<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Costa, Augusta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Madeira, Manuel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lima Santos, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plieninger, Tobias</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seixas, Júlia</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fragmentation patterns of evergreen oak woodlands in Southwestern Iberia: Identifying key spatial indicators</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Environmental Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest spatial pattern</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oak woodlands</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus rotundifolia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479713007196</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">133</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18 - 26</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands (composed of Quercus suber L. and Quercus rotundifolia Lam.) are becoming increasingly fragmented in the human-modified landscapes of Southwestern Portugal and Spain. Previous studies have largely neglected to assess the spatial changes of oak woodlands in relation to their surrounding landscape matrix, and to characterize and quantify woodland boundaries and edges. The present study aims to fill this gap by analyzing fragmentation patterns of oak woodlands over a 50-year period (1958–2007) in three landscapes. Using archived aerial imagery from 1958, 1995 and 2007, for two consecutive periods (1958–1995 and 1995–2007), we calculated a set of landscape metrics to compare woodland fragmentation over time. Our results indicated a continuous woodland fragmentation characterized by their edge dynamics. From 1958 to 2007, the replacement of open farmland by shrubland and by new afforestation areas in the oak woodland landscape surrounding matrix, led to the highest values for edge contrast length trends of 5.0 and 12.3, respectively. Linear discriminant analysis was performed to delineate fragmented woodland structures and identify metric variables that characterize woodland spatial configuration. The edge contrast length with open farmland showed a strong correlation with F1 (correlations ranging between 0.55 and 0.98) and may be used as a proxy for oak woodland mixedness in landscape matrix. The edge dynamics of oak woodlands may result in different patterns of oak recruitment and therefore, its study may be helpful in highlighting future baselines for the sustainable management of oak woodlands.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garcia-Barreda, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reyna, S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Short-term dynamics of Quercus ilex advance regeneration in a Pinus nigra plantation after the creation of small canopy gaps</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOREST SYSTEMS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">group selection cutting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedling resprout</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">stand initiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">truffle</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">179 - 188</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aim of the study: The aim of the research is to analyse the role of Quercus ilex advance regeneration in the stand regeneration of pine plantations after small-sized canopy openings, and to assess the influence of the forest stand and the canopy opening. The performance of the advance regeneration under the pine plantation is also examined. Area of study: A Pinus nigra plantation in dry Continental Mediterranean climate in eastern Spain. Material and methods: The tree regeneration of ten canopy openings of 0.17-0.43 ha was monitored during five years after treatment. It was also sampled in 0.12 ha-plots in the non-treated pine plantation surrounding the openings. Main results: An important increase in the height of Q. ilex regeneration was observed in the openings, unlike what was found in the intact pine plantation. In the pine plantation, stand density showed a moderate positive influence on the density of Q. ilex regeneration, whereas in the canopy gaps Q. ilex height was negatively influenced by stand density before the opening. Research highlights: The canopy opening triggered a response in Q. ilex advance regeneration, although height growth rates seemed to reduce over time. The results support the view that promoting Q. ilex in pine plantations may require different management strategies depending on the characteristics of the pine overstorey and on the density and size of the advance regeneration.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: CTRA CORUNA KM 7 5, MADRID, 28040, SPAIN&lt;br/&gt;publisher: INST NACIONAL INVESTIGACION TECHNOLOGIA AGRARIA ALIMENTARIA</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Henne, Paul D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elkin, Ché</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colombaroli, Daniele</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Samartin, Stéphanie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bugmann, Harald</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heiri, Oliver</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tinner, Willy</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Impacts of changing climate and land use on vegetation dynamics in a Mediterranean ecosystem: insights from paleoecology and dynamic modeling</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abies alba</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chironomids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fire ecology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holocene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Italy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Landscape model</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neolithic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s10980-012-9782-8</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forests near the Mediterranean coast have been shaped by millennia of human disturbance. Consequently, ecological studies relying on modern observations or historical records may have difﬁculty assessing natural vegetation dynamics under current and future climate. We combined a sedimentary pollen record from Lago di Massacciucoli, Tuscany, Italy with simulations from the LANDCLIM dynamic vegetation model to determine what vegetation preceded intense human disturbance, how past changes in vegetation relate to ﬁre and browsing, and the potential of an extinct vegetation type under present climate. We simulated vegetation dynamics near Lago di Massaciucoli for the last 7,000 years using a local chironomid-inferred temperature reconstruction with combinations of three ﬁre regimes (small infrequent, large infrequent, small frequent) and three browsing intensities (no browsing, light browsing, and moderate browsing), and compared model output to pollen data. Simulations with low disturbance support polleninferred evidence for a mixed forest dominated by Quercus ilex (a Mediterranean species) and Abies alba (a montane species). Whereas pollen data record the collapse of A. alba after 6000 cal yr BP, simulated populations expanded with declining summer temperatures during the late Holocene. Simulations with increased ﬁre and browsing are consistent with evidence for expansion by deciduous species after A. alba collapsed. According to our combined paleoenvironmental and modeling evidence, mixed Q. ilex and A. alba forests remain possible with current climate and limited disturbance, and provide a viable management objective for ecosystems near the Mediterranean coast and in regions that are expected to experience a mediterranean-type climate in the future.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garbulsky, Martín F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penuelas, Josep</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ogaya, Romà</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Filella, Iolanda</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leaf and stand-level carbon uptake of a Mediterranean forest estimated using the satellite-derived reflectance indices EVI and PRI</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Remote Sensing</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon uptake (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EVI</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NDVI</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">photochemical reflectance index (PRI)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2012.718457</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">34</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1282 - 1296</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Various aspects of global environmental change affect plant photosynthesis, the primary carbon input in ecosystems. Thus, accurate methods of measuring plant photosynthesis are important. Remotely sensed spectral indices can monitor in detail the green biomass of ecosystems, which provides a measure of potential photosynthetic capacity. In evergreen vegetation types, however, such as Mediterranean forests, the amount of green biomass changes little during the growing season and, therefore, changes in green biomass are not responsible for changes in photosynthetic rates in those forests. This study examined the net photosynthetic rates and the diametric increment of stems in a Mediterranean forest dominated by Quercus ilex using three spectral indices (normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), enhanced vegetation index (EVI), and photochemical reflectance index (PRI)) derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors. Average annual EVI accounted for 83% of the variability of the diametric increment of Q. ilex stems over a 10 year period. NDVI was marginally correlated with the diametric increment of stems. This study was the first to identify a significant correlation between net photosynthetic rates and radiation use efficiency at the leaf level using PRI derived from satellite data analysed at the ecosystem level. These results suggest that each spectral index provided different and complementary information about ecosystem carbon uptake in a Mediterranean Q. ilex forest.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/01431161.2012.718457doi: 10.1080/01431161.2012.718457The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Taylor &amp; Francis</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ojea, Elena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruíz-Benito, PALOMA</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Markandya, Anil</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zavala, MIGUEL a</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood provisioning in Mediterranean forests: A bottom-up spatial valuation approach</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Policy and Economics</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Economic valuation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GIS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Non-sustainable harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable harvest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Timber provisioning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1389934112000743</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">20</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78 - 88</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The science of ecosystem services has evolved signiﬁcantly in the last decade following an increase in interest in the understanding and valuation of these services. Forests provide important ecosystem services that supply societal needs, such as timber, but this provision is not free of conﬂicts derived from the intensive management of forests. A GIS based approach using data from national forest inventories allows us to identify the provision of timber services and to conduct its valuation. The analysis includes a sample of 37,761 plots for 38 commercial tree species in the Spanish Mediterranean region, where we identify sustainable and nonsustainable forests in terms of harvesting intensities and value both the ﬂow of beneﬁts and their net present value. From the analysis we conclude that non-sustainable forests are providing higher economic returns than sustainable forests for most abundant tree species. However, when analysing long term trends, results show that sustainable forests yield higher economic beneﬁts. This latter perspective is preferred when looking at the value of timber as a provisioning service of forests. According to our results, if we wish to encourage sustainability we need to (a) get lower discount rates adopted for the private sector and (b) ensure longer time horizons.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier B.V.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ogaya, Romà</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penuelas, Josep</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Asensio, Dolores</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Llusia, Joan</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlorophyll fluorescence responses to temperature and water availability in two co-dominant Mediterranean shrub and tree species in a long-term field experiment simulating climate change</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental and Experimental Botany</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chlorophyll ﬂuorescence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cold</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drought</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evergreen leaves</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fv/Fm</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phillyrea latifolia</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S009884721100178X</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89 - 93</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A rain exclusion experiment simulating drought conditions expected in Mediterranean areas for the following decades (15% decrease in soil moisture) is being conducted since 1999 in a Mediterranean holm oak forest to study its response to the forecasted climatic changes for the coming decades. The maximum PSII quantum yield of primary photochemistry (Fv/Fm) was measured in Quercus ilex, and Phillyrea latifolia, the co-dominant species of the studied forest, from 1999 to 2009 in four plots: two of them were control plots and the other two plots received the rain exclusion treatment. In both species, the Fv/Fm values were highly dependent on air temperatures, and in a second term, in water availability. P. latifolia was the species with the larger decrease in Fv/Fm values induced by low air temperatures, while in hot seasons, the Fv/Fm values in P. latifolia were even higher than in Q. ilex. Rainfall exclusion decrease Fv/Fm values signiﬁcantly only in few monitoring dates. The most drought resistant species P. latifolia was more affected by the experimental rainfall exclusion than Q. ilex that instead lost number of leaves per tree. There was a synergic effect of drought stress and winter cold in P. latifolia not observed in Q. ilex, but a more conservative strategy in P. latifolia maintaining leaves with a down-regulation of the linear photosynthetic electron transport. These results indicate that, although other physiological and reproductive strategies at whole plant level must be also taken into account, the warmer and drier environment expected for the following decades could favour the species more sensitive to cold and more resistant to drought, the shrub P. latifolia, in detriment of the tree Q. ilex as already observed in the ﬁeld after severe heat-drought episodes.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sardans, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rivas-Ubach, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penuelas, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Factors affecting nutrient concentration and stoichiometry of forest trees in Catalonia (NE Spain)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Ecology and Management</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ecological stoichiometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest climate influence</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree nutrient relationships</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378112711005111</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">262</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2024 - 2034</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Although some studies have observed signiﬁcant correlations between latitude and climate gradients and tree leaf nutrient concentration and stoichiometry, others have not. This study examined the nutrient concentrations of tree leaves in 3530 plots of the Catalonian Forest Inventory. Catalonia is a Mediterranean region located in NE Iberian Peninsula. It has a long land-use history and includes the large industrial-urban area of Barcelona but still contains a large forest area (42%). In the forests of Catalonia, leaf nutrient concentration increased and leaf C:nutrient ratios decreased from south to north, which paralleled the increase in MAP (mean annual precipitation) and the decrease in MAT (mean annual temperature), which was expected in a Mediterranean climate where the availability of water is the most limiting factor for plant nutrient uptake. In addition, the availability of water, which inﬂuences productivity, was associated with low leaf N:P content ratios, which is consistent with the Growth Rate Hypothesis. At a regional scale, the results support the Soil-Age Hypothesis because the youngest soils in the Pyrenees had the lowest leaf N:P ratios. Furthermore, the type of forest (evergreen, deciduous, or coniferous) explained some of the variation in leaf nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry. Nutrient concentrations were highest in deciduous trees and lowest in coniferous trees. Leaf nutrient concentrations and stoichiometry were mainly correlated with climate, but other factors such as the chemical properties of soil and rock, phylogenetics, and different ecological histories and anthropogenic factors such as pollution, had an effect.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier B.V.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chiesi, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibbi, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genesio, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gioli, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magno, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maselli, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moriondo, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vaccari, F. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integration of ground and satellite data to model Mediterranean forest processes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED EARTH OBSERVATION AND GEOINFORMATION</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BIOME-BGC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C-Fix</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ET</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GPP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NEE</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">504 - 515</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The current work presents the testing of a modeling strategy that has been recently developed to simulate the gross and net carbon fluxes of Mediterranean forest ecosystems. The strategy is based on the use of a NDVI-driven parametric model, C-Fix, and of a biogeochemical model, BIOME-BGC, whose outputs are combined to simulate the behavior of forest ecosystems at different development stages. The performances of the modeling strategy are evaluated in three Italian study sites (San Rossore, Lecceto and Pianosa), where carbon fluxes are being measured through the eddy correlation technique. These sites are characterized by variable Mediterranean climates and are covered by different types of forest vegetation (pine wood, Holm oak forest and Macchia, respectively). The results of the tests indicate that the modeling strategy is generally capable of reproducing monthly GPP and NEE patterns in all three study sites. The highest accuracy is obtained in the most mature, homogenous pine wood of San Rossore, while the worst results are found in the Lecceto forest, where there are the most heterogeneous terrain, soil and vegetation conditions. The main error sources are identified in the inaccurate definition of the model inputs, particularly those regulating the site water budgets, which exert a strong control on forest productivity during the Mediterranean summer dry season. In general, the incorporation of NDVI-derived fAPAR estimates corrects for most of these errors and renders the forest flux simulations more stable and accurate. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS&lt;br/&gt;publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chiesi, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibbi, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Genesio, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gioli, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Magno, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maselli, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moriondo, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vaccari, F. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation Integration of ground and satellite data to model Mediterranean forest processes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International Journal of Applied Earth Observations and Geoinformation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2010.10.006</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">504 - 515</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier B.V.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bauer, Eva-Maria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bergmeier, Erwin</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The mountain woodlands of western Crete - plant communities, forest goods, grazing impact and conservation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytocoenologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">greece</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">quercetea ilicis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvopastoralism</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sustainable development</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">wood-pasture</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0340-269X/2011/0041-0482</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">73 - 115</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this study is to classify and describe plant communities of mountain woodlands in the western half of Crete and to relate their species composition to environmental factors with particular reference to grazing. From a total of 232 original phytosociological relevés we classifi ed eight plant communities (plus several subunits). The plant communities were assigned to associations of the class Quercetea ilicis, herein specifi cally to the alliances Erico-Quercion ilicis, Quercion calliprini and Aceri-Cupression sempervirentis. Correspondence analysis revealed a separation of the chiefl y calcifuge Quercus ilex and Q. pubescens associations with more favourable water supply from the woodlands dominated by Q. coccifera, Acer sempervirens, Cupressus sempervirens and Pinus brutia, growing on hard limestone under drier conditions. Species composition in the latter group of woodlands follows an altitudinal gradient, expressing favourable moisture and, on Plattenkalk, nutrient supply at higher elevations. An ecogram was drawn displaying the relative ecological range of each community along moisture and temperature gradients. Silvopastoral impact was different at species response level, and 'tolerators', 'indicators', and 'avoiders' of grazing may be distinguished. Floristic differentiation related to wood-pasture within given associations was not found, indicating high grazing pressure throughout the stands. In most wood-pastures, especially broadleaved (semi-)evergreen, stands are structurally unbalanced, lack tree rejuvenation and require periods of regeneration from browsing. To allow regeneration and monitoring, we advocate sets of sizable exclosures in different areas and elevations, representing all relevant associations.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: Stuttgart&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">López, Bernat C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gracia, Carlos a</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SABATE, Santiago</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">KEENAN, Trevor</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Assessing the resilience of Mediterranean holm oaks to disturbances using selective thinning</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acta Oecologica</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NIRS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resilience</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resprouting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">starch</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thinning</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1146609X0900109X</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">849 - 854</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Climate change will increase the frequency and the intensity of droughts in the Mediterranean region, likely reducing growth and increasing mortality of holm oaks (Quercus ilex), one of the most abundant species of Mediterranean forests. In water-limited systems such as those of the Mediterranean, carbon allocation patterns strongly favour belowground accumulation, especially in large subterranean structures called lignotubers. The resilience of these forests depends largely on the replenishment rate of these carbon reserves after disturbances. An experimental thinning, with two intensities (removal of 40% and 80% of basal area), was performed in 1992 in a holm oak forest at the Prades Experimental Complex of Catchments (NE Spain). In 2002, a second thinning was carried out in subplots within the former experimental 0.5 ha plots. Samples from the lignotubers of holm oak trees were analyzed for starch, and both mobile and immobile chemical components, in order to assess the resilience of holm oaks to repeated disturbances. Our results show that after 10 years, starch stocks in the lignotubers have only recovered to half their former values. Removing 40% of the basal area instead of 80% is suggested to be the better managing option for this kind of forests.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coulis, Mathieu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hättenschwiler, Stephan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rapior, Sylvie</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coq, Sylvain</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The fate of condensed tannins during litter consumption by soil animals</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil Biology and Biochemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decomposition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glomeris marginata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Macrofauna</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polyphenols</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pomatias elegans</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree leaf litter</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0038071709003599</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">41</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2573 - 2578</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Condensed tannins (CT) can strongly affect litter decomposition, but their fate during the decomposition process, in particular as inﬂuenced by detritivore consumption, is not well understood. We tested the hypothesis that litter CT are reduced by the gut passage of two functionally distinct detritivores of Mediterranean forests, the millipede Glomeris marginata, and the land snail Pomatias elegans, as a ﬁxed proportion of initial litter CT, but more so in Pomatias since snails are known to have a more efﬁcient enzymatic capacity. Contrary to our hypothesis, both detritivore species reduced litter CT to near zero in their faecal pellets irrespective of the wide range in initial leaf litter CT concentrations of 9–188 mg g 1 d m among three Mediterranean tree species (Pistacia terebinthus, Quercus ilex, Alnus glutinosa) and different decomposition stages of their litter. The almost complete disappearance of CT even from some litter types highly concentrated in CT, due to either degradation by gut microorganism or complexation of CT into insoluble high molecular weight structures, suggests a high ‘‘de-tanning’’ efﬁciency across functionally distinct detritivore species. The transformation of CT-rich litter into virtually CT-free faecal pellets by detritivores might be highly relevant for the subsequent decomposition process in ecosystems with a high macrofauna abundance and CT-rich plant species such as Mediterranean forests.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">12</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maltez-Mouro, Sara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García, Luis V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freitas, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of forest structure and environmental variables on recruit survival and performance of two Mediterranean tree species (Quercus faginea L. and Q. suber Lam.)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Journal of Forest Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evergreen oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">litter e v ects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">litter effects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recruitment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">winter-deciduous oak</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s10342-008-0236-4http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10342-008-0236-4</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">128</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27 - 36</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">We investigated the regeneration requirements of the two dominant tree species in a mixed-oak forest of SW Portugal: Quercus suber (cork oak, evergreen) and Q. faginea (Portuguese oak, winter-deciduous). We hypothesized that (1) recruits of diVerent oak species are diVerentially inXuenced by soil and overstory variables and (2) diVerent factors explain the recruitment occurrence and performance of the same species. We sampled the recruits’ height and diameter, and several environmental and forest structure variables of their microsites. Both recruitment occurrence and performance were modeled using generalized linear models. Our Wnal models predicted the probability of occurrence of recruits of Q. faginea and Q. suber with 74 and 82% of accuracy, respectively, and explained about 50% of the variance of their recruitment performance. The recruits of Q. faginea tended to occur in microsites with higher canopy height, canopy density and litter cover, and closer to both conspeciWc and heterospeciWc adults, while the opposite was true for recruits of Q. suber. The performance of recruits of Q. suber was favored by the higher litter cover (a good surrogate for N and P availability), but negatively aVected by the higher litter depth. We concluded the following: (1) there were signiWcantly diVerent regeneration niches for each species (Q. faginea and Q. suber); (2) the factors explaining the recruitment occurrence diVered from those explaining the recruitment performance; (3) the overstory plays a complex and important role in the regeneration process; (4) diVerent variables apparently related with the same environmental factor (e.g. litter cover and litter depth) could aVect recruits in an opposite way; (5) sensitive trade-oVs must be considered for delineating management actions, since they could favor the regeneration of Q. suber, but, at the same time, negatively aVect the regeneration of Q. faginea.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chiesi, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maselli, F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moriondo, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fibbi, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bindi, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Running, S. W.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Application of BIOME-BGC to simulate Mediterranean forest processes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecological Modelling</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BIOME-BGC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C-Fix</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GPP</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">monitoring</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Spot-VGT</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304380007001780</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">206</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">179 - 190</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The current work investigates on the applicability of a widespread bio-geochemical model (BIOME-BGC) to estimate seasonal photosynthesis and transpiration within water limited Mediterranean forest environments. The use of the model required a preliminary calibration phase, aimed at setting its ecophysiological parameters to properly simulate the behavior of three Mediterranean species (Quercus ilex L., Quercus cerris L. and Pinus pinaster Ait.). For each of these species, the calibration of BIOME-BGC was performed by adjusting the monthly gross primary productivity (GPP) estimates of 10 forest plots to those of a simpliﬁed parametric model, C-Fix, which is based on the use of satellite and ancillary data. In particular, BIOME-BGC was run modifying the eco-physiological parameters controlling stomatal conductance, in order to identify the best model conﬁgurations to reproduce the spatial, intraand inter-annual GPP variations simulated by C-Fix. Next, the fraction of leaf nitrogen in Rubisco was adjusted to ﬁt also the magnitudes of the C-Fix GPP estimates. The subsequent testing phase consisted of applying the original and calibrated versions of BIOME-BGC in independent forest sites where the three species considered were dominant and for which ﬁeld measurements of photosynthesis and transpiration were available. In all cases the use of the calibrated BIOME-BGC versions led to notably improve the GPP and transpiration estimation accuracy of the original model. The results obtained encourage the operational application of BIOME-BGC in Mediterranean forest environments and indicate a possible strategy to integrate its functions with those of C-Fix.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jarvis, Paul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rey, Ana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petsikos, Charalampos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wingate, Lisa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rayment, Mark</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, João</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Banza, João</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">David, Jorge</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Miglietta, Franco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Borghetti, Marco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Manca, Giovanni</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Valentini, Riccardo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drying and wetting of Mediterranean soils stimulates decomposition and carbon dioxide emission: the “Birch effect”</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree Physiology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon balance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon mineralization rates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean climate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rain pulse</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil rewetting</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil temperature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil water</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">summer rainfall events</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://treephys.oxfordjournals.org/content/27/7/929.abstract</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">27</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">929 - 940</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Observations on the net carbon exchange of forests in the European Mediterranean region, measured recently by the eddy covariance method, have revived interest in a phenomenon first characterized on agricultural and forest soils in East Africa in the 1950s and 1960s by H. F. Birch and now often referred to as the “Birch effect.” When soils become dry during summer because of lack of rain, as is common in regions with Mediterranean climate, or are dried in the laboratory in controlled conditions, and are then rewetted by precipitation or irrigation, there is a burst of decomposition, mineralization and release of inorganic nitrogen and CO2. In forests in Mediterranean climates in southern Europe, this effect has been observed with eddy covariance techniques and soil respiration chambers at the stand and small plot scales, respectively. Following the early work of Birch, laboratory incubations of soils at controlled temperatures and water contents have been used to characterize CO2 release following the rewetting of dry soils. A simple empirical model based on laboratory incubations demonstrates that the amount of carbon mineralized over one year can be predicted from soil temperature and precipitation regime, provided that carbon lost as CO2 is taken into account. We show that the amount of carbon returned to the atmosphere following soil rewetting can reduce significantly the annual net carbon gain by Mediterranean forests.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/treephys/27.7.92910.1093/treephys/27.7.929</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Broncano, Maria José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retana, Javier</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rodrigo, Anselm</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predicting the Recovery of Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex Forests after a Large Wildfire in Northeastern Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">burn severity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">natural regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">post-fire recovery</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">resilience</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s11258-005-0974-z</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">180</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">47 - 56</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis are two of the most common tree species of the western Mediterranean basin. Both species regenerate reliably after ﬁre: P. halepensis colonizes recently disturbed areas by eﬀective seedling recruitment, while Q. ilex resprouts vigorously after disturbances. For this reason, the natural regeneration of these species after ﬁre should ensure the re-establishment of a forest similar to that which existed before the ﬁre. This study analyzes with a simple simulation model whether or not the relative abundance of monospeciﬁc and mixed forests of these species in the landscape is altered by ﬁre. We also analyze the topographic factors and the forest structure before the ﬁre that determine the changes in forest composition after ﬁre. This study has been carried out in a large ﬁre that occurred in NE Spain. Overall, 33% of plots changed to another community type, but this probability of change varied considerably among community types before the ﬁre. Monospeciﬁc forests of P. halepensis or Q. ilex had a high probability of remaining in their original composition after the ﬁre, whereas the resilience of mixed forests of these two species was quite low. Mixed forests changed for the most part to monospeciﬁc P. halepensis or Q. ilex forests. Analysis of several factors determining these changes indicated that only elevation as a signiﬁcant topographical variable. The eﬀect of ﬁre was to increase the altitudinal diﬀerentiation between the two species. P. halepensis forests that changed to mixed or Q. ilex forests were those of highest elevation, while the mixed and Q. ilex plots that changed to P. halepensis forests were those located at the lowest elevations. Concerning structural variables before ﬁre, density of Q. ilex trees before the ﬁre showed a much greater eﬀect than P. halepensis density in determining the post-ﬁre community. Finally, burn severity also inﬂuenced the changes observed. For both P. halepensis and Q. ilex forests, plots that changed to another forest type were mainly those that burned more severely. In the case of mixed forests, even low ﬁre severities involved high probabilities of change to monospeciﬁc forests.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santis, Franco</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zona, Donatella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bellagotti, Raffaella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vichi, Francesca</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allegrini, Ivo</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozone monitoring in a Mediterranean forest using diffusive and continuous sampling</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diffusive sampling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozone (vertical profile)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-004-2831-7</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">380</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">818 - 823</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ambient ozone was measured in a forest in Castelporziano (Italy) characterised by the prevailing presence of Holm-oak trees (Quercus ilex L.) from June to November 2003. Two methods for measuring ozone were used: long-term monitoring using diﬀusive samplers at three heights within the canopy, and continuous monitoring at two heights using the UV method. Results for one week mean ozone levels above and below the canopy from the diﬀusive samplers were compared to those obtained using the automatic analyser at the same levels. A good correlation between the two sampling techniques was found. Continuous monitoring showed a daily cycle with a midday maximum and a nocturnal minimum. While the forest ﬂoor consistently had the lowest ozone concentration, there were no diﬀerences during most daytime hours. The midday maximum is clearly due to downward mixing with O3 -rich air from above. The night-time ozone decay within the canopy is the result of dry deposition of O3 and most likely due to reaction with biogenically produced NO. AOT40 within and above the canopy mostly exceeded the critical levels</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5-6</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Springer-Verlag</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penuelas, Josep</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boada, Martí</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A global change-induced biome shift in the Montseny mountains (NE Spain)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Global Change Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">altitudinal shift</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">biome replacement</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calluna heathland</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">defoliation status</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fagus sylvatica</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land use change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Montseny mountains</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recruitment</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temperate forest</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00566.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">131 - 140</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Shifts in plant species and biome distribution in response to warming have been described in past climate changes. However, reported evidence of such shifts under current climate change is still scarce. By comparing current and 1945 vegetation distribution in the Montseny mountains (Catalonia, NE Spain), we report here a progressive replacement of cold-temperate ecosystems by Mediterranean ecosystems. Beech (Fagus sylvatica) forest has shifted altitudinally upwards by ca. 70 m at the highest altitudes (1600–1700 m). Both the beech forests and the heather (Calluna vulgaris) heathlands are being replaced by holm oak (Quercus ilex) forest at medium altitudes (800–1400 m). This beech replacement has been observed to occur through a progressive isolation and degradation of beech stands. In ‘isolated’ (small and surrounded by holm oaks) beech stands, beech trees are 30% more defoliated, beech recruitment is 41% lower, and holm oak recruitment is three times higher than in ‘continental’ (large and continuous) beech stands. The progressively warmer conditions, complemented by the land use changes (mainly the cessation of traditional land management) are the apparent causes, providing a paradigmatic example of global change affecting distributions of plant species and biomes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Blackwell Science, Ltd</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Díaz-Villa, M. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MARAÑON, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arroyo, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garrido, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil seed bank and floristic diversity in a forest-grassland mosaic in southern Spain</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Vegetation Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biodiversity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forests conservation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">nomenclature</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Regeneration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Species richness</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://doi.wiley.com/10.1658/1100-9233(2003)014[0701:SSBAFD]2.0.CO;2</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Soil seed bank and floristic diversity were studied in a forest of Quercus suber, a forest of Quercus canariensis and a grassland, forming a vegetation mosaic in Los Alcornocales Natural Park, southern Spain. The soil seed bank was estimated by the germination technique. In each community patch, diversity, woody species cover and herbaceous species frequency was measured. Three biodiversity components – species richness, endemism and taxonomic singularity – were considered in the vegetation and the seed bank. Forest patches had a soil seed bank of ca. 11 200-14 100 seed.m–2 and their composition had low resemblance to (epigeal) vegetation. The grassland patch had a more dense seed bank (ca. 31 800 seed.m–2 ) and a higher index of similarity with vegetation, compared with the forests nearby. The complete forest diversity was 71-78 species on 0.1 ha, including 12-15 species found only in the seed bank; the grassland species richness was higher (113 species on 0.1 ha). We discuss the role of soil seed banks in the vegetation dynamics and in the complete plant biodiversity of the mosaic landscape studied.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dedeyan, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Klonowska, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tagger, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tron, T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Iacazio, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gil, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Le petit, J.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biochemical and molecular characterization of a laccase from Marasmius quercophilus</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Basidiomycete</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">litter</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marasmius quercophilus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">structural genes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">66</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">925 - 929</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The basidiomycete Marasmius quercophilus is commonly found during autumn on the decaying litter of the evergreen oak (Quercus ilex L.), a plant characteristic of Mediterranean forest. This white-rot fungus colonizes the leaf surface with rhizomorphs, causing a total bleaching of the leaf. In synthetic liquid media, this white-rot fungus has strong laccase activity. From a three-step chromatographic procedure, we purified a major isoform to homogeneity, The gene encodes a monomeric glycoprotein of approximately 63 kDa, with a 3.6 isoelectric point, that contains 12% carbohydrate, Spectroscopic analysis of the purified enzyme (UV/visible and electron paramagnetic resonance, atomic absorption) confirmed that it belongs to the ``blue copper oxidase{''} family. With syringaldazine as the substrate, the enzyme's pH optimum was 4.5, the optimal temperature was 75 degrees C, and the K-m was 7.1 mu M. The structural gene, lac1, was cloned and sequenced. This gene encodes a 517-amino-acid protein 99% identical to a laccase produced by PM1, an unidentified basidiomycete previously isolated from wastewater from a paper factory in Spain. This similarity may be explained by the ecological distribution of the evergreen oak in Mediterranean forest.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Keys: APSKeys: APSThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA&lt;br/&gt;publisher: AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Angelis, Paolo De</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Litter quality and decomposition in a CO2-enriched Mediterranean forest ecosystem</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant and Soil</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">decomposition rates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elevated [CO2]</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">litter quality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/G454271653154617.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">224</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31 - 41</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Six large open top chambers were installed to test the effect of atmospheric [CO2] enrichment on clumps of natural Mediterranean vegetation starting from early spring 1992. To study the impact of [CO2] enrichment on litter decomposition, leaves of three woody species (Quercus ilex L., Phillyrea angustifolia L. and Pistacia lentiscus L.) were collected from the forest ﬂoor and subsequently incubated in situ over a two-year period. The initial slope of the exponential function, describing mass loss, indicated that there was a small negative effect of elevated [CO2] on the decomposition rate of all the species. All regressions were signiﬁcant. The decrease of decomposition rate is particularly notable during the initial stages of decomposition, when the differences of quality parameters, lignin/N and C/N were larger. This study points out that a decrease of decomposition rate may occur under elevated [CO2] conditions; if this effect is coupled to an increase of primary production, there will be a net rise of C-storage in the soils of forest ecosystems. Forest soils may, therefore, represent a potentially increasing sink for this excess carbon.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gracia, C. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sabate, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tello, E.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mohren, GMJ and Kramer</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling the responses to climate change of a Mediterranean forest managed at different thinning intensities: Effects on growth and water fluxes</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CHANGE ON TREE PHYSIOLOGY AND FOREST ECOSYSTEMS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate change</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Modelling</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPRINGER</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">52</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">243 - 252</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">0-7923-4921-0</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study explores the effect of various climatic change scenarios over a 50 year period on plots managed at a range of thinning intensities. In order to determine how management practises can modify the effect of climatic change on Mediterranean Forests we integrated field experiments and the results of the GOTILWA model so as to take into account both water fluxes and forest structure interactions. The results show that the positive effects of atmospheric CO2 fertilisation, causing an increase in WUE, counteract with the negative effects of both temperature increase and rainfall decrease. Thinning might attenuate the effects of adverse conditions by reducing both leaf respiratory costs and the foliage turnover rate.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: IMPACTS OF GLOBAL CHANGE ON TREE PHYSIOLOGY AND FOREST ECOSYSTEMS&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DE SIMÓN NAVARRETE, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Investigaci, Nnavarrete Centro D. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Apartado, Agraria D. E. Granada</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Restauración del bosque mediterráneo: aplicación de modelos de restauración a los encinares.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydrological process</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Restoration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">structure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">271 - 276</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The activities in order to restore the mediterraneam forests have been constitued by the restoration of the structures and natural vegetation communities in order to preserve the water and soil in the drainage basins. A restoration of the vegetation covers in a drainage basin with hydrological and biological criteria have been projected, using sorne reforestation works in order to the best utilitation of the water resources and the conservation of the soil. The Quercus rotundifolia is one of the most extended species in the mediterranean area and it is apply for the forestation of the lands. This paper proposes a model of applied for its restoration. K.W.:</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;periodical: II Congreso Forestal Español&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: Pamplona</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FERRAN, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vallejo, V. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Litter dynamics in post-fire successional forests of Quercus ilex</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C/N ratio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Decay coefficient</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holm oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant regeneration</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/p30r4492qt193p64.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-100</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">239 - 246</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest floor regeneration after fire in a holm oak forest was studied in a chronosequence in Catalonia (NE Spain). The sampled area represented situations of high fire disturbance because of the frequency of wildfires and the high impact of erosive processes. Forest floor bulk samples from the L, F and H layers were taken in 5 burned plots, aging from 0 to 35 years. They were analyzed for dry standing weight, and organic carbon and N content. Plant cover reached almost 100°o two years after the fire. During the first 20 years, shrubs and herbs had the highest surface covering, and thereafter, holm oaks became dominant. Holm oak litterfall stabilized by the fourth year after burning. The major shrub species which were present in the chronosequence had two different patterns with respect to nitrogen: 1) a low litter C/N ratio (i.e. nitrogen fixing species); 2) a high litter C/N ratio. The litter decay coefficients were relatively high, allowing for a rapid structuration and formation of the L and F layers after the fire. Indeed, 95 ° o of the maximum steady standing weight accumulates in 8-9 years. The pattern of cover in the different strata influenced the lateral distribution and variable accumulation of the forest floor layers and determined different turnover rates.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bellot, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sánchez, J. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lledó, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Martínez, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Escarré, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Litterfall as a measure of primary production in Mediterranean holm-oak forest</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">holm-oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">litterfall</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">litterfall nutrient contents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean forest</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">primary production</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">temporal variability</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1992///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/G0748K217R54824M.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">99-100</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">69 - 76</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In this paper we discuss the use of litterfall as a method to measure primary production and its between year relation to climatic fluctuation. Seven years of study in a mediterranean holm-oak forest showed a moderate inter-annual variability of litterfall (C.V. 11°;), while the annual variability of the actual or evapotranspiration was three times higher (C.V. 30/o). Furthermore, the inter- and intra-annual vari- ability of nutrient content in the various fractions are presented in relation to water availability. Monthly and seasonal variability was higher than the annual variability for all analyzed elements.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>