<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno-Opo, Rubén</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández-Olalla, Mariana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margalida, Antoni</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arredondo, Ángel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guil, Francisco</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of Methodological and Ecological Approaches on Heterogeneity of Nest-Site Selection of a Long-Lived Vulture</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLoS ONE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cinereous vulture</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">modelling (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nest site selection</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Public Library of Science</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">e33469</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The application of scientific-based conservation measures requires that sampling methodologies in studies modelling similar ecological aspects produce comparable results making easier their interpretation. We aimed to show how the choice of different methodological and ecological approaches can affect conclusions in nest-site selection studies along different Palearctic meta-populations of an indicator species. First, a multivariate analysis of the variables affecting nest-site selection in a breeding colony of cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) in central Spain was performed. Then, a meta-analysis was applied to establish how methodological and habitat-type factors determine differences and similarities in the results obtained by previous studies that have modelled the forest breeding habitat of the species. Our results revealed patterns in nesting-habitat modelling by the cinereous vulture throughout its whole range: steep and south-facing slopes, great cover of large trees and distance to human activities were generally selected. The ratio and situation of the studied plots (nests/random), the use of plots vs. polygons as sampling units and the number of years of data set determined the variability explained by the model. Moreover, a greater size of the breeding colony implied that ecological and geomorphological variables at landscape level were more influential. Additionally, human activities affected in greater proportion to colonies situated in Mediterranean forests. For the first time, a meta-analysis regarding the factors determining nest-site selection heterogeneity for a single species at broad scale was achieved. It is essential to homogenize and coordinate experimental design in modelling the selection of species' ecological requirements in order to avoid that differences in results among studies would be due to methodological heterogeneity. This would optimize best conservation and management practices for habitats and species in a global context.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Margalida, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno-Opo, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arroyo, B E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arredondo, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reconciling the conservation of endangered species with economically important anthropogenic activities: interactions between cork exploitation and the cinereous vulture in Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">buffer zone</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork harvesting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economic anthropogenic activity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vulture conservation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-174</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Limitation of disturbing activities around the breeding areas of protected species is not always possible, if these activities are economically important and have, in addition, positive effects on protecting the habitats of those protected species. Searching for optimal solutions making commercial exploitation of natural resources compatible with biodiversity conservation is thus of concern to managers and policy makers. This is the case of the cinereous vulture Aegypius monachus, breeding primarily in cork-oak woodland, and cork exploitation, a traditional socio-economic activity carried out in several Mediterranean countries, and critical for the maintenance of this important habitat. We studied the effects of this anthropogenic activity on the behaviour and breeding success of breeding cinereous vultures in Spain. For the adults, the probability of nest abandonment was dependent on the distance of workers from the nest and the level of noise; activities within 500 m from the nest were likely to cause abandonment of the nest by adults, if the level of noise was intermediate or loud. Neither the size of the working group nor the use of machines per se, had any effect on the probability of nest abandonment. Pairs in an area of the colony exposed to intrusive anthropogenic activity had 20% lower breeding success than those in the same colony that were not exposed to these disturbances. If the application of buffer zones of 500 m is not possible (as is likely given the economic losses involved), several alternatives are recommended based on our results to minimize the impact of these activities, in particular to diminish the noise level of cork extraction activities. Observational studies like this help understanding the magnitude of the problem and finding alternative solutions for harmonizing conservation and economic development.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nadal, Jordi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pèlachs, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molina, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soriano, Joan-Manuel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil fertility evolution and landscape dynamics in a Mediterranean area: a case study in the Sant Llorenç Natural Park (Barcelona, NE Spain)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Area</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abandoned and active agricultural fields</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape dynamic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">last century scale processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean areas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil alterations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2008.00858.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">129 - 138</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cartography of land covers was used to study fertility and soil evolution in a mountainous Mediterranean area during the anthropocene period (Crutzen P J 2002 Geology of mankind Nature 415 23). The aim was to determine changes in fertility as agricultural lands were abandoned in the 14 000 hectare area that constitutes Sant Llorenç del Munt Natural Park in a pre-coastal Catalan mountain range (north-eastern Iberian Peninsula). The analysis of land covers using vegetation maps, orthorectified images and aerial photography has allowed us to differentiate six vegetation groups: holm-oak wood, pine grove, oak wood, scrub, active agricultural fields and abandoned agricultural fields. The anthropic covers over the past 100 years were subdivided into five categories: active fields and those abandoned over four time periods. Study variables include field shape (concave, convex, flat), orientation (north, south) and slope (ranging from 12º to 24º). The parameters used for the physical-chemical soil analysis included organic material, phosphorous and potassium; fertility was classified based on groups, types and classes. The results indicate that even when the visual appearance of certain landscapes is similar, the edaphic characteristics may be very different. Changes induced by human disturbance share this phenomenon. Therefore, land management should be considered globally, taking into account vegetation, soils and water as interdependent factors, since it is their interaction that produces landscape and most affects its evolution over time.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nadal, Jordi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pèlachs, Albert</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molina, David</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soriano, Joan-Manuel</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil fertility evolution and landscape dynamics in a Mediterranean area: a case study in the Sant Llorenç Natural Park (Barcelona, NE Spain)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Area</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">abandoned and active agricultural fields</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape dynamic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">last century scale processes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean areas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil alterations</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">129-138</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cartography of land covers was used to study fertility and soil evolution in a mountainous Mediterranean area during the anthropocene period (Crutzen P J 2002 Geology of mankind Nature 415 23). The aim was to determine changes in fertility as agricultural lands were abandoned in the 14 000 hectare area that constitutes Sant Llorenç del Munt Natural Park in a pre-coastal Catalan mountain range (north-eastern Iberian Peninsula). The analysis of land covers using vegetation maps, orthorectified images and aerial photography has allowed us to differentiate six vegetation groups: holm-oak wood, pine grove, oak wood, scrub, active agricultural fields and abandoned agricultural fields. The anthropic covers over the past 100 years were subdivided into five categories: active fields and those abandoned over four time periods. Study variables include field shape (concave, convex, flat), orientation (north, south) and slope (ranging from 12º to 24º). The parameters used for the physical-chemical soil analysis included organic material, phosphorous and potassium; fertility was classified based on groups, types and classes. The results indicate that even when the visual appearance of certain landscapes is similar, the edaphic characteristics may be very different. Changes induced by human disturbance share this phenomenon. Therefore, land management should be considered globally, taking into account vegetation, soils and water as interdependent factors, since it is their interaction that produces landscape and most affects its evolution over time.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blondel, Jacques</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On humans and wildlife in Mediterranean islands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Biogeography</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blue tit</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gene flow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">habitat gradient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insular syndrome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape changes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">local differentiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mass extinction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">niche breadth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenotypic variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01819.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">509 - 518</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aim To investigate the effects of human-induced landscape changes in Mediterranean islands on the ecological and evolutionary responses of bird communities and populations. The combination of mass extinction of large mammals and massive deforestation by humans was hypothesized to produce new selection regimes to which organisms were likely to respond. Habitat selection and niche breadth have been investigated at the scale of species, and phenotypic variation at the scale of local populations. Location The study was carried out along habitat gradients and in habitat mosaics at different spatial scales on the island of Corsica and in areas of similar size and structure in continental France. Methods Two sets of gradients have been used for investigating habitat selection and niche breadth: gradients of altitude, and gradients of vegetation structure. Population studies focused on the blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus. Large samples of breeding attempts by this species in 10 habitats provided detailed data on phenotypic variation of fitness-related traits both on Corsica and on the mainland. Results The extent of niche space used by birds differed substantially depending on which habitat gradient was considered. Many species have been found to contract their habitat niche along the elevation gradient on Corsica compared with the mainland, whereas all species in the vegetation gradient broadened their niche on the island. Breeding patterns of the blue tit differed considerably depending on whether they settle in deciduous oaks (Quercus humilis) or in evergreen sclerophyllous oaks (Quercus ilex). Phenotypic variation of breeding traits was much higher on the island, where more populations were correctly timed for the best breeding period than on the mainland, a pattern that is likely to result from lower dispersal of organisms on the island. Main conclusions The differences in observed niche breadth between the two series of habitat gradients is explained both by the species-specific ecology of the species and the human-induced environmental history of Corsica. Large-scale landscape changes provided new opportunities for island colonization by non-forest species, which are isolated as small, ‘fugitive’ local populations. In both gradients, forest species that are typical components of the Corsican bird fauna definitely expanded their niche and occupied a wider range of habitats on Corsica than on the mainland. At the population scale, landscapes included habitat patches with contrasted selection regimes, which resulted in high phenotypic variation for many fitness-related traits. Reduced dispersal of birds on the island resulted in a much higher degree of local differentiation on Corsica than on the mainland.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blondel, Jacques</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">On humans and wildlife in Mediterranean islands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Biogeography</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blue tit</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">gene flow</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">habitat gradient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">insular syndrome</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape changes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">local differentiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mass extinction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">niche breadth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phenotypic variation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">509-518</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aim To investigate the effects of human-induced landscape changes in Mediterranean islands on the ecological and evolutionary responses of bird communities and populations. The combination of mass extinction of large mammals and massive deforestation by humans was hypothesized to produce new selection regimes to which organisms were likely to respond. Habitat selection and niche breadth have been investigated at the scale of species, and phenotypic variation at the scale of local populations. Location The study was carried out along habitat gradients and in habitat mosaics at different spatial scales on the island of Corsica and in areas of similar size and structure in continental France. Methods Two sets of gradients have been used for investigating habitat selection and niche breadth: gradients of altitude, and gradients of vegetation structure. Population studies focused on the blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus. Large samples of breeding attempts by this species in 10 habitats provided detailed data on phenotypic variation of fitness-related traits both on Corsica and on the mainland. Results The extent of niche space used by birds differed substantially depending on which habitat gradient was considered. Many species have been found to contract their habitat niche along the elevation gradient on Corsica compared with the mainland, whereas all species in the vegetation gradient broadened their niche on the island. Breeding patterns of the blue tit differed considerably depending on whether they settle in deciduous oaks (Quercus humilis) or in evergreen sclerophyllous oaks (Quercus ilex). Phenotypic variation of breeding traits was much higher on the island, where more populations were correctly timed for the best breeding period than on the mainland, a pattern that is likely to result from lower dispersal of organisms on the island. Main conclusions The differences in observed niche breadth between the two series of habitat gradients is explained both by the species-specific ecology of the species and the human-induced environmental history of Corsica. Large-scale landscape changes provided new opportunities for island colonization by non-forest species, which are isolated as small, ‘fugitive’ local populations. In both gradients, forest species that are typical components of the Corsican bird fauna definitely expanded their niche and occupied a wider range of habitats on Corsica than on the mainland. At the population scale, landscapes included habitat patches with contrasted selection regimes, which resulted in high phenotypic variation for many fitness-related traits. Reduced dispersal of birds on the island resulted in a much higher degree of local differentiation on Corsica than on the mainland.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morán-lópez, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sánchez, J M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costillo, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corbacho, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Villegas, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial variation in anthropic and natural factors regulating the breeding success of the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) in the SW Iberian Peninsula</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Habitat and livestock management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">non-natural breeding failure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport infrastructure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">169-182</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The management of the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) populations, the largest bird of the Western Palæarctic and considered an umbrella species, requires the understanding of the factors limiting the breeding success. As part of a management program, we studied such factors in seven breeding colonies in Extremadura (SW Iberian Peninsula). Using a Geographic Information System and multivariate models, we analyzed the relationship of breeding success with anthropic and natural factors at the nest site and in the foraging area of the adults. We incorporated into the models density-dependent effects between pairs and the spatial autocorrelation of the environmental variables. The differences in breeding success resulted from spatial variations in natural and anthropic conditions, with present human disturbance to nests and future alteration of climate having an expected negative effect at all the sites. Management measures must set calendar restrictions for the immediate environment of the nests, mainly with respect to forestry and hunting activities. A second key element is the protection of the habitats at the nest sites and in their surrounding area, with the aim of there being both wooded areas available for the location of the nest and open environments for the availability of food. The Special Protection Areas showed a partial effectiveness of conservation measures for the species, and the need for future improvement. Lastly, in a scenario of global warming, management policies with respect to nesting habitats will have to be extended to higher altitude zones, actions that should be guided by the study of the selection of potential nesting habitat.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morán-lópez, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sánchez, J. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costillo, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corbacho, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Villegas, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spatial variation in anthropic and natural factors regulating the breeding success of the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) in the SW Iberian Peninsula</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Habitat and livestock management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">non-natural breeding failure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Transport infrastructure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0006320705005537</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">130</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">169 - 182</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The management of the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) populations, the largest bird of the Western Palæarctic and considered an umbrella species, requires the understanding of the factors limiting the breeding success. As part of a management program, we studied such factors in seven breeding colonies in Extremadura (SW Iberian Peninsula). Using a Geographic Information System and multivariate models, we analyzed the relationship of breeding success with anthropic and natural factors at the nest site and in the foraging area of the adults. We incorporated into the models density-dependent effects between pairs and the spatial autocorrelation of the environmental variables. The differences in breeding success resulted from spatial variations in natural and anthropic conditions, with present human disturbance to nests and future alteration of climate having an expected negative effect at all the sites. Management measures must set calendar restrictions for the immediate environment of the nests, mainly with respect to forestry and hunting activities. A second key element is the protection of the habitats at the nest sites and in their surrounding area, with the aim of there being both wooded areas available for the location of the nest and open environments for the availability of food. The Special Protection Areas showed a partial effectiveness of conservation measures for the species, and the need for future improvement. Lastly, in a scenario of global warming, management policies with respect to nesting habitats will have to be extended to higher altitude zones, actions that should be guided by the study of the selection of potential nesting habitat.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romero-Calcerrada, Raúl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perry, George L. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of land abandonment in landscape dynamics in the SPA ‘Encinares del rı́o Alberche y Cofio, Central Spain, 1984–1999</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape and Urban Planning</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Central Spain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land abandonment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape heterogeneity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape metric</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">special protection areas (spa)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transition matrix model</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0169204603001129</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">217 - 232</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4420784822</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use has changed dramatically over the last 30–40 years throughout the Mediterranean. Much of this change has been driven by shifts in agricultural and socio-economic policy. This paper explores landscape dynamics in the SPA ‘Encinares del r´ıo Alberche y Coﬁo’ Central Spain between 1984 and 1999 in an area of approximately 83,000 ha. Categorical land cover maps, derived from three (1984, 1991 and 1999) remotely sensed Landsat images, are analyzed using a suite of landscape pattern metrics, and a simple transition matrix model of landscape change is developed. As with other landscapes in the Mediterranean a key trend is that of the abandonment of agricultural land and its subsequent succession to scrubland and woodland. Although there were signiﬁcant composition changes in the landscape over the study period conﬁgurational changes are less evident. The transition matrix model suggests that there were differences in landscape dynamics between 1984–1991 and 1991–1999—most importantly an increase in the rate of land abandonment is evident. The model predicts a steady state landscape containing a higher abundance of scrubland and woodland, and a corresponding decline in pastureland and cropland. Finally, the underlying socio-economic and other drivers of landscape change in the Encinares del r´ıo Alberche y Coﬁo and some of the implications of recent changes are discussed in terms of increased wildﬁre risk. Sustainable management of landscapes to protect biodiversity requires the type of study described here. A necessary pre-requisite of such management activities or planning is an assessment of changes in landscape pattern and process, the social and economic pressures driving them, and their possible effects on ecosystem structure and function.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Romero-Calcerrada, Raúl</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Perry, George L W</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The role of land abandonment in landscape dynamics in the SPA ‘Encinares del rı́o Alberche y Cofio, Central Spain, 1984–1999</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape and Urban Planning</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Central Spain</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land abandonment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape heterogeneity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape metric</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">special protection areas (spa)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">transition matrix model</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">217-232</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4420784822</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use has changed dramatically over the last 30–40 years throughout the Mediterranean. Much of this change has been driven by shifts in agricultural and socio-economic policy. This paper explores landscape dynamics in the SPA ‘Encinares del r´ıo Alberche y Coﬁo’ Central Spain between 1984 and 1999 in an area of approximately 83,000 ha. Categorical land cover maps, derived from three (1984, 1991 and 1999) remotely sensed Landsat images, are analyzed using a suite of landscape pattern metrics, and a simple transition matrix model of landscape change is developed. As with other landscapes in the Mediterranean a key trend is that of the abandonment of agricultural land and its subsequent succession to scrubland and woodland. Although there were signiﬁcant composition changes in the landscape over the study period conﬁgurational changes are less evident. The transition matrix model suggests that there were differences in landscape dynamics between 1984–1991 and 1991–1999—most importantly an increase in the rate of land abandonment is evident. The model predicts a steady state landscape containing a higher abundance of scrubland and woodland, and a corresponding decline in pastureland and cropland. Finally, the underlying socio-economic and other drivers of landscape change in the Encinares del r´ıo Alberche y Coﬁo and some of the implications of recent changes are discussed in terms of increased wildﬁre risk. Sustainable management of landscapes to protect biodiversity requires the type of study described here. A necessary pre-requisite of such management activities or planning is an assessment of changes in landscape pattern and process, the social and economic pressures driving them, and their possible effects on ecosystem structure and function.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gallego Fernández, Juan B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosario García Mora, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García Novo, Francisco</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation dynamics of Mediterranean shrublands in former cultural landscape at Grazalema Mountains, South Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Ecology (formerly Vegetatio)</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land abandonment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regen- erative succession</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regenerative strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary succession</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/openurl.asp?id=doi:10.1023/B:VEGE.0000026039.00969.7a</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">172</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">83 - 94</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant community dynamics in Mediterranean basin ecosystems are mainly driven by an alternation of episodes of human intervention and land abandonment. As a result, a mosaic of plant communities has evolved following different stages of degradation and regeneration. Some authors has relate secondary succession to abandoned culture lands and regeneration to natural systems with abandonment of livestock or forestry exploitation. In this paper, the dynamics of shrublands in mid-mountain areas in the South of Spain after disturbance and land abandonment has been studied. The plant cover and 13 environmental variables of 137 selected sites on the Grazalema mountains was analysed to determine the vegetation pattern in relation to environmental factors and the succession types, either regenerative or secondary succession. The results show that today the Grazalema mountains have a heterogeneous vegetation pattern. Besides physical factors such as altitude or soil pH, human disturbance has modulated current vegetation patterns and dynamics. Two main types of vegetation dynamics can be distinguished in the study area. In areas affected by cutting, regeneration results in rich and dense shrub land, with resprouters as dominant species. In areas affected by recurrent wildﬁres or agriculture, secondary succession became dominant, resulting in less diverse shrubland, due to the dominance of seeders and decrease in resprouter species richness and cover.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corbacho, Casimiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sánchez, Juan Manuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costillo, Emilio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterns of structural complexity and human disturbance of riparian vegetation in agricultural landscapes of a Mediterranean area</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">agricultural landscapes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean areas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riparian vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Successional vegetative gradient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SW Spain</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">495-507</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riparian corridors are valuable high diversity habitats in Mediterranean-type environments and mainly in agricultural landscapes. Following a ‘vegetation complexes’ approach along ﬂuvial landscapes, the factors affecting structural complexity and human disturbance through agricultural areas in south-west (SW) Spain were analysed. Using principal component analysis and a stepwise multiple regression analysis three main results were obtained: (1) a successional vegetative gradient was noted from upper (pioneer herbaceous communities) to lower reaches of streams (closed-canopy forests) with a concomitant increase in both woody cover and habitat diversity; (2) land-use intensity associated with each of the agricultural production methods, which was mainly related to topographic irregularity, appeared to be the main cause of human disturbance in riparian areas. Thus, the closed-canopy forests located in ﬂat landscapes of lower streams were removed, highly modiﬁed or extensively fragmented; in contrast, riparian complexes placed on wild and rough landscapes of upper streams appeared as undisturbed or near-natural; (3) nearly 50% of the natural riparian vegetation of the study area has been highly modiﬁed or has disappeared, in most cases replaced by non-natural formations which have today become dominant. The protection of the few existing well-preserved riparian corridors and the restoration of highly altered riparian areas in the lower reaches of streams has become a priority in maintaining biodiversity in these agricultural Mediterranean landscapes. The extensive and cost-effective method developed for this study would be easily applicable to other large areas to evaluate the effect of human disturbance on riparian corridors</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corbacho, Casimiro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sánchez, Juan Manuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costillo, Emilio</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patterns of structural complexity and human disturbance of riparian vegetation in agricultural landscapes of a Mediterranean area</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agriculture, Ecosystems &amp; Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">agricultural landscapes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Human disturbance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean areas</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riparian vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Successional vegetative gradient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SW Spain</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167880902002189</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">495 - 507</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Riparian corridors are valuable high diversity habitats in Mediterranean-type environments and mainly in agricultural landscapes. Following a ‘vegetation complexes’ approach along ﬂuvial landscapes, the factors affecting structural complexity and human disturbance through agricultural areas in south-west (SW) Spain were analysed. Using principal component analysis and a stepwise multiple regression analysis three main results were obtained: (1) a successional vegetative gradient was noted from upper (pioneer herbaceous communities) to lower reaches of streams (closed-canopy forests) with a concomitant increase in both woody cover and habitat diversity; (2) land-use intensity associated with each of the agricultural production methods, which was mainly related to topographic irregularity, appeared to be the main cause of human disturbance in riparian areas. Thus, the closed-canopy forests located in ﬂat landscapes of lower streams were removed, highly modiﬁed or extensively fragmented; in contrast, riparian complexes placed on wild and rough landscapes of upper streams appeared as undisturbed or near-natural; (3) nearly 50% of the natural riparian vegetation of the study area has been highly modiﬁed or has disappeared, in most cases replaced by non-natural formations which have today become dominant. The protection of the few existing well-preserved riparian corridors and the restoration of highly altered riparian areas in the lower reaches of streams has become a priority in maintaining biodiversity in these agricultural Mediterranean landscapes. The extensive and cost-effective method developed for this study would be easily applicable to other large areas to evaluate the effect of human disturbance on riparian corridors</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2-3</style></issue></record></records></xml>