<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliveira, Vanda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapic, Sofia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Classification modeling based on surface porosity for the grading of natural cork stoppers for quality wines</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Food and Bioproducts Processing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Classification algorithm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Discriminant analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural cork stoppers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality classes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Submitted</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract The natural cork stoppers are commercially graded into quality classes according with the homogeneity of the external surface. The underlying criteria for this classification are subjective without quantified criteria and standards defined by cork industry or consumers. Image analysis was applied to premium, good and standard quality classes to characterize the surface of the cork stoppers and stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) was used to build predictive classification models. The final goal is to analyze the contribution of each porosity feature and propose an algorithm for cork stoppers quality class classification. This study provides the knowledge based on a large sampling to an accurate grading of natural cork stoppers.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lagorce-Tachon, Aurélie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Karbowiak, Thomas</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Loupiac, Camille</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaudry, Alexandre</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ott, Frédéric</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alba-Simionesco, Christiane</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gougeon, Régis D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alcantara, Valentin</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mannes, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kaestner, Anders</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lehmann, Eberhard</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bellat, Jean-Pierre</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cork viewed from the inside</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Food Engineering</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defect detection</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">neutron imaging</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tomography</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2015</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">149</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">214-221</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork is the natural material stripped from the outer bark of cork oak. It is still the most used stopper to seal wine bottles and to preserve wine during storage. Cork stoppers are sorted in different classes according to apparent defects, named lenticels, which can be related to the cork macroporosity. The more lenticels there are, the worst cork quality is. The present work aims at investigating defects analysis of cork stoppers from two classes by comparing digital photography and neutron imaging. Surface analysis of defects obtained from photography leads to more surface defects in class 4 (6.7%) than in class 0 (4.1%). Neutron radiography and tomography are powerful methods that really show the defects inside the material. From neutron radiography and tomography, class 0 contains 5.4% of volume defects and class 4 6.5%. Moreover, tomography also allows observing defects distribution along the whole stopper and possible interconnectivity.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dahane, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bouhraoua, R. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GARCIA DE CECA, J. L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GONZÁLEZ-ADRADOS, J. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Short Communication. Effect of the health status and geographical origin on the cork production characteristics of Western Algeria cork oak stands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Systems; Vol 22, No 1 (2013)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decay</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mean annual growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">productivity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://revistas.inia.es/index.php/fs/article/view/2866</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aim of study : To analyze the effect of health status on cork production, analyzing if this influence is uniform or is affected by site conditions. Area of study : Two Western Algerian cork tree forests have been studied: M’Sila located in the coastal plains under semiarid climate, and Zarieffet, located in the mountainous interior under sub-humid climate. Material and Methods : 40 trees were selected in each forest and classified according to their health status as healthy, weakened, or decaying. A sample of cork from each tree has been obtained to measure the key variables related to cork production. A two-way ANOVA was performed considering two factors: site and health status. Main results : Quercus suber L. productivity is affected by the vitality of trees in the same way in both sources, showing values between 5.96 ± 7.1 kg • m -2 (coast, weakened trees) and 8.13 ± 0.45 kg • m -2 (mountain, healthy trees). The health status also affects the number and area of pores, especially in the cork oak groves of the coast, where the coefficient of porosity ranges from 3.79 ± 0.84% (healthy trees) to 8.11 ± 1.91% (decaying trees). The variables where the site has presented a stronger effect are those related to the amount of cork produced by the phellogen (density -kg·l -1 , p&lt;0.000- and productivity -kg·m -2 , p=0.001-), and pore density (1·cm -2 , p=0.001). Scrap thickness (mm) and porosity (%) show a smaller effect although still representative (p=0.041 and 0.038 respectively). Porosity and pore density show interaction site*health status. They all have higher values in the mountain (Zarieffet) than in the coast (M’Sila). The effect of tree vitality on the formation of pores in the cork oak phellogen is lower in the mountain than in the coast. No significant effects were found for any of the two factors neither on the annual growth rate nor on the thickness of the cork. Research highlights : Results lead to the conclusion that the effect of health status on traumatic phellogen formation and activity is clear but not uniform. Further studies are necessary for a deeper understanding of the effect of stress situations on pore formation and characteristics. Keywords: mean annual growth; density; productivity; porosity; decay</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atanes, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nieto-Márquez, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cambra, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruiz-Pérez, M C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández-Martínez, F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adsorption of SO2 onto waste cork powder-derived activated carbons</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical Engineering Journal</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">activated carbon</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SO2 adsorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface acidity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier B.V.</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211-212</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">60-67</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three activated carbon samples have been prepared by thermal (ACchar ), physical (with CO2, ACCO2) and chemical (with KOH, ACKOH) activation of waste cork powder. Cork was characterized by thermogravimetric, elemental and proximate analyses, and activated carbons were characterized by elemental and proximate analyses, adsorption–desorption of N2, acid/base and Boehm’s titration and FTIR (ATR) spectroscopy. A commercial activated carbon sample (ACcom) was subjected to the same characterization program for comparison purposes. Activation of cork conducted to an increase in BET surface area and pore volume in the sequence: ACchar &lt; ACCO2 &lt; ACKOH, getting close to those of ACcom, and to an increase in surface acidity in the sequence: ACchar &lt; ACCO2 ACcom &lt; ACKOH. The four adsorbents were tested in the adsorption of SO2, where ACKOH presented the highest adsorption capacity, while ACchar and ACCO2 presented similar behaviors, comparable to that of ACcom. Adsorption equilibrium was successfully ﬁtted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Desorption experiments demonstrated how SO2 strong adsorption was favored when decreasing surface acidity.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliveira, Vanda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapic, Sofia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NATURAL VARIABILITY OF SURFACE POROSITY OF WINE CORK STOPPERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal international des sciences de la vigne et du vin</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lateral surface</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural cork stoppers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality classes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">331 - 340</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aim : The aim of this study was to characterize the variability and to quantify the surface porosity of wine cork stoppers of different quality classes. Methods and results: The porosity of 300 cork stoppers was characterized by image analysis on the lateral surface and tops. Porosity coefficient was 2.4%, 4.0% and 5.5% for premium, good and standard stoppers, respectively. The lateral surface of stoppers was heterogeneous with respect to porosity features: the tangential regions presented higher porosity while the radial regions had larger pores. Conclusion : The quality classes of cork stoppers can be differentiated by the mean values of the main porosity features of their surface. There is a natural heterogeneity of the porosity features over the external surface of cork stoppers that can be traced back to the biological basis of cork formation and the production process. Significance and impact of the study: Natural cork stoppers are the premium product of the cork industry, with worldwide recognition of quality and performance as wine sealant. Due to the large sampling and detailed observation, the results presented in this study may be used for reinforcing quality requirements, e.g., with definition of standards to improve the classification system. A better understanding of cork intrinsic variability and of the anisotropy of porosity features shown by cork stoppers is important for performance development.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oliveira, Vanda</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Knapic, Sofia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NATURAL VARIABILITY OF SURFACE POROSITY OF WINE CORK STOPPERS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal international des sciences de la vigne et du vin</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lateral surface</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural cork stoppers</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quality classes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">46</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">331 - 340</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aim : The aim of this study was to characterize the variability and to quantify the surface porosity of wine cork stoppers of different quality classes. Methods and results: The porosity of 300 cork stoppers was characterized by image analysis on the lateral surface and tops. Porosity coefficient was 2.4%, 4.0% and 5.5% for premium, good and standard stoppers, respectively. The lateral surface of stoppers was heterogeneous with respect to porosity features: the tangential regions presented higher porosity while the radial regions had larger pores. Conclusion : The quality classes of cork stoppers can be differentiated by the mean values of the main porosity features of their surface. There is a natural heterogeneity of the porosity features over the external surface of cork stoppers that can be traced back to the biological basis of cork formation and the production process. Significance and impact of the study: Natural cork stoppers are the premium product of the cork industry, with worldwide recognition of quality and performance as wine sealant. Due to the large sampling and detailed observation, the results presented in this study may be used for reinforcing quality requirements, e.g., with definition of standards to improve the classification system. A better understanding of cork intrinsic variability and of the anisotropy of porosity features shown by cork stoppers is important for performance development.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">February</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anjos, Ofélia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosa, M Emília</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of quality, porosity and density on the compression properties of cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stress (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">295-301</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The compression properties of cork were studied on samples obtained from cork planks of two commercial quality classes (good and poor quality), with densities ranging from 0.12–0.20g cm−3 and porosities from 0.5 to 22.0%. The stress-strain curves were characterized by an elastic region up to approximately 5% strain, followed by a large plateau up to 60% strain caused by the progressive buckling of cell walls, and a steep stress increase for higher strains corresponding to cell collapse. The direction of compression was a highly signiﬁcant factor of variation, with cork showing higher strength for the radial compression. Density inﬂuenced compression and cork samples with higher density showed overall larger resistance to compression in the three directions. In the elastic region, an exponential model of Young’s modulus in function of cork density could be adjusted. The effect of porosity on compression was small and the stress-strain curves were similar regardless of the porosity of the samples, although there was a trend toward an overall increase of stress with porosity for higher strains. Porosity was characterised by a high variability in the anatomical features of the lenticular ﬁlling material and the presence of collapsed and thick walled ligniﬁed cells. The inclusion of a porosity parameter for the modelling of the elastic modulus did not improve the prediction obtained with densitybased models. There was no signiﬁcant difference in the compression properties of cork samples obtained from cork planks of good and poor quality classes.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Anjos, Ofélia</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosa, M. Emília</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of quality, porosity and density on the compression properties of cork</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Compression</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stress (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s00107-008-0248-2</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">295 - 301</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The compression properties of cork were studied on samples obtained from cork planks of two commercial quality classes (good and poor quality), with densities ranging from 0.12–0.20g cm−3 and porosities from 0.5 to 22.0%. The stress-strain curves were characterized by an elastic region up to approximately 5% strain, followed by a large plateau up to 60% strain caused by the progressive buckling of cell walls, and a steep stress increase for higher strains corresponding to cell collapse. The direction of compression was a highly signiﬁcant factor of variation, with cork showing higher strength for the radial compression. Density inﬂuenced compression and cork samples with higher density showed overall larger resistance to compression in the three directions. In the elastic region, an exponential model of Young’s modulus in function of cork density could be adjusted. The effect of porosity on compression was small and the stress-strain curves were similar regardless of the porosity of the samples, although there was a trend toward an overall increase of stress with porosity for higher strains. Porosity was characterised by a high variability in the anatomical features of the lenticular ﬁlling material and the presence of collapsed and thick walled ligniﬁed cells. The inclusion of a porosity parameter for the modelling of the elastic modulus did not improve the prediction obtained with densitybased models. There was no signiﬁcant difference in the compression properties of cork samples obtained from cork planks of good and poor quality classes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreira, Alexandra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, Fernando</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caractérisation de la croissance et de la qualité du liège dans une région de production</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. For. Sci.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187-193</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork growth and quality were characterised in 5 cork oak stands within the production area of the Sado basin (Alcácer do Sal, Portugal) based on a field sampling on 40 trees/stand. Cork thickness was on average 33.8 mm, with 75% of the samples in the commercial classes above 27 mm suitable for production of stoppers. Porosity measured by image analysis was 4.6% on average. Between tree and between stand variability of cork quality was large. The annual average cork growth for a production cycle with 8 complete growth years was 4.1 mm, being highest during the years following cork extraction and decreasing during the cycle. For this region, a production cycle of 9 years is adequate for raw-material industrial requirements. The results show the importance of between tree variability in growth and especially in quality.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreira, Alexandra</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, Fernando</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Caractérisation de la croissance et de la qualité du liège dans une région de production</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. For. Sci.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:2000169</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187 - 193</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork growth and quality were characterised in 5 cork oak stands within the production area of the Sado basin (Alcácer do Sal, Portugal) based on a field sampling on 40 trees/stand. Cork thickness was on average 33.8 mm, with 75% of the samples in the commercial classes above 27 mm suitable for production of stoppers. Porosity measured by image analysis was 4.6% on average. Between tree and between stand variability of cork quality was large. The annual average cork growth for a production cycle with 8 complete growth years was 4.1 mm, being highest during the years following cork extraction and decreasing during the cycle. For this region, a production cycle of 9 years is adequate for raw-material industrial requirements. The results show the importance of between tree variability in growth and especially in quality.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreira, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of cork growth and quality in one region of production.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187-193</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork growth and quality were characterised in 5 cork oak stands within the production area of the Sado basin (Alcacer do Sal, Portugal) based on a field sampling on 40 trees/stand. Cork thickness was on average 33.8 mm, with 75% of the samples in the commercial classes above 27 mm suitable for production of stoppers. Porosity measured by image analysis was 4.6% on average. Between toe and between stand variability of cork quality was large. The annual average cork growth for a production cycle with 8 complete growth years was 4.1 mm, being highest during the years following cork extraction and decreasing during the cycle. For this region, a production cycle of 9 years is adequate for raw-material industrial requirements. The results show the importance of between tree variability in growth and especially in quality.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreira, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Characterization of cork growth and quality in one region of production.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANNALS OF FOREST SCIENCE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">57</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">187 - 193</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork growth and quality were characterised in 5 cork oak stands within the production area of the Sado basin (Alcacer do Sal, Portugal) based on a field sampling on 40 trees/stand. Cork thickness was on average 33.8 mm, with 75% of the samples in the commercial classes above 27 mm suitable for production of stoppers. Porosity measured by image analysis was 4.6% on average. Between toe and between stand variability of cork quality was large. The annual average cork growth for a production cycle with 8 complete growth years was 4.1 mm, being highest during the years following cork extraction and decreasing during the cycle. For this region, a production cycle of 9 years is adequate for raw-material industrial requirements. The results show the importance of between tree variability in growth and especially in quality.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE&lt;br/&gt;publisher: EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GONZÁLEZ ADRADOS, J R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GONZÁLEZ HERNÁNDEZ, J F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SIMÓN SERFATY, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adrados, L E Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hern, L E Z</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apdo, Serfaty Cifor-inia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variabilidad de los factores de calidad para el corcho en plancha.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Annual Growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork Production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pamplona</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">213-218</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Main parameters affecting cork production and quality (thickness, apparent density, surface density, annual growth and porosity) are studied. Data from a sample of 105 pieces of cork (20 cm x 20 cm size) collected in seven different sites are analysed. Sites are considered as representative of the most common Spanish Quercus suber stands. Means and standard deviations of this parameters are presented for the different quality grades obtained by manual classification, focusing on the effect of grading on porosity and density. The effect of site factor on density and annual growth is also studied.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, Fernando</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variaçáo da porosidade da cortiça ao longo do tronco dosobreiro</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork-oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stem</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">253 - 258</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The within tree variation of cork quality has practical relevance when considering the methodology for estimating the quality of production using a field sampling. Samples are usually taken at breast height and an indication how quality at this level might relate to the overall average quality would help to improve estimates for the overall stand cork quality. The porosity of cork was analysed for whole stems. A total of 12 trees were evaluated, from six sites (Mora, Palma, Porto Alto, Grandola, Azaruja and Chamusca). The porosity was measured using image analysis techniques in tangential sections and in transverse sections. The cork for the different trees observed had different average porosities, ranging from 2.7% to 14.5% in the transverse section at b.h .. Within tree variatíon of cork porosity was found, with a average pattern of decreasing porosity within tree height. However a umque pattern of variation could not be established.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: II Congreso Forestal Español&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: Pamplona</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lopes, Fernando</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variaçáo da porosidade da cortiça ao longo do tronco dosobreiro</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork-oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">image analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stem</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pamplona</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">253-258</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The within tree variation of cork quality has practical relevance when considering the methodology for estimating the quality of production using a field sampling. Samples are usually taken at breast height and an indication how quality at this level might relate to the overall average quality would help to improve estimates for the overall stand cork quality. The porosity of cork was analysed for whole stems. A total of 12 trees were evaluated, from six sites (Mora, Palma, Porto Alto, Grandola, Azaruja and Chamusca). The porosity was measured using image analysis techniques in tangential sections and in transverse sections. The cork for the different trees observed had different average porosities, ranging from 2.7% to 14.5% in the transverse section at b.h .. Within tree variatíon of cork porosity was found, with a average pattern of decreasing porosity within tree height. However a umque pattern of variation could not be established.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fonseca, Fortunato M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louzada, José Luis P. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gomes, César A. M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variaçáo da porosidade da cortiça determinismo fenotípico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenotypical determinismo</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225 - 229</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analyses were made of the variation in the porosity of cork collected from 100 trees at the BHD level and in 30 trees, with reproduction cork collected at three levels of height with a fourth level of virgin cork. Despite verifying the recognizable and elevated variability (1 to 10) among trees, it (44%) is greatly exceeded by the internal variability (56%) of the porosity of cork in the individuals, without a presumable systematization with the growth or funcionality. The phenotype determinism, within the reproduction corks for the number of pores is relatively elevated (R2 =40% to 60%) but already reduced (R2 =20% to 30%) for the porosity. On the other hand, there doesn't exist any such type of phenotypical determinism between the poro sities of reproduction cork anf of virgin cork, something which also supports the hypothesis of elevated abnormalities or reaction in the formation of reproduction cork.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: II Congreso Forestal Español&lt;br/&gt;issue: 1982&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: Pamplona</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fonseca, Fortunato M A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Louzada, José Luis P C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gomes, César A M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Variaçáo da porosidade da cortiça determinismo fenotípico</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenotypical determinismo</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pamplona</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225-229</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analyses were made of the variation in the porosity of cork collected from 100 trees at the BHD level and in 30 trees, with reproduction cork collected at three levels of height with a fourth level of virgin cork. Despite verifying the recognizable and elevated variability (1 to 10) among trees, it (44%) is greatly exceeded by the internal variability (56%) of the porosity of cork in the individuals, without a presumable systematization with the growth or funcionality. The phenotype determinism, within the reproduction corks for the number of pores is relatively elevated (R2 =40% to 60%) but already reduced (R2 =20% to 30%) for the porosity. On the other hand, there doesn't exist any such type of phenotypical determinism between the poro sities of reproduction cork anf of virgin cork, something which also supports the hypothesis of elevated abnormalities or reaction in the formation of reproduction cork.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martin, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MENDIZABAL, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ZABALLOS, J P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BENAYAS, J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MICROMORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL, AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEACHING POORLY DRAINED FLAT SOILS OF CENTRAL SPAIN</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ARID SOIL RESEARCH AND REHABILITATION</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">micromorphology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organic matter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Porosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil leaching</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soluble salts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transfere of matter</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TAYLOR &amp; FRANCIS</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117-135</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The eluviation process has been analyzed in horizons of Luvisols, Cambisols, and Acrisols on rana surfaces and in one Luvisol from the uppermost terraces of the Henares River. The soils are located in the supra- and meso-Mediterranean, dry and subhumid bioclimatic areas. Some now have vegetation of Quercus rotundifolia Lam. and Quercus pyrenaicae Willd. in serial stages, while others are used for cereal crops. The most indicative morphological variables of the eluviation process and their interrelationship with laboratory variables were studied (microstructure, texture, porosity, organic matter, and soluble salts). The E horizons have a loss of micromass in the thin section that coincides with a reduction in chlorides, sulfates, and electrical conductivity of the extract, as well as a very low ratio of Ca/Al water-soluble elements. Leaching is occasionally not shown in the granulometric analyses, but the transfer of matter due to biological activity and/or soil management is observed in the thin soil section. The Na+/Ca ratio greater than or equal to 1 matches a less stable microstructure, with a predominance of planar voids over vughs and channels. Sail use must be considered in the interpretation of this ratio. The eluviation horizons not described morphologically as such, namely Ap, Au, and Bw horizons in the rana formations and Au2, AB, and Bt1 horizons on the terrace, are always located in the upper 40 cm of soils that are used by plants. These are distinguished from the E horizons in their greater retention of available water and, depending on the eluviation intensity, a macroporosity higher than textural porosity.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Author</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Author</style></research-notes></record></records></xml>