<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ríos-Núñez, Sandra M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coq-Huelva, Daniel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García-Trujillo, Roberto</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Spanish livestock model: A coevolutionary analysis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Economics</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agro-systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coevolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Socio-ecological systems</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spain</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier B.V.</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">342-350</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coevolution is a wide theoretical framework that enables the study of socio-ecological transformations in different contexts and, specifically, in agrarian systems. This article analyses coevolutionary changes in Spanish livestock over the last 50 years, fromthe so-called “traditional” livestock model, in which ecological, social and economic elements co-evolve in closely interconnected relationships, to the currently dominant industrial livestock model, governed by “ecologies at a distance”. Not only meat consumption grew significantly as a consequence of the change in the prevailing livestock production model, Spain also became one of the most important meat producers in the European Union. Simultaneously, dependence on imported cereals and soya increased dramatically. Nevertheless, in spite of the prevalence of industrial logics, extensive livestock farming, that follows hybrid logics incorporating features from both models, still exists in Spain and, particularly, in Andalusia (Southern Spain). This locally based model is characterised by higher environmental standards, as well as its contribution to the preservation of a singular agro-ecosystem(dehesa). However, its long-termtrans- formation and, therefore, the social construction ofmore sustainable local livestock systems,must be understood as a co-evolutionary process in which agency and social selection of innovations are essential elements.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faria, Nuno</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rabaça, João E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morales, Manuel B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The importance of grazing regime in the provision of breeding habitat for grassland birds: The case of the endangered little bustard (Tetrax tetrax)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal for Nature Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Green plants</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pasture management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking rates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tetrax tetrax</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138112000350</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">211 - 218</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In Mediterranean dry grasslands, grazing by domestic animals is an important agricultural activity on dry grasslands. Several bird species occur in these grazed habitats and are now experiencing a near continuous decline. We investigated the impact of livestock grazing on the threatened little bustard (Tetrax tetrax L.). The study was conducted at the NATURA 2000 Site/Important Bird Area of Cabrela, Portugal. Our main goals were to investigate responses of little bustard territorial males and breeding females to different livestock management practices, namely pasture types, stocking rates and sward structure. Bird distribution was surveyed using car and foot surveys. Data on grazing was supplied by land managers every 10 days from February to June through ﬁeld interviews. Generalised additive models and model averaging were used to compute predictive models. Results indicate that higher probabilities of occurrence were found in long-term pastures and under light-moderate grazing conditions (stocking rates around 0.4 LU/ha). Conversely, lower probabilities of occurrence were found in ungrazed or heavy grazed ﬁelds. Males occurred mostly in large ﬁelds, but this variable seemed to be less important for females. On the other hand, green plant cover and the vegetation height were good predictors for the occurrence of females but not for males. Females used mostly pastures with vegetation height around 20–25 cm. Our results suggest that grazing management plans that aim to conserve little bustard populations should consider (1) the maintenance of the larger long-term pastures and (2) the use of light-moderate stocking rates (0.2–0.6 LU/ha).</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pinho, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergamini, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carvalho, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branquinho, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stofer, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scheidegger, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Máguas, C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lichen functional groups as ecological indicators of the effects of land-use in Mediterranean ecosystems</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Indicators</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological indicators</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epiphytic lichens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">management</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nitrophytic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oligotrophic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36-42</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of land-use on species and communities are usually studied by considering high-intensity land-use gradients. However, in many Mediterranean Europe areas, the traditional land-use regime is of low-intensity, including low-impactforestry practices and extensive livestock pasture. This low-intensity land-use is associated with ‘High Nature Value Farmlands’, which occupymore than 50% oftotal farmland area in Mediterranean areas. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of traditional lowintensity land-use on epiphytic lichen communities in Mediterranean cork-oak woodlands. We intend to investigate the value of lichen communities as early indicators of the effects of land-use changes. For that, lichens were sampled along a gradient of low-intensity land-use that included forestry and pasture activities. As lichen diversity variables we considered: (i) total species richness, (ii) total species frequency (LDV), and (iii) richness and frequency of functional groups dividing species according to their eutrophication-tolerance. We found an increase of total species richness with an increase of land-use intensity which is opposite to expectations and which was shown for ﬁrst time in lichens. The increase in total species richness was due to an increase of the number of eutrophication tolerant species accompanied by the maintenance of the sensitive one when we analyzed the lichen-data at the functional response group level. These results ﬁt with the intermediate disturbance hypothesis that predicts higher diversity under an intermediate disturbance due to the coexistence of species with contrasting ecological requirements. Traditionally managed cork-oak woodlands with low-intensity land-use can thus support a high diversity of lichen species. An important outcome was that we conﬁrmed the importance of using ecological indicators based on functional-groups for monitoring changes in ecosystems and, since lichens responded to low levels of land-use intensity, we have also shown the possibility of using lichens as early indicators of the impacts of low intensity land-use.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avilés, Jesus M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time budget and habitat use of the Common Crane wintering in dehesas of southwestern Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Journal of Zoology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cranes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehesa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">feeding (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intake rate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parental investment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-105</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1233 - 1238</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In many bird species juvenile inexperience drastically reduces their survival, and parents must provide for them. I tested whether time budget and habitat use in adult wintering Common Cranes (Grus grus) in dehesas (pastoral woodland) of western Spain were affected by the presence of juveniles. Juvenile cranes devote less time to vigilance and spend more time feeding than adults in dehesas. Likewise, juveniles are involved in fewer aggressive encounters than adult cranes. Contrary to expectation, adults accompanied by juveniles devoted the same amount of time to vigilance and feeding and had the same intake rate than adults without juveniles in attendance. However, adult cranes with offspring in attendance were involved in more aggressive encounters than adults without juveniles in attendance when both adult groups were involved in large flocks. In contrast, when adults accompanied by juveniles were in small flocks they were involved in fewer aggressive encounters than adults without juveniles. I also detected a differential use of dehesas by adult cranes that was linked to juvenile presence and explained by the vulnerability of juvenile cranes in intraspecific social relationships. Adults with juveniles in attendance preferred dehesas with livestock where flock sizes were smaller than those in dehesas without livestock, and therefore where they might reduce the number of aggressive encounters with other cranes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1139/z03-105doi: 10.1139/z03-105The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: NRC Research Press</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Avilés, Jesús M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Time budget and habitat use of the Common Crane wintering in dehesas of southwestern Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Canadian Journal of Zoology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cranes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehesa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">feeding (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intake rate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">parental investment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">social structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NRC Research Press</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">81</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1233-1238</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In many bird species juvenile inexperience drastically reduces their survival, and parents must provide for them. I tested whether time budget and habitat use in adult wintering Common Cranes (Grus grus) in dehesas (pastoral woodland) of western Spain were affected by the presence of juveniles. Juvenile cranes devote less time to vigilance and spend more time feeding than adults in dehesas. Likewise, juveniles are involved in fewer aggressive encounters than adult cranes. Contrary to expectation, adults accompanied by juveniles devoted the same amount of time to vigilance and feeding and had the same intake rate than adults without juveniles in attendance. However, adult cranes with offspring in attendance were involved in more aggressive encounters than adults without juveniles in attendance when both adult groups were involved in large flocks. In contrast, when adults accompanied by juveniles were in small flocks they were involved in fewer aggressive encounters than adults without juveniles. I also detected a differential use of dehesas by adult cranes that was linked to juvenile presence and explained by the vulnerability of juvenile cranes in intraspecific social relationships. Adults with juveniles in attendance preferred dehesas with livestock where flock sizes were smaller than those in dehesas without livestock, and therefore where they might reduce the number of aggressive encounters with other cranes.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1139/z03-105</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1139/z03-105</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plieninger, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilbrand, C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use, biodiversity conservation, and rural development in the dehesas of Cuatro Lugares, Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry Systems</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economic output</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pastoralism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/JTJ4832R8W8217R4.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23 - 34</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehesas are an agrosilvopastoral system that has enhanced the maintenance of an extraordinarily high biodiversity. The traditional use is characterized by mixed livestock raising at low stocking densities, employment of hardy regional breeds and an elaborated maintenance and exploitation of holm oaks. Livestock production has traditionally been accompanied by arable systems with long rotations and closed nutrient cycles without external inputs of fodder, fertilizers and agro-chemicals. Modern trends are a specialization toward lamb and beef production and the employment of intensive techniques like freerange grazing at high stocking levels or crossbreeding with high-performance breeds. A model income statement shows that livestock create an income of 49.91 US$ per ewe per year on an average basis. The central problem for the continuity of the dehesas is the gradual decay of the tree canopy. Intensification of agricultural production and the abandonment of traditional grazing practices additionally threaten biodiversity within the dehesas. The authors suggest the foundation of a biosphere reserve in Cuatro Lugares as a framework for a sustainable development of the dehesas.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plieninger, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wilbrand, C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use, biodiversity conservation, and rural development in the dehesas of Cuatro Lugares, Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry Systems</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">economic output</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grazing</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pastoralism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rangeland</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">23-34</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehesas are an agrosilvopastoral system that has enhanced the maintenance of an extraordinarily high biodiversity. The traditional use is characterized by mixed livestock raising at low stocking densities, employment of hardy regional breeds and an elaborated maintenance and exploitation of holm oaks. Livestock production has traditionally been accompanied by arable systems with long rotations and closed nutrient cycles without external inputs of fodder, fertilizers and agro-chemicals. Modern trends are a specialization toward lamb and beef production and the employment of intensive techniques like freerange grazing at high stocking levels or crossbreeding with high-performance breeds. A model income statement shows that livestock create an income of 49.91 US$ per ewe per year on an average basis. The central problem for the continuity of the dehesas is the gradual decay of the tree canopy. Intensification of agricultural production and the abandonment of traditional grazing practices additionally threaten biodiversity within the dehesas. The authors suggest the foundation of a biosphere reserve in Cuatro Lugares as a framework for a sustainable development of the dehesas.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pérez-Fernández, M A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gómez-Gutidrrez, J M</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution of the tree cover (Quercuspyrenaica Willd and Quercus ilex subspecies ballota (Desf. Samp)) in a dehesa over the last 100 years</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ressources.ciheam.org</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehesa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">livestock</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus iiex subsp ballota</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus pyrenaica</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1989</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">259-262</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1. During the first 60 years, the decrease in the numbers of both the holm oak and the oak was due to tree felling. The first 6 years were devoted to tree felling and cut clearing in order to clear dense forest with a view to transforming it into pasture and farmland; during the next 54 years the cut trees were used as a source of heat for the home and of wood for construction and the making of farming tools and diverse utensils. 2. Tree felling has gradually declined over the last 40 years (ít has almost disappeared) as the use of wood has been replaced by gas and gas-oil for fuel and iron and cement for construction. However, the mortality rate has increased. The deaths are mainly the result of the effects of the xylophagous insects (its effects are not usually lethal to trees under 100 yrs. old) ando ther as yet undetermined causes, perhapso f drought. 3. In stands 2 and 3 (N orientation) agriculture benefitted the old oak, which deveioped on the fringes and rocky outcrops and immediately invaded the territory as soon as the cultivation of cereals was stopped. A similar phenomenon occurs int he SW orientation witht he holm oak. 4. Autochthonous livestock (mainly cattle) on an extensive free range basis impedes the recovery of oak density, eliminating almost all oft he youngest ones in the underbrush and shrub phases, whent heir diameter in the first meter of height is less than 9 cm. It does not eliminate the holm oaks, but greatly retards their growth. When young holm oaks are taller than Zm, they can aiso be broken by domestic livestock if they do not reach a diameter of 6 cm in the first meter. 5. The end result is a rapid and dramatic decrease in tree-cover.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>