<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malo, J. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jimenez, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suarez, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Herbivore dunging and endozoochorous seed deposition in a Mediterranean dehesa</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dispersal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dung</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endozoochory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbivores</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean pastures</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial pattern</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">53</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">322 - 328</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial patterns of herbivore defecation within grazing systems are important as they directly affect pasture growth and composition. These effects are partially linked to seed dispersal in dung, a little studied process. This paper focuses on: (1) quantification of dung and seeds deposited by herbivores in a Mediterranean grazing system, and (ii) analysis of the spatial variability of dung and seeds deposited within and among plant communities. We carried out year-long monthly quantifications of the depositions of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), fallow deer (Dama dama), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and cow (Bos taurus) dung to 32 plots distributed in Quercus rotundifolia Lam. and Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl woodlands, mixed scrub, and Cistus ladanifer L. scrub. We also quantified the germinable seed content of dung. The results revealed differences (p &lt; 0.05) in dung deposition, varying (i) among the 4 species, (ii) within species (except for the red deer) among plant communities, and (iii) within plant communities. An average of 735 seeds/m(2) were returned to the soil via dung, with the highest numbers in open woodlands (870-1,888 seeds/m(2)) and the lowest numbers in scrubs (83-315 seeds/m(2)). Cows dispersed the most seeds (68%), followed by red deer (20%), rabbits (7%), and fallow deer (5%). Spatial variability in deposition led to accumulations of up to several thousand seeds at points covered by the dung. The effect of seed input to the seed bank and on vegetation may be low at large and medium-sized spatial scales, but it can be very important at small scales and for colonization processes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA&lt;br/&gt;publisher: SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Malo, Juan E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suárez, Francisco</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The dispersal of a dry-fruited shrub by red deer in a Mediterranean ecosystem</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecography</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">endozoochory</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">red deer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed dispersal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedling establishment (PG)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1998.tb00673.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">204 - 211</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed dispersal of dry-fruited shrubs has received little attention in Mediterranean areas despite their frequency in the vegetation and the consideration given to the dispersal of fleshy-fruited shrubs in the area. Red deer faeces has recently been found to contain large numbers of seeds from one of the most common shrubs of this group, gum cistus Cistus ladanifer, although its importance in the reproduction of the species is unknown. This study examines the role of the red deer as an effective disperser of C. ladanifer. For this purpose, we quantify i) the C. ladanifer seed content in red deer dung over a year, ii) the seed shadow generated by the red deer wish their faeces during the same period, and iii) the ability of the dung-borne seeds to germinate and establish as seedlings under field conditions within five years following excretion. The results reveal an extremely high seed Content of the species in red deer dung (up to 80.5 ± 41.9 germinable seeds g-1), which is virtually confined to the summer (July–August), when we estimate that a red deer defecates up to 24 000 seeds of the species per day. Furthermore, red deer mainly deposit gum cistus seeds amongst plant formations lacking the species: over the year, red deer excrete &lt;2600 seeds m-2 in C. ladanifer-dominated scrub and 7400–8800 seeds m-2 in other plant formations. Under natural conditions, the dung-borne seeds have a more sniggered among-years germination pattern than free seeds in the soil. Though no seedling survived its first summer drought, the survival of seedlings sprouted from dung was significantly longer than that of control seedlings in the first and third years after deposition, and indistinguishable from it the second, fourth and fifth years. This is the first quantification of the importance of red deer to C. ladanifer dispersal and establishment, and suggests that endozoochory by mammalian herbivores can be very valuable for dry-fruited shrubs in the Mediterranean region.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></notes></record></records></xml>