<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>7</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Luterbacher, Jürg</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lionello, Piero</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">A review of 2000 years of paleoclimatic evidence in the Mediterranean</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Climate of the Mediterranean Region</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate reconstruction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate variability</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">human impact (PG)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">land use</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mediterranean</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Elsevier</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oxford</style></pub-location><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">87-185</style></pages><isbn><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9780124160422</style></isbn><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The integration of climate information from instrumental data and documentary and natural archives; evidence of past human activity derived from historical, paleoecological, and archaeological records; and new climate modeling techniques promises major breakthroughs for our understanding of climate sensitivity, ecological processes, environmental response, and human impact. In this chapter, we review the availability and potential of instrumental data, less well-known written records, and terrestrial and marine natural proxy archives for climate in the Mediterranean region over the last 2000 years. We highlight the need to integrate these different proxy archives and the importance for multiproxy studies of disentangling complex relationships among climate, sea-level changes, fire, vegetation, and forests, as well as land use and other human impacts. Focusing on dating uncertainties, we address seasonality effects and other uncertainties in the different proxy records. We describe known and anticipated challenges posed by integrating multiple diverse proxies in high-resolution climate-variation reconstructions, including proxy limitations to robust reconstruction of the natural range of climate variability and problems specific to temporal scales from interannual to multicentennial. Finally, we highlight the potential of paleo models to contribute to climate reconstructions in the Mediterranean, by narrowing the range of climate-sensitivity estimates and by assimilating multiple proxies.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carrión, José S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scott, Louis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marais, Eugène</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental implications of pollen spectra in bat droppings from southeastern Spain and potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cave sediments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate reconstruction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fossil dung</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">guano</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034666706000595</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">175 - 186</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen was analysed from bat guano from nine caves in southeastern Spain and surface soils in their immediate surroundings. We compare the pollen spectra of 34 modern dung samples from the nine caves with one modern surface pollen sample from each cave. The contents suggest reasonable pollen diversity and richness, including anemophilous and zoophilous pollen types. Since the latter is usually under-represented in atmospheric pollen, the guano spectra therefore appear to reflect the vegetation more effectively than normal surface soil samples. Despite health hazards such as histoplasmosis, the difficulties of obtaining bat guano in deep caves and possible interpretational concerns relating to behaviour and feeding habits of different bat species, this material can be very useful in palaeoecological research provided that the dung was fossilized under favourable environmental conditions that allowed the preservation of pollen.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carrión, José S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scott, Louis</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marais, Eugène</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Environmental implications of pollen spectra in bat droppings from southeastern Spain and potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">bats</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cave sediments</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate reconstruction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">fossil dung</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">guano</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pollen</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">140</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">175-186</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen was analysed from bat guano from nine caves in southeastern Spain and surface soils in their immediate surroundings. We compare the pollen spectra of 34 modern dung samples from the nine caves with one modern surface pollen sample from each cave. The contents suggest reasonable pollen diversity and richness, including anemophilous and zoophilous pollen types. Since the latter is usually under-represented in atmospheric pollen, the guano spectra therefore appear to reflect the vegetation more effectively than normal surface soil samples. Despite health hazards such as histoplasmosis, the difficulties of obtaining bat guano in deep caves and possible interpretational concerns relating to behaviour and feeding habits of different bat species, this material can be very useful in palaeoecological research provided that the dung was fossilized under favourable environmental conditions that allowed the preservation of pollen.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Watts, W A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allen, J R M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Huntley, B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fritz, S C</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation history and climate of the last 15,000 years at Laghi di Monticchio, southern Italy</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quaternary Science Reviews</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">climate reconstruction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOREST</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holocene (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pollen analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetation history</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1996</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">113-132</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">In southern It;aly, vegetation contemporary with the end of the last glacial maximum, from 15,000 to 12,000 years ago, is shown by pollen-analysis to have been treeless and steppe-like in character. At 12,500 BP (years before present), Betula (birch) expanded into the steppe, quickly followed by Quercus (oak), Fugus (beech), Tilia (lime) and other tree genera of mesic forest. High percentages of lUia point to a rich mesic forest that was contemporary with the ‘Allerod’ intersta- dial of northern Europe. A major decline in mesic trees with an accompanying return of Beth and steppe genera dated to 10,500 years ago identifies a ‘Younger Dryns’ climatic reversal. Betula and steppe genera were replaced by forest of Quercus and other mesic trees, notably Ulmus (elm), as the Holocene began. In the later Holocene, ca. 4000 years ago, Abies (fir), Curpinus betulus (hom- beam) and Taxus (yew) appeared. Abies and Tuxus became extinct locally about 2500 years ago, either because of climatic change, or perhaps because of the effects of early agriculture. The Full- glacial climate is thought to have been cold and summer-dry with mainly winter precipitation. The Lateglacial ‘Boiling-Allereld’ Interstadial was summer-wet and warm. The response-surface based climate reconstruction indi’zates an early Holocene climate with markedly colder winter conditions than today, about -5°C compared with 3.9-C today as a mean temperature for the coldest month. The annual temperature sum is reconstructed as somewhat higher than today, 3500 degree days as compared with a calculated value of 2900 for today. The later Holocene had a climate like today’s, Rainfall, and variation in iis seasonal distribution, has been a critical determinant of the vegetation cover. The fossil pollen record at Laghi Di Monticchio has been complemented by diatom and plant macrofossil studies which provide evidence of former lake environments as well as data on the upland forest. Lake levels remained high during the Full- and Lateglacial with encroachment of shore vegetation during th,e Holocene. The sediments also have an exceptionally rich record of tephra falls which are of importance in dating and core correlation. Twenty-one macroscopically visible tephras occur in sediments of the last 15,000 years</style></abstract></record></records></xml>