<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Beira, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prades, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santiago, R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New tools to extract cork from Quercus suber L.: increasing productivity and reducing damage</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOREST SYSTEMS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">axe</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork debarking</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork stripping damage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">COVELESS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IPLA_Morell</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Q. suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sthil MC 200</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INST NACIONAL INVESTIGACION TECHNOLOGIA AGRARIA ALIMENTARIA</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CTRA CORUNA KM 7 5, MADRID, 28040, SPAIN</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22-35</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aim of study: The aim of this study is to test new tools designed to debark cork oak trees: mechanized tools to perform cutting operations (IPLA-Morell, Stihl MC200 and COVELESS) and manual tools to separate and extract the cork (cork pincers, MIJURO). Area of study: Southwestern Spain. Material and methods: One of the longstanding problems affecting the sector is the shortage of skilled labor to perform debarking due to the difficulty of handling axes and the temporary nature of the work. To overcome these problems, four debarking systems using the new tools were designed according to the morphological properties of cork oak. The viability of the debarking systems were evaluated based on productivity (kg . person(-1). hour(-1)), production costs (is an element of center dot t(1)) and percentage of pieces smaller than 400 cm(2)(%), and compared with the traditional system. Debarking quality and operator experience were also evaluated. A total of 204 trees were debarked. Main results: The new systems obtain better results: productivity is higher, the percentage of pieces is slightly lower and production costs are reduced, except for one system. Debarking quality improves with the new tools as cork is extracted in a more precise and cleaner manner, thus permitting cork manufacturers to obtain higher yields from the cork planks. Research highlights: Semi-skilled operators using the new tools obtain very similar results to skilled operators using axes. This would therefore resolve the problem of the lack of skilled labor, while improving the working conditions of operators. The results demonstrate that the new tools are viable for cork debarking and can bring potential benefits to the sector.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dahane, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouhraoua, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GARCIA DE CECA, J. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GONZÁLEZ-ADRADOS, J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Short Communication. Effect of the health status and geographical origin on the cork production characteristics of Western Algeria cork oak stands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Systems; Vol 22, No 1 (2013)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decay</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mean annual growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">productivity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://revistas.inia.es/index.php/fs/article/view/2866</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aim of study : To analyze the effect of health status on cork production, analyzing if this influence is uniform or is affected by site conditions. Area of study : Two Western Algerian cork tree forests have been studied: M’Sila located in the coastal plains under semiarid climate, and Zarieffet, located in the mountainous interior under sub-humid climate. Material and Methods : 40 trees were selected in each forest and classified according to their health status as healthy, weakened, or decaying. A sample of cork from each tree has been obtained to measure the key variables related to cork production. A two-way ANOVA was performed considering two factors: site and health status. Main results : Quercus suber L. productivity is affected by the vitality of trees in the same way in both sources, showing values between 5.96 ± 7.1 kg • m -2 (coast, weakened trees) and 8.13 ± 0.45 kg • m -2 (mountain, healthy trees). The health status also affects the number and area of pores, especially in the cork oak groves of the coast, where the coefficient of porosity ranges from 3.79 ± 0.84% (healthy trees) to 8.11 ± 1.91% (decaying trees). The variables where the site has presented a stronger effect are those related to the amount of cork produced by the phellogen (density -kg·l -1 , p&lt;0.000- and productivity -kg·m -2 , p=0.001-), and pore density (1·cm -2 , p=0.001). Scrap thickness (mm) and porosity (%) show a smaller effect although still representative (p=0.041 and 0.038 respectively). Porosity and pore density show interaction site*health status. They all have higher values in the mountain (Zarieffet) than in the coast (M’Sila). The effect of tree vitality on the formation of pores in the cork oak phellogen is lower in the mountain than in the coast. No significant effects were found for any of the two factors neither on the annual growth rate nor on the thickness of the cork. Research highlights : Results lead to the conclusion that the effect of health status on traumatic phellogen formation and activity is clear but not uniform. Further studies are necessary for a deeper understanding of the effect of stress situations on pore formation and characteristics. Keywords: mean annual growth; density; productivity; porosity; decay</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gracia, C A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sala, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sabate, S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ASPECTOS ECOFISIOLOGICOS RELACIONADOS CON LA PRODUCCION DE LOS ENCINARES MEDITERRANEOS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Congreso Forestal Español, Lourizán - Pontevedra. 1993</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecophysiology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">L.A.I.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pontevedra</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">209-218</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The productivity of Quercus ilex forests is low in relation to other tree species. Waterand nutrients are often the most important limiting factors. Nevertheless the ecophysiological traits of this specie could help to explain the observed patterns of productivity. Leaf area index of european evergreen-oak forests is rather constant with values about 5. The energetic cost of formation and maintenance of the leaves of Quercus ilex accounts for more than 50 per cent of total carbon fixed by the trees. The resproutig ability of evergreen oaks could explain the high density and low mean diameter of these populations. The high proportion of living tissues in this type of structuni increases the respiration costs of the stems and branches. As a consequence, an important fraction of carhon fixed by leaves is used to maintain the structure of the community which contribute to explain the low observed net primary production of Quercus ilex forests</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Almeida, A. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estudos de hidrologia em povoamentos de Quercus suber e caracterizaçao mesológica do ecossistema</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientia gerundensis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork-oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pasture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">productivity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">water balance</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.raco.cat/index.php/Scientia/article/viewArticle/45484/0</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">149 - 161</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The main objective of the project is to assess the effect of different types of soil management under cork-oak tree stands on water use and cork productivity. The study utilized a 5.5 ha watershed near the town of Mora, center of Portugal. The watershed contained scattered cork- oak with natural pasture, which is probably the most representative formof landuse in the region. de 1990, que va mostrar la The project used the basic water balance equation, being evaluated incident rainfall, runoff, evapotranspiration and changes in soil water storage. Measurements of the tree stands and canopies were included for the characterization of throughfall and stemflow. Interception was estimated to evaluate its effects onrainfallredistribution and onthe dynarnics of evapotranspiration. Collection of data for the intensive hydrologic study begun in October 1, 1988. During 1989, surface runoff was 10.8 percent of annual rainfall. For the same period, canopy interception by the Quercus suber stand was 15.4 percent and throughfall accounted for 84.6 percent of annual rainfall, as stemfiow was considered negligible. Statistical analysis of data related to the period January, 1990 to May, 1990 is now being undertaken. Itis apparent, however, from the study, that the data sets should be extended through further research to confirm the tentative hydrological trends of the first period.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cartan-Son, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Floret, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Galan, M. J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Factors affecting radial growth of Quercus ilex L. in a coppice stand in southern France</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">clear-cutting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">edge effect</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nutrient supply</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">productivity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/V4R7R430G7535058.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-100</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">61 - 68</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex woodlands in the south of France are characterized by low productivity. Several hypo- theses have been put forward to provide an explanation for this phenomenon: (i) senescence of coppice stumps; (ii)limited availability of water and nutrient resources; (iii)intershoot and inter-plant compe- tition. To test some of these hypotheses, growth response to rainfall distribution and nutrient supply (NPK), and the influence of edge effects after clear-cutting were studied in a 40-yr old stand. Curves of radial increment were compared with precipitation and umbrothermic patterns for the 6 years studied. Water availability apparently accounted for some inter-annual differences in growth. However, it was not mean annual rainfall, but rather rainfall occurring in late spring-summer (June, July) which played a large role in determining radial growth. Radial growth was also increased by nutrient supply. Its positive effect was strengthened by favourable rainfall in 1987. Edge-effects following a clear-cut were also found, both in the first year and in four succeeding years following the cut. This comprised in greater radial growth rate for all shoots, with reduced repression of smaller shoots by the larger ones. The effect decreased over a distance of 10 m with increasing distance from the cut field. This could be explained by increased availabiDLy of water, nutrient resources, and light.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">i</style></issue></record></records></xml>