<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rogosic, Jozo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, Richard E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skobic, Dragan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stanic, Svjetlana</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of secondary compound complementarity and species diversity on consumption of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Animal Behaviour Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Complementarity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean maquis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saponins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrubs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168159106003236</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58 - 65</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generalist herbivores foraging in chemically diverse grazing ecosystems like the Mediterranean maquis increase intake on mixed diets, suggesting they are more able to meet nutritional needs and avoid toxicosis. Thus, our objectives were to determine how shrub species diversity and complementary interactions between tannins and saponins inﬂuence intake of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep. We conducted four experiments (10 days each) comparing intake of mixtures of Mediterranean shrubs varying in number of species and/or principal class of secondary compound (tannins or saponins) by sheep (n = 12). Sheep consumed more total foliage (P &lt; 0.01) when offered a high-tannin shrub (Pistacia lentiscus; Exp. 1), two high-tannin shrubs (P. lentiscus and Arbutus unedo; Exp. 2), or three high-tannin shrubs (P. lentiscus, A. unedo, and Quercus ilex; Exp. 3) when fed in conjunction with a high-saponin shrub (Hedera helix) than with an equal number of high-tannin shrubs (20.9 g/kg BW versus 16.3 g/kg BW; 28.8 g/kg BW versus 20.8 g/kg BW; and 35.3 g/kg BW versus 26.9 g/kg BW). Likewise, sheep ate more foliage (P &lt; 0.01) of each additional individual shrub (P. lentiscus, A. unedo, and Q. ilex) in the mixture when fed with H. helix than with an equal number of high-tannin shrubs (8.2 g/kg BW versus 5.0 g/kg BW; 13.3 g/kg BW versus 10.7 g/kg BW; and 7.6 g/kg BW versus 5.2 g/kg BW; Exps. 1–3, respectively), suggesting a complementary interaction between tannins and saponins may have occurred. Sheep also appeared to increase total shrub intake as number of shrub species on offer increased, regardless of number of classes of compounds present. Our ﬁndings suggest that secondary compounds in Mediterranean shrubs (tannins and saponins) are complementary. Species diversity also plays an important role in diet selection, as plant species with different types and amounts of nutrients and phytotoxins may affect forage intake and animal production. This knowledge will help livestock producers to capitalize on phytochemical interactions to enhance intake, optimize forage utilization, and ultimately improve performance of browsing ruminant herbivores</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rogosic, Jozo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, Richard E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skobic, Dragan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stanic, Svjetlana</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of secondary compound complementarity and species diversity on consumption of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Animal Behaviour Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Complementarity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean maquis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saponins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrubs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58-65</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generalist herbivores foraging in chemically diverse grazing ecosystems like the Mediterranean maquis increase intake on mixed diets, suggesting they are more able to meet nutritional needs and avoid toxicosis. Thus, our objectives were to determine how shrub species diversity and complementary interactions between tannins and saponins inﬂuence intake of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep. We conducted four experiments (10 days each) comparing intake of mixtures of Mediterranean shrubs varying in number of species and/or principal class of secondary compound (tannins or saponins) by sheep (n = 12). Sheep consumed more total foliage (P &lt; 0.01) when offered a high-tannin shrub (Pistacia lentiscus; Exp. 1), two high-tannin shrubs (P. lentiscus and Arbutus unedo; Exp. 2), or three high-tannin shrubs (P. lentiscus, A. unedo, and Quercus ilex; Exp. 3) when fed in conjunction with a high-saponin shrub (Hedera helix) than with an equal number of high-tannin shrubs (20.9 g/kg BW versus 16.3 g/kg BW; 28.8 g/kg BW versus 20.8 g/kg BW; and 35.3 g/kg BW versus 26.9 g/kg BW). Likewise, sheep ate more foliage (P &lt; 0.01) of each additional individual shrub (P. lentiscus, A. unedo, and Q. ilex) in the mixture when fed with H. helix than with an equal number of high-tannin shrubs (8.2 g/kg BW versus 5.0 g/kg BW; 13.3 g/kg BW versus 10.7 g/kg BW; and 7.6 g/kg BW versus 5.2 g/kg BW; Exps. 1–3, respectively), suggesting a complementary interaction between tannins and saponins may have occurred. Sheep also appeared to increase total shrub intake as number of shrub species on offer increased, regardless of number of classes of compounds present. Our ﬁndings suggest that secondary compounds in Mediterranean shrubs (tannins and saponins) are complementary. Species diversity also plays an important role in diet selection, as plant species with different types and amounts of nutrients and phytotoxins may affect forage intake and animal production. This knowledge will help livestock producers to capitalize on phytochemical interactions to enhance intake, optimize forage utilization, and ultimately improve performance of browsing ruminant herbivores</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rogosic, Jozo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, Richard E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skobic, Dragan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martinovic, Anita</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maric, Stanislava</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Role of species diversity and secondary compound complementarity on diet selection of Mediterranean shrubs by goats.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of chemical ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maquis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean shrubs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saponins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16770718</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1279 - 1287</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goats foraging on Mediterranean shrubs containing secondary compounds (toxins) may consume a variety of shrubs that contain different phytotoxins, thereby increasing shrub intake and avoiding toxicosis. We conducted eight experiments to examine whether goats offered different mixtures of shrubs containing different phytotoxins (tannins and saponins) would consume more shrub biomass than goats offered one shrub a single phytotoxin (tannin or saponin). In the first three experiments, goats fed a mixture of three tannin-rich shrubs (Quercus ilex, Arbutus unedo, and Pistacia lentiscus) ate more foliage than goats offered only one shrub (23.2 vs. 10.7 g/kg BW; 25.2 vs. 13.4 g/kg BW, and 27.9 vs. 7.9 g/kg BW), regardless of tannin concentration in individual shrub species. Goats also consumed more foliage when offered the same three tannin-rich shrubs than when offered the saponin-rich shrub Hedera helix (25.4 vs. 8.0 g/kg BW). However, goats offered a mixture of the same three tannin-rich shrubs consumed less foliage than goats offered a mixture of two shrubs containing tannins and saponins: Quercus and Hedera (21.6 vs. 27.1 g/kg BW), Arbutus and Hedera (21.8 vs. 27.1 g/kg BW), and Pistacia and Hedera (19.7 vs. 22.0 g/kg BW). Comparison of intake of shrubs containing only tannins or saponins to intake of shrubs containing both tannins and saponins indicated that goats consumed more total biomass when fed with shrubs with both classes of compounds than with either tannins or saponins alone. Our results suggest that goats can increase intake of Mediterranean shrubs high in secondary compounds by selecting those with different classes of phytotoxins. Simultaneous ingestion of shrubs containing tannins and saponins may promote chemical interactions that inhibit toxic effects of these phytotoxins in the intestinal tract. In addition to complementary interactions between tannins and saponins, biological diversity within Mediterranean maquis vegetation also plays a positive role in increasing shrub intake by goats.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 16770718</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rogosic, Jozo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, Richard E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skobic, Dragan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martinovic, Anita</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maric, Stanislava</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Role of species diversity and secondary compound complementarity on diet selection of Mediterranean shrubs by goats.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of chemical ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maquis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean shrubs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saponins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1279-1287</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goats foraging on Mediterranean shrubs containing secondary compounds (toxins) may consume a variety of shrubs that contain different phytotoxins, thereby increasing shrub intake and avoiding toxicosis. We conducted eight experiments to examine whether goats offered different mixtures of shrubs containing different phytotoxins (tannins and saponins) would consume more shrub biomass than goats offered one shrub a single phytotoxin (tannin or saponin). In the first three experiments, goats fed a mixture of three tannin-rich shrubs (Quercus ilex, Arbutus unedo, and Pistacia lentiscus) ate more foliage than goats offered only one shrub (23.2 vs. 10.7 g/kg BW; 25.2 vs. 13.4 g/kg BW, and 27.9 vs. 7.9 g/kg BW), regardless of tannin concentration in individual shrub species. Goats also consumed more foliage when offered the same three tannin-rich shrubs than when offered the saponin-rich shrub Hedera helix (25.4 vs. 8.0 g/kg BW). However, goats offered a mixture of the same three tannin-rich shrubs consumed less foliage than goats offered a mixture of two shrubs containing tannins and saponins: Quercus and Hedera (21.6 vs. 27.1 g/kg BW), Arbutus and Hedera (21.8 vs. 27.1 g/kg BW), and Pistacia and Hedera (19.7 vs. 22.0 g/kg BW). Comparison of intake of shrubs containing only tannins or saponins to intake of shrubs containing both tannins and saponins indicated that goats consumed more total biomass when fed with shrubs with both classes of compounds than with either tannins or saponins alone. Our results suggest that goats can increase intake of Mediterranean shrubs high in secondary compounds by selecting those with different classes of phytotoxins. Simultaneous ingestion of shrubs containing tannins and saponins may promote chemical interactions that inhibit toxic effects of these phytotoxins in the intestinal tract. In addition to complementary interactions between tannins and saponins, biological diversity within Mediterranean maquis vegetation also plays a positive role in increasing shrub intake by goats.</style></abstract><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16770718</style></accession-num></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tognetti, Roberto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, J D</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Response of foliar metabolism in mature trees of Quercus pubescens and Quercus ilex to long-term elevated CO 2</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental and Experimental Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elevated CO2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gas exchange</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural CO2 springs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary compounds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">233-245</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term effects on and adaptations of the carbon physiology of long-lived trees exposed to increasing atmospheric levels of CO2 are unknown. We compared two indigenous Quercus species, Q. ilex and Q. pubescens, growing in a natural CO2 spring located in central Italy and at a nearby control site. In May, 1995 photosynthetic rate at least doubled when measured with supplemental CO2 in both species and sites. Dark respiration was much higher at the CO2 spring site in both species. Foliar sugar and starch concentrations in Q. ilex exhibited signiﬁcant site and diurnal differences (May and September). In July, 1995 there was little difference in the water potential values of the measured trees at the different sites over the diurnal period. Photosynthetic rate was higher for both species in the CO2 spring, particularly in the early morning and late afternoon. Mid-day stomatal closure reduced photosynthesis to similar levels. In the morning leaf conductance and transpiration were generally lower in the CO2 spring trees, contributing to higher instantaneous water use efﬁciency for both species. Isoprene emission rates were higher in Q. pubescens trees growing in the CO2 spring. The maximum difference between control and CO2 spring trees occurred in late afternoon. In contrast, Q. ilex exhibited isoprene emission near background level. Foliage and branch carbon and nitrogen status showed increased concentrations of starch and tannins in Q. ilex and of soluble sugars in Q. pubescens in the elevated CO2 environment, while nitrogen concentration decreased in both species. Wood gravity increased 6 and 3% in Q. ilex and Q. pubescens, respectively, growing in the CO2 spring. Q. ilex exhibited afternoon recovery of water potential compared to Q. pubescens which had better night-time recovery. Q. ilex and Q. pubescens exposed to elevated CO2 for prolonged periods exhibit different mechanisms for dealing with additional reduced carbon and do maintain an altered carbon physiology, even in midst of the region’s characteristic summer drought</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tognetti, Roberto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Johnson, J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Response of foliar metabolism in mature trees of Quercus pubescens and Quercus ilex to long-term elevated CO 2</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental and Experimental Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elevated CO2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gas exchange</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural CO2 springs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary compounds</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098847298000136</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">233 - 245</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Long-term effects on and adaptations of the carbon physiology of long-lived trees exposed to increasing atmospheric levels of CO2 are unknown. We compared two indigenous Quercus species, Q. ilex and Q. pubescens, growing in a natural CO2 spring located in central Italy and at a nearby control site. In May, 1995 photosynthetic rate at least doubled when measured with supplemental CO2 in both species and sites. Dark respiration was much higher at the CO2 spring site in both species. Foliar sugar and starch concentrations in Q. ilex exhibited signiﬁcant site and diurnal differences (May and September). In July, 1995 there was little difference in the water potential values of the measured trees at the different sites over the diurnal period. Photosynthetic rate was higher for both species in the CO2 spring, particularly in the early morning and late afternoon. Mid-day stomatal closure reduced photosynthesis to similar levels. In the morning leaf conductance and transpiration were generally lower in the CO2 spring trees, contributing to higher instantaneous water use efﬁciency for both species. Isoprene emission rates were higher in Q. pubescens trees growing in the CO2 spring. The maximum difference between control and CO2 spring trees occurred in late afternoon. In contrast, Q. ilex exhibited isoprene emission near background level. Foliage and branch carbon and nitrogen status showed increased concentrations of starch and tannins in Q. ilex and of soluble sugars in Q. pubescens in the elevated CO2 environment, while nitrogen concentration decreased in both species. Wood gravity increased 6 and 3% in Q. ilex and Q. pubescens, respectively, growing in the CO2 spring. Q. ilex exhibited afternoon recovery of water potential compared to Q. pubescens which had better night-time recovery. Q. ilex and Q. pubescens exposed to elevated CO2 for prolonged periods exhibit different mechanisms for dealing with additional reduced carbon and do maintain an altered carbon physiology, even in midst of the region’s characteristic summer drought</style></abstract></record></records></xml>