, working with their constituent stakeholders to mitigate such effects. A framework for a pilot project employing this technique is presented.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">do Rosario, Ines T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rebelo, Rui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cardoso, Paulo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Segurado, Pedro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mendes, Ricardo N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santos-Reis, Margarida</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Can geocaching be an indicator of cultural ecosystem services? The case of the montado savannah-like landscape</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Indicators</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Crowdsourcing databases</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">iberian peninsula</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">spatial analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stated and revealed preferences</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2019</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">04/2019</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1470160X18309361</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cultural Ecosystem Services (CES) are difficult to assess and are seldom considered by land managers. Geocaching, an outdoor game that uses Global Positioning System (GPS) enabled devices to find hidden containers (geocaches) in certain locations, has been seldom used as a data source to assess CES. However, contrary to other crowdsourcing databases, geocaching allows to associate particular experiences to accurate locations. Furthermore, databases generated by geocachers provide an ideal case to compare revealed preferences (the frequency of visits to a specific geocache) with stated preferences (a posteriori evaluation of each location). We tested the relevance of geocaching databases as CES indicators using a dataset of 50 818 geocaches spread across continental Portugal, over eight land-use classes, with a focus on the montado (a high nature value farmland found in Southwestern Iberian Peninsula). We found that site visitation frequency was related with its availability, showing no revealed preference towards any land use. However, site evaluations by geocachers, measured either through the number of words describing the experience, the number of photos taken, or the number of votes for “favourite geocaches”, showed marked differences in their stated preferences, with higher appreciation for open land uses in general, and montado in particular, especially when compared to other forested landscapes. Our results may contribute to the design of regional development and land-use management policies of this threatened landscape, since they show the system’s strong potential as CES provider and, consequently, promoter of diversification of activities.</style></abstract><section><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">375</style></section></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colombaroli, Daniele</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tinner, Willy</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determining the long-term changes in biodiversity and provisioning services along a transect from Central Europe to the Mediterranean.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holocene</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evenness-detrended palynological richness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant diversity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1177/0959683613496290http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=a9h&amp;AN=90827171&amp;lang=pt-br&amp;site=ehost-live&amp;scope=site</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1625 - 1634</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate, land use and fire are strong determinants of plant diversity, potentially resulting in local extinctions, including rare endemic and economically valuable species. While climate and land use are decisive for vegetation composition and thus the species pool, fire disturbance can lead to landscape fragmentation, affecting the provisioning of important ecosystem services such as timber and raw natural resources. We use multi-proxy palaeoecological data with high taxonomic and temporal resolution across an environmental gradient to assess the long-term impact of major climate shifts, land use and fire disturbance on past vegetation openness and plant diversity (evenness and richness). Evenness of taxa is inferred by calculating the probability of interspecific encounter (PIE) of pollen and spores and species richness by palynological richness (PRI). To account for evenness distortions of PRI, we developed a new palaeodiversity measure, which is evenness-detrended palynological richness (DE-PRI). Reconstructed species richness increases from north to south regardless of time, mirroring the biodiversity increase across the gradient from temperate deciduous to subtropical evergreen vegetation. Climatic changes after the end of the last ice age contributed to biodiversity dynamics, usually by promoting species richness and evenness in response to warming. The data reveal that the promotion of diverse open-land ecosystems increased when human disturbance became determinant, while forests became less diverse. Our results imply that the today’s biodiversity has been shaped by anthropogenic forcing over the millennia. Future management strategies aiming at a successful conservation of biodiversity should therefore consider the millennia-lasting role of anthropogenic fire and human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Sage Publications, Ltd.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fox, Dennis M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Witz, Emmanuelle</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blanc, Violaine</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soulié, Cécile</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penalver-Navarro, Marc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dervieux, Alain</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A case study of land cover change (1950–2003) and runoff in a Mediterranean catchment</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Geography</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Channel capacity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Channel management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land Cover</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">runoff</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0143622811001421</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">810 - 821</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean environments have been subject to major land cover change since the end of the second world war. Housing, agricultural activities, forests, green spaces and other land uses have shifted due to urbanisation and tourism. These changes inﬂuence runoff, and municipal authorities often cannot estimate the net impact of complex land cover transitions. During this period, elected representatives have become increasingly sensitive to the risks of ﬂooding and have implemented a number of channel management strategies. The main objective of this case study was to analyse the impact of land cover change on total storm runoff between 1950 and 2003 in a Mediterranean catchment near St Tropez, France. A secondary objective was to compare these changes to the impacts of channel management on bankfull discharge. Aerial photographs were used to classify land cover in 3 urban categories, vineyards and bare soil, forests, and green spaces. Stream discharge was estimated using a distributed event based total runoff approach. After validating the model for a large winter event (114 mm) for 1982, runoff was calculated for the same event for 1950 and 2003. Land cover changes occurred mainly in the alluvial plain area. Total gauge catchment urban area increased from 30.1 ha to 393.8 between 1950 and 2003 at the expense mainly of agricultural land, but this was compensated in part by an increase in grassed area. Some of the loss in vineyards was replaced by clearing forested land on the ﬁrst hills close to the plain. Bank stabilisation and channel maintenance since the 1980’s reduced surface roughness and increased channel area, thereby greatly increasing bankfull discharge. While the impact of urbanisation on runoff was small, channel management effects increased bankfull discharge substantially. Flood damage from extreme events was not studied here.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier Ltd</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Francaviglia, Rosa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coleman, Kevin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Whitmore, Andrew P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doro, Luca</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urracci, Giulia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rubino, Mariateresa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ledda, Luigi</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes in soil organic carbon and climate change – Application of the RothC model in agro-silvo-pastoral Mediterranean systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agricultural Systems</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C sequestration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CO2 emissions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emission scenarios</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RothC</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0308521X12000996</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">112</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48 - 54</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Due to the complexity of soil organic carbon (SOC), models have proved very useful in helping to improve our understanding of the soil–plant–atmosphere system. In this study we used the Rothamsted carbon model (RothC), which considers the effect of climate (temperature, rainfall and evaporation), soil texture (clay content) and crop management on the decomposition processes, to predict changes in SOC under different land uses and the different climate that may occur in the future. SOC turnover was evaluated in land uses under different levels of agricultural intensiﬁcation. The agriculture of the study-area is mainly extensive and markedly agro-silvo-pastoral, and is typical of northeastern Sardinia (Italy) and similar areas of the Mediterranean basin. The following land uses were considered: vineyards, hay crops, pastures, semi-natural systems (formerly vineyards) and cork oak forests. Since the study-area is characterized by the same soil type (Haplic Endoleptic Cambisols, Dystric) derived from granitic rocks and potential native vegetation (Quercus suber L.), this was considered as the model baseline to study soil organic carbon dynamics. Climate change scenarios for 90 yr were generated from the baseline climate with two Global Climate Models: GISS (Goddard Institute of Space Studies, USA), and HadCM3 (Met Ofﬁce, Hadley Centre, UK), for two of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emission scenarios (SRES A2 and B2). Land uses at low cropping intensity were more efﬁcient than intensive agricultural systems in terms of SOC storage in the order: hay crop &gt; pasture &gt; cork oak forest &gt; semi-natural systems. Land use change to vineyards decreased the carbon balance signiﬁcantly between 0.09 and 0.15 t C ha 1 yr 1 . However, former vineyards have almost recovered from soil disturbance following the establishment of the vineyards.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier Ltd</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NUMA, CATHERINE</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Verdú, José R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rueda, Cristina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Galante, Eduardo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparing Dung Beetle Species Assemblages Between Protected Areas and Adjacent Pasturelands in a Mediterranean Savanna Landscape</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rangeland Ecology &amp; Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural protected areas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scarabaeoidea</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">species diversity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">65</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">137-143</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dung beetles are considered keystone species because of their role in decomposition, seed dispersal, and control of vertebrate parasites in grazed habitats. Despite the ecological importance of this group to pasture ecosystem functioning, still little is known about its relationship with grazing management activities. We evaluated the conservation value of protected areas for dung beetle diversity by comparing two different management conditions of Mediterranean savanna in central Spain. Four different sites with wild herbivory (red deer, roe deer) were sampled inside the Cabañeros National Park, and four sites with traditional agrosilvopastoral management were sampled in a sheep farm near the park. The dung beetle species richness was similar between savanna conditions, but the total dung beetle abundance and biomass were considerably greater in the park grasslands than in the grasslands of the sheep farm. Dung beetle species composition, species dominance, and abundance by functional groups from both park and farm sites were different, despite the high similarity among the sampled sites in both hydric content and dung availability. Onthophagus maki (Illiger 1803) and O. furcatus (Fabricius 1781) were the dominant species in the park, while O. furcatus, Aphodius foetidus (Herbst 1783), and Caccobius schreberi L. were the dominant species on the farm. Species richness and abundance of telecoprids were higher in the park than on the farm. Abundance of paracoprids was also higher in the park than on the farm, while no differences in species richness and abundance of endocoprids were observed between both conditions. These results suggest that management activities such as plowing and the use of veterinary substances affect soil structure and dung quality and could be important factors that alter dung beetle assemblages in terms of composition, abundance, and biomass on traditional farms.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emran, Mohamed</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gispert, Maria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pardini, Giovanni</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparing measurements methods of carbon dioxide fluxes in a soil sequence under land use and cover change in North Eastern Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geoderma</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abandonment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon dioxide measurement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon loss</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cover change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil organic carbon</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016706111003314</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">170</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">176 - 185</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon dioxide measurements from soil surface may indicate the potential for soil respiration and carbon consumption according to microbial biomass and root activity. These processes may be inﬂuenced by land use and cover change, and abandonment especially in the upper soil organic layer. Seven environments from cultivation to late abandonment, with the same soil type classiﬁed as Lithic Xerorthent, were tested to ascertain the respiration capacity according to the current use and cover, and to establish the ability to preserve and eventually increase the organic matter pools after abandonment. Given the importance of carbon dioxide measurements at soil surface, a comparison between the classic soda lime method (SL) and a rapid method based on infrared sensor analyzer (IR) was performed from autumn 2008 to autumn 2009 in the ﬁeld. The ﬁeld measurements of CO2 proved signiﬁcant correlations between the values from the two techniques under the same natural conditions and along the period of observation. However, the values of CO2 measured by the soda lime method were always higher than those obtained by the infrared analyzer. This pattern was attributed to the difference in time of measurement, larger in the former method, and type of measurement technique. Despite that the trend of measured CO2 values was rather similar along the year. On average, the highest values of CO2 emission in the ﬁeld were recorded in the warmest periods of the year and with soil surface moisture not lower than 3% independently on the method used. High soil surface temperature with soil moisture below 3% decreased drastically the CO2 production from the dry soil. The cultivated environments and soil under forests have resulted higher CO2 producers than abandoned soils depending on the age of abandonment, climatic conditions, and within abandonment perturbations. Those abandoned soils preserved by perturbations like wildﬁre showed a higher potential for accumulating organic carbon, as indicated by the lowest emission of CO2 with respect to SOC content, during the period of observation. Results demonstrated the reliability of the methods used to evaluate the soil carbon dioxide production capacity and allowed to classify through environments with increasing potential for carbon sequestration. The classiﬁcation was rather similar by using both methods indicating a higher susceptibility to carbon loss in the following order: soil under Vines (V)&gt;under Olives (O)&gt; under Pine trees (PI) &gt; under Cork Trees (S)&gt; under Pasture (PR)&gt;under Cistus scrub (MC)&gt;under Erica scrub (MB) by using the SL method and V&gt;O&gt; PI&gt; S&gt;MC&gt;MB&gt; PR by using the IR method. Indications about the need of management of abandoned areas were also considered in order to recover the landscape heterogeneity.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier B.V.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerdá, Emilio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martı´n-Barroso, David</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optimal control for forest management and conservation analysis in dehesa ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Journal of Operational Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">artificial plantation (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork oak woodlands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">holm oak woodlands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural regeneration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377221712009411</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper presents a deterministic ﬁnite time horizon dynamic optimization model aimed to determine optimal paths for artiﬁcial plantations and natural regeneration of two main tree species in dehesa multiple use ecosystems, holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) and cork oak (Q. suber L.). Whilst dehesa forest sustainability problems associated to exhaustive use of grazing resources have been indirectly approached by European Union authorities, providing support for artiﬁcial plantations over treeless land, no mention is made to natural regeneration techniques. In this sense, the formulated model allows for natural regeneration of already established ageing stands as a complement or even a substitute of actual reforestation practices. The proposed methodology is neither designed to determine optimal rotation of tree species nor optimal decorticating or pruning cycles of cork oaks and holm oaks, respectively. Instead, this information enters the model exogenously through knowledge of region speciﬁc silvicultural cycles for those commercially relevant tree species, and the optimisation program acts as an optimal land use allocator and thus a practical tool for policy analysis purposes. In addition to existing cost beneﬁt analysis applications in dehesa ecosystems, the presented model allows in one side eﬃcient evaluation of long term management dynamics —thus oak woodlands sustainability can be tested for suﬃciently large time horizons—, and in the other, management decisions, instead of being forced through predeﬁned scenarios, correspond to the optimal actions a decision agent would take from the complete set of feasible possibilities given actual land use and tree age distributions.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>7</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luterbacher, Jürg</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lionello, Piero</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A review of 2000 years of paleoclimatic evidence in the Mediterranean</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Climate of the Mediterranean Region</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate reconstruction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate variability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human impact (PG)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-185</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9780124160422</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The integration of climate information from instrumental data and documentary and natural archives; evidence of past human activity derived from historical, paleoecological, and archaeological records; and new climate modeling techniques promises major breakthroughs for our understanding of climate sensitivity, ecological processes, environmental response, and human impact. In this chapter, we review the availability and potential of instrumental data, less well-known written records, and terrestrial and marine natural proxy archives for climate in the Mediterranean region over the last 2000 years. We highlight the need to integrate these different proxy archives and the importance for multiproxy studies of disentangling complex relationships among climate, sea-level changes, fire, vegetation, and forests, as well as land use and other human impacts. Focusing on dating uncertainties, we address seasonality effects and other uncertainties in the different proxy records. We describe known and anticipated challenges posed by integrating multiple diverse proxies in high-resolution climate-variation reconstructions, including proxy limitations to robust reconstruction of the natural range of climate variability and problems specific to temporal scales from interannual to multicentennial. Finally, we highlight the potential of paleo models to contribute to climate reconstructions in the Mediterranean, by narrowing the range of climate-sensitivity estimates and by assimilating multiple proxies.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cardelli, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marchini, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saviozzi, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil organic matter characteristics, biochemical activity and antioxidant capacity in Mediterranean land use systems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil and Tillage Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C mineralization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean environment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil antioxidant capacity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil quality indices</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167198712000074</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">120</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8 - 14</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The characteristics of soil quality were measured in adjacent agricultural (horticultural cropping sequence, HC), native grassland (naturally grazed, NG) and forest (indigenous wood of holm-oak, F) soils. The objective of the research was to assess the inﬂuence of different land uses on soil organic matter characteristics, biochemical activity and antioxidant capacity in selected ﬁelds of the Mediterranean environment in central Italy under a speciﬁc climatic regime. Land use induced signiﬁcant changes in the content and quality of soil organic matter, biochemical activity and antioxidant capacity, with more pronounced differences between soils under HC and F than soils under HC and NG. The HC soil showed the lowest amounts of total organic carbon (TOC), microbial biomass C (MB-C), water-soluble organic C (WSOC), water- and alkali-soluble phenols. The organic matter of HC was characterized by the lowest percentage of MB-C and of light fraction carbon (LF-C). The dehydrogenase activity (DH-ase), metabolic potential (MP), hydrolyzing coefﬁcient (HyC), potentially mineralizable C (C0) and C mineralized (Cm) were clearly lower in HC. The speciﬁc respiration activity of biomass (qCO2) was the highest in HC soil (1.3 mg CO2–C mg biomass C 1 ) and lowest in F soil (0.5 mg CO2–C mg biomass C 1 ) and was inversely related with pH, TOC and MB-C contents. The antioxidant capacity of soils (TEAC) was the highest in NG and related to the amount of alkali-soluble phenols. The rate constant of organic matter mineralization (k) appeared to depend on TEAC rather than the relative amounts of the labile C pools. These results seem to explain the role of phenols as controller of the mineralization rate of organic matter.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier B.V.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orgiazzi, Alberto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lumini, Erica</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nilsson, R Henrik</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Girlanda, Mariangela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vizzini, Alfredo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonfante, Paola</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bianciotto, Valeria</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Unravelling Soil Fungal Communities from Different Mediterranean Land-Use Backgrounds</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">air pollution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing Lands (citation)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Italy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Micro Organisms</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil Capability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Public Library of Science</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e34847</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">&lt;sec&gt;&lt;title&gt;Background&lt;/title&gt;&lt;p&gt;Fungi strongly influence ecosystem structure and functioning, playing a key role in many ecological services as decomposers, plant mutualists and pathogens. The Mediterranean area is a biodiversity hotspot that is increasingly threatened by intense land use. Therefore, to achieve a balance between conservation and human development, a better understanding of the impact of land use on the underlying fungal communities is needed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;&lt;title&gt;Methodology/Principal Findings&lt;/title&gt;&lt;p&gt;We used parallel pyrosequencing of the nuclear ribosomal ITS regions to characterize the fungal communities in five soils subjected to different anthropogenic impact in a typical Mediterranean landscape: a natural cork-oak forest, a pasture, a managed meadow, and two vineyards. Marked differences in the distribution of taxon assemblages among the different sites and communities were found. Data analyses consistently indicated a sharp distinction of the fungal community of the cork oak forest soil from those described in the other soils. Each soil showed features of the fungal assemblages retrieved which can be easily related to the above-ground settings: ectomycorrhizal phylotypes were numerous in natural sites covered by trees, but were nearly completely missing from the anthropogenic and grass-covered sites; similarly, coprophilous fungi were common in grazed sites.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;&lt;title&gt;Conclusions/Significance&lt;/title&gt;&lt;p&gt;Data suggest that investigation on the below-ground fungal community may provide useful elements on the above-ground features such as vegetation coverage and agronomic procedures, allowing to assess the cost of anthropogenic land use to hidden diversity in soil. Datasets provided in this study may contribute to future searches for fungal bio-indicators as biodiversity markers of a specific site or a land-use degree.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/sec&gt;</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa, Augusta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madeira, Manuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lima Santos, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliveira, Ângelo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Change and dynamics in Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands landscapes of Southwestern Iberian Peninsula</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape and Urban Planning</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Socioeconomic driving forces</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation cover metrics</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169204611001691</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">102</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">164 - 176</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscapes with open evergreen oak woodlands in Southwestern Iberian Peninsula have been subjected to a consistent oak forest loss. In these landscapes, the abandonment of traditional land management activities have been associated with major land use transformations, such as the replacement of agricultural land uses and native oakwoodlands by both shrublands and fast-growing Eucalyptus and pine (Pinus pinea L.) plantations. In this study a spatially explicit approach, combining aerial photographs, geographical information systems and land covermetrics, was used to assess long-termlandscape dynamics over a 50-year period. The aim was to provide interpreted quantitative information on the landscape dynamics and to determine the key roles of open farmland, shrubland and new forest plantations on the ongoing loss and fragmentation of oak woodlands. Different trends of land abandonment and intensiﬁcation of land uses were found across the study areas mainly related to combination of particular socioeconomic and biophysical conditions, resulting in different types of evergreen oak forest conservation and restoration issues. A comprehensive assessment ofthese (biophysical and socioeconomic) change driving forces is, therefore, presented and discussed, as a baseline for future planning by setting of appropriate management, restoration and conservation strategies for oak woodlands in the studied landscapes. Although this study focused on a speciﬁc system of Southwestern Mediterranean, the methodology applied herein can be extrapolated to other comparable human-driven scattered tree systems, within cultural landscapes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier B.V.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sedda, Luigi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Delogu, Giuseppe</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dettori, Sandro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forty-four years of land use changes in a Sardinian cork oak agro-silvopastoral system: a qualitative analysis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Open Forest Science Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aerial photography classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">agro-forestry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest cover</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">multi-temporal analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sardinia</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://eprints.uniss.it/5600/</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57 - 66</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The island of Sardinia is the biggest producer of natural cork in Italy. In this study, cork oak cover change is investigated in a typical agro-silvopastoral system where the main activities are cereal fodder and wheat cultivation, sheep rearing and cork exploitation. The research method is based on the comparison of two land use maps produced by photo-interpretation of digitised aerial photographs taken in 1954 and 1998, combined with interviews with local farmers, field surveys, and data collected from literature, administrative documentation and decadal censuses (at council level). The results show that the cork oak woodland surface decreased (-29%). It was substituted by other forest, ploughed land, and mixed grassland and shrubland. Apart from the transformation of the cork oak woodland to other forest, other changes have happened probably because of an increase in agricultural and pastoral activities as described by the documental material available for the same area</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Azul, Anabela Marisa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mendes, Sara Margarida</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sousa, José Paulo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freitas, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungal fruitbodies and soil macrofauna as indicators of land use practices on soil biodiversity in Montado</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry Systems</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecosystems monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungal fruit-body</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fungal fruit-body á soil</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">macrofauna á</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">montado</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil macrofauna</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s10457-010-9359-yhttp://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10457-010-9359-y</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">82</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">121 - 138</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The impacts of land use on soil biodiversity are still poorly understood, although soil fungi and macrofauna are recognized to provide beneÞts to ecosystems. Here, we tested whether land use practices used to control shrub density inßuences the fruiting macromycetes (ectomycorrhizal-forming fungiÑ ECMFÑand saprobes) and soil macrofauna diversity and abundance in Montado ecosystems. To address this inßuence, we conducted a 2-yearsÕ period monitoring of fungi fruitbodies and macrofauna in sixteen experimental plots in Montado landscape in southern Portugal. A total of 4,881 frutibodies (57 taxa of ECMF and 64 taxa of saprobic fungi) and 3,667 soil invertebrates (73 species and morphospecies) were monitored in the experimental plots. There was greater losses in sporocarps production and taxa composition, particularly the ECMF, in plots where shrub density was controlled by permanent grazing (Ca) or involving cutting practices followed by soil tillage (M), in comparison with cutting practices with no soil tillage (Cu) and the control (C). The ECMFLaccaria laccata and Xerocomus subtomentosus exhibited a close relation with C and Cu plots while the saprobes, e.g., Entoloma conferendum, were associated to Ca and M plots. Most species associated to Cu plots were present in C plots during the 2 years, but not in Cu after the cutting practices (in the second year of sampling). Regarding soil macrofauna, higher values of taxa and species richness were observed in C and Cu plots in the Þrst year of sampling. The ant species Aphaenogaster senilis and several Staphylinid morphospecies exhibited a close relation with M plots, whilst most spider families were directly associated to C and Cu plots. After the shrub cutting practices, higher values of taxa and species richness of soil macrofauna were observed in M and Ca plots; the presence of species with a high competitive ability to colonize disturbed areas faster might explain the results. Contrary to the frutibodies production and diversity, species richness and abundance within soil macrofauna were identical between Cu and C in 2004. Thus, fruiting macromycetes and soil macrofauna diversity and abundance in MontadoÕs, appear highly sensitive to land use and somewhat reßected a trend of severity to the current shrub management practices.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aragón, Gregorio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martinez, I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Izquierdo, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belinchon, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escudero, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of forest management on epiphytic lichen diversity in Mediterranean forests</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Community traits</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cyanolichens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drivers of composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fragmentation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oak forests</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variation partitioning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">183 - 194</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Question What are the responses of epiphytic lichens to the intensity of management along a large environmental gradient in Mediterranean Quercus forests? Location Central Spain. Methods This study was carried out on 4590 trees located in 306 forest stands dominated by Quercus faginea or Quercus ilex ssp. ballota. The effect of forest management and other predictor variables on several species diversity indicators were studied. Variables modelled were total species richness, cyanolichen richness and community composition. A large number of predictor variables were included: forest fragmentation (patch size, stand variability), climate and topographic (altitude, slope, sun radiation, annual rainfall and mean annual temperature) and intensity of management. General linear models and constrained ordination techniques were used to model community traits and species composition, respectively. Results Total richness and especially cyanolichens richness were significantly and negatively affected by the intensity of management. Lichen composition was influenced by management intensity, climatic and topographic variables and stand variability. Conclusions In Mediterranean forests, human activities related to forestry, agricultural and livestock use cause impoverishment of lichen communities, including the local disappearance of the most demanding species. The conservation of unmanaged forests with a dense canopy is crucial for lichen diversity.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA&lt;br/&gt;publisher: WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Azul, Anabela Marisa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sousa, João Paulo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agerer, Reinhard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martín, María P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freitas, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use practices and ectomycorrhizal fungal communities from oak woodlands dominated by Quercus suber L. considering drought scenarios.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mycorrhiza</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ectomycorrhizal fungal community</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean ecosystems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil diversity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19575241</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73 - 88</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oak woodlands in the Mediterranean basin have been traditionally converted into agro-silvo-pastoral systems and exemplified sustainable land use in Europe. In Portugal, in line with the trend of other European countries, profound changes in management options during the twentieth century have led to landscape simplification. Landscapes are dynamic and the knowledge of future management planning combining biological conservation and soil productivity is needed, especially under the actual scenarios of drought and increasing evidence of heavy oak mortality. We examined the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community associated with cork oak in managed oak woodlands (called montado) under different land use practices, during summer. ECM fungal richness and abundance were assessed in 15 stands established in nine montados located in the Alentejo region (southern Portugal), using morphotyping and ITS rDNA analysis. Parameters related to the montados landscape characteristics, land use history over the last 25 years, climatic and edaphic conditions were taken into account. Fifty-five ECM fungal taxa corresponding to the most abundant fungal symbionts were distinguished on cork oak roots. Cenococcum geophilum and the families Russulaceae and Thelephoraceae explained 56% of the whole ECM fungal community; other groups were represented among the community: Cortinariaceae, Boletaceae, Amanita, Genea, Pisolithus, Scleroderma, and Tuber. There were pronounced differences in ECM fungal community structure among the 15 montados stands: C. geophilum was the only species common to all stands, tomentelloid and russuloid species were detected in 87-93% of the stands, Cortinariaceae was detected in 60% of the stands, and the other groups were more unequally distributed. Ordination analysis revealed that ECM fungal richness was positively correlated with the silvo-pastoral exploitation regime and low mortality of cork oak, while ECM fungal abundance was positively correlated with extensive agro-silvo-pastoral exploitation under a traditional 9-year rotation cultivation system and recent soil tillage. The effects of land use on the ECM fungal community and its implications in different scenarios of landscape management options, oak mortality, and global warming are discussed.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 19575241</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ceballos, Antonio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cerdà, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schnabel, Susanne</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RUNOFF PRODUCTION AND EROSION PROCESSES ON A DEHESA IN WESTERN SPAIN*</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geographical Review</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehesa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rainfall simulation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">runoff</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spain</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2002.tb00147.x/abstract</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">92</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">333 - 353</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Runoff generation and soil erosion were investigated at the Guadalperal6n ex- perimental watershed (western Spain), within the land-use system known as dehesa, or open, managed evergreen forests. Season and type of surface were found to control runoff and soil- loss rates. Five soil units were selected as representative of surface types found in the study area: hillslope grass, bottom grass, tree cover, sheep trails, and shrub cover. Measurements were made in various conditions with simulated rainfall to gain an idea of the annual varia- tion in runoff and soil loss. Important seasonal differences were noted due to surface cover and moisture content of soil, but erosion rates were determined primarily by runoff. Surfaces covered with grass and shrubs always showed less erosion; surfaces covered with holm oaks showed higher runoff rates, due to the hydrophobic character of the soils. Concentrations of runoff sediment during the siniulations confirmed that erosion rates at the study site de- pended directly on the sediment available on the soil surface</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gutiérrez, Álvaro Gómez</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Schnabel, Susanne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contador, Francisco Lavado</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gully erosion, land use and topographical thresholds during the last 60 years in a small rangeland catchment in SW Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land Degradation &amp; Development</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gully erosion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">orthophotographs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Overgrazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">topographical thresholds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">535-550</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gully erosion plays an important role in degradation processes of Mediterranean environments. In this paper aerial orthophotographs were used for (i) analysing the evolution of a valley bottom gully and its relation with land use and vegetation cover, (ii) exploring the role of land use and vegetation cover on the coefficients of the equation S = aA−b (where S is slope at the headcut and A is drainage area), which is based on the topographical threshold concept and is commonly used to predict gully initiation. The study was carried out in a small catchment (99·5 ha) located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Gullies and headcuts were mapped together with land use and vegetation cover using aerial photographs for the years 1945, 1956, 1989, 1998, 2002 and 2006, which had to be digitized and orthorectified in advance. The results showed an increase of the area affected by gullying from 695 m2 in 1945–1009 m2 in 2006, reaching a maximum of 1560 m2 in 1956. Gullying was closely related with land use, especially with the amount of cultivated areas within the catchment and also with grazing intensity. No clear relationship was found between the evolution of the gullied area and rainfall amounts. Finally, the values of the exponent b obtained for different headcuts and different dates (close to 0·4) were similar to those proposed by other authors for gully erosion caused by Hortonian overland flow in semiarid environments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zavala, Lorena M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">González, Félix a</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jordán, Antonio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intensity and persistence of water repellency in relation to vegetation types and soil parameters in Mediterranean SW Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geoderma</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest soils</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil acidity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil organic carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil water repellency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water content</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016706109002286</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">361 - 374</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objectives of this research are the following: [1] to study the persistence and intensity of water repellency in soil samples (0–5 cm deep) collected under different plant species, [2] to analyze the relationships between soil water repellency and environmental factors including soil organic matter content, soil acidity, and texture, and [3] to study the variations of soil water repellency measured on soil samples collected in winter (2007) and summer (2008) in the studied area. Soil water repellency has been studied in Mediterranean coniferous and eucalyptus forests, particularly after burning, but the number of studies concerning other Mediterranean forest systems is still very low. In this paper, soil water repellency was measured by using the water drop penetration time test and the ethanol percentage test on samples collected during the winter of 2007 and the summer of 2008 under different land uses (pines, cork oaks, eucalyptus, heathland and olive trees) in a Mediterranean subhumid forested area (Los Alcornocales Natural Park, Cádiz and Málaga, Spain). Most of the soil samples collected under heathland showed extreme water repellency, whereas soils under olive trees showed low or inexistent water repellency. The organic matter content and acidity were highly correlated with water repellency in soils under pines, cork oaks and eucalyptus, while soils under heathland or olive trees showed poorer correlations. The average soil moisture content of samples collected during winter (2007) was 20.7± 7.9%, and it decreased in samples collected during summer (2008) to 1.1± 0.6%. The persistence and intensity of water repellency varied slightly between samples collected in winter and summer in soils under all species except under heathland. Water repellency persisted in most cases during the wet and dry season, and many soils showed strong water repellency even during winter. The patchy patterns of persistence and intensity of soil water repellency are conditioned by the spatial distribution of the studied land uses, which dictate the intensity and persistence of soil water repellency, and modulated by other environmental factors. The vegetation effects on soil hydrology should be considered for afforestation work and ﬂooding control.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier B.V.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zavala, Lorena M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">González, Félix a.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jordán, Antonio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intensity and persistence of water repellency in relation to vegetation types and soil parameters in Mediterranean SW Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geoderma</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest soils</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil acidity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil organic carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil water repellency</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water content</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier B.V.</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">152</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">361-374</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The objectives of this research are the following: [1] to study the persistence and intensity of water repellency in soil samples (0–5 cm deep) collected under different plant species, [2] to analyze the relationships between soil water repellency and environmental factors including soil organic matter content, soil acidity, and texture, and [3] to study the variations of soil water repellency measured on soil samples collected in winter (2007) and summer (2008) in the studied area. Soil water repellency has been studied in Mediterranean coniferous and eucalyptus forests, particularly after burning, but the number of studies concerning other Mediterranean forest systems is still very low. In this paper, soil water repellency was measured by using the water drop penetration time test and the ethanol percentage test on samples collected during the winter of 2007 and the summer of 2008 under different land uses (pines, cork oaks, eucalyptus, heathland and olive trees) in a Mediterranean subhumid forested area (Los Alcornocales Natural Park, Cádiz and Málaga, Spain). Most of the soil samples collected under heathland showed extreme water repellency, whereas soils under olive trees showed low or inexistent water repellency. The organic matter content and acidity were highly correlated with water repellency in soils under pines, cork oaks and eucalyptus, while soils under heathland or olive trees showed poorer correlations. The average soil moisture content of samples collected during winter (2007) was 20.7± 7.9%, and it decreased in samples collected during summer (2008) to 1.1± 0.6%. The persistence and intensity of water repellency varied slightly between samples collected in winter and summer in soils under all species except under heathland. Water repellency persisted in most cases during the wet and dry season, and many soils showed strong water repellency even during winter. The patchy patterns of persistence and intensity of soil water repellency are conditioned by the spatial distribution of the studied land uses, which dictate the intensity and persistence of soil water repellency, and modulated by other environmental factors. The vegetation effects on soil hydrology should be considered for afforestation work and ﬂooding control.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carevic, F S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alejano, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vázquez-Piqué, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TAPIAS, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corral, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Domingo, J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant water relations and edaphoclimatic conditions affecting acorn production in a holm oak (Quercus ilex L. ssp. ballota) open woodland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry Systems</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acorn production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cuticular transpiration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pressure-volume curves</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil treatments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water potential</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">299-308</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acorn production patterns and the annual evolution of water relations parameters of Quercus ilex ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. in a dehesa (an open woodland forest) subject to various soil treatments (ploughing, ploughing? sowing, control) were studied in southwest Spain from June 2006 to December 2008. The effects of soil water holding capacity and effective soil depth on soil and plant water status and acorn production were also investigated. Water parameters showed signiÞcant differences between the ploughing treatment and the control, and there were also signiÞcant temporal differences. Xylem water potential ranged from- 3.4 ± 0.1 to - 0.7 ± 0.2 MPa, and cuticular transpiration was 62.4Ð 192.9 mmol H2O kg - 1 s - 1 . Acorn production did not differ signiÞcantly according to soil treatment, and showed large intra-speciÞc variability. Individual values ranged from 0 to 1,220 g m - 2 (fresh weight). Positive relationships were found between xylem water potential, cuticular transpiration and relative water content measured at midsummer, and acorn production during the three studied years. These results suggest that climatic conditions and soil water availability have a strong inßuence on plant water status, and therefore on acorn development during summer. The results also reßect the ability of this species to adapt to the Mediterranean climate by preserving water during dry periods, which to a large extent can be attributed to stomatal closure at high relative water content levels, an</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carevic, F. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alejano, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vázquez-Piqué, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tapias, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corral, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Domingo, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant water relations and edaphoclimatic conditions affecting acorn production in a holm oak (Quercus ilex L. ssp. ballota) open woodland</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry Systems</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acorn production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cuticular transpiration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pressure-volume curves</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil treatments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water potential</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s10457-009-9245-7</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">299 - 308</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acorn production patterns and the annual evolution of water relations parameters of Quercus ilex ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. in a dehesa (an open woodland forest) subject to various soil treatments (ploughing, ploughing? sowing, control) were studied in southwest Spain from June 2006 to December 2008. The effects of soil water holding capacity and effective soil depth on soil and plant water status and acorn production were also investigated. Water parameters showed signiÞcant differences between the ploughing treatment and the control, and there were also signiÞcant temporal differences. Xylem water potential ranged from- 3.4 ± 0.1 to - 0.7 ± 0.2 MPa, and cuticular transpiration was 62.4Ð 192.9 mmol H2O kg - 1 s - 1 . Acorn production did not differ signiÞcantly according to soil treatment, and showed large intra-speciÞc variability. Individual values ranged from 0 to 1,220 g m - 2 (fresh weight). Positive relationships were found between xylem water potential, cuticular transpiration and relative water content measured at midsummer, and acorn production during the three studied years. These results suggest that climatic conditions and soil water availability have a strong inßuence on plant water status, and therefore on acorn development during summer. The results also reßect the ability of this species to adapt to the Mediterranean climate by preserving water during dry periods, which to a large extent can be attributed to stomatal closure at high relative water content levels, an</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guzmán Casado, G.I. I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">González de Molina, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preindustrial agriculture versus organic agriculture</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land Use Policy</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental history</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land cost</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organic agriculture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">502-510</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study of traditional agrarian systems can provide useful knowledge for improving the sustainability of present-day agriculture. Nonetheless, with the loss of traditional agro-ecosystems and the rationale that guides them, as has happened in Europe, an historical research approach can have a decisive role to play in recapturing this knowledge. In this article we study the evolution of a typical Mediterranean agro-ecosystem during the last 250 years, supporting the claim that high diversity and the internalization of energy ﬂows and nutrient cycles found in traditional agriculture, are not only characteristics of the greatest sustainability of such systems, but are based in the need for additional land in production. This claim requires the dedication of land to diverse and complementary uses that leave a footprint on the landscape. Organic agriculture needs to consider this “land cost”, meanwhile trying to minimize it in order to improve its actual degree of sustainability.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guzmán Casado, G. I. I.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">González de Molina, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Preindustrial agriculture versus organic agriculture</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land Use Policy</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental history</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land cost</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Organic agriculture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S026483770800080X</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">502 - 510</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The study of traditional agrarian systems can provide useful knowledge for improving the sustainability of present-day agriculture. Nonetheless, with the loss of traditional agro-ecosystems and the rationale that guides them, as has happened in Europe, an historical research approach can have a decisive role to play in recapturing this knowledge. In this article we study the evolution of a typical Mediterranean agro-ecosystem during the last 250 years, supporting the claim that high diversity and the internalization of energy ﬂows and nutrient cycles found in traditional agriculture, are not only characteristics of the greatest sustainability of such systems, but are based in the need for additional land in production. This claim requires the dedication of land to diverse and complementary uses that leave a footprint on the landscape. Organic agriculture needs to consider this “land cost”, meanwhile trying to minimize it in order to improve its actual degree of sustainability.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinho, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Augusto, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martins-Loução, M a</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, M J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soares, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Máguas, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branquinho, C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Causes of change in nitrophytic and oligotrophic lichen species in a Mediterranean climate: impact of land cover and atmospheric pollutants.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distance of influence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional groups</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen tolerance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollutant sources</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">154</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">380-389</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With the aim of determining the main drivers of changes in nitrophytic and oligotrophic macro-lichen communities in an industrial region with a Mediterranean climate, we considered both land-cover types and atmospheric pollutants. We determined the relation between the abundance of nitrophytic and oligotrophic species with environmental factors considering the distance of influence of land-cover types. The results showed that oligotrophic species decreased in the proximity of artificial areas, barren land and agricultural areas, associated with higher concentrations of NO2 and Zn, and Ti, probably dust of industrial and agricultural origin. Nitrophytic species were positively related to all the mentioned land-cover types, and with higher concentrations of Fe and N. Magnesium, probably from ocean aerosols, was negatively related to oligotrophic species and positively to nitrophytic.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18222577</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinho, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Augusto, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martins-Loução, M. a</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soares, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Máguas, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branquinho, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Causes of change in nitrophytic and oligotrophic lichen species in a Mediterranean climate: impact of land cover and atmospheric pollutants.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Distance of influence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Functional groups</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrogen tolerance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollutant sources</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18222577</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">154</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">380 - 389</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">With the aim of determining the main drivers of changes in nitrophytic and oligotrophic macro-lichen communities in an industrial region with a Mediterranean climate, we considered both land-cover types and atmospheric pollutants. We determined the relation between the abundance of nitrophytic and oligotrophic species with environmental factors considering the distance of influence of land-cover types. The results showed that oligotrophic species decreased in the proximity of artificial areas, barren land and agricultural areas, associated with higher concentrations of NO2 and Zn, and Ti, probably dust of industrial and agricultural origin. Nitrophytic species were positively related to all the mentioned land-cover types, and with higher concentrations of Fe and N. Magnesium, probably from ocean aerosols, was negatively related to oligotrophic species and positively to nitrophytic.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 18222577</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alados, C. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">El Aich, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress assessment of argan (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) in response to land uses across an aridity gradient: Translational asymmetry and branch fractal dimension</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">argan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aridity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">developmental instability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental stress</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fractal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">translational asymmetry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140196307001723</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">338 - 349</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We used Translational Asymmetry (TA) of the annual stem, branch growth pattern and fractal dimension to quantify stress during development of argan (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) throughout its range in Morocco. Under communal grazing conditions known as ‘‘mouchaˆa’’ (Grazing Management), the branch fractal dimension was reduced and the TA of plants increased, reﬂecting the stressful conditions in which the argan trees were growing. Under Wild growing conditions, developmental instability increased as moisture decreased across a gradient of aridity. Under Barley Management conditions (barley crops are cultivated underneath of argan), argan increased branch complexity (branch fractal dimension) in the mildest area (Essaouira), which imposed an additional cost that results in increased TA. The results of the study best ﬁt the predictions that the level of asymmetry and fractal dimension reﬂects stressful conditions, which can be used to monitor the effect of environmental stress in the conservation of argan ecosystem.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ALADOS, C L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">El Aich, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stress assessment of argan (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) in response to land uses across an aridity gradient: Translational asymmetry and branch fractal dimension</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Arid Environments</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">argan</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aridity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">developmental instability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">environmental stress</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fractal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">translational asymmetry</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">338-349</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We used Translational Asymmetry (TA) of the annual stem, branch growth pattern and fractal dimension to quantify stress during development of argan (Argania spinosa (L.) Skeels) throughout its range in Morocco. Under communal grazing conditions known as ‘‘mouchaˆa’’ (Grazing Management), the branch fractal dimension was reduced and the TA of plants increased, reﬂecting the stressful conditions in which the argan trees were growing. Under Wild growing conditions, developmental instability increased as moisture decreased across a gradient of aridity. Under Barley Management conditions (barley crops are cultivated underneath of argan), argan increased branch complexity (branch fractal dimension) in the mildest area (Essaouira), which imposed an additional cost that results in increased TA. The results of the study best ﬁt the predictions that the level of asymmetry and fractal dimension reﬂects stressful conditions, which can be used to monitor the effect of environmental stress in the conservation of argan ecosystem.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>7</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caballero, Rafael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riseth JÅand Labba, Niklas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative Typology in Six European Lowâ€Intensity Systems of Grassland Management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Advances in Agronomy</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economic performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing lands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">productivity (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier Inc.</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">351-420</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management with varying degrees of arrangements in different European countries and landscapes. These large-scale grazing systems (LSGS) are rein- deer husbandry in Northern Sapmi (Fennoscandia), sheep grazing in the Polish Tatra mountains, cattle grazing in the Swiss and German Alps, cattle, sheep, and pig grazing in Baixo Alentejo, Southern Portugal, and sedentary sheep grazing in Central Spain. These systems showed very heterogeneous organizational patterns in their way of exploiting the pastoral resources. At the same time, these LSGS showed at least some of the following weaknesses such as poor economic performance, social fragility, and structural shortcomings for proper grazing management. Lack of proper mobility of herds/flocks or accession to specific grazing grounds can be a cause of environmental hazards. The sur- veyed LSGS are mostly dependent on public handouts for survival, but succes- sive policy schemes have only showed mixed effects and, in particular study areas, clear inconsistencies in their aim to stop the general declining trend of LSGS. This research assumed that detailed system research may open the way for better-focused policy intervention, but policymakers need to take advantage of this period of support to push ahead for reforms. Recent European Union (EU) guidelines (2007–2013) on Rural Development Policy (RDP) and its operative scale of high nature value (HNV) farmland can easily fit the structure and functions of low-input grazing systems and LSGS.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caballero, Rafael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riseth JÅand Labba, Niklas</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comparative Typology in Six European Lowâ€Intensity Systems of Grassland Management</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Advances in Agronomy</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economic performance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing lands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grazing systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">productivity (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065211307960010</style></url></web-urls></urls><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier Inc.</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">351 - 420</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management with varying degrees of arrangements in different European countries and landscapes. These large-scale grazing systems (LSGS) are rein- deer husbandry in Northern Sapmi (Fennoscandia), sheep grazing in the Polish Tatra mountains, cattle grazing in the Swiss and German Alps, cattle, sheep, and pig grazing in Baixo Alentejo, Southern Portugal, and sedentary sheep grazing in Central Spain. These systems showed very heterogeneous organizational patterns in their way of exploiting the pastoral resources. At the same time, these LSGS showed at least some of the following weaknesses such as poor economic performance, social fragility, and structural shortcomings for proper grazing management. Lack of proper mobility of herds/flocks or accession to specific grazing grounds can be a cause of environmental hazards. The sur- veyed LSGS are mostly dependent on public handouts for survival, but succes- sive policy schemes have only showed mixed effects and, in particular study areas, clear inconsistencies in their aim to stop the general declining trend of LSGS. This research assumed that detailed system research may open the way for better-focused policy intervention, but policymakers need to take advantage of this period of support to push ahead for reforms. Recent European Union (EU) guidelines (2007–2013) on Rural Development Policy (RDP) and its operative scale of high nature value (HNV) farmland can easily fit the structure and functions of low-input grazing systems and LSGS.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: Advances in Agronomy&lt;br/&gt;electronic-resource-num: 10.1016/S0065-2113(07)96001-0</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seixas, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nunes, J. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GeneticLand: modelling land-use change using evolutionary algorithms</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling Land-Use change</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evolutionary computing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean landscape.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">optimisation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial planning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/v254353233331675.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">181 - 196</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Future land-use configurations provide valuable knowledge for policy makers and economic agents, especially under expected environmental changes such as decreasing rainfall or increasing temperatures. This chapter proposes an optimisation approach for modelling land-use change in which landscapes (land uses) are generated through the use of an evolutionary algorithm called GeneticLand. It is designed for a multiobjective function that aims at the minimisation of soil erosion and the maximisation of carbon sequestration, under a set of local restrictions. GeneticLand has been applied to a Mediterranean landscape, located in southern Portugal. The algorithm design and the results obtained show the feasibility of the generated landscapes, the appropriateness of the evolutionary methods to model land-use changes and the spatial characteristics of the landscape solutions that emerge when physical drivers have a major influence on their evolution.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: Modelling Land-Use change</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>7</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seixas, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nunes, J P</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GeneticLand: modelling land-use change using evolutionary algorithms</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling Land-Use change</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evolutionary computing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-term</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean landscape.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">optimisation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial planning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">181-196</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Future land-use configurations provide valuable knowledge for policy makers and economic agents, especially under expected environmental changes such as decreasing rainfall or increasing temperatures. This chapter proposes an optimisation approach for modelling land-use change in which landscapes (land uses) are generated through the use of an evolutionary algorithm called GeneticLand. It is designed for a multiobjective function that aims at the minimisation of soil erosion and the maximisation of carbon sequestration, under a set of local restrictions. GeneticLand has been applied to a Mediterranean landscape, located in southern Portugal. The algorithm design and the results obtained show the feasibility of the generated landscapes, the appropriateness of the evolutionary methods to model land-use changes and the spatial characteristics of the landscape solutions that emerge when physical drivers have a major influence on their evolution.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinto-Correia, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mascarenhas, J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Contribution to the extensification/intensification debate: new trends in the Portuguese montado</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape and Urban Planning</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">extensification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intensification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">montado</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">125-131</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The montado is the agro-silvo pastoral system speci®c to the region of Alentejo, Southern Portugal, comprising an open formation of cork and holm oaks in varying densities, combined with a rotation of crops/fallow/pastures. Case studies in different areas of Alentejo, combining the land use and the farmers' decision making, have shown recent extensi®cation in different sub-types of montado. The agro-silvo pastoral system is in transition towards a silvo-pastoral or even purely forestry system. Cultivation is becoming less important in the system rotation, whereas livestock production is becoming more relevant and the ground cover is used only as pasture. The cork is still valuable and, in most cases, is the ®rst priority in the exploitation. New alternative uses are arising; they include hunting and rural tourism, both intended to support the preservation of the traditional landscapes. All these uses are supported directly or indirectly by the EU's CAP; for example, through agro-environmental measures. Although scrub patches are becoming larger, complete land abandonment is rare. These land use systems are based on a use that is even more extensive. Consequently the landscape is changing, but a new equilibrium, displaying new land cover mosaics, might be attained. Concomitantly, intensi®cation is occurring in certain areas. It causes degradation as a result of various management factors: (a) harvesting activity and deep ploughing in the areas where crops are cultivated, (b) too high stocking rates in relation to the carrying capacity of the system, impeding, for example, the natural regeneration of the tree cover; (c) introduction of heavy cattle breeds, which aggravates the problem of overstocking and results in direct damage to the soil structure and to the tree root system. The clearing of the shrub layer with heavy machinery affects the Quercus regeneration in both extensively and intensively managed patches, but no effective alternatives have yet been found. Today, the main landscape problem of the montado is not the abandonment of the system due to extensi®cation, but is rather: (1) whether the current extensi®cation is leading to a new equilibrium in an extensive silvo-pastoral or merely forestry system, and what type of landscape mosaic this change is creating; and (2) whether it is possible to avoid short-term intensi®cation and improve mechanisation to clear shrubs without degradation; (3) to what extent these changes depend on the CAP and how they will react to CAP changes in the future.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guzmán, J M S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García, A S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of farming activities in the Iberian Peninsula on the winter habitat use of common crane ( Grus grus) in areas of its traditional migratory routes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture, ecosystems &amp;…</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Common Crane</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">g. grus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">population increase</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">southwestern Spain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">traditional area</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wintering pattern</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">72</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">207-214</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farming activities can in¯uence bird habitat and wintering patterns. Changes in the wintering habitat use of common crane (Grus grus) were related to changes in land use on this species' traditional migration route in the Western Palaearctics. The study was conducted in the Orellana area (Extremadura, SW Spain), the most important wintering area on this route, where the continued availability of natural food resources (acorns, bulbs, invertebrates) represents a more balanced diet than agricultural resources alone. The presence of crops such as corn (Zea mays L.) is, however, not a critical factor in the area, since the two types of resources, natural and agricultural, are available in the same period of time. The increase in area dedicated to irrigated crops, especially rice (Oriza sp.), affected the growth in the numbers of wintering cranes in the Orellana area. In the past the peak wintering period was in December and was positively correlated to acorn production, whereas the peak period is now in January±February, coinciding with the use of rice-®eld stubble as feeding places. Dehesas (Mediteranean scrub), cultivated or not, may replace rice-®eld stubble as feeding places. The existence of intensive farming activity in combination with traditional land-uses is suggested to be the cause of these changes. #</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Simpson, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Winiwarter, W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borjesson, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cinderby, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreiro, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guenther, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hewitt, C N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Janson, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khalil, M A K</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Owen, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pierce, T E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Puxbaum, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shearer, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skiba, U</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Steinbrecher, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tarrason, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oquist, M G</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Inventorying emissions from nature in Europe</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Emissions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NOx</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Volatile Organic Compounds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">104</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8113-8152</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">As part of the work of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations Task Force on Emission Inventories, a new set of guidelines has been developed for assessing the emissions of sulphur, nitrogen oxides, NH,, CH,, and nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) from biogenic and other natural sources in Europe. This paper gives the background to these guidelines, describes the sources, and gives our recommended methodologies for estimating emissions. We have assembled land use and other statistics from European or national compilations and present emission estimates for the various natural/biogenic source categories based on these. Total emissions from nature derived here amount to similar to 1.1 Tg S yr(-1), 6-8 Tg CH4 yr(-1), 70 Gg NH3 (as N) yr(-1), and 13 Tg NMVOC yr(-1). Estimates of biogenic NOx emissions cover a wide range, from 140 to 1500 Gg NOx (as N) yr(-1). In terms of relative contribution to total European emissions for different pollutants, then NMVOC from forests and vegetation are clearly the most important emissions source. Biogenic NOx emissions (although heavily influenced by nitrogen inputs from anthropogenic activities) are very important if the higher estimates are reliable. CH, from wetlands and sulphur from volcanoes are also significant emissions in the European budgets. On a global scale, European biogenic emissions are not significant, a consequence of the climate and size (7% of global land area) of Europe and of the destruction of natural ecosystems since prehistoric times. However, for assessing local budgets and for photochemical oxidant modeling, natural/biogenic emissions can play an important role. The most important contributor in this regard is undoubtedly forest VOC emissions, although this paper also indicates that NMVOC emissions from nonforested areas also need to be further evaluated. This paper was originally conceived as a contribution to the collection of papers arising as a result of the Workshop on Biogenic Hydrocarbons in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer, August 24-27, 1997. (Several papers arising from this workshop have been published in Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(D19) 1998.).</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Almeida, A. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estudos de hidrologia em povoamentos de Quercus suber e caracterizaçao mesológica do ecossistema</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientia gerundensis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork-oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water balance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Scientia/article/viewArticle/45484/0</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">149 - 161</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The main objective of the project is to assess the effect of different types of soil management under cork-oak tree stands on water use and cork productivity. The study utilized a 5.5 ha watershed near the town of Mora, center of Portugal. The watershed contained scattered cork- oak with natural pasture, which is probably the most representative formof landuse in the region. de 1990, que va mostrar la The project used the basic water balance equation, being evaluated incident rainfall, runoff, evapotranspiration and changes in soil water storage. Measurements of the tree stands and canopies were included for the characterization of throughfall and stemflow. Interception was estimated to evaluate its effects onrainfallredistribution and onthe dynarnics of evapotranspiration. Collection of data for the intensive hydrologic study begun in October 1, 1988. During 1989, surface runoff was 10.8 percent of annual rainfall. For the same period, canopy interception by the Quercus suber stand was 15.4 percent and throughfall accounted for 84.6 percent of annual rainfall, as stemfiow was considered negligible. Statistical analysis of data related to the period January, 1990 to May, 1990 is now being undertaken. Itis apparent, however, from the study, that the data sets should be extended through further research to confirm the tentative hydrological trends of the first period.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LACAZE, BERNARD</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Joffre, Richard</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caractérisation de formations végétales mediterranéennes à partir de données ‘Thematic Mapper’ Une étude de cas en Andalousie (Espagne)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Automatic classification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">characterization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Europe (citation)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Image interpretation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multispectral remote sensing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regional study</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Satellite observation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrubbery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Survey</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thematic map</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation type</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1987</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor &amp; Francis</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1319-1333</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract The study is focused on the characterization of vegetation formations in a Mediterranean area (943 km2) located in southern Spain: herbaceous canopies (rangelands), shrubby vegetation (?matorral?) and complex woody/herbaceous formations (?dehesa?). Vegetation formations (physiognomical units) have been characterized by their spectral responses in the six reflective TM channels and by vegetation indices. From the ratio index TM4/TM3 there has been derived a map displaying seven classes (water, bare soil and five biomass levels reflecting the hierarchy of vegetation formations). Channels TM3, TM4 and TM5 have been considered for a supervised classification into nine land-cover categories (seven vegetation formations, bare soil and water). The proportion of correct classification of vegetation formations is about 78 per cent when considering test areas. Classification made from three principal components gives similar results.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/01431168708954777</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/01431168708954777</style></research-notes></record></records></xml>