<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Şen, Ali</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van den Bulcke, Jan</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Defoirdt, Nele</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Van Acker, Joris</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermal behaviour of cork and cork components</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermochimica Acta</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">DSC</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus cerris</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">TGA</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2014///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040603114000902</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">582</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">94 - 100</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermal behaviour of cork and cork chemical components was studied with coupled differential scanning calorimetry-thermogravimetrical analysis (DSC-TGA) in order to gain insight into the role of the chemical components on the thermal degradation of cork. Cork samples of Turkey oak (Quercus cerris) and cork oak (Quercus suber) were chemically treated to selectively remove inorganic material, extractives and suberin, to allow characterization of klason lignin and methanolysis-depolymerized suberin. Since Q. cerris cork granulates contain phloemic impurities, phloem from Q. cerris bark was also subjected to the same treatments as cork. The thermal decomposition of both cork species is similar, starting above 200°C and increasing with increasing temperature until ashing at approximately 485°C. TGA curves of both corks are almost identical but a detailed view on the differential thermogravimetry (DTG) and DSC curves shows that the two materials differ from each other. Two exothermal devolatilization and char combustion reactions occur, peaking at approximately 313°C and 445°C. These peak temperatures shift to lower temperatures in suberin-free and extractive-free corks giving evidence of the heat retarding effect of suberin and extractives and possible catalytic effect of inorganics in desuberinised cork. Phloem thermal degradation is similar to that of cork although exothermal peak temperatures are higher. Phloem-containing Q. cerris cork granulates thus show clear potential for high temperature applications.</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aguado, Pedro L.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curt, M. Dolores</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fernández, Jesús</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Allocation of 14C assimilated in late spring to tissue and biochemical stem components of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) over the seasons</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tree Physiology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C-14 labeled compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">carbon assimilation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">microautoradiography</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://treephys.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/3/313.abstract</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">32</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">313 - 325</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Carbon distribution in the stem of 2-year-old cork oak plants was studied by 14CO2 pulse labeling in late spring in order to trace the allocation of photoassimilates to tissue and biochemical stem components of cork oak. The fate of 14C photoassimilated carbon was followed during two periods: the first 72 h (short-term study) and the first 52 weeks (long-term study) after the 14CO2 photosynthetic assimilation. The results showed that 14C allocation to stem tissues was dependent on the time passed since photoassimilation and on the season of the year. In the first 3 h all 14C was found in the polar extractives. After 3 h, it started to be allocated to other stem fractions. In 1 day, 14C was allocated mostly to vascular cambium and, to a lesser extent, to primary phloem; no presence of 14C was recorded for the periderm. However, translocation of 14C to phellem was observed from 1 week after 14CO2 pulse labeling. The phellogen was not completely active in its entire circumference at labeling, unlike the vascular cambium; this was the tissue that accumulated most photoassimilated 14C at the earliest sampling. The fraction of leaf-assimilated 14C that was used by the stem peaked at 57% 1 week after 14CO2 plant exposure. The time lag between C photoassimilation and suberin accumulation was ∼8 h, but the most active period for suberin accumulation was between 3 and 7 days. Suberin, which represented only 1.77% of the stem weight, acted as a highly effective sink for the carbon photoassimilated in late spring since suberin specific radioactivity was much higher than for any other stem component as early as only 1 week after 14C plant labeling. This trend was maintained throughout the whole experiment. The examination of microautoradiographs taken over 1 year provided a new method for quantifying xylem growth. Using this approach it was found that there was more secondary xylem growth in late spring than in other times of the year, because the calculated average cell division time was much shorter.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1093/treephys/tps01210.1093/treephys/tps012</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Olivella, M. À</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jové, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bianchi, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bazzicalupi, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cano, L.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">An integrated approach to understanding the sorption mechanism of phenanthrene by cork.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemosphere</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biopolymer</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biosorption</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lignin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PAHs</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">p–p Interactions</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23149185</style></url></web-urls></urls><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Previous studies have shown the high sorption affinity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by cork. The aim of the present work is to go further by investigating the sorption mechanism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (exemplified by phenanthrene) on cork and the availability of the chemical components (i.e. lignin, suberin, holocellulose and extractives) to retain phenanthrene. Two approaches were integrated to reach this objective: (1) statistical multivariate analysis to obtain correlations between the sorption capacity, measured as K(oc), and the sorbent properties (i.e. polarity, acidic functional groups, %dichloromethane extractives, %ethanol and water extractives, %suberin, %lignin and %holocellulose) and (2) modeling calculations to obtain information on interaction at the molecular level. The statistical multivariate analysis demonstrated a strong and positive correlation between K(oc) and the lignin content as well as negative correlations between K(oc) and the phenolic groups and %dichloromethane extractives contents. The modeling study showed that the lignin-phenanthrene interaction is mostly hydrophobic in nature being largely determined by the π-stacking interaction between the aromatic groups of the interacting partners. This result justifies the observed correlations as dichloromethane extractives, being hydrophobic, compete with phenanthrene adsorption, whereas phenolic groups, as well as negatively charged groups, enhance the hydrophilic character of the sorbent surface, thus hindering the adsorption of phenanthrene.</style></abstract><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier Ltd&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 23149185</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferreira, Rui</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garcia, Helga</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sousa, Andreia F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Petkovic, Marija</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lamosa, Pedro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Freire, Carmen S. R.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvestre, Armando J. D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rebelo, Luís Paulo N. Luis Paulo N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Cristina Silva</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberin isolation from cork using ionic liquids: characterisation of ensuing products</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">New Journal of Chemistry</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cholinium alkanoates</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberinic materials (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2012///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=c2nj40433hhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C2NJ40433H</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">36</style></volume><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cholinium alkanoates, a class of benign ionic liquids, were demonstrated to efficiently extract suberin domains from cork. A detailed characterisation of the extracted material has yet to be attained. In the present study the significance of the alkylic chain length of the anion and the ionic liquid's basicity was investigated. The results obtained emphasise cholinium hexanoate's selection; it proved to be a straightforward process, also ensuring the recyclability and reusability of the ionic liquid. The extracted suberinic material has been thoroughly characterised for the first time by ATR-FTIR, NMR, GC-MS and thermal analyses. Data showed that it is mainly composed of oligomeric or polymeric aliphatic esterified structures, resulting from suberin partial cleavage. More than 40 wt% of the extracted suberinic material was found to be cross-linked. Even though, the composing monomeric units were similar to those usually identified in suberin samples obtained by the conventional extraction processes. These data pave the way for advanced studies of suberin monomers/oligomers as building-blocks for the development of novel biopolymers and biomaterials.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: The Royal Society of Chemistry</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teixeira, Rita Teresa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberized Cell Walls of Cork from Cork Oak Differ from Other Species</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Microscopy and Microanalysis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cell wall</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">lamellae</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ultrastructure</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">16</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">569 - 575</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Plants have suberized cells that act as protective interfaces with the environment or between different plant tissues. A lamellar structure of alternating dark and light bands has been found upon transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation of cork cells and considered a typical feature of the suberized secondary wall. We observed cork cells from periderms of Quercus suber, Quercus cerris, Solanum tuberosum, and Calotropis procera by TEM after uranyl acetate and lead citrate staining. A lamellated structure was observed in S. tuberosum and C. procera but not in Q. suber and Q. cerris where the suberized cell wall showed a predominantly hyaline aspect with only a dark dotted staining. Removal of suberin from Q. suber cells left a thinner secondary wall that lost the translucent aspect. We hypothesize that the species' specific chemical composition of suberin will result in different three-dimensional macromolecular development and in a different spatial location of lignin and other aromatics. A lamellated ultrastructure is therefore not a general feature of suberized cells.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">5</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Teixeira, Rita Teresa</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, Helena</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ultrastructural Observations Reveal the Presence of Channels between Cork Cells</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Calotropis procera</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">phellogen</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">plasmodesmata</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">539 - 544</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The ultrastructure of phellem cells of Quercus Silber L. (cork oak) and Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br. were analyzed using electron transmission microscopy to determine the presence or absence of plasmodesmata (PD). Different types of Q. Silber cork samples were studied: one year shoots; virgin cork (first periderm), reproduction cork (traumatic periderm), and wet cork. The channel structures of PD were found in all the samples crossing adjacent cell walls through the suberin layer of the secondary wait. Calotropis phellem also showed PD crossing the cell walls of adjacent cells but in fewer numbers compared to Q. suber. In one year stems of cork oak, it was possible to follow the physiologically active PD with ribosomic accumulation next to the aperture of the channel seen in the phellogen cells to the completely obstructed channels in the dead cells that characterize the phellem tissue.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA&lt;br/&gt;publisher: CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coquet, Corinne</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferré, Elisée</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peyronel, Dominique</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dal Farra, Claude</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farnet, Anne Marie</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identification of new molecules extracted from Quercus suber L. cork.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Comptes rendus biologies</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2.6-heptanediol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-friedelanol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terpens</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2008///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18940700</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">331</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">853 - 858</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Various methods of suberin extraction have been used in order to identify monomers of this complex polymer. Pre-extraction of waxes has allowed us to identify for the first time 3-friedelanol as a terpen from cork. Moreover, the wax chemical composition found here varied from previous results since cerin was not identified while friedelin and betulin were. Three fractions were obtained: a polymeric, a monomeric and a low molecular weight fraction, the last of which has never before been described. 2,6-heptanediol was found to be the main compound of this fraction. Furthermore, depolymerisation at room temperature gives the same yields as those obtained at reflux, defining an easier and cheaper methodology.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Elsevier Masson SAS&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 18940700</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Graça, José</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Santos, Sara</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycerol-derived ester oligomers from cork suberin.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemistry and physics of lipids</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">a-o-Diacids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ESI-MS/MS analysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Glycerolipids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">o-Hydroxyacids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16979606</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">144</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">96 - 107</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The cork suberin polyester was partially depolymerized by a methanolysis reaction catalyzed by calcium hydroxide. The methanolisate was analysed by ESI-MS/MS in the form of [M+Li](+) adduct-ions. This reaction solubilized a mixture of monomers and oligomers, including a set of glycerol-derived dimeric and trimeric esters. Four types of glycerol esters were identified: monoacylglycerols of alpha,omega-diacids, of omega-hydroxyacids and of monoacids; diglycerol diesters of alpha,omega-diacids; diacylglycerols of alpha,omega-diacids; monoacylglycerols of linear dimeric esters of alpha,omega-diacids and omega-hydroxyacids. The alpha,omega-diacids and omega-hydroxyacids found as monomer residues in the glycerol esters are the main ones found as cork suberin monomers. It is concluded that suberin is a glycerol-derived lipid of polymeric dimensions. Due to the protective and insulating role that it plays in plants, suberin should be considered together with the other known glycerolipids that build up biological membranes.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 16979606</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandini, Alessandro</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascoal Neto, Carlos</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvestre, Armando J. D.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberin: A promising renewable resource for novel macromolecular materials</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Progress in Polymer Science</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">dicarboxylic acids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">hydroxyacids</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">long-chain aliphatic compounds</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polyurethanes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2006///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0079670006000682</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">878 - 892</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberin, an aliphatic-aromatic cross-linked natural polymer present in the outer tissues of numerous vegetable species, is discussed in terms of (i) its occurrence, particularly where it dominates the bark composition of some trees, (ii) its macromolecular structure and positioning within the cell wall, (iii) its controlled chemical splicing (depolymerization through ester cleavage), (iv) the qualitative and quantitative composition of the ensuing monomeric fragments, and (v) the exploitation of this mixture of monomers in macromolecular science, both as a possible functional additive and as a source of novel materials. The presence of terminal carboxylic and hydroxy groups and of side hydroxy and epoxy moieties on the long chains of suberin ‘‘monomers’’ makes them particularly suited as building blocks for polymers with original architectures and interesting properties</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coquet, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bauza, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oberto, G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Berghi, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Farnet, A. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ferré, E.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Peyronel, D.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Dal Farra, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Domloge, N.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber cork extract displays a tensor and smoothing effect on human skin: an in vivo study.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Drugs under experimental and clinical research</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3-friedelanol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">6-heptanediol</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Terpens</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/16033247</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">31</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">89 - 99</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Recently, it has become indispensable for anti-aging active ingredients to provide a visible and immediate smoothing antiwrinkle effect. In Quercus suber, suberin is the most important structural component of cork cell walls. Studies have shown that suberin is made up mostly of hydroxycarboxylic acids and that it is endowed with many special mechanical and chemical properties that evoke a possible smoothing effect on the surface of the skin. Therefore, we were interested in investigating the effect of this cork extract on the skin's surface in a double-blind clinical study. The study was conducted in 15 healthy volunteers, aged 22 to 52 years. The volunteers applied a gel formula with 3% of cork extract, or placebo gel, on each forearm. Skin surface roughness was evaluated visually by pictures and by silicone replicas 1 and 2 h after application, followed by statistical analysis using the matched-pairs McNemar statistical test. McNemar analysis of the pictures revealed that application of cork extract on the skin resulted in a highly significant reduction of roughness 1 h after application. This effect was observed in 73.3% of volunteers. Two hours after cork extract application, a highly significant improvement of skin roughness was found in 78.6% of volunteers. Moreover, silicone replica treatment confirmed significant improvement in average of roughness at 2 h. These results demonstrate that cork extract provides a remarkable and highly significant tensor and smoothing effect on the skin, which could be of great use in anti-aging skin care products.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal Article,Randomized Controlled Trial,Journal Article,Randomized Controlled Trial,The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: Vincience Research Center, Sophia Antipolis, France.</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cordeiro, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neto, C. P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Rocha, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belgacem, M. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandini, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The organosolv fractionation of cork components</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">HOLZFORSCHUNG</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">C-13 NMR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ethanol/water extraction</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">FTIR</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">organosolv fractionation</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus Suber L</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2002///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">56</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">135 - 142</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extractive-free cork from Quercus suber L. was submitted to organosolv fractionation and the effects of different process variables, such as ethanol/water ratio, temperature, time and the presence of acidic or alkaline catalysts, were studied. The variation of the relative proportions of extracted components, as a function of the processing conditions, could thus be established. Whereas the addition of 0.1 M acetic acid only increased the yield of extracted materials from about 15 to 23 %, the use of sodium hydroxide, at the same concentration, produced a jump to 76 %. In the case of the alkaline organosolv fractionation. an increase in process temperature, time and catalyst concentration led to an increase in the extraction yield, although in some cases this increase did not follow a sustained trend, as in the case of reaction time. Increasing the ethanol/water ratio led to a higher selectivity in favour of suberin extraction. Residual cork from different organosolv processes was characterised by FTIR and C-13 solid-state NMR. The latter technique provided some valuable information about both process selectivity and cork morphology, particularly with respect to the positioning of suberin macromolecules in the cell wall.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY&lt;br/&gt;publisher: WALTER DE GRUYTER &amp; CO</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cordeiro, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Blayo, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belgacem, N. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandini, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascoal Neto, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">LeNest, J.-F.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork suberin as an additive in offset lithographic printing inks</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Industrial Crops and Products</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Additive</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheological properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tack</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vegetable oil-based ink</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Viscosity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Waterless ink</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2000///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0926669099000370</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">11</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63 - 71</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberin oligomers, isolated from cork (Quercus suber L.), were used as additives in ‘Waterless’ and vegetable-oil ink formulations, in the range of 2–10% w:w. The rheological behaviour of the suberin oligomers as well as of the inks, with and without suberin, were investigated as a function of temperature. It was shown that the addition of suberin induces a decrease of viscosity of both inks. The tack of pristine inks, suberin oligomers and their mixtures were determined at different temperatures: the variation of this parameter as a function of time provided information about the drying kinetics of these formulations. The tack of the ‘Waterless’ ink was found to increase with the introduction of suberin, whereas that of vegetable-oil based counterparts decreased. All the trends observed were interpreted in terms of the differences in composition between the two types of inks. Preliminary printing tests were carried out with the various suberin-containing inks</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cordeiro, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belgacem, M. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandini, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neto, C. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Urethanes and polyurethanes from suberin 2: synthesis and characterization</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">glass transition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">polyurethanes</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermal properties</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1999///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1 - 10</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Polyurethanes based on suberin from cork of Quercus suber L. and conventional isocyanate monomers were prepared and fully characterized in terms of both structure (FTIR and H-1 NMR spectroscopy) and thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis). Two fractions were systematically isolated, namely (i) methylene-chloride soluble products, which corresponded to linear and branched macromolecules and (ii) methylene-chloride insoluble products, representing the crosslinked material. The structures of these polymers were regular and no appreciable side reactions were detected. DSC analyses provided information about the glass transition temperature of both fractions and this parameter was correlated with the stiffness of the isocyanate used. The TGA of these polyurethanes showed that they started to degrade at about 175 degrees C and that the residue at 400 degrees C was around 50%. The highest amounts of insoluble fractions, as well as the highest T-g,s, were reached when an initial \{[\}NCO]/\{[\}OH] of unity was used. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS&lt;br/&gt;publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Conde, Elvira</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cadahía, Estrella</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garcia-Vallejo, Maria Conceptión</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gonźalez-Adrados, José Ramón</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical Characterization of Reproduction Cork from Spanish Quercus Suber</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">chemical composition</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">waxes (voyant)</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02773819809349592</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">18</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">447 - 469</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Abstract The chemical composition of Quercus suber reproduction cork was studied in planks from three different trees at different stages of their industrial processing and in samples collected in seven locations in the three main Spanish production areas. Extracts in chloroform, methanol and water, ne[ugrave]tral and acid fractions of waxes, suberin, lignin, holocellulose and pentosans, and polyphenols (low molecular weight polyphenols and tannins), were quantified. Suberin was the main component in all the samples, followed by lignin and holocellulose in lower concentrations. The most affected variables throughout the industrial processing were: lignin, chloroform and water extracts and the acid fraction of waxes. These variables did not allow one to distinguish the studied trees, which are differentiated by the percentages of methanol extracts, the tannic fraction of polyphenols, the free of suberin residue and the holocellulose content. Four variables were selected as those which provided the greatest discrimination among provenances: methanol extract, low molecular weight polyphenols, desuberinized residue and acid fraction of waxes. However, the studied populations can not be clearly distinguished by their chemical composition and no relationship was found between geographical proximity of their provenances and chemical resemblance.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">doi: 10.1080/02773819809349592doi: 10.1080/02773819809349592The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;publisher: Taylor &amp; Francis</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cordeiro, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belgacem, M. N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Silvestre, a J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pascoal Neto, C.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandini, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork suberin as a new source of chemicals. 1. Isolation and chemical characterization of its composition.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">International journal of biological macromolecules</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alkaline methanolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical characterization</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Molecular weight distribution</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9585884</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">22</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">71 - 80</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Extractive-free cork from Quercus suber L. was submitted to a solvolysis treatment with methanolic NaOH which yielded 37% (o.d. cork) of suberin. This mixture of compounds was thoroughly characterized by FTIR, 1H- and 13C-NMR, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis, vapour pressure osmometry (VPO), mass spectrography (MS) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). After derivatization, the main components of the volatile fraction, representing less than half of the total, were found to be omega-hydroxymonocarboxylates, alpha, omega-dicarboxylates, simple alkanoates and 1-alkanols, all with chain lengths ranging from C16 to C24. A second fraction, with an average molecular weight about three times higher, was detected by VPO, MS and GPC. The presence of this important fraction in cork suberin had not been recognized in earlier studies. Both fractions constitute interesting precursors for the elaboration of new materials.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;accession-num: 9585884</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cordeiro, N.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Belgacem, N. M.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gandini, A.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neto, C. P.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork suberin as a new source of chemicals: 2. Crystallinity, thermal and rheological properties</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bioresource technology</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Alkaline methanolysis</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">cork of Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">crystallinity</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Density</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">rheological properties</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermal characterization</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852497000734</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">63</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">153 - 158</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Suberin samples, obtained by alkaline methanolysis from cork (Quercus suber L.), were submitted to various physical characterizations; DSC, TGA, optical microscopy, density and rheological properties. A sub- stantial proportion of these oligomers possessed a microcrystalline character with a melting range between 0 and 50°C. The amorphous part was liquid at room temperature and did not display a detectable glass transition upon cooling because of its wide molecular weight distribution. The viscous behaviour of suberin at room temperature was both plastic and thixotropic because of the structuring role of the micro- crystals</style></abstract></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bleton, J.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mejanelle, P.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Goursaud, S.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tchapla, A.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Identification of the main fatty acids component of the cork suberine by GC/MS</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">ANALUSIS</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">GC/MS</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber L.</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">26</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">M51 - M54</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The aim of this work was to verify the presence of cork (Quercus Suber) in two samples of linoleum the beginning of the twentieth century Using GC/MS after acidic methanolysis and silylation, it was possible to identify most of the components of a modern sample of cork. The dominant is a lipid polymer: the suberin. Its monomeric composition is examined in details.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></issue><notes><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">APSAPSThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field:&lt;br/&gt;pub-location: 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE&lt;br/&gt;publisher: E D P SCIENCES</style></notes></record><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="7.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Bento, M. F.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pereira, H.</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermally assisted transmethylation gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of suberin components in cork from Quercus suber L.</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Phytochemical Analysis</style></secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cork</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">pyrolysis mass spectrometry</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Quercus suber</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">suberin</style></keyword><keyword><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">thermally assisted methylation</style></keyword></keywords><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1998///</style></date></pub-dates></dates><urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199803/04)9:2&lt;75::AID-PCA386&gt;3.0.CO;2-8/abstract</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">75 - 87</style></pages><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Thermally assisted transmethylation gas chromatography - mass spectrometry with tetramethylammonium hydroxide has been applied for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the suberin fraction of wax-free cork. With this method, hydrolysis of esters together with methylation of carboxylic and hydroxylic groups was observed. Mostly long chain aliphatic components, such as alkanols, alkanoic acids, v-hydroxyacids, v,v-alkanoic diacids, and several 9,10-epoxy and 9,10-dihydroxy forms have been found in keeping with results of other workers in the ﬁeld. Two other components that may give a more complete view of the architecture of suberin were also found, namely the phenolic compound ferulic acid, and glycerol which is probably esteriﬁed to carboxylic groups of the aliphatic building units of suberin</style></abstract></record></records></xml>