<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barra-Jimenez, Azahara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blasco, Miquel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruiz-Galea, Mar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celestino, Cristina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alegre, Jesús</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arrillaga, Isabel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toribio, Mariano</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cloning mature holm oak trees by somatic embryogenesis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult trees</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arabinogalactan protein</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integuments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ovules</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetative propagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPRINGER</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">657-667</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integuments from holm oak developing ovules were suitable initial explants to obtain embryogenic lines from which plants could be regenerated. The implementation of multivarietal forestry as part of breeding strategies is expected to provide more productive forest plantations. To achieve this, a reliable and effective method for mass production of clonal plants is needed. Somatic embryogenesis is considered the enabling technology for implementing multivarietal forestry. The holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) is a Mediterranean evergreen tree of economic interests because of the acorn production for animal feed and edible fungi mycorrhization. The aim of this work was to obtain clonal plants by inducing somatic embryogenesis in tissues of female flowers from mature trees. The influence of the developmental stage of the explant, the genotype and medium composition, and the effect of arabinogalactan proteins on the induction frequency, were assessed. Somatic embryogenesis induction (frequency ranging from 1.2 to 3.2 %) was restricted to ovules excised at an advanced stage of development, when they were at least 3-4 mm wide and the rest of the ovules within the ovary had aborted. Somatic embryos arose from the integuments of those fertilized ovules. Embryogenic response was obtained on media with and without plant growth regulators. All the genotypes that were cultured on medium containing ``as reported by Schenk and Hildebrandt (Can J Bot 50:199-204, 1972){''} SH macronutrients could be captured. Treatments including Larix arabinogalactan proteins did not improve induction, while those from Acacia inhibited the embryogenic response. Several embryogenic lines were multiplied by repetitive embryogenesis on medium lacking plant growth regulators. Mature somatic embryos of three genotypes were germinated at frequencies ranging from 41 to 58 %, and converted into plants at frequencies from 11 to 30 %, depending on the genotype.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celestino, Cristina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández-Guijarro, B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hernández, Inmaculada</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">López Vela, Dolores</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carneros, Elena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiménez García, Jesús</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cardo, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alegre, Jesús</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toribio, Mariano</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth data from a field trial of Quercus suber plants regenerated from selected trees and from their half-sib progenies by somatic embryogenesis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Horticulturae</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">field establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rejuvenation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetative propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">woody plant micropropagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">812</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">493-498</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The development of reliable clonal propagation technologies is a requisite for performing Multi-Varietal Forestry (MVF). Somatic embryogenesis is considered the tissue culture based method more suitable for operational breeding of forest trees. Vegetative propagation is very difficult when tissues are taken from mature donors, making clonal propagation of selected trees almost impossible. We have been able to induce somatic embryogenesis in leaves taken from mature oak trees, including cork oak (Quercus suber). This important species of the Mediterranean ecosystem produces cork regularly, conferring to this species a significant economic value. In a previous paper we reported the establishment of a field trial to compare the growth of plants of somatic origin vs zygotic origin, and somatic plants from mature trees vs somatic plants from juvenile seedlings. For that purpose somatic seedlings were regenerated from five selected cork oak trees and from young plants of their half-sib progenies by somatic embryogenesis. They were planted in the field together with acorn-derived plants of the same families. After the first growth period, seedlings of zygotic origin doubled the height of somatic seedlings, showing somatic plants of adult and juvenile origin similar growth. Here we provide data on height and diameter increases after two additional growth periods. In the second one, growth parameters of zygotic seedlings were also significantly higher than those of somatic ones, but there were not significant differences in height increase between seedlings and somatic plants of mature origin. In the third growth period, height and diameter increases of somatic seedlings cloned from the selected trees did not differ from those of zygotic seedlings, which were still higher than data from plants obtained from somatic embryos from the sexual progeny. Therefore, somatic seedlings from mature origin seem not to be influenced by a possible ageing effect, and plants from somatic embryos tend to minimize the initial advantage of plants from acorns.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celestino, Cristina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandez-Guijarro, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hernández, Inmaculada</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">López Vela, Dolores</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carneros, Elena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiménez García, Jesús</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cardo, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alegre, Jesús</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toribio, Mariano</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth data from a field trial of Quercus suber plants regenerated from selected trees and from their half-sib progenies by somatic embryogenesis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Horticulturae</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">field establishment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rejuvenation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetative propagation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">woody plant micropropagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.actahort.org/books/812/812_71.htm</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">812</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">493 - 498</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The development of reliable clonal propagation technologies is a requisite for performing Multi-Varietal Forestry (MVF). Somatic embryogenesis is considered the tissue culture based method more suitable for operational breeding of forest trees. Vegetative propagation is very difficult when tissues are taken from mature donors, making clonal propagation of selected trees almost impossible. We have been able to induce somatic embryogenesis in leaves taken from mature oak trees, including cork oak (Quercus suber). This important species of the Mediterranean ecosystem produces cork regularly, conferring to this species a significant economic value. In a previous paper we reported the establishment of a field trial to compare the growth of plants of somatic origin vs zygotic origin, and somatic plants from mature trees vs somatic plants from juvenile seedlings. For that purpose somatic seedlings were regenerated from five selected cork oak trees and from young plants of their half-sib progenies by somatic embryogenesis. They were planted in the field together with acorn-derived plants of the same families. After the first growth period, seedlings of zygotic origin doubled the height of somatic seedlings, showing somatic plants of adult and juvenile origin similar growth. Here we provide data on height and diameter increases after two additional growth periods. In the second one, growth parameters of zygotic seedlings were also significantly higher than those of somatic ones, but there were not significant differences in height increase between seedlings and somatic plants of mature origin. In the third growth period, height and diameter increases of somatic seedlings cloned from the selected trees did not differ from those of zygotic seedlings, which were still higher than data from plants obtained from somatic embryos from the sexual progeny. Therefore, somatic seedlings from mature origin seem not to be influenced by a possible ageing effect, and plants from somatic embryos tend to minimize the initial advantage of plants from acorns.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Freitas, Maria Isabel Carrasquinho</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagação Vegetativa de Sobreiros Seleccionados</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silva Lusitana</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bud grafting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetative propagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">scielopt</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17-52</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0870-6352 UL - http://www.scielo.gpeari.mctes.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-63522002000100002&amp;nrm=iso</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the possibilities of vegetative propagation techniques of adult cork oak trees so as to develop an approach applicable to a genetic improvement breeding program. Bud grafting and cuttings were used to multiply and mass propagate selected cork oak trees. Forty-six cork oak trees were reproduced from clone banks. September proved to be a better season for grafting than June/July. Rooting season and the temperature of the rooting substrate were demonstrated to be important factors in juvenile cuttings response. The highest rooting ability was achieved in August with a rooting substrate temperature of 28°C (57.0%). The best rooting rate was obtained by maintaining cuttings in rooting media for four months. The application of IBA influenced rooting ability both in cuttings from seedlings and those from the clone bank. Nevertheless, juvenile material needed a lower IBA concentration (0.5%) than the older material (1%). The clone and age of grafting were shown to influence the rooting ability. The decrease of rooting ability with age of grafting requires a dynamic management of the clone bank. The vegetative propagation of selected adult cork oak trees seems to be a viable technique, establishing a prior clone bank, by means of grafting, and then mass propagation through cuttings of this material.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Freitas, Maria Isabel Carrasquinho</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagação Vegetativa de Sobreiros Seleccionados</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silva Lusitana</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bud grafting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clones</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetative propagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17 - 52</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0870-6352 UL - http://www.scielo.gpeari.mctes.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&amp;pid=S0870-63522002000100002&amp;nrm=iso</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the possibilities of vegetative propagation techniques of adult cork oak trees so as to develop an approach applicable to a genetic improvement breeding program. Bud grafting and cuttings were used to multiply and mass propagate selected cork oak trees. Forty-six cork oak trees were reproduced from clone banks. September proved to be a better season for grafting than June/July. Rooting season and the temperature of the rooting substrate were demonstrated to be important factors in juvenile cuttings response. The highest rooting ability was achieved in August with a rooting substrate temperature of 28°C (57.0%). The best rooting rate was obtained by maintaining cuttings in rooting media for four months. The application of IBA influenced rooting ability both in cuttings from seedlings and those from the clone bank. Nevertheless, juvenile material needed a lower IBA concentration (0.5%) than the older material (1%). The clone and age of grafting were shown to influence the rooting ability. The decrease of rooting ability with age of grafting requires a dynamic management of the clone bank. The vegetative propagation of selected adult cork oak trees seems to be a viable technique, establishing a prior clone bank, by means of grafting, and then mass propagation through cuttings of this material.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: scielopt</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ribeiro, M M A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bases para um programa de melhoramento florestal da espécie Quercus suber L.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Revista Florestal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest tree improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetative propagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">8</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-39</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The existing symptoms of degradation in cork oak stands requires the improvement on them, namely with plants that might produce cork in quantity and of good quality. It is urgent to develop an improvement program for this species spread in 664 thousand ha in our country (i. e. 1/3 of the whole area covered with cork oak in the world). Fifty five per cent of the world cork production comes from that area whose size could be extended more than 200 thousand ha. In the present work improvement programs for forestry species are brought into focus, and so are the different techniques of vegetative propagation, due to the importance they have in the development of these programs related either to the mass phenotypic selection (to estimate heritability and genetic gain) or to the clonal propagation of improved material. Maturative process in forest trees is questioned once it might condition the use of vegetative propagation and the techniques used to overcome that process are referred. Finally strategies for the improvement of cork oak, in the short and long term, are named.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>2</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ribeiro, Maria Margarida Chagas de Ataíde</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Propagação do sobreiro (Quercus suber) por estacaria</style></title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anatomy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetative propagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">109</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Realizaram-se ensaios de enraizamento com estacas provenientes de jovens sobreiros, durante dois anos consecutivos. A aplicação de AIB à base da estaca melhorou a percentagem de enraizamento e a sobrevivência em relação à testemunha, na época de enraizamento de Abril. Na época de fins de Junho, já não se verificou a referida resposta positiva. Este tratamento não teve efeito no número de raízes formadas, por estaca enraizada, mas influenciou o comprimento da maior raiz, também por estaca enraizada, independentemente da época de enraizamento. A utilização de 0,1% ANA não provocou resultados diferentes da testemunha para qualquer dos parâmetros avaliados. O descasque na base da estaca aumentou a percentagem de enraizamento e a sobrevivência. Este tratamento, juntamente com a aplicação de 0,5% de AIB conduziu a percentagens de enraizamento superiores a 60%, ao fim de três meses de ensaio, na época de enraizamento de Abril. Quer a origem da estaca (topo ou base da planta) quer os tratamentos dos pés-mãe (colocação das plantas às escuras ou o escurecimento - uso de uma fita preta na base da futura estaca) não influenciaram a percentagem de enraizamento. A sobrevivência das estacas é comprometida na época de enraizamento de fins de Junho, pelo facto de entrarem em dormência. A aplicação de BAP às estacas enraizadas, em dormência, estimulou o abrolhamento de gomos axilares e não se observaram efeitos fitotóxicos. Realizaram-se cortes histológicos na base de estacas sujeitas ao tratamento de escurecimento (com ou sem aplicação de AIB na banda preta). No dia 0 observaram-se diferenças na estrutura devidas a esse tratamento especialmente ao nível da periderme e do xilema. Até ao dia 20 as diferenças estruturais das estacas submetidas ao tratamento de escurecimento foram-se acentuando com perda de coerência e aparecimento, por vezes abundante, de callus. Em geral as modificações surgiam na zona do nó e só depois na zona do entrenó. A aplicação de AIB à base da estaca antes de esta ser posta a enraizar não conduziu a diferenças tão evidentes como o tratamento de escurecimento</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ribeiro, M M A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ensayo de enraizamiento de estaquillas del alcornoque (Quercus suber L.)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Congreso Forestal Español, Lourizán - Pontevedra. 1993</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rooting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetative propagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Xunta de Galicia</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pontevedra</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">233-238</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An experiment was made in order to study the tooting process in cuttings of young cork oaks. Different treatments with indol butiric acid (IBA) in different concentrations, two different origins of the cutting (basal and apical) and two different base of the cutting treatements (with or without bark removal) were performed. The best performances were achieved with 0.5% and 1 % of IBA (not significatively different) with 54 and 52 % of rooting, respectivly, after 3 months. The first treatment not only produces more roots by cutting but longer ones as well. Bark removal has the same effect but it does not improve rooting. The origin of the cutting had no influence in the studied parameters.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kleinschmit, J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intraspecific variation of growth and adaptive traits in European oak species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. For. Sci.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intraspecific variation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">progeny test</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetative propagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">166s--185s</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">According to various reports, 200-450 oak species including hybrid populations exist worldwide, with 24 of these - including 3 hybrid forms - having their natural range within Europe. They all belong to the subgenus Lepidobalanus. The most important section is robur with 21 species. The European species belong to both deciduous (15 species) and evergreen (9 species) oaks. Some difficulties in clear morphological and physiological definition of the species involved is caused by hybridization. Most studies into intraspecific variation exist for the species Quercus robur L and Quercus petraea (Matt) Liebl. Some information is available for Quercus cerris L, Quercus virginiana Ten (= Q dalechampii Wenz), Quercus ilex L and Quercus suber L, based on comparative plantations. In addition, a considerable number of morphological, physiological and biochemical studies based on natural populations exist which are not completely covered in this review paper. For most characters observed, oaks exhibit a wide variation. This is not only the case for morphological traits of pollen, seed, wood and plants but also for physiological traits and phenology which have great adaptive importance. Provenance experiments and progeny tests started as early as 1877. Most of these were only of local importance. This is partly due to the fact that acorns can only be stored for a limited period and flowering is irregular. However, the results available show that the choice of provenance can be important for the successful economic management of plantations. Variability of leaves, phenology, form, growth, wood and bark, roots, seed and flowering has been discussed separately. Improvement via selection and testing seems to be promising due to the considerable between-population and within-provenance variation. Vegetative propagation has been developed for some species by grafting, cutting propagation and in vitro propagation. Tree breeding approaches have also been discussed.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Roldão, I F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alpuim, M H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bohm, J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CONSIDERAçõES SOBRE OS RESULTADOS JA OBTIDOS NA PROPAGACAO VEGETATIVA DO SOBREIRO. ESTACARIA E ENXERTIA</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientia gerundensis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cuttings</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">grafting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus Suber L</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetative propagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85-89</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This work documents the first results of cork oak vegetative propagation by cuttings in a controlled envuonment. The followings traits are analyzed : substrates, hormones, au and substrate temperature andrelative bumidity etc.. Results from bud graftings in the multiplication of plus trees are also referenced</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García Valdecantos, J. L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Las técnicas de selección y propagación en la mejora genética del alcornoque</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientia gerundensis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">provenances</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed orchards</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tree breeding</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetative propagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dugi-doc.udg.edu:8080/handle/10256/5322</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11 - 15</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role and importance of the techniques of propagation and selection in the cork oak breeding programs are discussed. In the field of propagation, the characteristics of sexuai reproduction are discussed. The author recommends the use of medium or small acorns and empbasizes the need of improving acorn storage procedures. Considering vegetative propagation as the best method to obtain maximal genetic gains, the author emphasizes the difficulties found in the use of cuttings, the fairly good results obtained with grafts, and the promising experiences of tissue culture. The importance of rejuvenating techniques using stump sprouts and suckers for vegetative propagation is strongly emphasized. The selection superior trees for breeding programs in the cork oak is difficult because of the lack of previous experience in genetics of bark production. An experimental method, developed in the province of Cidiz with the help of ICONA, is described. This method is based in an accurate measurement of a number of tree pararneters which are evaluated at the end of a complete harvest cycle (9 years).</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bueno, A. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manzanera, M. A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Primeros ensayos de inducción de embriones somáticos de Quercus suber L.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scientia gerundensis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somatic embryogenesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tissue culture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetative propagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">29 - 37</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Susceptibility of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) embryos, endosperm and ovules to somatic embryogenesis induction has been studied. 2,4-D at different concentrations was tested. Samples were collected every two weeks, dong the fruit development period, from June till September. The embryos formed callus, from which globular and heart and torpedo-shaped structures and somatic embryos at different developing degrees were obtained.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>