<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonal, Raul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Espelta, Josep Maria</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vogler, Alfried P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Complex selection on life-history traits and the maintenance of variation in exaggerated rostrum length in acorn weevils.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oecologia</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Body size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curculio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ecomorphological diversification</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trophic segregation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21674207</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">167</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1053 - 1061</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trophic interactions can trigger the development of exaggerated specialized characters and promote morphological diversification. For example, acorn weevils (genus Curculio) present strikingly long rostrums, which are used by females to perforate oviposition holes through the seed coat. Species exhibiting longer rostrums are known to exploit larger acorns, and therefore rostrum length is thought to be subject to selection to match the preferred acorn type. However, rostrum length is strongly correlated with body size, and morphological divergence could result from either selection on rostrum length for optimal food exploitation or from other pressures acting on body size. We collected infested acorns at oak forests where the large Curculio elephas and the small-bodied Curculio glandium co-occur. There were no interspecific differences in adult female body size to rostrum length allometric relationships, and rostrum length is equally correlated with body size in either species. MtDNA-based species identification showed that C. glandium larvae were present within acorns of all sizes, whereas C. elephas larvae were restricted to acorns above a minimum size, irrespective of oak species. Hence, exploitation of large acorns can hardly have triggered rostrum enlargement, as the small sized C. glandium adults (with short rostrums) could perforate and oviposit in both small and large acorns. Rather, increased rostrum length is probably a by-product of the larger body sizes of individuals emerging from bigger acorns, which allow increased larval size and enhance larval survival likelihood. Summarizing, when exaggerated feeding traits co-vary with other body features, interspecific morphological variability may result from contrasting selective pressures acting on these correlated characters.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 21674207</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Azcárate, F. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peco, B.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvester ants (Messor barbarus) as disturbance agents in Mediterranean grasslands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Vegetation Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">midden</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed bank</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil property</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trunk trail</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2007.tb02520.x/full</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">103 - 110</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Questions: 1. Do disturbances by harvester ants (Messor barbarus L.) affect soil properties? 2. Do they alter seed distribution? 3. Do they show a different species composition? 4 Are these changes related to seed size (length and weight)? Location: Mediterranean grasslands in central Spain, near Madrid. Methods: We recorded autumn seed banks and spring vegetation in middens, trunk trails and controls. Soil properties were also measured in middens and controls. The effect of seed weight and length was analysed after transforming data into phylogenetically independent contrasts. Results: Soil under middens is more silty and higher in potassium, organic matter and pH. Seed density and seed bank species richness increased greatly in middens, while vegetation species richness was signiﬁcantly lower in comparison to control samples. Abundance changes in this disturbance type were positively correlated with seed weight, both in seed bank and vegetation. In contrast, we only detected a slight increase in bare ground on foraging trunk trails, with no clear effects on seed bank and vegetation composition. Conclusions: Midden development is a mechanism that generates heterogeneity which favours the survival of certain large-seeded species mainly predated by ants in Mediterranean grasslands. This effect may partially neutralize the dominance of small seeded species expected from the seed predation process.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andrew 1986</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Azcárate, F M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peco, B</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harvester ants (Messor barbarus) as disturbance agents in Mediterranean grasslands</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Vegetation Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">midden</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed bank</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">soil property</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Trunk trail</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">103-110</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Questions: 1. Do disturbances by harvester ants (Messor barbarus L.) affect soil properties? 2. Do they alter seed distribution? 3. Do they show a different species composition? 4 Are these changes related to seed size (length and weight)? Location: Mediterranean grasslands in central Spain, near Madrid. Methods: We recorded autumn seed banks and spring vegetation in middens, trunk trails and controls. Soil properties were also measured in middens and controls. The effect of seed weight and length was analysed after transforming data into phylogenetically independent contrasts. Results: Soil under middens is more silty and higher in potassium, organic matter and pH. Seed density and seed bank species richness increased greatly in middens, while vegetation species richness was signiﬁcantly lower in comparison to control samples. Abundance changes in this disturbance type were positively correlated with seed weight, both in seed bank and vegetation. In contrast, we only detected a slight increase in bare ground on foraging trunk trails, with no clear effects on seed bank and vegetation composition. Conclusions: Midden development is a mechanism that generates heterogeneity which favours the survival of certain large-seeded species mainly predated by ants in Mediterranean grasslands. This effect may partially neutralize the dominance of small seeded species expected from the seed predation process.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pérez-Ramos, Ignacio M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urbieta, Itziar R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marañón, Teodoro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zavala, M A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kobe, Richard K</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed removal in two coexisting oak species: ecological consequences of seed size, plant cover and seed-drop timing</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant cover (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus canariensis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed removal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed size</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></publisher><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1386-1396</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed predation and dispersal can critically influence plant community structure and dynamics. Inter-specific differences arising at these early stages play a crucial role on tree recruitment patterns, which in turn could influence forest dynamics and species segregation in heterogeneous environments such as Mediterranean forests. We investigated removal rates from acorns set onto the ground in two coexisting Mediterranean oak species –Quercus canariensis and Q. suber– in southern Spain. We developed maximum likelihood estimators to investigate the main factors controlling probabilities of seed removal and to describe species-specific functional responses. To account for inter-specific differences in seed-drop timing, two experiments were established: a simultaneous exposure of acorns of the two species (synchronous experiments) and a seed exposure following their natural seed-drop phenology (diachronic experiments). A total of 1536 acorns were experimentally distributed along a wide and natural gradient of plant cover, and removal was periodically monitored for three months at two consecutive years (with contrasting differences in seed production and thus seed availability on the ground). The probability of seed removal increased with plant cover (leaf area index, LAI) for the two oak species. Inter-specific differences in acorn removal were higher in open areas and disappeared in closed microhabitats, especially during a non-mast year. Despite later seed-drop, Q. suber acorns were removed faster and at a higher proportion than those of Q. canariensis. The higher probability of seed removal for this species could be attributed to its larger seed size compared to Q. canariensis, as inter-specific differences were less pronounced when similar sized acorns were exposed. Inter-specific differences in seed removal, arising from seed size variability and microsite heterogeneity, could be of paramount importance in oak species niche separation, driving stand dynamics and composition along environmental gradients.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pérez-Ramos, Ignacio M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urbieta, Itziar R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marañón, Teodoro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zavala, M. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kobe, Richard K.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed removal in two coexisting oak species: ecological consequences of seed size, plant cover and seed-drop timing</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oikos</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plant cover (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus canariensis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed removal</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed size</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0030-1299.2008.16370.x</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">117</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1386 - 1396</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed predation and dispersal can critically influence plant community structure and dynamics. Inter-specific differences arising at these early stages play a crucial role on tree recruitment patterns, which in turn could influence forest dynamics and species segregation in heterogeneous environments such as Mediterranean forests. We investigated removal rates from acorns set onto the ground in two coexisting Mediterranean oak species –Quercus canariensis and Q. suber– in southern Spain. We developed maximum likelihood estimators to investigate the main factors controlling probabilities of seed removal and to describe species-specific functional responses. To account for inter-specific differences in seed-drop timing, two experiments were established: a simultaneous exposure of acorns of the two species (synchronous experiments) and a seed exposure following their natural seed-drop phenology (diachronic experiments). A total of 1536 acorns were experimentally distributed along a wide and natural gradient of plant cover, and removal was periodically monitored for three months at two consecutive years (with contrasting differences in seed production and thus seed availability on the ground). The probability of seed removal increased with plant cover (leaf area index, LAI) for the two oak species. Inter-specific differences in acorn removal were higher in open areas and disappeared in closed microhabitats, especially during a non-mast year. Despite later seed-drop, Q. suber acorns were removed faster and at a higher proportion than those of Q. canariensis. The higher probability of seed removal for this species could be attributed to its larger seed size compared to Q. canariensis, as inter-specific differences were less pronounced when similar sized acorns were exposed. Inter-specific differences in seed removal, arising from seed size variability and microsite heterogeneity, could be of paramount importance in oak species niche separation, driving stand dynamics and composition along environmental gradients.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quero, José Luis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Villar, Rafael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marañón, Teodoro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zamora, Regino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poorter, Lourens</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEED - MASS EFFECTS IN FOUR MEDITERRANEAN QUERCUS SPECIES (FAGACEAE ) GROWING IN CONTRASTING LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany 94(11):</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acornmass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fagaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">light availability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean oaks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RGR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed–seedling relationships</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1795-1803</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three hypotheses have been proposed to explain the functional relationship between seed mass and seedling performance: the reserve effect (larger seeds retain a larger proportion of reserves after germinating), the metabolic effect (seedlings from larger seeds have slower relative growth rates), and the seedling-size effect (larger seeds produce larger seedlings). We tested these hypotheses by growing four Mediterranean Quercus species under different light conditions (3, 27, and 100% of available radiation). We found evidence for two of the three hypotheses, but none of the four species complied with all three hypotheses at the same time. The reserve effect was not found in any species, the metabolic effect was found in three species (Q. ilex, Q. pyrenaica, and Q. suber), and the seedling-size effect in all species. Light availability significantly affected the relationships between seed size and seedling traits. For Q. ilex and Q. canariensis, a seedling-size effect was found under all three light conditions, but only under the lowest light (3%) for Q. suber and Q. pyrenaica. In all species, the correlation between seed mass and seedling mass increased with a decrease in light, suggesting that seedlings growing in low light depend more upon their seed reserves. A causal model integrates the three hypotheses, suggesting that larger seeds generally produced larger seedlings.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 ( SEED - MASS EFFECTS IN FOUR MEDITERRANEAN QUERCUS SPECIES (FAGACEAE ) GROWING IN CONTRASTING LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS - Environments, Contrasting Light; Uero, L U I S Q; Illar, R Afael V; Aran, T Eodoro M; Oorter, L Ourens P; Ciencias, Facultad De; Granada, Universidad De; Ecologı, A De )</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 ( SEED - MASS EFFECTS IN FOUR MEDITERRANEAN QUERCUS SPECIES (FAGACEAE ) GROWING IN CONTRASTING LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS - Environments, Contrasting Light; Uero, L U I S Q; Illar, R Afael V; Aran, T Eodoro M; Oorter, L Ourens P; Ciencias, Facultad De; Granada, Universidad De; Ecologı, A De )</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quero, José Luis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Villar, Rafael</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marañón, Teodoro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Zamora, Regino</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Poorter, Lourens</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SEED - MASS EFFECTS IN FOUR MEDITERRANEAN QUERCUS SPECIES (FAGACEAE ) GROWING IN CONTRASTING LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">American Journal of Botany 94(11):</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">acornmass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fagaceae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">light availability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mediterranean oaks</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">RGR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed–seedling relationships</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1795 - 1803</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Three hypotheses have been proposed to explain the functional relationship between seed mass and seedling performance: the reserve effect (larger seeds retain a larger proportion of reserves after germinating), the metabolic effect (seedlings from larger seeds have slower relative growth rates), and the seedling-size effect (larger seeds produce larger seedlings). We tested these hypotheses by growing four Mediterranean Quercus species under different light conditions (3, 27, and 100% of available radiation). We found evidence for two of the three hypotheses, but none of the four species complied with all three hypotheses at the same time. The reserve effect was not found in any species, the metabolic effect was found in three species (Q. ilex, Q. pyrenaica, and Q. suber), and the seedling-size effect in all species. Light availability significantly affected the relationships between seed size and seedling traits. For Q. ilex and Q. canariensis, a seedling-size effect was found under all three light conditions, but only under the lowest light (3%) for Q. suber and Q. pyrenaica. In all species, the correlation between seed mass and seedling mass increased with a decrease in light, suggesting that seedlings growing in low light depend more upon their seed reserves. A causal model integrates the three hypotheses, suggesting that larger seeds generally produced larger seedlings.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">From Duplicate 2 ( SEED - MASS EFFECTS IN FOUR MEDITERRANEAN QUERCUS SPECIES (FAGACEAE ) GROWING IN CONTRASTING LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS - Environments, Contrasting Light; Uero, L U I S Q; Illar, R Afael V; Aran, T Eodoro M; Oorter, L Ourens P; Ciencias, Facultad De; Granada, Universidad De; Ecologı, A De )From Duplicate 2 ( SEED - MASS EFFECTS IN FOUR MEDITERRANEAN QUERCUS SPECIES (FAGACEAE ) GROWING IN CONTRASTING LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS - Environments, Contrasting Light; Uero, L U I S Q; Illar, R Afael V; Aran, T Eodoro M; Oorter, L Ourens P; Ciencias, Facultad De; Granada, Universidad De; Ecologı, A De )</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonal, Raul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muñoz, Alberto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Díaz, Mario</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Satiation of predispersal seed predators: the importance of considering both plant and seed levels</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolutionary Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curculio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">granivorous insects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multi-infestation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predispersal seed predation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Satiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed number</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed size</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s10682-006-9107-y</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">367 - 380</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plants can reduce the ﬁtness costs of granivory by satiating seed predators. The most common satiation mechanism is the production of large crops, which ensures that a proportion of the seeds survive predation. Nevertheless, satiation of small granivores at the seed level may also exist. Larger seeds would satiate more efﬁciently, enhancing the probability of seed survival after having been attacked. However, a larger seed size could compromise the efﬁciency of satiation by means of large crops if there were a negative relationship between seed size and the number of seeds produced by an individual plant. We analyze both types of satiation in the interaction between the holm oak Quercus ilex and the chestnut weevil Curculio elephas. Both crop size and acorn size differed strongly in a sample of 32 trees. Larger crop sizes satiated weevils, and higher proportions of the seeds were not attacked as crop size increased. Larger seeds also satiated weevil larvae, as a larger acorn size increased the likelihood of embryo survival. Seedling size was strongly related to acorn size and was reduced by weevil attack, but seedlings coming from large weeviled acorns were still larger. The number and the size of the acorns produced by individual trees were negatively related. Larger proportions of the crop were infested in oaks producing less numerous crops of larger acorns. However, contrary to expectations, these trees did not satiate more effectively at the seed level either. Effective satiation by larger acorns was precluded by larger multi-infestation rates associated to smaller seed crops, in such a way that the proportion of attacked seeds that survived did not vary among trees with different acorn sizes. These results highlight the need of considering satiation by means of large crops and large seeds in studies of predispersal seed predation. Long-term monitoring on individual oaks will help to assess whether there is a trade-off between the number and the size of the acorns and, if it existed, how it could condition the ﬁtness consequences of both types of satiation</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bonal, Raul</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Muñoz, Alberto</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Díaz, Mario</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Satiation of predispersal seed predators: the importance of considering both plant and seed levels</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolutionary Ecology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curculio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">granivorous insects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Multi-infestation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Predispersal seed predation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Satiation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed number</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed size</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">367-380</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plants can reduce the ﬁtness costs of granivory by satiating seed predators. The most common satiation mechanism is the production of large crops, which ensures that a proportion of the seeds survive predation. Nevertheless, satiation of small granivores at the seed level may also exist. Larger seeds would satiate more efﬁciently, enhancing the probability of seed survival after having been attacked. However, a larger seed size could compromise the efﬁciency of satiation by means of large crops if there were a negative relationship between seed size and the number of seeds produced by an individual plant. We analyze both types of satiation in the interaction between the holm oak Quercus ilex and the chestnut weevil Curculio elephas. Both crop size and acorn size differed strongly in a sample of 32 trees. Larger crop sizes satiated weevils, and higher proportions of the seeds were not attacked as crop size increased. Larger seeds also satiated weevil larvae, as a larger acorn size increased the likelihood of embryo survival. Seedling size was strongly related to acorn size and was reduced by weevil attack, but seedlings coming from large weeviled acorns were still larger. The number and the size of the acorns produced by individual trees were negatively related. Larger proportions of the crop were infested in oaks producing less numerous crops of larger acorns. However, contrary to expectations, these trees did not satiate more effectively at the seed level either. Effective satiation by larger acorns was precluded by larger multi-infestation rates associated to smaller seed crops, in such a way that the proportion of attacked seeds that survived did not vary among trees with different acorn sizes. These results highlight the need of considering satiation by means of large crops and large seeds in studies of predispersal seed predation. Long-term monitoring on individual oaks will help to assess whether there is a trade-off between the number and the size of the acorns and, if it existed, how it could condition the ﬁtness consequences of both types of satiation</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merouani, Hachemi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branco, Carmen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Almeida, Maria Helena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, João S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of acorn storage duration and parental tree on emergence and physiological status of Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. For. Sci.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">root radio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed storage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedling growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shoot</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">543-554</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study was conducted to evaluate how parental trees and seed storage duration influenced subsequent seedling physiological status and growth. Seedling emergence rate was higher than 90% independently of the duration of seed storage or parental trees. Seed storage shortened significantly the time and increased the uniformity of seedling emergence. Consequently, the delayed seedling emergence from fresh seeds could be explained by epicotyl dormancy. Seed size varied with parental tree. Seedling growth rate was greatly affected by seed size, independently of storage treatment. Seedlings originating from large seeds (&gt; 5 g) had the fastest growth rates and seedlings from the smallest seeds (&lt; 4 g) had the slowest. Final shoot height, however, depended on the duration of seed storage. The seed size and the duration of storage had a great effect on the initial rate of leaf production, but did not affect the final number of leaves. Leaf chlorophyll concentration was reduced as the duration of seed storage increased but was independent of parental tree (i.e., seed size). Seedling biomass was positively related to seed size. The duration of seed storage reduced the shoot/root ratio, but no significant effect was observed among parental trees. The shoot/root value of seedlings from stored seed was about 1.5 and the one of seedlings from fresh seed was about 2.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Merouani, Hachemi</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Branco, Carmen</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Almeida, Maria Helena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, João S.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Effects of acorn storage duration and parental tree on emergence and physiological status of Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. For. Sci.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">root radio</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed size</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seed storage</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">seedling growth</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">shoot</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2001///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/forest:2001144</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">58</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">543 - 554</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This study was conducted to evaluate how parental trees and seed storage duration influenced subsequent seedling physiological status and growth. Seedling emergence rate was higher than 90% independently of the duration of seed storage or parental trees. Seed storage shortened significantly the time and increased the uniformity of seedling emergence. Consequently, the delayed seedling emergence from fresh seeds could be explained by epicotyl dormancy. Seed size varied with parental tree. Seedling growth rate was greatly affected by seed size, independently of storage treatment. Seedlings originating from large seeds (&gt; 5 g) had the fastest growth rates and seedlings from the smallest seeds (&lt; 4 g) had the slowest. Final shoot height, however, depended on the duration of seed storage. The seed size and the duration of storage had a great effect on the initial rate of leaf production, but did not affect the final number of leaves. Leaf chlorophyll concentration was reduced as the duration of seed storage increased but was independent of parental tree (i.e., seed size). Seedling biomass was positively related to seed size. The duration of seed storage reduced the shoot/root ratio, but no significant effect was observed among parental trees. The shoot/root value of seedlings from stored seed was about 1.5 and the one of seedlings from fresh seed was about 2.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>3</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OCAÑA BUENO, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DOMÍNGUEZ LERENA, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CARRASCO MANZANO, I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PEÑUELAS RUBIRA, J L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HERRERO SIERRA, N</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INFLUENCIA DEL TAMAÑO DE LA SEMILLA Y DIFERENTES DOSIS DE FERTILIZACION SOBRE EL CRECIMIENTO Y SUPERVIVENCIA EN CAMPO DE CUATRO ESPECIES FORESTALES</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">II Congreso Forestal Español</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fertilization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P.pinaster y P.sylvestris</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">P.pinea</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Q.ilex</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seed size</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1997</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">461-466</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The effect of different fertilization doses on the growth in nursery and the field performance were assessed in Q.ilex, P.pinea, P.pinaster and P.sylvestris, wich differ in their seed size. Growth in nursery and results in the field showed marcked differences between fertilized and unfertilized treatments. Smaller seed species are more dependent on fertilization than larger seed species.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>