<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barra-Jimenez, Azahara</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blasco, Miquel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ruiz-Galea, Mar</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Celestino, Cristina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alegre, Jesús</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arrillaga, Isabel</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toribio, Mariano</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cloning mature holm oak trees by somatic embryogenesis</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TREES-STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult trees</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arabinogalactan protein</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integuments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ovules</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetative propagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SPRINGER</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">28</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">657-667</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Integuments from holm oak developing ovules were suitable initial explants to obtain embryogenic lines from which plants could be regenerated. The implementation of multivarietal forestry as part of breeding strategies is expected to provide more productive forest plantations. To achieve this, a reliable and effective method for mass production of clonal plants is needed. Somatic embryogenesis is considered the enabling technology for implementing multivarietal forestry. The holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) is a Mediterranean evergreen tree of economic interests because of the acorn production for animal feed and edible fungi mycorrhization. The aim of this work was to obtain clonal plants by inducing somatic embryogenesis in tissues of female flowers from mature trees. The influence of the developmental stage of the explant, the genotype and medium composition, and the effect of arabinogalactan proteins on the induction frequency, were assessed. Somatic embryogenesis induction (frequency ranging from 1.2 to 3.2 %) was restricted to ovules excised at an advanced stage of development, when they were at least 3-4 mm wide and the rest of the ovules within the ovary had aborted. Somatic embryos arose from the integuments of those fertilized ovules. Embryogenic response was obtained on media with and without plant growth regulators. All the genotypes that were cultured on medium containing ``as reported by Schenk and Hildebrandt (Can J Bot 50:199-204, 1972){''} SH macronutrients could be captured. Treatments including Larix arabinogalactan proteins did not improve induction, while those from Acacia inhibited the embryogenic response. Several embryogenic lines were multiplied by repetitive embryogenesis on medium lacking plant growth regulators. Mature somatic embryos of three genotypes were germinated at frequencies ranging from 41 to 58 %, and converted into plants at frequencies from 11 to 30 %, depending on the genotype.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blasco, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barra, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brisa, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Corredoira, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Segura, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Toribio, M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Arrillaga, I.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somatic embryogenesis in holm oak male catkins</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plant Growth Regulation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adult trees</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">developmental stage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">flow cytometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">forest biotechnology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">histology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">micropropagation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">secondary embryogenesis</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2013///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10725-013-9826-3</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">261 - 270</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Somatic embryogenesis (SE) of tree species is the most promising method for the implementation of multivarietal forestry and for biotechnological approaches. To date, however, the application of this technology to mature trees is restricted to a few species. This is the first report on the induction of SE from male catkins of 100-year-old holm oaks (Quercus ilex L.). Embryogenic competence was mainly dependent on genotype and restricted to the most advanced catkin developmental stage with distinguishable closed flowers along the axis. Fol- lowing a three-stage treatment procedure, embryogenic response (frequencies up 3.3 %) was obtained in three [Remedio, Villar del Arzobispo (VA) and Hunde (HU)] out of the five genotypes evaluated. In the culture conditions tested, the preferred protocol to induce SE in holm oak catkins should include: induction on MS medium with 6-benzyladenine and naphthaleneacetic acid, subculture onto medium with a reduced concentration of both plant growth regulators and a final transference to medium without growth regulators. Under these conditions cotyledonary-stage cotyledonary-stage somatic embryos developed from brown calli with or without nodular structures. Secondary SE, favored by the addition of sorbitol to the manifestation medium, allowed the establishment of 14 embryogenic lines belonging to VA and HU genotypes. Histological observations of the proliferating cultures revealed the presence of globular, torpedo and cotyledonary somatic embryos. Somatic embryos were diploid as verified by flow cytometry analysis, suggesting that they originated from the perianthic tissue of the male flower</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record></records></xml>