<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Linaldeddu, B. T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scanu, B.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Maddau, L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Franceschini, A.</style></author></authors><secondary-authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belbahri, L.</style></author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diplodia corticola and Phytophthora cinnamomi : the main pathogens involved in holm oak decline on Caprera Island (Italy)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fungus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">mortality</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pathogens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tree decline</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/efp.12081http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/efp.12081</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">44</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">191 - 200</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Since 2008, severe and widespread tree decline and mortality has been observed at the main growing Quercus ilex L. (holm oak) forest on Caprera Island, Italy. To clarify the symptomatology and aetiology of this phenomenon, field surveys and isolations from symptomatic trees were carried out in summer 2010. Affected trees exhibited crown thinning, branch dieback, sunken cankers, epicormic shoots, exudates on branches and trunk, root losses and sudden death symptoms. Four fungal species belonging to Botryosphaeriaceae family, namely Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia corticola, D. seriata and Neofusicoccum parvum, were isolated from cankers on trunk and branches, whereas three species of Phytophthora, namely P. cinnamomi, P. cryptogea and P. gonapodyides, were isolated from fine roots and rhizosphere soil samples. Isolates were identified using both morphological analysis and DNA-based techniques. Pathogenicity trials on holm oak seedlings showed that all the isolated species are pathogenic. D. corticola proved to be the most aggressive species. Our results provide the first evidence for a combined involvement of D. corticola and P. cinnamomi in the aetiology of holm oak decline in Italy and suggest that these pathogens are not only important contributing factors in the onset of long-term tree decline, but also may cause the rapid devastation of extensive oak ecosystems.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Key words by Adriana SilvaKey words by Adriana SilvaThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;label: APS;Quercus ilex L.;fungus;mortality;pathogens;tree decline</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oßwald, W</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fleischmann, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rigling, D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coelho, A C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cravador, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diez, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dalio, R J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horta Jung, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pfanz, H</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Robin, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sipos, G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Solla, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cech, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chambery, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Diamandis, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hansen, E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jung, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Orlikowski, L B</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parke, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Prospero, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Werres, S</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Strategies of attack and defence in woody plant–Phytophthora interactions</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Forest Pathology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">infection strategies</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pathogens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophora</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year></dates><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">n/a----n/a</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This review comprises both well-known and recently described Phytophthora species and concentrates on Phytophthora–woody plant interactions. First, comprehensive data on infection strategies are presented which were the basis for three models that explain invasion and spread of Phytophthora pathogens in different woody host plants. The first model describes infection of roots, the second concentrates on invasion of the trunk, and the last one summarizes infection and invasion of host plants via leaves. On the basis of morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular data, scenarios are suggested which explain the sequences of reactions that occur in susceptible and tolerant plants following infections of roots or of stem bark. Particular emphasis is paid to the significance of Phytophthora elicitins for such host–pathogen interactions. The overall goal is to shed light on the sequences of pathogenesis to better understand how Phytophthora pathogens harm their host plants.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></research-notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denman, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kirk, S. A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brasier, C. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barton, V. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hughes, K. J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webber, J. F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum on Quercus ilex in the United Kingdom.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLANT DISEASE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pathogens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum causes bleeding cankers of trunks of trees native to the west coast of the United States (i.e., Quercus kelloggii, Q. parvula var. shrevei, and Lithocarpus densiflorus). In the United Kingdom so far, bleeding cankers caused by inner bark infections have been found on Aesculus hippocastanum, Fagus sylvatica, Q. cerris, Q. falcata, and Q. petraea (http://rapra.csl.gov.uk [2005]). Shoot tip dieback (ramorum dieback) and foliar necrosis (ramorum leaf blight) are other diseases caused by the pathogen on understory and ornamental plants (3). Inoculum is produced on infected shoots and leaves of foliar hosts but not on bole cankers (1). Foliar hosts are thus critical in initiating and maintaining epidemics of tree mortality resulting from lethal bark cankers. Ramorum dieback and blight occurs in Europe on genera Rhododendron, Camellia, Kalmia, Pieris, and Viburnum (http://rapra.csl.gov.uk [2005]), and now we report these diseases on foliage and shoots of holm oaks (Quercus ilex) in Cornwall (UK). First discovered in November 2003, infected young leaves had a water-soaked, dull gray appearance, and petioles were blackened. Lesions started at leaf margins, tips, or petioles, often progressing into the midrib veins. Initial infections also occurred on shoots and extended into the petioles. If shoots were infected, they were blackened at first, but later in the season clusters of dry, dead leaves and twigs characterized branch tips. Infected mature leaves bore dry, reddish-brown, restricted lesions. P. ramorum (A1 sexual compatibility type belonging to the European population) was isolated and confirmed by morphological studies, ITS sequence (GenBank Accession No. AY924253), and amplified fragment length polymorphism analyses. Lesions developed on detached leaves dipped for 10 sec in inoculum (4 × 105 zoospores per ml) and incubated in moist chambers at 20°C for 6 days (2). Two isolates were used (four leaves per isolate). The pathogen was reisolated, and the tests were repeated twice. Koch's postulates were also successfully completed once on foliage attached to saplings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. ramorum on holm oak. So far, at least 24 holm oaks are infected at various woodland and garden sites in the United Kingdom; infected rhododendrons have also been found at these sites. P. ramorum has also been recorded on saplings in nurseries. The high sporulation potential, the evergreen nature of leaves, and susceptible shoots indicate that holm oak could be a significant source of inoculum for other hosts.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APSAPSThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA&lt;br/&gt;publisher: AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Denman, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kirk, S A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Brasier, C M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Barton, V C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hughes, K J D</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Webber, J F</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum on Quercus ilex in the United Kingdom.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PLANT DISEASE</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pathogens</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus ilex</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1241</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytophthora ramorum causes bleeding cankers of trunks of trees native to the west coast of the United States (i.e., Quercus kelloggii, Q. parvula var. shrevei, and Lithocarpus densiflorus). In the United Kingdom so far, bleeding cankers caused by inner bark infections have been found on Aesculus hippocastanum, Fagus sylvatica, Q. cerris, Q. falcata, and Q. petraea (http://rapra.csl.gov.uk [2005]). Shoot tip dieback (ramorum dieback) and foliar necrosis (ramorum leaf blight) are other diseases caused by the pathogen on understory and ornamental plants (3). Inoculum is produced on infected shoots and leaves of foliar hosts but not on bole cankers (1). Foliar hosts are thus critical in initiating and maintaining epidemics of tree mortality resulting from lethal bark cankers. Ramorum dieback and blight occurs in Europe on genera Rhododendron, Camellia, Kalmia, Pieris, and Viburnum (http://rapra.csl.gov.uk [2005]), and now we report these diseases on foliage and shoots of holm oaks (Quercus ilex) in Cornwall (UK). First discovered in November 2003, infected young leaves had a water-soaked, dull gray appearance, and petioles were blackened. Lesions started at leaf margins, tips, or petioles, often progressing into the midrib veins. Initial infections also occurred on shoots and extended into the petioles. If shoots were infected, they were blackened at first, but later in the season clusters of dry, dead leaves and twigs characterized branch tips. Infected mature leaves bore dry, reddish-brown, restricted lesions. P. ramorum (A1 sexual compatibility type belonging to the European population) was isolated and confirmed by morphological studies, ITS sequence (GenBank Accession No. AY924253), and amplified fragment length polymorphism analyses. Lesions developed on detached leaves dipped for 10 sec in inoculum (4 × 105 zoospores per ml) and incubated in moist chambers at 20°C for 6 days (2). Two isolates were used (four leaves per isolate). The pathogen was reisolated, and the tests were repeated twice. Koch's postulates were also successfully completed once on foliage attached to saplings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. ramorum on holm oak. So far, at least 24 holm oaks are infected at various woodland and garden sites in the United Kingdom; infected rhododendrons have also been found at these sites. P. ramorum has also been recorded on saplings in nurseries. The high sporulation potential, the evergreen nature of leaves, and susceptible shoots indicate that holm oak could be a significant source of inoculum for other hosts.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></notes><research-notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APS</style></research-notes></record></records></xml>