<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vilela, Carla</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sousa, Andreia F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freire, Carmen S R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvestre, Armando J D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascoal Neto, Carlos</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novel sustainable composites prepared from cork residues and biopolymers</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biomass and Bioenergy</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork biomass residues</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymer-matrix composites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">renewable resources</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sustainable composites</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Submitted</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novel low-density biocomposites based on cork and two biodegradable matrices, poly(lactic acid) and poly(caprolactone), were prepared by simple melting-mixing. The surface acylation of cork was studied as a strategy to increase the compatibility with the matrices. The obtained composites were characterized in terms of thermal and mechanical properties, morphology, density and water absorption behavior. All composites showed a good dispersion of cork and a strong interfacial adhesion between the cork particles and the polymeric matrices as evidenced by SEM. The Young's modulus values of the composites were little affected for cork loads up to 10%; but for higher loadings, a considerable decrease on this parameter was observed resulting in more flexible materials. These sustainable cork based materials could find applications in several domains such as in flooring and structural applications, depending on the amount of cork and the polymeric matrix used.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreira, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">António, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tadeu, A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lightweight screed containing cork granules: mechanical and hygrothermal characterization</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cement and Concrete Composites</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">expanded cork aggregates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hygrothermal properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lightweight screed</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the use of expanded cork granule waste with cement-based mixtures to produce lightweight screeds as an overlay of a structural concrete slab. Lightweight screeds (LWSs) were made with Portland cement, sand, expanded cork granules (ECG) and water. These cork particles are industrial waste and are still a completely natural material even after industrial processing. The experiments were carried out on 3 cement dosages of 150 kg/m3, 250 kg/m3 and 400kg/m3, incorporating expanded cork granules as replacement of part of the sand. Three additional mixtures without cork were prepared and used as reference. They had the same cement content as the lightweight ones. Hardened density, compressive strength, thermal conductivity, water vapor permeability, adsorption isotherms and water absorption by partial immersion of the mixtures were determined. Results show that the addition of expanded cork granules affects the screeds by decreasing their density, compressive strength and thermal conductivity while increasing their water vapor permeability.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lykidis, Charalampos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Grigoriou, Athanasios</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barboutis, Ioannis</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Utilisation of wood biomass residues from fruit tree branches, evergreen hardwood shrubs and Greek fir wood as raw materials for particleboard production. Part A. Mechanical properties</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood Material Science &amp; Engineering</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">evergreen hardwood shrubs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fruit tree branches</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Greek fir</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">particleboard</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Taylor &amp; Francis</style></publisher><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1-7</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract This paper investigates the potential of utilising wood biomass from fruit tree branches and evergreen hardwood shrubs as raw materials in the production of particleboards when mixed with Greek fir wood particles. The main mechanical properties of the boards made therefrom were determined and compared with those made of typical industrial wood (IW) particles. The highest modulus of rupture and elasticity (30.0 N/mm2 and 4330 N/mm2, respectively) in bending and screw withdrawal (SW) resistance (127.8 N/mm) were reported for boards made of Greek fir and were downgraded when the fruit tree branches or evergreen hardwood shrub particles also participated. The participation of fruit tree branch particles in proportions higher than 50% improved the internal bond (IB) of fir produced boards, while the highest IB strength (0.95 N/mm2) was reported for boards made of fruit tree branches. Particleboards made of evergreen hardwood shrubs showed inferior mechanical properties compared with those made of IW particles. The latter also showed superior bending strength but inferior SW resistance compared with boards made of fruit tree branches. Hygroscopic and other properties are under determination and will be presented and discussed in the second part of the work.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/17480272.2013.875589</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/17480272.2013.875589</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brás, Ana</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leal, Márcio</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Faria, Paulina</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cement-cork mortars for thermal bridges correction. Comparison with cement-EPS mortars performance</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Construction and Building Materials</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cement mortar</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork granulate by-product</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">EPS beads</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microstructure</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rheology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermal behaviour</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">49</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">315-327</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the advantage of cork-mortars for renderings when compared to EPS-mortars, from a thermal characteristics point of view, namely in steady and unsteady conditions. It was intended to develop specific rendering mortars able to be applied in thermal bridges to reduce con- densation effects and heat transfer in buildings envelopes. The impact of this solution is significant, espe- cially in building typologies as framed reinforced concrete structures. Cement mortars and cement-EPS mortars are used as a reference as their properties are easily recognized compared to cement-cork mor- tars, which are made with by-products from the cork industry. Several studies were made concerning fresh and hardened state behaviour of mortars, namely: rheological and mechanical properties, micro- structure evolution with time and thermal behaviour. For a cement based mortar, different cork dosages (from 0% to 80%) were tested (as sand replacement by mass). Microstructural analyses show that the mechanical properties of cement-cork blends are not only controlled by cork’s low density, but also by interaction of cork extractives with the cement hydration process. Thermal conductivity presents a linear decrease for an increasing cork dosage in mortars. Concerning the effect on thermal delay, cork-mortars seem to behave better than EPS-mortars</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandes, Emanuel M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlo, Vitor M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mano, João F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reis, Rui L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Novel cork–polymer composites reinforced with short natural coconut fibres: Effect of fibre loading and coupling agent addition</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composites Science and Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extrusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hybrid composites</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polymer–matrix composites (PMCs)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">78</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56-62</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composites from high density polyethylene filled with cork powder and coconut short fibres, in two different ratios, were prepared in a twin-screw extruder followed by compression moulding process. The main motivation of this work was to improve the mechanical performance without compromising the use of high weight percentage of natural component used in the preparation of cork-based composites. The morphology of the hybrid composites were more homogeneous in the presence of the coupling agent (CA) displaying enhanced fibre–matrix adhesion. Moreover, the use of CA based on maleic anhydride promotes a mechanical reinforcement effect on the tensile properties, including the elongation at break. The addition of coconut fibre resulted on an increase of 27% in elastic modulus and 47% in the tensile strength when compared with the unreinforced cork-based (50–50) wt.% composite. This work clearly shows that the addition of 10 wt.% of short-coconut fibres, randomly distributed, can be effectively used as reinforcing strategy of cork-based composite materials, preferably in the presence of 2 wt.% of CA.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barbosa, a Q.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">da Silva, L. F. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Öchsner, a</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abenojar, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">del Real, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of the Size and Amount of Cork Particles on the Impact Toughness of a Structural Adhesive</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of Adhesion</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adhesive</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Surface treatment</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00218464.2012.660811http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218464.2012.660811</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">88</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">452 - 470</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The inclusion of particles (nano or micro) is a method to improve the mechanical properties, such as toughness, of structural adhesives. Structural adhesives are known for their high strength and stiffness but also for their low ductility and toughness. There are many processes described in the literature to increase the toughness, one of the most common being the use of rubber particles. In the present study, natural micro particles of cork were used with the objective to increase the impact resistance of a brittle epoxy adhesive. The idea is for the cork particles to act like crack stoppers and absorb impact leading to higher absorption of energy. The influence of the cork particle size and amount were studied. Particles of cork ranging from 38 to 250 µm were mixed in the epoxy adhesive Araldite? 2020 from Huntsman. The amount of cork in the adhesive was varied between 1 and 5% by weight. Surface treatment (low pressure plasma) was applied to the cork powder to assess the effect of the interaction adhesive-cork with several degrees of adhesion. This evaluation was made using impact tests and it was evident that impact absorption was related to the size and amount of cork particles in the resin, considering a uniform particle distribution.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4-6</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 (Influence of the Size and Amount of Cork Particles on the Impact Toughness of a Structural Adhesive - Barbosa, A Q; da Silva, L F M; Öchsner, A; Abenojar, J; del Real, J C)From Duplicate 2 (Influence of the Size and Amount of Cork Particles on the Impact Toughness of a Structural Adhesive - Barbosa, A Q; da Silva, L F M; Öchsner, A; Abenojar, J; del Real, J C)The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Taylor &amp; Francis</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandes, Emanuel M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlo, Vitor M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a.M. Chagas, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mano, João F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reis, Rui L</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Properties of new cork–polymer composites: Advantages and drawbacks as compared with commercially available fibreboard materials</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composite Structures</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyoleﬁn</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermal properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thickness swelling</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WATER ABSORPTION</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">93</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3120-3129</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork powder (50 wt.%) was mixed with polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE) by pultrusion aiming to prepare cork-based composites. In a further step, samples were produced by compression moulding using the compounded composites. Bending strength, impact resistance, hardness, dimensional stability, thermal and acoustic properties of the developed cork–polymer composites (CPC) were determined and compared with commercially available products namely medium density ﬁbreboard (MDF) and high density ﬁbreboard (HDF). It was found that the CPC have good dimensional stability, lower water uptake, a better acoustic insulation performance and similar behaviour in terms of hardness and ﬁre resistance when compared with both MDF and HDF. However, the mechanical strength is inferior comparing with both commercial materials based on ﬁbres. It was also observed that addition of cork improved the ﬂexural modulus, impact resistance and hardness on the developed CPC. Thus, the herein described CPC materials showed important characteristics to be considered as good candidates to be applied in the design of ﬂooring and construction systems.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandes, Emanuel M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Correlo, Vitor M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a. M. Chagas, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mano, João F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reis, Rui L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork based composites using polyolefin’s as matrix: Morphology and mechanical performance</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Composites Science and Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork and thermoplastic</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coupling agents</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pultrusion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermal properties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0266353810003672</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">70</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2310 - 2318</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cork industry produces high amounts of cork powders resulting from the ﬁnal stages of cork processing or resulting from existing cork products. Usually these powders are burned and served to boilers in industrial processes. The main goal of this work is to transform this cork sub-product into a highly value composite product. The real value is dependent on the mechanical performance of this product. Thus the mixture between cork and thermoplastics, particularly the improvement of interfacial bonding, is an important topic, which needs to be developed. The interfacial afﬁnity can be greatly increased, applying superﬁcial modiﬁcation of one of the components, or by the use of coupling agents. In this work, a high amount of cork powder (50 wt.%) from different origins combined with different thermoplastic materials using melt based processes has been examined. Pultrusion was used to produce pellets and compression moulding to obtain boards to determine its properties. Coupling agents based on maleic anhydride (2 wt.%) improved the tensile strength successfully, while the cork powder has an a important role in the stiffness. The morphology of the surface fractures indicated a good dispersion of the cork and a good adhesion between both phases. Thermal properties of the composites disclosed a nucleating effect promoted by cork</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier Ltd</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ben Abdallah, Faiza</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ben Cheikh, Ridha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baklouti, Mohamed</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denchev, Zlatan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunha, Antonio M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of surface treatment in cork reinforced composites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Polymer Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">composite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interface adhesion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">silanization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10965-009-9339-yhttp://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s10965-009-9339-y</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">519 - 528</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This work explores the possibility of using cork for reinforcing of polypropylene (PP). The cork granules were mixed with PP by extrusion and the mixture was then injected. The hydrophilic character of cork and the hydrophobic character of PP influence negatively the adhesion at the interface between the reinforcement and the matrix. In order to improve it, several chemical modifications of the cork reinforcements were used in this work: treatment with silane, with sodium hydroxide and with a compatibilizing agent MAPP. The interface modifications were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Goniometry analysis and infrared spectroscopy analysis (IR). The improvement of the mechanical properties was demonstrated by tensile tests. On their basis it was demonstrated that the best interfacial adhesion between cork and PP is achieved by the silane chemical modification (silanization).</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ben Abdallah, Faiza</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ben Cheikh, Ridha</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baklouti, Mohamed</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denchev, Zlatan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cunha, Antonio M.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effect of surface treatment in cork reinforced composites</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Polymer Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">composite</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">interface adhesion</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">silanization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">519-528</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This work explores the possibility of using cork for reinforcing of polypropylene (PP). The cork granules were mixed with PP by extrusion and the mixture was then injected. The hydrophilic character of cork and the hydrophobic character of PP influence negatively the adhesion at the interface between the reinforcement and the matrix. In order to improve it, several chemical modifications of the cork reinforcements were used in this work: treatment with silane, with sodium hydroxide and with a compatibilizing agent MAPP. The interface modifications were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Goniometry analysis and infrared spectroscopy analysis (IR). The improvement of the mechanical properties was demonstrated by tensile tests. On their basis it was demonstrated that the best interfacial adhesion between cork and PP is achieved by the silane chemical modification (silanization).</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clair, B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arinero, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leveque, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramonda, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thibaut, B</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging the mechanical properties of wood cell wall layers by atomic force modulation microscopy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IAWA JOURNAL</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">atomic force microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elastic modulus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INT ASSOC WOOD ANATOMISTS</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RIJKSHERBARIUM, PO BOX 9514, 2300 LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">223-230</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atomic Force Microscopy in force modulation mode was used to study the elastic properties of the different fibre wall layers of the tension wood of holm oak and normal wood of boco. The method is based on the measurement of the resonance frequency of the microscope lever in contact with the sample. This frequency is related to the reduced Young modulus E{*} = E/(1-nu(2)) of the material, supposed to be isotropic. `Elastic' images of the cell are obtained simultaneously with the topographic images, which allows the observation of the mechanical properties of the cells at a nanometric scale. Layers G, S-1, S-2 and ML can clearly be distinguished. By comparison with known materials an estimation of the absolute modulus is given in the range 5-20 GPa, but should be considered with caution, because the inherent anisotropy of the materials has not been taken into account.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Clair, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arinero, R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Leveque, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramonda, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thibaut, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Imaging the mechanical properties of wood cell wall layers by atomic force modulation microscopy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">IAWA JOURNAL</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">atomic force microscopy</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">elastic modulus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2003///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">24</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">223 - 230</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atomic Force Microscopy in force modulation mode was used to study the elastic properties of the different fibre wall layers of the tension wood of holm oak and normal wood of boco. The method is based on the measurement of the resonance frequency of the microscope lever in contact with the sample. This frequency is related to the reduced Young modulus E{*} = E/(1-nu(2)) of the material, supposed to be isotropic. `Elastic' images of the cell are obtained simultaneously with the topographic images, which allows the observation of the mechanical properties of the cells at a nanometric scale. Layers G, S-1, S-2 and ML can clearly be distinguished. By comparison with known materials an estimation of the absolute modulus is given in the range 5-20 GPa, but should be considered with caution, because the inherent anisotropy of the materials has not been taken into account.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: RIJKSHERBARIUM, PO BOX 9514, 2300 LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS&lt;br/&gt;publisher: INT ASSOC WOOD ANATOMISTS</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teixeira, M J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandes, A C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saramago, B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosa, M E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bordado, J C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of the wetting properties of polymeric adhesives on the mechanical behaviour of cork agglomerates</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adhesives</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork agglometares</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WETTING</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1111-1127</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A series of adhesives, polyurethane prepolymers with alkane chains of different functionalities, were used in the production of cork agglomerates. The polymeric structure varied from long, linear chains in adhesive M1 (14% isocyanate groups) to short, branched chains in adhesive M4 (30% isocyanate groups). The wetting properties of the adhesives were studied through surface tension and contact angle measurements of the polymeric liquids deposited on cork substrates. The mechanical behaviour of the cork agglomerates was studied through compression and three-point bending tests, and the agglomerate structure was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The relationship between the structural and wetting characteristics of the adhesives and the mechanical properties of the agglomerates was investigated. The experimental results indicate that it is the work of adhesion for the adhesive/cork system, and not only the contact angle, which determines the mechanical resistance of the cork agglomerate.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teixeira, M. J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernandes, A. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Saramago, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ROSA, M. E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BORDADO, J. C.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Influence of the wetting properties of polymeric adhesives on the mechanical behaviour of cork agglomerates</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">JOURNAL OF ADHESION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adhesives</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork agglometares</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WETTING</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1111 - 1127</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A series of adhesives, polyurethane prepolymers with alkane chains of different functionalities, were used in the production of cork agglomerates. The polymeric structure varied from long, linear chains in adhesive M1 (14% isocyanate groups) to short, branched chains in adhesive M4 (30% isocyanate groups). The wetting properties of the adhesives were studied through surface tension and contact angle measurements of the polymeric liquids deposited on cork substrates. The mechanical behaviour of the cork agglomerates was studied through compression and three-point bending tests, and the agglomerate structure was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The relationship between the structural and wetting characteristics of the adhesives and the mechanical properties of the agglomerates was investigated. The experimental results indicate that it is the work of adhesion for the adhesive/cork system, and not only the contact angle, which determines the mechanical resistance of the cork agglomerate.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS&lt;br/&gt;publisher: BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rosa, M E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, H</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">THE EFFECT OF LONG-TERM TREATMENT AT 100-DEGREES-C-150-DEGREES-C ON STRUCTURE, CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION AND COMPRESSION BEHAVIOR OF CORK</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOLZFORSCHUNG</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">c</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cellular materials</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mechanical properties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">WALTER DE GRUYTER &amp; CO</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">48</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">226-232</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effects of heating of cork in air at 100-degrees-C and 150-degrees-C&lt;br/&gt;for up to 42 days have been studied. Dimensional and mass changes&lt;br/&gt;induced by heat treatment were measured and the chemical composition was&lt;br/&gt;analysed. The thermal degradation of cork is small for short periods of&lt;br/&gt;treatment but increases with time and temperature. Cork looses after 42&lt;br/&gt;days of treatment 6.8 % of its mass at 100-degrees-C and 19.9 % at&lt;br/&gt;150-degrees-C. Cork extractives and polysaccharides were found to be the&lt;br/&gt;most temperature labile components. The cellular structure, observed by&lt;br/&gt;scanning electron microscopy, did not change with treatment in these&lt;br/&gt;conditions. Compression curves of untreated and heat treated cork&lt;br/&gt;samples were obtained, which show an increase of compression strength&lt;br/&gt;upon heating for short exposure periods and a decrease for longer ones.&lt;br/&gt;The changes observed in the compression behaviour of cork treated at&lt;br/&gt;100-degrees-C and 150-degrees-C were related to the chemical composition&lt;br/&gt;changes induced by heat treatment.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>