<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">García, Luis V.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ramo, Cristina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aponte, Cristina</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Moreno, Adela</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Domínguez, María T.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gómez-Aparicio, LORENA</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Redondo, Ramón</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Marañón, Teodoro</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Protected wading bird species threaten relict centenarian cork oaks in a Mediterranean Biosphere Reserve: A conservation management conflict</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Conservation</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Colonial waterbirds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">d13C</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">d15N</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Doñana</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Heronry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indirect effects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Stable isotopes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S000632071000474X</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">764 - 771</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conservation management conﬂicts frequently arise when an overpopulation of a protected organism has negative effects on other valuable elements in the same ecosystem. We studied the interactions between a colony of protected tree-nesting wading birds and a remnant population of centenarian cork oaks that was part of the formerly dominant forests in the Doñana Biological Reserve (SW Spain). A signiﬁcant increase in the tree mortality rates has been recorded in areas that are yearly inﬂuenced by the bird colony. We analysed a cohort of surviving trees using a gradient of nesting bird inﬂuence. Tree-nesting history, bird isotopic signature (d 15 N), tree health-related parameters (defoliation, d 13 C and leaf surface coverage by faeces) and several soil variables were evaluated. Bird inﬂuence was related to increased soil salinity. This increase correlated to increased water-use efﬁciency for the leaves and to crown defoliation, suggesting that the heavily occupied trees are under higher stress and in poorer health condition than the unoccupied ones. We tested structural equations models (SEM) that were based on hypothesised bird effects on the health of the trees. Soil-mediated effects of the nesting birds best explained the symptoms of the declining health of the trees, whereas the percent of leaves’ surface that was covered by faeces did not improve the ﬁtted SEM model. For the reserve’s managers, a challenging trade-off exists between preserving the relict trees, which have a high genetic diversity and a key ecological role in these savannah-like ecosystems, and maintaining the current nesting area for these protected, but expanding, wading birds.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascual, J A</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">NO EFFECTS OF A FOREST SPRAYING OF MALATHION ON BREEDING BLUE TIPS (PARUS-CAEREULEUS)</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">BLUE TIT (PARUS-CAERULEUS)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">breeding success</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FOREST SPRAYING</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Indirect effects</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MALATHION</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1994</style></year></dates><publisher><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">SETAC PRESS</style></publisher><pub-location><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370</style></pub-location><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">13</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1127-1131</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultra low volume (ULV) aerial spraying of the organophosphorus insecticide malathion is widely used in Spain to control Tortrix viridana, the most important lepidopteran pest of Spanish holm oak forests (Quercus ilex). A field study was carried out in spring 1988 to analyze the short-term effects of a standard application rate of malathion (1, 160 g a.i./ha) on the breeding success of the blue tit (Parus caeruleus). Several blue tit reproductive parameters and seasonal variation of arthropod densities in canopy trees (focusing on caterpillars, the main food resource for breeding blue tits) were compared between a malathion-treated plot and a control plot. None of the breeding parameters (nest abandonment, nest success, hatching success, nestling mortality, daily survival rate, and nestling weight) showed differences between the treated and the control plots. Malathion spraying caused nearly a 100% mortality of the target pest Tortrix viridana, but it did not reduce availability of another Tortricidae (Archips xylosteana), with the result that food supply was similar or higher in the treated plot than in the control plot. The main conclusion of this study is that a forest standard application of malathion did not cause adverse short-term effects on breeding blue tits. Moreover, this work focused on the indirect effects of insecticides via food depletion; its results suggest that in these kinds of studies it is more important to assess the abundance of arthropods remaining alive after treatment than the degree of arthropod mortality caused by the insecticide.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>