<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hracherrass, Ahmed</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berkat, Omar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">De Montard, Francois-Xavier</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Implications of sheep and cattle Teline linifolia bush ingestion behaviour for managing the Maamora cork tree forest (Morocco)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CAHIERS AGRICULTURES</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cattle</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">feeding preferences</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Morocco</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvopastoral systems</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOHN LIBBEY EUROTEXT LTD</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">127 AVE DE LA REPUBLIQUE, 92120 MONTROUGE, FRANCE</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cork tree forest of Maamora near Rabat (Maroc) has suffered deep and increasing grazing pressure for 100 years. Dense understorey stands of Teline linifolia, a native, nitrogen fixing and vigorous legume shrub, would contribute to forest regeneration provided that it be proven to be a resource for sheep and cattle grazing. Autumn is a period with lower resources of grass and with no nitrogen fixing shrubs. In situ monthly measurements of sheep and cattle ingestion rates show a significant contribution of T. linifolia in both sheep (up to 24%) and cattle (up to 12%) total ingestion rates in autumn, due to its peculiar phenology along with the inadequacy of grass and other shrub resources at this time. The opportunity of planting Teline shrubs in the process of cork tree forest regeneration along with multi-purpose uses is described and discussed.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaspar, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escribano, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesías, F J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ledesma, a. Rodriguez De</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulido, F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep farms in the Spanish rangelands (dehesas): Typologies according to livestock management and economic indicators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small Ruminant Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehesa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farm typology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principal component analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technical and economic management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52-63</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forty-six dehesa sheep farms of Extremadura (SW Spain) were analyzed on the basis of previously determined technical and economic indicators. A principal component analysis gave ﬁve principal components – related to intensiﬁcation, proﬁtability, and livestock mix – that characterized the farms. Using multivariate techniques based on these factors, a farm typology was established with six categories—three of sheep alone at different levels of intensiﬁcation, and three of sheep in combination with beef cattle or Iberian pig. This typology enabled homogeneous groups of farms to be considered for possible administrative actions relating to their optimal dimensions and stocking rates</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gaspar, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escribano, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesías, F. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ledesma, a Rodriguez De</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulido, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep farms in the Spanish rangelands (dehesas): Typologies according to livestock management and economic indicators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small Ruminant Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dehesa</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farm typology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Principal component analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">technical and economic management</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921448807000971</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">74</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52 - 63</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forty-six dehesa sheep farms of Extremadura (SW Spain) were analyzed on the basis of previously determined technical and economic indicators. A principal component analysis gave ﬁve principal components – related to intensiﬁcation, proﬁtability, and livestock mix – that characterized the farms. Using multivariate techniques based on these factors, a farm typology was established with six categories—three of sheep alone at different levels of intensiﬁcation, and three of sheep in combination with beef cattle or Iberian pig. This typology enabled homogeneous groups of farms to be considered for possible administrative actions relating to their optimal dimensions and stocking rates</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rogosic, Jozo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, Richard E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skobic, Dragan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stanic, Svjetlana</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of secondary compound complementarity and species diversity on consumption of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Animal Behaviour Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Complementarity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean maquis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saponins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrubs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0168159106003236</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58 - 65</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generalist herbivores foraging in chemically diverse grazing ecosystems like the Mediterranean maquis increase intake on mixed diets, suggesting they are more able to meet nutritional needs and avoid toxicosis. Thus, our objectives were to determine how shrub species diversity and complementary interactions between tannins and saponins inﬂuence intake of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep. We conducted four experiments (10 days each) comparing intake of mixtures of Mediterranean shrubs varying in number of species and/or principal class of secondary compound (tannins or saponins) by sheep (n = 12). Sheep consumed more total foliage (P &lt; 0.01) when offered a high-tannin shrub (Pistacia lentiscus; Exp. 1), two high-tannin shrubs (P. lentiscus and Arbutus unedo; Exp. 2), or three high-tannin shrubs (P. lentiscus, A. unedo, and Quercus ilex; Exp. 3) when fed in conjunction with a high-saponin shrub (Hedera helix) than with an equal number of high-tannin shrubs (20.9 g/kg BW versus 16.3 g/kg BW; 28.8 g/kg BW versus 20.8 g/kg BW; and 35.3 g/kg BW versus 26.9 g/kg BW). Likewise, sheep ate more foliage (P &lt; 0.01) of each additional individual shrub (P. lentiscus, A. unedo, and Q. ilex) in the mixture when fed with H. helix than with an equal number of high-tannin shrubs (8.2 g/kg BW versus 5.0 g/kg BW; 13.3 g/kg BW versus 10.7 g/kg BW; and 7.6 g/kg BW versus 5.2 g/kg BW; Exps. 1–3, respectively), suggesting a complementary interaction between tannins and saponins may have occurred. Sheep also appeared to increase total shrub intake as number of shrub species on offer increased, regardless of number of classes of compounds present. Our ﬁndings suggest that secondary compounds in Mediterranean shrubs (tannins and saponins) are complementary. Species diversity also plays an important role in diet selection, as plant species with different types and amounts of nutrients and phytotoxins may affect forage intake and animal production. This knowledge will help livestock producers to capitalize on phytochemical interactions to enhance intake, optimize forage utilization, and ultimately improve performance of browsing ruminant herbivores</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rogosic, Jozo</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estell, Richard E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skobic, Dragan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stanic, Svjetlana</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of secondary compound complementarity and species diversity on consumption of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Applied Animal Behaviour Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Complementarity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean maquis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saponins</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Secondary compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shrubs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tannins</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">107</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58-65</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Generalist herbivores foraging in chemically diverse grazing ecosystems like the Mediterranean maquis increase intake on mixed diets, suggesting they are more able to meet nutritional needs and avoid toxicosis. Thus, our objectives were to determine how shrub species diversity and complementary interactions between tannins and saponins inﬂuence intake of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep. We conducted four experiments (10 days each) comparing intake of mixtures of Mediterranean shrubs varying in number of species and/or principal class of secondary compound (tannins or saponins) by sheep (n = 12). Sheep consumed more total foliage (P &lt; 0.01) when offered a high-tannin shrub (Pistacia lentiscus; Exp. 1), two high-tannin shrubs (P. lentiscus and Arbutus unedo; Exp. 2), or three high-tannin shrubs (P. lentiscus, A. unedo, and Quercus ilex; Exp. 3) when fed in conjunction with a high-saponin shrub (Hedera helix) than with an equal number of high-tannin shrubs (20.9 g/kg BW versus 16.3 g/kg BW; 28.8 g/kg BW versus 20.8 g/kg BW; and 35.3 g/kg BW versus 26.9 g/kg BW). Likewise, sheep ate more foliage (P &lt; 0.01) of each additional individual shrub (P. lentiscus, A. unedo, and Q. ilex) in the mixture when fed with H. helix than with an equal number of high-tannin shrubs (8.2 g/kg BW versus 5.0 g/kg BW; 13.3 g/kg BW versus 10.7 g/kg BW; and 7.6 g/kg BW versus 5.2 g/kg BW; Exps. 1–3, respectively), suggesting a complementary interaction between tannins and saponins may have occurred. Sheep also appeared to increase total shrub intake as number of shrub species on offer increased, regardless of number of classes of compounds present. Our ﬁndings suggest that secondary compounds in Mediterranean shrubs (tannins and saponins) are complementary. Species diversity also plays an important role in diet selection, as plant species with different types and amounts of nutrients and phytotoxins may affect forage intake and animal production. This knowledge will help livestock producers to capitalize on phytochemical interactions to enhance intake, optimize forage utilization, and ultimately improve performance of browsing ruminant herbivores</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Rancourt, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fois, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lavín, M. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tchakérian, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vallerand, F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean sheep and goats production: An uncertain future</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small Ruminant Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUROPE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean countries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0921448805003433</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167 - 179</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European sheep and goat production, in the Mediterranean areas represent important economic, environmental and sociological issues. Our article aims at comparing the situation of the main small ruminant systems in South European regions (Spain, France, Italy and Greece), and their possible future evolution. On the average, the income of milk systems tends to be higher than meat systems thanks to a good market price. Moreover, the dependence on subsidies is greater in meat systems and in extensive systems. However, milk systems seem more sensitive to the market situation for example, Italian products in the USA and products from Greece with respect to certain foreign companies. Sheep and goat production, being frequently the only possible enterprises in less favoured areas, are often fundamental to maintaining social activities and to keep the vegetation out of danger from fire. However, in Greece and Spain some intensive systems are becoming established in the more fertile plain areas. The roads to success are rather uncertain considering the new CAP reform as nearly all these systems seem to be dependent on the important European subsidies. Nevertheless, we have identified different ways to progress according to systems and regions. Such an uncertain future could be easier to forecast if those involved in the sheep and goat sectors worked more collectively in Europe.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">de Rancourt, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fois, N</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lavín, M P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tchakérian, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vallerand, F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean sheep and goats production: An uncertain future</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small Ruminant Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EUROPE</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean countries</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">62</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167-179</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European sheep and goat production, in the Mediterranean areas represent important economic, environmental and sociological issues. Our article aims at comparing the situation of the main small ruminant systems in South European regions (Spain, France, Italy and Greece), and their possible future evolution. On the average, the income of milk systems tends to be higher than meat systems thanks to a good market price. Moreover, the dependence on subsidies is greater in meat systems and in extensive systems. However, milk systems seem more sensitive to the market situation for example, Italian products in the USA and products from Greece with respect to certain foreign companies. Sheep and goat production, being frequently the only possible enterprises in less favoured areas, are often fundamental to maintaining social activities and to keep the vegetation out of danger from fire. However, in Greece and Spain some intensive systems are becoming established in the more fertile plain areas. The roads to success are rather uncertain considering the new CAP reform as nearly all these systems seem to be dependent on the important European subsidies. Nevertheless, we have identified different ways to progress according to systems and regions. Such an uncertain future could be easier to forecast if those involved in the sheep and goat sectors worked more collectively in Europe.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escribano Sánchez, Miguel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodríguez de Ledesma Vega, Antonio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesías Díaz, Francisco Javier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulido García, Francisco</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking rate and capital indicators in extensive sheep farms (sw spain)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch. Zootec</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economic analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extensive system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking rates</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">457 - 460</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The animal production systems in the SW of the Iberian Peninsula are characterized by extensive livestock farming. The data for the present study were collected by survey in the year 2000 from 96 dehesa sheep farms in Extremadura. We studied the stocking rate effects on a number of capital indicators for each farm. The data were analysed for three stocking rate levels: low (&lt;0.25 UGM/ha), medium (0.25-0.5 UGM/ha), and high (0.5 UGM/ha). The differences were compared by analysis of variance, following the GLM procedure.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">196</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escribano Sánchez, Miguel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodríguez de Ledesma Vega, Antonio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mesías Díaz, Francisco Javier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pulido García, Francisco</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking rate and capital indicators in extensive sheep farms (sw spain)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arch. Zootec</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economic analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extensive system</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stocking rates</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">51</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">457-460</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The animal production systems in the SW of the Iberian Peninsula are characterized by extensive livestock farming. The data for the present study were collected by survey in the year 2000 from 96 dehesa sheep farms in Extremadura. We studied the stocking rate effects on a number of capital indicators for each farm. The data were analysed for three stocking rate levels: low (&lt;0.25 UGM/ha), medium (0.25-0.5 UGM/ha), and high (0.5 UGM/ha). The differences were compared by analysis of variance, following the GLM procedure.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alcaide, E. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garcıa, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguilera, J. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The voluntary intake and rumen digestion by grazing goats and sheep of a low-quality pasture from a semi-arid land</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Livestock Production Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intake</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rumen fermentation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semi-arid land</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301622697001176</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39 - 47</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An experiment was carried out in late autumn with goats and wethers fitted with permanent ruminal cannulae, grazing in a semi-arid area of South Spain. Shrubs were the most available plant species, although natural vegetation also included trees and grasses. In general, the dominant species of the available vegetation accounted for the highest proportion in the selected diet. Similar proportion and species of grasses were found in the pasture selected by goats and wethers, whereas interspecies differences were observed regarding the selection of shrubs and tree species. Crude protein content was similar in selected diets by goats and sheep, but a higher unavailable N proportion was found for sheep (27.1 and 30.0% of total N for goats and sheep, respectively). Digestibility of forage selected was higher for goats than for wethers. Voluntary intake was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher in goats than in sheep; the metabolizable energy intake for goats was higher than their maintenance requirements but failed to meet maintenance needs for wethers. Fermentative rumen activity was moderate and similar for goats and sheep. No interspecies differences were found in rumen fermentation parameters except for molar proportions of acetic and propionic acid and for acetic/propionic ratio, which were significantly higher in wethers. The degradation rate tended to be faster in goats, whereas potential and effective degradability tended to be similar in goats and sheep.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alcaide, E M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García, M A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguilera, J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The voluntary intake and rumen digestion by grazing goats and sheep of a low-quality pasture from a semi-arid land</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Livestock Production Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intake</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rumen fermentation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">semi-arid land</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">39-47</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An experiment was carried out in late autumn with goats and wethers fitted with permanent ruminal cannulae, grazing in a semi-arid area of South Spain. Shrubs were the most available plant species, although natural vegetation also included trees and grasses. In general, the dominant species of the available vegetation accounted for the highest proportion in the selected diet. Similar proportion and species of grasses were found in the pasture selected by goats and wethers, whereas interspecies differences were observed regarding the selection of shrubs and tree species. Crude protein content was similar in selected diets by goats and sheep, but a higher unavailable N proportion was found for sheep (27.1 and 30.0% of total N for goats and sheep, respectively). Digestibility of forage selected was higher for goats than for wethers. Voluntary intake was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher in goats than in sheep; the metabolizable energy intake for goats was higher than their maintenance requirements but failed to meet maintenance needs for wethers. Fermentative rumen activity was moderate and similar for goats and sheep. No interspecies differences were found in rumen fermentation parameters except for molar proportions of acetic and propionic acid and for acetic/propionic ratio, which were significantly higher in wethers. The degradation rate tended to be faster in goats, whereas potential and effective degradability tended to be similar in goats and sheep.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Papachristou, T G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Platis, P D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PAPANASTASIS, V P</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forage production and small ruminant grazing responses in Mediterranean shrublands as influenced by the reduction of shrub cover</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Agroforestry systems</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">greece</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">herbs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">improvement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">225-238</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reduction of shrub cover in Mediterranean shrublands is considered as a method of optimising forage and animal production. In this study, forage production in grazed and protected plots and grazing responses of small ruminants in cleared (25% shrub cover), slashed (34'7o shrub cover) and not treated (control, 55% shrub cover) kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.) shrublands were compared during the spring seasons of 1992, 1993 and 1994. The alterations in shrub density were done in October 1991 and pastures remained ungrazed until spring of 1992. Clearing and slashing of shrub vegetation resulted in higher amounts of available herbaceous forage and useable browse. At the end of the growing season, averaged across years, herbaceous biomass was generally two to three times higher in the treated shrub- lands than in the control; also, browse biomass was slightly less (1,078 vs 1,533 kg/ha) but easily accessible because of the open structure and the lower height of the sprouting shrubs. There were generally no grazing response differences between the cleared and slashed pastures. However, grazing animals (sheep and goats) had a higher bite rate (bites/rain; P ~&lt; 0.05) in the treated pastures than in the control. Levels of crude protein in the forage selected by animals were higher (P ~&lt; 0.05) in the treated pastures than in the control. Animals in the improved pastures maintained diets that were significantly more digestible (53.5%) than those in the control pasture (48.5'7o). Neutral detergent fibre and lignin contents of animal diets were similar in the improved pastures but lower (P &lt;~ 0.05) than those of the control. It is concluded that removing of woody vegetation in Mediterranean shrublands results in increased forage production (available herbage and useable browse) and improved forage quality and availability for small ruminants.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Narjisse, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elhonsali, M A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olsen, J D</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of oak ( Quercus ilex) tannins on digestion and nitrogen balance in sheep and goats</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Small Ruminant Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">digestibility</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Feed intake</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tannin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1995</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">201-206</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sheep and goats exhibited different levels of tolerance to the effects of tannins extracted from oak leaves (Quercus ilex) Feed intake, N balance, and rumen ammonia concentrations decreased by 8%, 159% and 50%, respectively, in sheep infused intraruminally with tannins (P &lt;0.05). Similar measurements were not depressed (P&gt; 0.05) in goats although mean rumen ammonia content was 39% less. In vivo DM digestibility was not significantly different for either sheep or goats. Averaged in vitro fermentation capacity was depressed 10% by tannin (8-12% concentration) in the rumen fluid from non-infused sheep given the same diet, but was improved by 9% for goats. Finally, tannin-infused goats lost in urine only 17% of the N ingested, while tannin-infused sheep excreted as much as 44%. The superiority of goats in dealing with tannin might result from the greater ability of their microbial population to degrade tannins, and/or their higher urea recycling and salivary secretion capabilities. Results derived from this study indicate that goats may be more suitable for grazing in oak woodland, especially during the season when alternative forage availability is scarce.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>