<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Andivia, Enrique</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FERNÁNDEZ, MANUEL</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">VÁZQUEZ-PIQUÉ, JAVIER</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alejano, Reyes</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Two provenances of Quercus ilex ssp. ballota (Desf) Samp. nursery seedlings have different response to frost tolerance and autumn fertilization</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">European Journal of Forest Research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">á autumn fertilization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">á reforestation á</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Adaptation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">adaptation á cold hardiness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Autumn fertilization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cold hardiness</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Holm oak</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">holm oak á provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Reforestation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10342-011-0578-1http://www.springerlink.com/index/10.1007/s10342-011-0578-1</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">131</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1091 - 1101</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Despite evidences that Holm oak has a high plasticity and great adaptability, there is limited or contradictory knowledge of the morphological and physiological variability of this species. Holm oak has been widely used for reforestation projects in Mediterranean areas, but has frequently shown poor ﬁeld performance. We hypothesized that Holm oak has inter-population differences in physiological responses to abiotic stressors that could affect reforestation success. The inﬂuence of nursery culture on the characteristics of Holm oaks from different provenances has not been explored in depth. Thus, we studied the effect of nursery autumn fertilization on morphological traits, frost tolerance, root growth potential, and nutritional status of two Spanish provenances of Holm oak, La Alcarria (a region with inland Mediterranean climate) and Sierra Morena Occidental (a region with a warm coastal Mediterranean climate). There were signiﬁcant differences between the provenances in frost tolerance, biomass allocation, and leaf nutrient content, suggesting a role of genetic factors. The leaves of seedlings from La Alcarria had less visual damage at -12C than seedlings from the warmer provenance (45% vs. 92%). Seedlings from La Alcarria, compared to those from Sierra Morena, had higher leaf P concentration (0.17% vs. 0.15%), greater stem diameter (3.1 mm vs. 2.7 mm), lower shoot-to-root dry mass ratio (0.46 vs. 0.53), and lower slenderness (4.03 vs. 5.31). For both provenances, N autumn fertilization improved growth, root growth potential, cold hardiness, and nutritional status of seedlings. We suggest that forest reforestation programs should consider to a greater extent Holm oak provenances and their tolerances to different abiotic stressors.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conde, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GARCIA-VALLEJO, M. C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahia, E.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waxes composition of Quercus suber reproduction cork from different Spanish provenances</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Wood Science and Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Acid fraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">component (voyant)</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">neutral fraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">waxes</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.springerlink.com/index/7vk6lp09bnuha8jd.pdf</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">33</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">271 - 283</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The chemical composition of waxes was studied in Quercus suber cork planks collected in seven localities of the three main production areas of Spain. Waxes were extracted with chloroform (CHCl3 ) and the extract was submitted to saponi®cation in order to obtain the neutral and acid fractions. The trimethylsilyl derivatives of both fractions were analysed by GC-MS. The seven populations cannot be distinguished by their total contents of waxes (Chloroform extract) and of the neutral and acid fraction. This lack of differences could be due to the important variability among samples of each population. The neutral fraction was mainly composed of fatty alcohols (all the even members from C18 to C26 , with traces of the intermediate odd members and some unsaturated groups) and triterpenes (11 components, among them friedelin, betulin and cerin were identi®ed) and a very small amount of monocarboxylic fatty acids (C16 and C24 members) was also present. The main group of compo- nents of the acid fraction was that of fatty acids (saturated even C14±C24 and odd C15 , C17 , C21 members, accompanied by a great amount of unsaturated terms and some x-hydroxyacids, 18-hydroxy-9,12-octadecadienoic and 18-hydroxy-9-oct- adecenoic acids). Four triterpenes and the C20 and C24 alcohols were also detected in the acid fraction. Signi®cant differences were found among the corks of the various provenances in the global contents of alcohols and triterpenes and in these individual components contents of the neutral fraction. Concerning the differences among the various provenances in the contents of the groups of fatty acids, alcohols, and triterpenes in the acid fraction, a higher number of differ- ences were obtained in the comparisons of the contents of acids and triterpenes, whereas the differences were practically null in the case of the alcohols. When the differences were studied considering the individual compounds, the relation with the behaviour of the contents of the groups of components was not as clear as it happens in the neutral fraction. In this case, the differences were scarcer and they did not show a unique pattern, neither in the components, nor the populations. There is no correspondence in the differences among the provenances regarding the components of the neutral fraction or those of the acid fraction. No clear relationship was found between the geographical proximity of the provenances and chemical similarity of the waxes composition.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Kleinschmit, J</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Intraspecific variation of growth and adaptive traits in European oak species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ann. For. Sci.</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">intraspecific variation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">morphology</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">progeny test</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">provenance</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">vegetative propagation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1993</style></year></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">50</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">166s--185s</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">According to various reports, 200-450 oak species including hybrid populations exist worldwide, with 24 of these - including 3 hybrid forms - having their natural range within Europe. They all belong to the subgenus Lepidobalanus. The most important section is robur with 21 species. The European species belong to both deciduous (15 species) and evergreen (9 species) oaks. Some difficulties in clear morphological and physiological definition of the species involved is caused by hybridization. Most studies into intraspecific variation exist for the species Quercus robur L and Quercus petraea (Matt) Liebl. Some information is available for Quercus cerris L, Quercus virginiana Ten (= Q dalechampii Wenz), Quercus ilex L and Quercus suber L, based on comparative plantations. In addition, a considerable number of morphological, physiological and biochemical studies based on natural populations exist which are not completely covered in this review paper. For most characters observed, oaks exhibit a wide variation. This is not only the case for morphological traits of pollen, seed, wood and plants but also for physiological traits and phenology which have great adaptive importance. Provenance experiments and progeny tests started as early as 1877. Most of these were only of local importance. This is partly due to the fact that acorns can only be stored for a limited period and flowering is irregular. However, the results available show that the choice of provenance can be important for the successful economic management of plantations. Variability of leaves, phenology, form, growth, wood and bark, roots, seed and flowering has been discussed separately. Improvement via selection and testing seems to be promising due to the considerable between-population and within-provenance variation. Vegetative propagation has been developed for some species by grafting, cutting propagation and in vitro propagation. Tree breeding approaches have also been discussed.</style></abstract></record></records></xml>