<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Penuelas, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Guenther, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rapparini, F</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Llusia, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Filella, I</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Seco, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estiarte, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mejia-Chang, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ogaya, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ibáñez, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sardans, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Castaño, L M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Turnipseed, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Duhl, T</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Harley, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vila, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Estavillo, J M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Villanueva, S</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Facini, O</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Baraldi, R</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Geron, C</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mak, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Patton, E G</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jiang, X</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Greenberg, J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intensive measurements of gas, water, and energy exchange between vegetation and troposphere during the MONTES Campaign in a vegetation gradient from short semi-desertic shrublands to tall wet temperate forests in the NW Mediterranean basin</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atmospheric Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">aircraft</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Boundary Layer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CH4</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">CO2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evapotranspiration</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">green biomass</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">isoprene</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lai</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land Cover</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">latent heat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">masts</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MEGAN</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Monoterpenes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">N2O</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NDVI</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O3</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sensible heat</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">tethered balloons</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vertical profiles</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VOCs</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Submitted</style></year></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract MONTES (“Woodlands”) was a multidisciplinary international field campaign aimed at measuring energy, water and especially gas exchange between vegetation and atmosphere in a gradient from short semi-desertic shrublands to tall wet temperate forests in NE Spain in the North Western Mediterranean Basin (WMB). The measurements were performed at a semidesertic area (Monegros), at a coastal Meditrerranean shrubland area (Garraf), at a typical Mediterranean holm oak forest area (Prades) and at a wet temperate beech forest (Montseny) during spring (April 2010) under optimal plant physiological conditions in driest-warmest sites and during summer (July 2010) with drought and heat stresses in the driest-warmest sites and optimal conditions in the wettest-coolest site. The objective of this campaign was to study the differences in gas, water and energy exchange occurring at different vegetation coverages and biomasses. Particular attention was devoted to quantitatively understand the exchange of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) because of their biological and environmental effects in the WMB. A wide range of instruments (GC-MS, PTR-MS, meteorological sensors, O3 monitors,…) and vertical platforms such as masts, tethered balloons and aircraft were used to characterize the gas, water and energy exchange at increasing footprint areas by measuring vertical profiles. In this paper we provide an overview of the MONTES campaign: the objectives, the characterization of the biomass and gas, water and energy exchange in the 4 sites-areas using satellite data, the estimation of isoprene and monoterpene emissions using MEGAN model, the measurements performed and the first results. The isoprene and monoterpene emission rates estimated with MEGAN and emission factors measured at the foliar level for the dominant species ranged from about 0 to 0.2 mg m-2 h-1 in April. The warmer temperature in July resulted in higher model estimates from about 0 to ca 1.6 mg m-2 h-1 for isoprene and ca. 4.5 mg m-2 h-1 for monoterpenes, depending on the site vegetation and footprint area considered. There were clear daily and seasonal patterns with higher emission rates and mixing ratios at midday and summer relative to early morning and early spring. There was a significant trend in CO2 fixation (from 1 to 10 mg C m-2 d-1), transpiration (from x 1 to 5 kg C m-2 d-1), and sensible and latent heat from the warmest-driest to the coolest-wettest site. The results showed the strong land-cover-specific influence on emissions of BVOCs, gas, energy and water exchange, and therefore demonstrate the potential for feed-back to atmospheric chemistry and climate.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fruekilde, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hjorth, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jensen, N. R.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozonolysis at vegetation surfaces:: a source of acetone, 4-oxopentanal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and geranyl acetone in the troposphere</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atmospheric Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epicuticular wax</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heterogenous reactions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NO3</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O3</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OH</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">products</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sesquiterpenes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Squalene</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231097004858</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1893 - 1902</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ÐThe present study gives a possible explanation for the ubiquitous occurrence of 6-methyl-5- hepten-2-one and acetone in ambient air and reports for the Þrst time on a widespread occurrence of geranyl acetone and 4-oxopentanal. We have conducted a series of laboratory experiments in which it is demonstrated that signiÞcant amounts of geranyl acetone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO), 4-oxopen- tanal (4-OPA), and acetone are formed by the reaction of ozone with foliage of common vegetation in the Mediterranean area (Quercus ilex'Citrus sinensis'Quercus suber'Quercus freinetto'Pinus pinea). In order to rule out biological formation, epicuticular waxes were extracted from the leaves, dispersed on glass wool and allowed to react with a ßow of artiÞcial air. SigniÞcant amounts of 6-MHO and 4-OPA were formed at ozone concentrations of 50Ð100 ppbv, but not at zero ozone. A number of terpenoids common in vegetation contain the structural element necessary for ozonolytic formation of 6-MHO. Two sesquiter- penes (nerolidol; farnesol), and a triterpene (squalene) selected as representative test compounds were demonstrated to be strong precursors for acetone, 4-OPA, and 6-MHO. Squalene was also a strong precursor for geranyl acetone. The atmospheric lifetime of geranyl acetone and 6-MHO is less than 1 h under typical conditions. For the present study, we have synthesized 4-OPA and investigated the kinetics of its gas-phase reaction with OH, NO 3 , and O 3 . A tropospheric lifetime longer than 17 h under typical conditions was calculated from the measured reaction rate constants, which explains the tropospheric occurrence of 4-OPA. It is concluded that future atmospheric chemistry investigations should included geranyl acetone, 6-MHO, and 4-OPA. In a separate experiment it was demonstrated that human skin lipid which contains squalene as a major component is a strong precursor for the four above-mentioned compounds plus nonanal and decanal. The accidental touching of material which later comes into contact with ozone can lead to strong artifact formation of these carbonyl compounds. Previously published results on these compounds must be seen in this new light</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fruekilde, P</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hjorth, J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jensen, N R</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ozonolysis at vegetation surfaces:: a source of acetone, 4-oxopentanal, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and geranyl acetone in the troposphere</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Atmospheric Environment</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">epicuticular wax</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">heterogenous reactions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NO3</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O3</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OH</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">products</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rate</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">sesquiterpenes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Squalene</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1893-1902</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ÐThe present study gives a possible explanation for the ubiquitous occurrence of 6-methyl-5- hepten-2-one and acetone in ambient air and reports for the Þrst time on a widespread occurrence of geranyl acetone and 4-oxopentanal. We have conducted a series of laboratory experiments in which it is demonstrated that signiÞcant amounts of geranyl acetone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (6-MHO), 4-oxopen- tanal (4-OPA), and acetone are formed by the reaction of ozone with foliage of common vegetation in the Mediterranean area (Quercus ilex'Citrus sinensis'Quercus suber'Quercus freinetto'Pinus pinea). In order to rule out biological formation, epicuticular waxes were extracted from the leaves, dispersed on glass wool and allowed to react with a ßow of artiÞcial air. SigniÞcant amounts of 6-MHO and 4-OPA were formed at ozone concentrations of 50Ð100 ppbv, but not at zero ozone. A number of terpenoids common in vegetation contain the structural element necessary for ozonolytic formation of 6-MHO. Two sesquiter- penes (nerolidol; farnesol), and a triterpene (squalene) selected as representative test compounds were demonstrated to be strong precursors for acetone, 4-OPA, and 6-MHO. Squalene was also a strong precursor for geranyl acetone. The atmospheric lifetime of geranyl acetone and 6-MHO is less than 1 h under typical conditions. For the present study, we have synthesized 4-OPA and investigated the kinetics of its gas-phase reaction with OH, NO 3 , and O 3 . A tropospheric lifetime longer than 17 h under typical conditions was calculated from the measured reaction rate constants, which explains the tropospheric occurrence of 4-OPA. It is concluded that future atmospheric chemistry investigations should included geranyl acetone, 6-MHO, and 4-OPA. In a separate experiment it was demonstrated that human skin lipid which contains squalene as a major component is a strong precursor for the four above-mentioned compounds plus nonanal and decanal. The accidental touching of material which later comes into contact with ozone can lead to strong artifact formation of these carbonyl compounds. Previously published results on these compounds must be seen in this new light</style></abstract></record></records></xml>