<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colombaroli, Daniele</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tinner, Willy</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Determining the long-term changes in biodiversity and provisioning services along a transect from Central Europe to the Mediterranean.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holocene</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecosystem services</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evenness-detrended palynological richness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fire</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant diversity</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1177/0959683613496290http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&amp;db=a9h&amp;AN=90827171&amp;lang=pt-br&amp;site=ehost-live&amp;scope=site</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1625 - 1634</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate, land use and fire are strong determinants of plant diversity, potentially resulting in local extinctions, including rare endemic and economically valuable species. While climate and land use are decisive for vegetation composition and thus the species pool, fire disturbance can lead to landscape fragmentation, affecting the provisioning of important ecosystem services such as timber and raw natural resources. We use multi-proxy palaeoecological data with high taxonomic and temporal resolution across an environmental gradient to assess the long-term impact of major climate shifts, land use and fire disturbance on past vegetation openness and plant diversity (evenness and richness). Evenness of taxa is inferred by calculating the probability of interspecific encounter (PIE) of pollen and spores and species richness by palynological richness (PRI). To account for evenness distortions of PRI, we developed a new palaeodiversity measure, which is evenness-detrended palynological richness (DE-PRI). Reconstructed species richness increases from north to south regardless of time, mirroring the biodiversity increase across the gradient from temperate deciduous to subtropical evergreen vegetation. Climatic changes after the end of the last ice age contributed to biodiversity dynamics, usually by promoting species richness and evenness in response to warming. The data reveal that the promotion of diverse open-land ecosystems increased when human disturbance became determinant, while forests became less diverse. Our results imply that the today’s biodiversity has been shaped by anthropogenic forcing over the millennia. Future management strategies aiming at a successful conservation of biodiversity should therefore consider the millennia-lasting role of anthropogenic fire and human activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Sage Publications, Ltd.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farris, Emmanuele</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Filigheddu, Rossella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Deiana, Pietrino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farris, Giovanni a</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garau, Giovanni</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Short-term effects on sheep pastureland due to grazing abandonment in a Western Mediterranean island ecosystem: A multidisciplinary approach</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal for Nature Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">animal-plant interactions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Habitat directive</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land-use change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean basin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microbial community</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poetea bulbosae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil fertility</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138109000910</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">258 - 267</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Changes of pasture communities consequent to management practices resulting from land abandonment considerably affect the structure and function of the ecosystem. This study analyses the consequences of grazing abandonment in terms of plant and soil microbial diversity and fertility, on a Mediterranean upland sheep pasture, over a short period (ﬁve years). Grazing was experimentally excluded by fencing ten 10 10 m permanent plots within an area that had supported grazing until 2000, by 0.23 sheep ha 1 . Plant and soil microbial communities and physicochemical parameters were monitored within the fenced and unfenced control plots, during three sampling times from 2000 (before the fencing) to 2005. Grazing cessation notably altered the ﬂoral composition, with an average dissimilarity of 96.7% between the vegetation communities, over ﬁve years. No signiﬁcant change occurred in the control plots that were grazed throughout the sampling period. This work highlighted that, over a short term, the structural change in the speciﬁc plant composition affected only the grass species, conﬁrming that grazing favours the small-sized species over the annual species. Further, it was evident that species groups of conservational and phytogeographic interest, like the endemic and Mediterranean-Atlantic species, tended to disappear with pasture abandonment and were substituted by more widespread species throughout the Mediterranean or even the world. Pasture abandonment was accompanied by an increase of soil pH and a decrease in soil organic matter and soil nitrogen. The microbial parameters recorded at three different sampling times revealed a substantial effect of the plant community, or the time of grazing abandonment, on soil microbial abundance and diversity. Considerable importance is given to the consequences of pasture abandonment on the conservation of plant and microbial diversity and on soil fertility.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ortega, M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estimation of plant diversity at landscape level: a methodological approach applied to three Spanish rural areas</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental Monitoring and Assessment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">landscape</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">metrics</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant diversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Remote sensing</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/G4606QX0065034M3.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">95</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">97 - 116</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Approaches linking biodiversity assessment with landscape structure are necessary in the framework of sustainable rural development. The present paper describes a methodology to estimate plant diversity involving landscape structure as a proportional weight associated with different plant communities found in the landscape mosaic. The area occupied by a plant community, its patch number or its spatial distribution of patches are variables that could be expressed in gamma plant diversity of a territory. The methodology applies (1) remote sensing information, to identify land cover and land use types; (2) aspect, to discriminate composition of plant communities in each land cover type; (3) multi-scale ﬁeld techniques, to asses plant diversity; (4) afﬁnity analysis of plant community composition, to validate the stratiﬁed random sampling design and (5) the additive model that partitions gamma diversity into its alpha and beta components. The method was applied to three Spanish rural areas and was able to record 150–260 species per ha. Species richness, Shannon information index and Simpson concentration index were used to measure diversity in each area. The estimation using Shannon diversity index and the product of patch number and patch interspersion as weighting of plant community diversity was found to be the most appropriate method of measuring plant diversity at the landscape level.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>