<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Yona, Arnaud Maxime Cheumani</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Budija, Franc</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kričej, Borut</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kutnar, Andreja</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pavlič, Matjaž</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pori, Pavel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tavzes, Črtomir</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petrič, Marko</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Production of biomaterials from cork: Liquefaction in polyhydric alcohols at moderate temperatures</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial Crops and Products</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycerol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Liquefaction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyethylene glycol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">54</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">296-301</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this study was to develop polymers in a liquid solution, from renewable bio-resources, usable as intermediate materials in the preparation of plastics, adhesives or coatings. The liquefaction of cork with glycerol was investigated at 150◦C, 180◦C, and 200◦C under acidic (sulphuric acid) or alkaline conditions (sodium hydroxide). Cork appears as a two-component material, containing suberin and lig- nocelluloses. In the presence of sulphuric acid, only the liquefaction of the lignocellulosic components was achieved, leading to liquefaction yield of less than 47% at all investigated conditions. The inverse phenomenon was observed with sodium hydroxide. Suberin was almost completely liquefied, but an increase of temperature and/or sodium hydroxide content was necessary to improve the liquefaction of lignocelluloses. Addition of polyethylene glycol to glycerol to a certain extent caused the conversion of suberin under acid conditions leading to liquefaction yield up to 93%. Therefore, it was demonstrated that it is possible to use cork dust, a less valuable by-product, for the production of various basic chemicals and/or polymers with a high added value</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">KAYA, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">KAMALAK, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Potential Nutritive Value and Condensed Tannin Contents of Acorns from Different Oak Species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Condensed tannin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digestibility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In vitro gas production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Metabolizable energy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">oak acorn</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyethylene glycol</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://vetdergi.kafkas.edu.tr/inpress/akamalak.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1061 - 1066</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The potential nutritive values of acorns of Quercus suber, Quercus branti, Quercus coccifera, Quercus cerris and Quercus infectoria were estimated by chemical composition and in vitro gas production technique. Acorns collected at least 10 different trees in three experimental plots. There were significant (P&lt;0.001) differences in the chemical composition among acorns obtained from different oak species. Crude protein (CP) contents of acorns ranged from 25.48 to 61.94 g/kg dry matter (DM). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents ranged from 231.4 to 326.3 g/kg DM. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents ranged from 155.9 to 215.4 g/kg DM. Condensed tannin (CT) contents ranged from 7.2 to 26.7 g/kg DM. Starch contents ranged from 600.0 to 681.5 g/kg DM. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) addition significantly (P&lt;0.001) increased the gas production and some estimated parameters of oak acorns. Although there is no significant (P&gt;0.5) differences in the potential gas production of acorn among oak species when incubated in the absence of PEG, there is significant (P&lt;0.001) differences in the potential gas production of acorn among oak species when incubated in the presence of PEG. Although the estimated organic matter (OMD) and metabolisable (ME) contents of acorn for Q. suber and Q. infectoria were significantly (P&lt;0.001) higher than those for Q. branti, Q. coccifera and Q. cerris when incubated in the absence of PEG, the estimated OMD and ME contents of acorn for Quercus cerris and Q. infectoria were significantly lower than those for Q. suber, Q. branti and Q. coccifera when incubated in the presence of PEG. The improvement in gas production, OMD and ME in the presence of PEG emphasizes the negative effect of tannins on digestibility. As a conclusion, oak acorns have potential nutritive values for ruminant animals such as sheep and goat since acorns have high starch, OMD and ME but low level of CT contents. However these results obtained in the current study should be supported by in vivo feeding experiments.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Getachew, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Makkar, H. P. S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Becker, K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of polyethylene glycol on in vitro degradability of nitrogen and microbial protein synthesis from tannin-rich browse and herbaceous legumes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microbial protein synthesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyethylene glycol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protein degradability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73 - 83</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determination of microbial degradability of N is important in formulating a sound supplementation strategy for efficient utilisation of basal as well as supplementary diet components. In vitro degradability of N (IVDN) from tannin-containing browses (Acacia cyanophylla, Acacia albida, Acioa barteri and Quercus ilex) and two herbaceous legumes (Desmodium intortum andDesmodium uncinatum) was determined using the in vitro gas-production method coupled with NH3-N measurement in the presence and absence of a tannin-binding agent (polyethylene glycol (PEG), molecular mass 6000). Addition of PEG to tannin-containing feeds significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased in vitro gas and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and IVDN. The use of PEG as a tannin-binding agent increased IVDN from 28 to 59, 32 to 72, 19 to 40, 32 to 73, 40 to 80, and 26 to 77 % in A. cyanophylla, A. albida, A. barteri, D. intortum, D. uncinatum and Q. ilexrespectively. There was significant correlation between total phenolic compounds (total phenol, TP; total tannin, TT) in leguminous forages and percentage increase in IVDN on addition of PEG (P &lt; 0.05; R-2 0.70 and 0.82 for TP and TT respectively). The difference in IVDN observed in the absence and presence of PEG indicates the amount of protein protected from degradation in the rumen by tannins. When measured after 24 h incubation, tannin-containing feeds incubated in absence of PEG resulted in higher microbial protein synthesis than in the presence of PEG. Addition of PEG significantly (P &lt; 0.05) reduced the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis expressed as mu mol purine/mmol SCFA.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND&lt;br/&gt;publisher: C A B INTERNATIONAL</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Getachew, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Makkar, H P S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Becker, K</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of polyethylene glycol on in vitro degradability of nitrogen and microbial protein synthesis from tannin-rich browse and herbaceous legumes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microbial protein synthesis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyethylene glycol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">protein degradability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C A B INTERNATIONAL</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">84</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73-83</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determination of microbial degradability of N is important in formulating a sound supplementation strategy for efficient utilisation of basal as well as supplementary diet components. In vitro degradability of N (IVDN) from tannin-containing browses (Acacia cyanophylla, Acacia albida, Acioa barteri and Quercus ilex) and two herbaceous legumes (Desmodium intortum andDesmodium uncinatum) was determined using the in vitro gas-production method coupled with NH3-N measurement in the presence and absence of a tannin-binding agent (polyethylene glycol (PEG), molecular mass 6000). Addition of PEG to tannin-containing feeds significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased in vitro gas and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, and IVDN. The use of PEG as a tannin-binding agent increased IVDN from 28 to 59, 32 to 72, 19 to 40, 32 to 73, 40 to 80, and 26 to 77 % in A. cyanophylla, A. albida, A. barteri, D. intortum, D. uncinatum and Q. ilexrespectively. There was significant correlation between total phenolic compounds (total phenol, TP; total tannin, TT) in leguminous forages and percentage increase in IVDN on addition of PEG (P &lt; 0.05; R-2 0.70 and 0.82 for TP and TT respectively). The difference in IVDN observed in the absence and presence of PEG indicates the amount of protein protected from degradation in the rumen by tannins. When measured after 24 h incubation, tannin-containing feeds incubated in absence of PEG resulted in higher microbial protein synthesis than in the presence of PEG. Addition of PEG significantly (P &lt; 0.05) reduced the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis expressed as mu mol purine/mmol SCFA.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>