A new soil-dwelling palpigrade species from Northern Italy (Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae) - Christian, Erhard (ZOOTAXA, 2009)
Among the 27 palpigrade species recorded in Europe so far, 23 occur in caves or narrow subterranean voids. Eukoenenia gallii n. sp. from a cork oak forest on the Italian Riviera (Liguria) is added to the small group of edaphic European palpigrades. E. gallii is not closely related to the common soil-dweller E. mirabilis (Grassi & Calandruccio, 1885), but to E. subangusta (Silvestri, 1903). Body shape and proportions make the new species look extremely edaphomorphic. All instars are described and illustrated with light micrographs of diagnostic traits.
Keywords: Arachnida; diagnostic characters; edaphomorphic; Eukoenenia; EUROPE; Liguria; taxonomy

Nickel sorption capacity of ground xylem of Quercus ilex trees and effects of selected ligands present in the xylem sap. - Araújo, Geórgia C L; Lemos, Sherlan G; Nabais, Cristina (Journal of plant physiology, 2009)
In this work the influence of four different ligands present in the xylem sap of Quercus ilex (histidine, citric, oxalic and aspartic acids) on Ni(II) adsorption by xylem was investigated. Grinded xylem was trapped in acrylic columns and solutions of Ni(II), in the absence and presence of the four ligands prepared in KNO(3) 0.1molL(-1) at pH 5.5, were percolated through the column. Aliquots of solutions were recovered in the column end for Ni determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The experimental data to describe Ni sorption by xylem in both the presence and absence of ligands was better explained by the Freundlich isotherm model. The decreasing affinity order of ligands for Ni was: oxalic acid>citric acid>histidine>aspartic acid. On the other hand, the Ni(II) adsorption by xylem increased following the inverse sequence of ligands. Potentiometric titrations of acidic groups were carried out to elucidate the sorption site groups available in Q. ilex xylem. The potentiometric titration has shown three sorption sites: pK(a) 2.6 (57.7% of the sorption sites), related to monobasic aliphatic carboxylic acids or nitrogen aromatic bases, pK(a) 8.1 (9.6%) and pK(a) 9.9 (32.7%), related to phenolic groups.
Keywords: Adsorption isotherms; Nickel; Organic ligands; Xylem

Nickel sorption capacity of ground xylem of Quercus ilex trees and effects of selected ligands present in the xylem sap. - Araújo, Geórgia C. L.; Lemos, Sherlan G.; Nabais, Cristina (Journal of plant physiology, 2009)
In this work the influence of four different ligands present in the xylem sap of Quercus ilex (histidine, citric, oxalic and aspartic acids) on Ni(II) adsorption by xylem was investigated. Grinded xylem was trapped in acrylic columns and solutions of Ni(II), in the absence and presence of the four ligands prepared in KNO(3) 0.1molL(-1) at pH 5.5, were percolated through the column. Aliquots of solutions were recovered in the column end for Ni determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The experimental data to describe Ni sorption by xylem in both the presence and absence of ligands was better explained by the Freundlich isotherm model. The decreasing affinity order of ligands for Ni was: oxalic acid>citric acid>histidine>aspartic acid. On the other hand, the Ni(II) adsorption by xylem increased following the inverse sequence of ligands. Potentiometric titrations of acidic groups were carried out to elucidate the sorption site groups available in Q. ilex xylem. The potentiometric titration has shown three sorption sites: pK(a) 2.6 (57.7% of the sorption sites), related to monobasic aliphatic carboxylic acids or nitrogen aromatic bases, pK(a) 8.1 (9.6%) and pK(a) 9.9 (32.7%), related to phenolic groups.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 18707798
Keywords: Adsorption isotherms; Nickel; Organic ligands; Xylem

Nuevas tecnologías aplicadas al descorche - BURGOS BARRANTES, M.; SANTIAGO BELTRÁN, R.; LANZO PALACIOS, R. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
El aprovechamiento corchero, en los últimos años, ha sufrido una revolución en las técnicas y métodos de explotación que aunque no se han trasladado de manera definitiva a los propietarios, gestores o/y empresas del sector, sí han incorporado nuevas soluciones que en un futuro no muy lejano, serán herramientas claves del aprovechamiento dada la situación estructural del sector como es una mano de obra envejecida, las graves carencias en la seguridad y salud de los trabajadores o el mal estado sanitario de nuestros alcornocales. El primer avance fue la aparición en el año 1.998 del primer prototipo de la máquina electromecánica de descorche, que mediante una tecnología novedosa permitía la mecanización de la abertura y trazado del corcho (rayado), sin provocar daños en las células de la capa madre (felógeno, felodermis, líber y cambium) del alcornoque. En la actualidad, tres modelos diferentes de estas máquinas se comercializan en el mundo. Paralelamente al desarrollo de las máquinas, se han ido incorporando otras tecnologías al sector como el Carguero Forestal Teledirigido (diseñado y desarrollado por el Instituto C.M.C., IPROCOR) o los útiles de descorche MIJUROS, también ideados por este Instituto. Estos útiles o herramientas de descorche han sido la última novedad tecnológica, las cuales complementan e implementan el trabajo de las máquinas electromecánicas, realizando las tareas de ahuecado, dislocado y separado del corcho. De esta manera, el trabajo de hachas corcheras y burjas o palancas podría ser sustituido. Palabras
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: aprovechamiento; Corcho; herramientas; máquinas

Nuevas tecnologías aplicadas al descorche - BURGOS BARRANTES, M; SANTIAGO BELTRÁN, R; LANZO PALACIOS, R (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
El aprovechamiento corchero, en los últimos años, ha sufrido una revolución en las técnicas y métodos de explotación que aunque no se han trasladado de manera definitiva a los propietarios, gestores o/y empresas del sector, sí han incorporado nuevas soluciones que en un futuro no muy lejano, serán herramientas claves del aprovechamiento dada la situación estructural del sector como es una mano de obra envejecida, las graves carencias en la seguridad y salud de los trabajadores o el mal estado sanitario de nuestros alcornocales. El primer avance fue la aparición en el año 1.998 del primer prototipo de la máquina electromecánica de descorche, que mediante una tecnología novedosa permitía la mecanización de la abertura y trazado del corcho (rayado), sin provocar daños en las células de la capa madre (felógeno, felodermis, líber y cambium) del alcornoque. En la actualidad, tres modelos diferentes de estas máquinas se comercializan en el mundo. Paralelamente al desarrollo de las máquinas, se han ido incorporando otras tecnologías al sector como el Carguero Forestal Teledirigido (diseñado y desarrollado por el Instituto C.M.C., IPROCOR) o los útiles de descorche MIJUROS, también ideados por este Instituto. Estos útiles o herramientas de descorche han sido la última novedad tecnológica, las cuales complementan e implementan el trabajo de las máquinas electromecánicas, realizando las tareas de ahuecado, dislocado y separado del corcho. De esta manera, el trabajo de hachas corcheras y burjas o palancas podría ser sustituido. Palabras
Keywords: aprovechamiento; Corcho; herramientas; máquinas

Patterns of species impoverishment in managed forests of Catalonia (NE Spain) - Lloret, F.; Solé, A.; Pino, J. (Journal of Vegetation Science, 2009)
Question: In managed forests, woody plant richness shows great variations in pattern. Herein we try to elucidate the role of major factors, such as successional status, to explain this variation. Assuming that less competitive or disturbance-sensitive species will be systematically more prone to disappear, we investigate the existence of nonrandom patterns of species impoverishment – i.e., the number of species unable to attain maximal richness – and the ecological and successional status of species associated with impoverishment in relation to a regional climatic gradient. Methods: We explored species composition in approximately 7500 forest plots in Catalonia (NE Spain). We evaluated non-random patterns of species impoverishment by analyzing their nestedness. Multivariate analysis was used to relate environmental variables and impoverishment to species occurrence. Plot successional status and ecological range were also estimated from species composition, and species impoverishment was then correlated to these estimators. Results: Most forests show a non-random pattern of species loss: poor stands tend to retain the same species, and the species determining high richness tend to be the same. Late successional species tend to be more common in impoverished plots of drier and warmer forests, while species typical of open or disturbed habitats are more common in impoverished plots of moister and colder forests. Communities dominated by early or late successional species are mostly impoverished, while the richest stands are constituted by species of intermediate stages. Forests dominated by species with a narrow or wide ecological range showed high impoverishment levels, while the richest stands had species with an intermediate ecological range. Discussion: In warmer Mediterranean forests, impoverishment tends to be associated with late successional stages, while in moister and colder forests, species loss is more closely related to disturbance and exploitation. This study reveals the difﬁculties involved in using species richness as a simple descriptor of the degree of forest conservation. Identiﬁcation of dominant species and species indicative of ecological processes would constitute an easily applicable practice that would consolidate assessment of forests status.
Keywords: diversity; Forest management; nestedness; Species composition; Species richness; succession

Peso individual de la bellota de Quercus ilex ssp. ballota (Desf) Samp. Influencia de factores ecológicos y selvícolas - ALEJANO MONGE, REYES; VÁZQUEZ PIQUÉ, JAVIER; CAREVIC VERGARA, FELIPE; FERNÁNDEZ MARTÍNEZ, MANUEL (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Gran parte de los estudios sobre producción de bellota están basados en la estimación del número de frutos o el peso total de los mismos, dejando a un lado cuestiones tan importantes para la cuantificación de cosechas como el tamaño o el peso individual de la bellota. El tamaño y peso de la bellota son claves desde un punto de vista ecológico, ya que influencian muchos aspectos de las estrategias de regeneración de las especies, incluyendo tasas de supervivencia, dispersión o cantidad de semillas que se pueden producir con una determinada cantidad de energía. Asimismo, puesto que permite cuantificar las cosechas de forma más precisa, el conocimiento de estos parámetros tiene un gran interés económico, especialmente en áreas donde la bellota es clave para la alimentación del cerdo ibérico. En este trabajo se estudia el peso individual de las bellotas de 31 árboles localizados en sendas parcelas de zonas adehesadas de la provincia de Huelva, durante el periodo 2001- 2006 analizando la variabilidad entre orientaciones, pies, años, tratamientos de poda aplicados y parcelas. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en el peso medio de bellota entre árboles, parcelas y años. Asimismo se obtiene que el peso medio de bellota es mayor en la orientación sur. Los tratamientos de poda no influyen significativamente en esta variable. La variación entre años y parcelas debe tratar de explicarse a través de variables climáticas y de presencia de plagas y enfermedades en los árboles de las parcelas. Palabras
Keywords: Dehesa; encina; podas; producción de bellota; regeneración; selvicultura

Peso individual de la bellota de Quercus ilex ssp. ballota (Desf) Samp. Influencia de factores ecológicos y selvícolas - ALEJANO MONGE, REYES; VÁZQUEZ PIQUÉ, JAVIER; CAREVIC VERGARA, FELIPE; FERNÁNDEZ MARTÍNEZ, MANUEL (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Gran parte de los estudios sobre producción de bellota están basados en la estimación del número de frutos o el peso total de los mismos, dejando a un lado cuestiones tan importantes para la cuantificación de cosechas como el tamaño o el peso individual de la bellota. El tamaño y peso de la bellota son claves desde un punto de vista ecológico, ya que influencian muchos aspectos de las estrategias de regeneración de las especies, incluyendo tasas de supervivencia, dispersión o cantidad de semillas que se pueden producir con una determinada cantidad de energía. Asimismo, puesto que permite cuantificar las cosechas de forma más precisa, el conocimiento de estos parámetros tiene un gran interés económico, especialmente en áreas donde la bellota es clave para la alimentación del cerdo ibérico. En este trabajo se estudia el peso individual de las bellotas de 31 árboles localizados en sendas parcelas de zonas adehesadas de la provincia de Huelva, durante el periodo 2001- 2006 analizando la variabilidad entre orientaciones, pies, años, tratamientos de poda aplicados y parcelas. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en el peso medio de bellota entre árboles, parcelas y años. Asimismo se obtiene que el peso medio de bellota es mayor en la orientación sur. Los tratamientos de poda no influyen significativamente en esta variable. La variación entre años y parcelas debe tratar de explicarse a través de variables climáticas y de presencia de plagas y enfermedades en los árboles de las parcelas. Palabras
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español
Keywords: Dehesa; encina; podas; producción de bellota; regeneración; selvicultura

Photosynthesis studies on European evergreen and deciduous oaks grown under Central European climate conditions. I: a case study of leaf development and seasonal variation of photosynthetic capacity in Quercus robur (L.), Q. ilex (L.) and their semidecidu - Both, Holger; Brüggemann, Wolfgang (Trees, 2009)
Leaf development of Quercus robur (deciduous), Q. ilex (evergreen) and of their hybrid Q. 9 turneri was assessed under Central European climate conditions. In all three taxa, development of maximum photosynthetic capacity was slow, although whole chain electron transport, grana development, the xanthophyll cycle and the biochemical capacity for photosynthesis were already completely present at day 7 after budbreak (DAB 7). In the course of the following 30 days, shifts in the levels of metabolites of the photosynthetic dark reactions were observed, indicating a change from ribulose bisphosphate (RubP) regeneration limitation towards RubP consumption limitation of photosynthesis. At the same time, electron transport rates had strongly increased and the capacity of the light reactions did not seem to limit photosynthesis. Sucrose levels in the leaves increased strongly, indicating sink limitation of photosynthesis, which might be responsible for the observed slow development of maximum photosynthetic capacity in all three taxa.
Keywords: á; leaf development; leaf development á quercus; photosynthesis; Quercus; Sink limitation; sink limitation á photosynthesis

Photosynthesis studies on European evergreen and deciduous oaks grown under Central European climate conditions: II. Photoinhibitory and light-independent violaxanthin deepoxidation and downregulation of photosystem II in evergreen, winter-acclimated Euro - Brüggemann, Wolfgang; Bergmann, Michael; Nierbauer, Kai-Uwe; Pflug, Ellen; Schmidt, Carlo; Weber, Daniel (Trees, 2009)
In the context of the search for future forestry species in Central Europe under climate change scenarios, the evergreen Mediterranean Quercus taxa Q. ilex ssp. ilex and Q. suber and the semideciduous hybrids. Q. 9 turneri and Q. 9 hispanica were studied in relation to their photochemical efﬁciency of photosystem II and to the activity of the xanthophyll cycle under Central European winter conditions. The evergreen taxa were remarkably insensitive to winter stress in the ﬁeld and reacted towards frost periods with the phenomenon of ‘‘chronic photoinhibition’’, i.e. a decrease in pre-dawn Fv/Fm and an increase in the deepoxidation state of the xanthophylls. Under dark and warmer conditions (room temperature), winter-acclimated leaves of the evergreen taxa except for Q. 9 turneri produced zeaand antheraxanthin and decreased Fv/Fm, possibly by creation of a chlororespiratory pH-gradient. It is suggested that the ability for dark violaxanthin deepoxidation may contribute to the winter hardiness of the evergreen taxa.
Keywords: á downregulation of ps; chlororespiration; chlororespiration á photoinhibition á; downregulation of ps II; ii; photoinhibition; Quercus; quercus á winter acclimation; winter acclimation

Photosynthesis studies on European evergreen and deciduous oaks grown under Central European climate conditions. I: a case study of leaf development and seasonal variation of photosynthetic capacity in Quercus robur (L.), Q. ilex (L.) and their semidecidu - Both, Holger; Brüggemann, Wolfgang (Trees, 2009)
Leaf development of Quercus robur (deciduous), Q. ilex (evergreen) and of their hybrid Q. 9 turneri was assessed under Central European climate conditions. In all three taxa, development of maximum photosynthetic capacity was slow, although whole chain electron transport, grana development, the xanthophyll cycle and the biochemical capacity for photosynthesis were already completely present at day 7 after budbreak (DAB 7). In the course of the following 30 days, shifts in the levels of metabolites of the photosynthetic dark reactions were observed, indicating a change from ribulose bisphosphate (RubP) regeneration limitation towards RubP consumption limitation of photosynthesis. At the same time, electron transport rates had strongly increased and the capacity of the light reactions did not seem to limit photosynthesis. Sucrose levels in the leaves increased strongly, indicating sink limitation of photosynthesis, which might be responsible for the observed slow development of maximum photosynthetic capacity in all three taxa.
Keywords: á; leaf development; leaf development á quercus; photosynthesis; Quercus; Sink limitation; sink limitation á photosynthesis

Photosynthesis studies on European evergreen and deciduous oaks grown under Central European climate conditions: II. Photoinhibitory and light-independent violaxanthin deepoxidation and downregulation of photosystem II in evergreen, winter-acclimated Euro - Brüggemann, Wolfgang; Bergmann, Michael; Nierbauer, Kai-Uwe; Pflug, Ellen; Schmidt, Carlo; Weber, Daniel (Trees, 2009)
In the context of the search for future forestry species in Central Europe under climate change scenarios, the evergreen Mediterranean Quercus taxa Q. ilex ssp. ilex and Q. suber and the semideciduous hybrids. Q. 9 turneri and Q. 9 hispanica were studied in relation to their photochemical efﬁciency of photosystem II and to the activity of the xanthophyll cycle under Central European winter conditions. The evergreen taxa were remarkably insensitive to winter stress in the ﬁeld and reacted towards frost periods with the phenomenon of ‘‘chronic photoinhibition’’, i.e. a decrease in pre-dawn Fv/Fm and an increase in the deepoxidation state of the xanthophylls. Under dark and warmer conditions (room temperature), winter-acclimated leaves of the evergreen taxa except for Q. 9 turneri produced zeaand antheraxanthin and decreased Fv/Fm, possibly by creation of a chlororespiratory pH-gradient. It is suggested that the ability for dark violaxanthin deepoxidation may contribute to the winter hardiness of the evergreen taxa.
Keywords: á downregulation of ps; chlororespiration; chlororespiration á photoinhibition á; downregulation of ps II; ii; photoinhibition; Quercus; quercus á winter acclimation; winter acclimation

Physiological responses of cork oak and holm oak to infection by fungal pathogens involved in oak decline - Linaldeddu, B. T.; Sirca, C.; Spano, D.; Franceschini, A. (Forest Pathology, 2009)
The aim of this research was to study the changes in net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance values in 3-year-old cork oak and holm oak seedlings growing in natural conditions and inoculated with Apiognomonia quercina, Biscogniauxia mediterranea, Botryosphaeria corticola and Pleurophoma cava. Throughout the 4-month experimental period, the evolution of visual external symptoms and the values of physiological variables were periodically recorded. All pathogens caused stem lesions around the infection point; however, the lesions caused by B. corticola were longer in both oak species. On cork oak seedlings, all pathogens induced a signiﬁcant and gradual reduction in net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance values, whereas other physiological disturbances were induced only by B. corticola infections on holm oak seedlings.
Keywords: Cork oak; fungal pathogens; Holm oak; physiological responses (voyant); seedlings

Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae on naturally infected asymptomatic foliage - Denman, S; Kirk, S A; Moralejo, E; Webber, J F (EPPO Bulletin, 2009)
Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae are recently discovered invasive Phytophthoras causing leaf necrosis and shoot tip dieback mostly on ornamental and forest understorey species, but also cause bleeding cankers on stems of a wide range of tree species. Sporulation occurs only on infected shoots or fruits and foliage so foliar hosts are central to the disease epidemiology. In field trials to assess infection in trap plants exposed to natural inoculum of P. ramorum and P. kernoviae on rhododendron in south west England, it was discovered that leaves of the trap plants (Rhododendron‘Cunninghams White’) and holm oak (Quercus ilex) were asymptomatically infected and supported sporulation of both pathogens. More than half the rhododendron trap plants exposed to inoculum of P. kernoviae became infected compared with approximately a third of those exposed to P. ramorum in a natural situation. Approximately one third of the infections were detected from asymptomatic foliage for both pathogens. The significance of these findings for plant health regulation based on visual inspection as a measure to prevent introduction and dissemination of both these pathogens is explored and research gaps identified.
Keywords: asymptomatic infection; pathogen sporulation (voyant); Phytophthora kernoviae; Phytophthora ramorum

Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae on naturally infected asymptomatic foliage - Denman, S.; Kirk, S. A.; Moralejo, E.; Webber, J. F. (EPPO Bulletin, 2009)
Phytophthora ramorum and Phytophthora kernoviae are recently discovered invasive Phytophthoras causing leaf necrosis and shoot tip dieback mostly on ornamental and forest understorey species, but also cause bleeding cankers on stems of a wide range of tree species. Sporulation occurs only on infected shoots or fruits and foliage so foliar hosts are central to the disease epidemiology. In field trials to assess infection in trap plants exposed to natural inoculum of P. ramorum and P. kernoviae on rhododendron in south west England, it was discovered that leaves of the trap plants (Rhododendron‘Cunninghams White’) and holm oak (Quercus ilex) were asymptomatically infected and supported sporulation of both pathogens. More than half the rhododendron trap plants exposed to inoculum of P. kernoviae became infected compared with approximately a third of those exposed to P. ramorum in a natural situation. Approximately one third of the infections were detected from asymptomatic foliage for both pathogens. The significance of these findings for plant health regulation based on visual inspection as a measure to prevent introduction and dissemination of both these pathogens is explored and research gaps identified.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: asymptomatic infection; pathogen sporulation (voyant); Phytophthora kernoviae; Phytophthora ramorum

Plant response to disturbance in a Mediterranean grassland: How many functional groups? - Lavorel, S; McIntyre, S; Grigulis, K (Journal of Vegetation Science, 2009)
. Data referring to changes in vegetation composition resulting from cattle exclosure and ploughing in a Portuguese pasture dominated by annuals were used to test hypotheses regarding the biology of species favoured or eliminated by disturbance in semi-natural herbaceous communities. These hypotheses were tested in two ways. First we compared the distribution of six a priori groups – grasses, small rosettes, large rosettes, small species with leafy stems, large species with leafy stems, legumes – across grazed, ploughed and undisturbed plots. In a second set of analyses we examined changes in the frequencies of individual biological attributes in response to grazing and ploughing. These analyses were carried out separately for grasses and dicot forbs. Overall, the species composition showed little response to either grazing or ploughing, though species dominance changed. This lack of responsiveness of species composition was attributed to the long history of intensive land use which has resulted in the loss of disturbance-intolerant species over entire landscapes. When considering a priori groups, small rosettes were indifferent to disturbance. grazing and ploughing showed that dominated. Large rosettes, large species with leafy stems and legumes were generally intolerant to both grazing and ploughing, though individual species may increase in response to disturbance. Small species with leafy stems were the only group favoured by grazing whereas ploughing favoured grasses. As to individual traits, grazing excluded large grass species with heavy seeds and promoted a flat rosette canopy structure and a small size, along with a moderate dormancy and protected inflorescences. In forbs, grazing favoured small species, as expected, while it excluded tall species, and, in contrast to earlier results, a rosette canopy. These attributes were consistent with responses of the a priori groups, though it would not have been possible to reconstruct groups directly from the attribute list. Ploughing had no effect on any of the forb traits. As to grass traits, flat- and short-statured species increased and heavy-seeded species decreased. Our analysis revealed two advantages of establishing plant functional classifications within life forms. Subgroups within forbs had contrasting types of behaviour. For the same trait patterns could differ within the grass group from within the forb group. Finally, this analysis emphasizes the need for plant functional classifications aiming at the identification of syndromes of co-occurring attributes rather than of lists of isolated traits of which actual combinations are not specified.
Keywords: Annual; disturbance; Grazing; Plant functional type; Ploughing; Portugal

Plant water relations and edaphoclimatic conditions affecting acorn production in a holm oak (Quercus ilex L. ssp. ballota) open woodland - Carevic, F S; Fernández, M; Alejano, R; Vázquez-Piqué, J; TAPIAS, R; Corral, E; Domingo, J (Agroforestry Systems, 2009)
Acorn production patterns and the annual evolution of water relations parameters of Quercus ilex ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. in a dehesa (an open woodland forest) subject to various soil treatments (ploughing, ploughing? sowing, control) were studied in southwest Spain from June 2006 to December 2008. The effects of soil water holding capacity and effective soil depth on soil and plant water status and acorn production were also investigated. Water parameters showed signiÞcant differences between the ploughing treatment and the control, and there were also signiÞcant temporal differences. Xylem water potential ranged from- 3.4 ± 0.1 to - 0.7 ± 0.2 MPa, and cuticular transpiration was 62.4Ð 192.9 mmol H2O kg - 1 s - 1 . Acorn production did not differ signiÞcantly according to soil treatment, and showed large intra-speciÞc variability. Individual values ranged from 0 to 1,220 g m - 2 (fresh weight). Positive relationships were found between xylem water potential, cuticular transpiration and relative water content measured at midsummer, and acorn production during the three studied years. These results suggest that climatic conditions and soil water availability have a strong inßuence on plant water status, and therefore on acorn development during summer. The results also reßect the ability of this species to adapt to the Mediterranean climate by preserving water during dry periods, which to a large extent can be attributed to stomatal closure at high relative water content levels, an
Keywords: acorn production; cuticular transpiration; land use; pressure-volume curves; soil treatments; water potential

Plant water relations and edaphoclimatic conditions affecting acorn production in a holm oak (Quercus ilex L. ssp. ballota) open woodland - Carevic, F. S.; Fernández, M.; Alejano, R.; Vázquez-Piqué, J.; Tapias, R.; Corral, E.; Domingo, J. (Agroforestry Systems, 2009)
Acorn production patterns and the annual evolution of water relations parameters of Quercus ilex ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. in a dehesa (an open woodland forest) subject to various soil treatments (ploughing, ploughing? sowing, control) were studied in southwest Spain from June 2006 to December 2008. The effects of soil water holding capacity and effective soil depth on soil and plant water status and acorn production were also investigated. Water parameters showed signiÞcant differences between the ploughing treatment and the control, and there were also signiÞcant temporal differences. Xylem water potential ranged from- 3.4 ± 0.1 to - 0.7 ± 0.2 MPa, and cuticular transpiration was 62.4Ð 192.9 mmol H2O kg - 1 s - 1 . Acorn production did not differ signiÞcantly according to soil treatment, and showed large intra-speciÞc variability. Individual values ranged from 0 to 1,220 g m - 2 (fresh weight). Positive relationships were found between xylem water potential, cuticular transpiration and relative water content measured at midsummer, and acorn production during the three studied years. These results suggest that climatic conditions and soil water availability have a strong inßuence on plant water status, and therefore on acorn development during summer. The results also reßect the ability of this species to adapt to the Mediterranean climate by preserving water during dry periods, which to a large extent can be attributed to stomatal closure at high relative water content levels, an
Keywords: acorn production; cuticular transpiration; land use; pressure-volume curves; soil treatments; water potential

Plasticity and stress tolerance override local adaptation in the responses of Mediterranean holm oak seedlings to drought and cold - Gimeno, Teresa E; Pías, Beatriz; Lemos-Filho, José P; Valladares, Fernando (Tree Physiology, 2009)
Plant populations of widely distributed species experience a broad range of environmental conditions that can be faced by phenotypic plasticity or ecotypic differentiation and local adaptation. The strategy chosen will determine a population’s ability to respond to climate change. To explore this, we grew Quercus ilex (L.) seedlings from acorns collected at six selected populations from climatically contrasting localities and evaluated their response to drought and late season cold events. Maximum photosynthetic rate (Amax), instantaneous water use efficiency (iWUE), and thermal tolerance to freeze and heat (estimated from chlorophyll fluorescence versus temperature curves) were measured in 5-month-old seedlings in control (no stress), drought (water-stressed), and cold (low suboptimal temperature) conditions. The observed responses were similar for the six populations: drought decreased Amax and increased iWUE, and cold reduced Amax and iWUE. All the seedlings maintained photosynthetic activity under adverse conditions (drought and cold), and rapidly increased their iWUE by closing stomata when exposed to drought. Heat and freeze tolerances were similarly high for seedlings from all the populations, and they were significantly increased by drought and cold, respectively; and were positively related to each other. Differences in seedling performance across populations were primarily induced by maternal effects mediated by seed size and to a lesser extent by idiosyncratic physiologic responses to drought and low temperatures. Tolerance to multiple stresses together with the capacity to physiologically acclimate to heat waves and cold snaps may allow Q. ilex to cope with the increasingly stressful conditions imposed by climate change. Lack of evidence of physiologic seedling adaptation to local climate may reflect opposing selection pressures to complex, multidimensional environmental conditions operating within the distribution range of this species.
10.1093/treephys/tpn007
Keywords: Adaptation; Biological; Biological: physiology; Cold Temperature; Droughts; eﬃciency; Freezing; Genetic Variation; Hot Temperature; Nuts; photosynthesis; Photosynthesis: physiology; Physiological; Quercus; Quercus ilex; Quercus: physiology; Stress; thermal tolerance; Trees; water; water use; Water: physiology

Posición fitoclimática del alcornocal de Bozoo (Burgos) - GARCÍA-LÓPEZ, J M; ALLUÉ CAMACHO, C (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Se estudia la posición fitoclimática de una formación de alcornoque (Quercus suber L.) situada en la localidad de Bozoó (Burgos) que presenta condiciones ecológicas aparentemente atípicas por su lejanía del área principal de distribución de esta especie en España. El sistema fitoclimático utilizado fue el de Allué-Andrade modificado. Los resultados obtenidos confirman sólo parcialmente este pretendido carácter atípico. Por una parte, el alcornocal de Bozoó se asemeja fitoclimáticamente a los alcornocales no litorales catalanes (y posiblemente también a alguno levantino) por su encuadramiento general en el subtipo nemoromediterráneo submediterráneo VI(IV)4. Sin embargo, el principal factor diferenciador del resto de alcornocales españoles es el bajo valor de la temperatura media anual, que lo acerca más a algunos alcornocales salmantinos y zamoranos poco térmicos. Compensaciones térmicas a este bajo valor factorial, por su posición topográfica en solana podrían explicar la presencia del alcornoque en este área tan apartada de su distribución general. La escasez de sustratos de naturaleza ácida en la comarca podrían también explicar en parte la inexistencia de otros alcornocales en situaciones fitoclimáticas parecidas. Palabras
Keywords: Alcornoque; envolvente convexa; España; Fitoclimatología; idoneidad; Quercus suber

Posición fitoclimática del alcornocal de Bozoo (Burgos) - GARCÍA-LÓPEZ, J. M.; ALLUÉ CAMACHO, C. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Se estudia la posición fitoclimática de una formación de alcornoque (Quercus suber L.) situada en la localidad de Bozoó (Burgos) que presenta condiciones ecológicas aparentemente atípicas por su lejanía del área principal de distribución de esta especie en España. El sistema fitoclimático utilizado fue el de Allué-Andrade modificado. Los resultados obtenidos confirman sólo parcialmente este pretendido carácter atípico. Por una parte, el alcornocal de Bozoó se asemeja fitoclimáticamente a los alcornocales no litorales catalanes (y posiblemente también a alguno levantino) por su encuadramiento general en el subtipo nemoromediterráneo submediterráneo VI(IV)4. Sin embargo, el principal factor diferenciador del resto de alcornocales españoles es el bajo valor de la temperatura media anual, que lo acerca más a algunos alcornocales salmantinos y zamoranos poco térmicos. Compensaciones térmicas a este bajo valor factorial, por su posición topográfica en solana podrían explicar la presencia del alcornoque en este área tan apartada de su distribución general. La escasez de sustratos de naturaleza ácida en la comarca podrían también explicar en parte la inexistencia de otros alcornocales en situaciones fitoclimáticas parecidas. Palabras
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: Alcornoque; envolvente convexa; España; Fitoclimatología; idoneidad; Quercus suber

Postfledging habitat selection of juvenile middle spotted woodpeckers: a multi-scale approach - Ciudad, Carlos; Robles, Hugo; Matthysen, Erik (Ecography, 2009)
Despite its relevance for the persistence of populations, the ecological mechanisms underlying habitat use decisions of juvenile birds are poorly understood. We examined postfledging habitat selection of radio-tracked juvenile middle spotted woodpeckers Dendrocopos medius at multiple hierarchically-nested spatial scales in NW Spain. At the landscape and home range scales, old oak forest was the most used and selected habitat, young oak forests and pine plantations were avoided, and riverside forests were used as available. At a lower scale, birds selected larger diameter trees for foraging. Home ranges had higher densities of large deciduous trees (mainly oaks Quercus spp., but also poplars Populus spp. and willows Salix spp. 22 cm and 33 cm DBH) selected for foraging by juveniles than non-used areas. These results suggest that foraging conditions may drive, at least partly, habitat use decisions by juvenile birds. We also discuss the potential influence of intraspecific competition, the search for a future breeding territory in the early postfledging period and predation avoidance on habitat use decisions by juvenile birds. Contrary to previous studies on migrant forest birds, postfledging juvenile woodpeckers selected the same habitat as for the breeding adults (i.e. old oak forest), indicating that migrant and resident specialist avian species may require different conservation actions. Conservation strategies of woodpecker populations should consider the protection of old oak forests with high densities of large trees to provide suitable habitat to breeding adults and postfledging juveniles. The habitat improvement for this indicator and umbrella species would also favour other organisms that depend on characteristics of old-growth oak forests.
Keywords: foraging habitat use; habitat selection; juvenile birds; oak forests; postfledging (voyant)

Postfledging habitat selection of juvenile middle spotted woodpeckers: a multi-scale approach - Ciudad, Carlos; Robles, Hugo; Matthysen, Erik (Ecography, 2009)
Despite its relevance for the persistence of populations, the ecological mechanisms underlying habitat use decisions of juvenile birds are poorly understood. We examined postfledging habitat selection of radio-tracked juvenile middle spotted woodpeckers Dendrocopos medius at multiple hierarchically-nested spatial scales in NW Spain. At the landscape and home range scales, old oak forest was the most used and selected habitat, young oak forests and pine plantations were avoided, and riverside forests were used as available. At a lower scale, birds selected larger diameter trees for foraging. Home ranges had higher densities of large deciduous trees (mainly oaks Quercus spp., but also poplars Populus spp. and willows Salix spp. 22 cm and 33 cm DBH) selected for foraging by juveniles than non-used areas. These results suggest that foraging conditions may drive, at least partly, habitat use decisions by juvenile birds. We also discuss the potential influence of intraspecific competition, the search for a future breeding territory in the early postfledging period and predation avoidance on habitat use decisions by juvenile birds. Contrary to previous studies on migrant forest birds, postfledging juvenile woodpeckers selected the same habitat as for the breeding adults (i.e. old oak forest), indicating that migrant and resident specialist avian species may require different conservation actions. Conservation strategies of woodpecker populations should consider the protection of old oak forests with high densities of large trees to provide suitable habitat to breeding adults and postfledging juveniles. The habitat improvement for this indicator and umbrella species would also favour other organisms that depend on characteristics of old-growth oak forests.
Keywords: foraging habitat use; habitat selection; juvenile birds; oak forests; postfledging (voyant)

Pre-dispersal acorn predation in mixed oak forests: interspecific differences are driven by the interplay among seed phenology, seed size and predator size - ESPELTA, JOSEP M.; Bonal, Raul; Sánchez-Humanes, Belén (Journal of Ecology, 2009)
1. Pre-dispersal seed predation (PSP) often occurs in multi-host–predator systems (e.g. several plant species exposed to a common array of granivorous insects). However, whether the interaction among seed phenology, seed size and predator size accounts for interspecific differences in PSP remains elusive. 2. We studied PSP in a mixed-oak forest with two oaks (the larger-seeded Quercus humilis and the smaller-seeded Q. ilex), both depredated by two acorn weevils (the smaller Curculio glandium and the larger C. elephas). We intensively monitored acorn production and infestation phenology and we identified the weevil species depredating acorns by means of DNA taxonomy. 3. The minimum acorn size required for infestation was lower for C. glandium than for C. elephas, in accordance with their different body sizes. This resulted in an earlier infestation phenology in C. glandium and the ability of this species to infest both smaller and larger acorns. Above a minimum acorn size threshold, no selection for larger acorns by weevils was observed. 4. Initial acorn crop size was similar in the two oaks. Nonetheless, the earlier acorn phenology and the production of larger acorns in Q. humilis favoured the earlier infestation by C. glandium and the predation by both small and large weevils. Smaller acorns of Q. ilex almost excluded infestation by the larger C. elephas. 5. Although larger acorns of Q. humilis could better survive infestation (preserve the embryo), higher PSP in this species finally resulted in a lower mature acorn crop size than in Q. ilex. 6. Synthesis. In a multi-host–predator system, smaller-seeded species may benefit from a reduced PSP because they exclude larger granivorous insects, but also by means of a ‘free-rider effect’, if larger-seeded heterospecifics earlier reach a critical size to be depredated. These results also highlight the benefits of a small body size in granivorous insects to depredate seeds earlier and to forage on a wider range of seed sizes. Whether the advantage of ‘being small’ in this antagonistic plant–animal interaction is offset by other processes, or whether it results in a pressure towards seed and insect size reduction, deserves further attention.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: Curculio elephas; Curculio glandium; Mediterranean oak forests; multi-host–predator system; Quercus humilis; Quercus ilex; seed ecology; seed satiation; species coexistence

Pre-dispersal acorn predation in mixed oak forests: interspecific differences are driven by the interplay among seed phenology, seed size and predator size - Espelta, Josep M; Bonal, Raul; Sánchez-Humanes, Belén (Journal of Ecology, 2009)
1. Pre-dispersal seed predation (PSP) often occurs in multi-host–predator systems (e.g. several plant species exposed to a common array of granivorous insects). However, whether the interaction among seed phenology, seed size and predator size accounts for interspecific differences in PSP remains elusive. 2. We studied PSP in a mixed-oak forest with two oaks (the larger-seeded Quercus humilis and the smaller-seeded Q. ilex), both depredated by two acorn weevils (the smaller Curculio glandium and the larger C. elephas). We intensively monitored acorn production and infestation phenology and we identified the weevil species depredating acorns by means of DNA taxonomy. 3. The minimum acorn size required for infestation was lower for C. glandium than for C. elephas, in accordance with their different body sizes. This resulted in an earlier infestation phenology in C. glandium and the ability of this species to infest both smaller and larger acorns. Above a minimum acorn size threshold, no selection for larger acorns by weevils was observed. 4. Initial acorn crop size was similar in the two oaks. Nonetheless, the earlier acorn phenology and the production of larger acorns in Q. humilis favoured the earlier infestation by C. glandium and the predation by both small and large weevils. Smaller acorns of Q. ilex almost excluded infestation by the larger C. elephas. 5. Although larger acorns of Q. humilis could better survive infestation (preserve the embryo), higher PSP in this species finally resulted in a lower mature acorn crop size than in Q. ilex. 6. Synthesis. In a multi-host–predator system, smaller-seeded species may benefit from a reduced PSP because they exclude larger granivorous insects, but also by means of a ‘free-rider effect’, if larger-seeded heterospecifics earlier reach a critical size to be depredated. These results also highlight the benefits of a small body size in granivorous insects to depredate seeds earlier and to forage on a wider range of seed sizes. Whether the advantage of ‘being small’ in this antagonistic plant–animal interaction is offset by other processes, or whether it results in a pressure towards seed and insect size reduction, deserves further attention.
Keywords: Curculio elephas; Curculio glandium; Mediterranean oak forests; multi-host–predator system; Quercus humilis; Quercus ilex; seed ecology; seed satiation; species coexistence

Preindustrial agriculture versus organic agriculture - Guzmán Casado, G. I. I.; González de Molina, M. (Land Use Policy, 2009)
The study of traditional agrarian systems can provide useful knowledge for improving the sustainability of present-day agriculture. Nonetheless, with the loss of traditional agro-ecosystems and the rationale that guides them, as has happened in Europe, an historical research approach can have a decisive role to play in recapturing this knowledge. In this article we study the evolution of a typical Mediterranean agro-ecosystem during the last 250 years, supporting the claim that high diversity and the internalization of energy ﬂows and nutrient cycles found in traditional agriculture, are not only characteristics of the greatest sustainability of such systems, but are based in the need for additional land in production. This claim requires the dedication of land to diverse and complementary uses that leave a footprint on the landscape. Organic agriculture needs to consider this “land cost”, meanwhile trying to minimize it in order to improve its actual degree of sustainability.
Keywords: Environmental history; Land cost; land use; Organic agriculture

Preindustrial agriculture versus organic agriculture - Guzmán Casado, G.I. I; González de Molina, M. (Land Use Policy, 2009)
The study of traditional agrarian systems can provide useful knowledge for improving the sustainability of present-day agriculture. Nonetheless, with the loss of traditional agro-ecosystems and the rationale that guides them, as has happened in Europe, an historical research approach can have a decisive role to play in recapturing this knowledge. In this article we study the evolution of a typical Mediterranean agro-ecosystem during the last 250 years, supporting the claim that high diversity and the internalization of energy ﬂows and nutrient cycles found in traditional agriculture, are not only characteristics of the greatest sustainability of such systems, but are based in the need for additional land in production. This claim requires the dedication of land to diverse and complementary uses that leave a footprint on the landscape. Organic agriculture needs to consider this “land cost”, meanwhile trying to minimize it in order to improve its actual degree of sustainability.
Keywords: Environmental history; Land cost; land use; Organic agriculture

Preliminary genetic approach based on both cytogenetic and molecular characterisations of nine oak species - Carvalho, a; Paula, a; Guedes‐Pinto, H.; Martins, L.; Carvalho, J.; Lima‐Brito, J. (Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 2009)

Preliminary genetic approach based on both cytogenetic and molecular characterisations of nine oak species - Carvalho, a.; Paula, a.; Guedes‐Pinto, H.; Martins, L.; Carvalho, J.; Lima‐Brito, J. (Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 2009)

Presentación del Plan Español de Dehesas - SOLANO LÓPEZ, J M; VELASCO POSADA, A (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
La elaboración del Plan Español de Dehesas se enmarca en la ejecución del Plan Forestal Español (2002). El objetivo del Plan es la identificación, caracterización y diagnóstico de los sistemas adehesados españoles, así como el establecimiento de directrices de actuación que faciliten la coordinación de su gestión entre las distintas administraciones. El enfoque del Plan no es exclusivo sobre la típica dehesa mediterránea, formada por quercíneas esclerófilo-perennifolias, sino que contempla los sistemas adehesados en sentido amplio, incluyendo montes arbolados de frondosas no esclerófilas, montes de sabina albar, pinares adehesados y dehesas arbustivas. Se pretende con ello fomentar la conservación de una gran variedad de ecosistemas forestales agrosilvopastorales, que son objeto de aprovechamiento múltiple por su escasa rentabilidad. La definición cartográfica de las distintas tipologías ha sido elaborada fundamentalmente a partir del Mapa Forestal Español 1:50.000 y del Tercer Inventario Forestal Nacional. Para el desarrollo de los trabajos ha sido fundamental la participación de los servicios forestales de todas las comunidades autónomas, así como de las principales universidades y centros de investigación implicados en el mejor conocimiento de la dehesa. Las propuestas de actuación incluyen medidas selvícolas y de gestión de la ganadería, junto a nuevas líneas de trabajo relacionadas con la agricultura, producción ecológica, y denominaciones geográficas de calidad, siempre al amparo de las nuevas programaciones de desarrollo rural
Keywords: Dehesa; multifuncionalidad del monte; ordenación forestal

Presentación del Plan Español de Dehesas - SOLANO LÓPEZ, J. M.; VELASCO POSADA, A. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
La elaboración del Plan Español de Dehesas se enmarca en la ejecución del Plan Forestal Español (2002). El objetivo del Plan es la identificación, caracterización y diagnóstico de los sistemas adehesados españoles, así como el establecimiento de directrices de actuación que faciliten la coordinación de su gestión entre las distintas administraciones. El enfoque del Plan no es exclusivo sobre la típica dehesa mediterránea, formada por quercíneas esclerófilo-perennifolias, sino que contempla los sistemas adehesados en sentido amplio, incluyendo montes arbolados de frondosas no esclerófilas, montes de sabina albar, pinares adehesados y dehesas arbustivas. Se pretende con ello fomentar la conservación de una gran variedad de ecosistemas forestales agrosilvopastorales, que son objeto de aprovechamiento múltiple por su escasa rentabilidad. La definición cartográfica de las distintas tipologías ha sido elaborada fundamentalmente a partir del Mapa Forestal Español 1:50.000 y del Tercer Inventario Forestal Nacional. Para el desarrollo de los trabajos ha sido fundamental la participación de los servicios forestales de todas las comunidades autónomas, así como de las principales universidades y centros de investigación implicados en el mejor conocimiento de la dehesa. Las propuestas de actuación incluyen medidas selvícolas y de gestión de la ganadería, junto a nuevas líneas de trabajo relacionadas con la agricultura, producción ecológica, y denominaciones geográficas de calidad, siempre al amparo de las nuevas programaciones de desarrollo rural
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: Dehesa; multifuncionalidad del monte; ordenación forestal

Proanthocyanidin glycosides from the leaves of Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae) - Karioti, Anastasia; Bilia, Anna Rita; Gabbiani, Chiara; Messori, Luigi; Skaltsa, Helen (Tetrahedron Letters, 2009)
From the polar extracts of the leaves of Quercus ilex L., two new proanthocyanidin glycosides, namely afzelechin-(4a?8)-catechin-3-O-b-glucopyranoside (1) and afzelechin-(4a?8)-catechin-3-O-a-rhamnopyranoside (2), were isolated in addition to catechin (3), proanthocyanidin B3 (4), prodelphinidin C (5), dehydrodicatechin A (6), quercetin (7) and six known ﬂavonol glucosides with their acylated derivatives (8–13) and ellagic acid (14). The structures of all isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic means, mainly 1D and 2D NMR, as well as LC/MS and HR-MS spectrometric analyses. The absolute con- ﬁguration of compound 1 was determined by CD measurements. The proanthocyanidin glycosides are especially interesting, as they possess the sugar in the upper unit of the dimer, which is rare for this type of compounds.
Keywords: Circular dichroism; Fagaceae; Oak-leaves; Proanthocyanidin glycosides; Quercus ilex; ROESY

Prospective use of collected fog water in the restoration of degraded burned areas under dry Mediterranean conditions - Estrela, María J.; Valiente, José a.; Corell, David; Fuentes, David; Valdecantos, Alejandro (Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2009)
A mountainous plot located in the interior of the Valencia region (east coast of the Iberian Peninsula) was identiﬁed for reforestation using the fog-water collection potential prevailing in the area. Fog data were obtained by means of an instrument ensemble consisting of a passive cylindrical fog-water collector, a rain gauge, a wind direction and velocity sensor and a temperature and humidity probe. Preliminary results gave rise to the additional deployment of a low-cost 18-m2 ﬂat-panel collector connected to three 1000-l tanks for larger scale fog-water collection and storage. The 2007 annual rate of fog water that could be derived from the instrument ensemble amounted to 3.3 l/m2 /day, which turn out to ﬁll up the storage tanks completely in only 5 months, even though the ﬂat-panel collector could not be operative 100% of the time. The study made use of the in situ stored water and a micro-irrigation network to irrigate a plot of reforestation seedlings through small water pulses localized deep in the planting hole during the summer dry period. Until the present, this forest location had always shown a difﬁcult self-recovery due to the high level of land degradation resulting from recurrent forest ﬁres in the past. Results indicate that survival rates and seedling performance of the two species planted, Pinus pinaster and Quercus ilex, improved with the use of small timely waterings and additional treatments with composted biosolid.
Keywords: Micro-irrigation; passive fog collection; Reforestation; Valencia region

Prospective use of collected fog water in the restoration of degraded burned areas under dry Mediterranean conditions - Estrela, María J.; Valiente, José a; Corell, David; Fuentes, David; Valdecantos, Alejandro (Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2009)
A mountainous plot located in the interior of the Valencia region (east coast of the Iberian Peninsula) was identiﬁed for reforestation using the fog-water collection potential prevailing in the area. Fog data were obtained by means of an instrument ensemble consisting of a passive cylindrical fog-water collector, a rain gauge, a wind direction and velocity sensor and a temperature and humidity probe. Preliminary results gave rise to the additional deployment of a low-cost 18-m2 ﬂat-panel collector connected to three 1000-l tanks for larger scale fog-water collection and storage. The 2007 annual rate of fog water that could be derived from the instrument ensemble amounted to 3.3 l/m2 /day, which turn out to ﬁll up the storage tanks completely in only 5 months, even though the ﬂat-panel collector could not be operative 100% of the time. The study made use of the in situ stored water and a micro-irrigation network to irrigate a plot of reforestation seedlings through small water pulses localized deep in the planting hole during the summer dry period. Until the present, this forest location had always shown a difﬁcult self-recovery due to the high level of land degradation resulting from recurrent forest ﬁres in the past. Results indicate that survival rates and seedling performance of the two species planted, Pinus pinaster and Quercus ilex, improved with the use of small timely waterings and additional treatments with composted biosolid.
Keywords: Micro-irrigation; passive fog collection; Reforestation; Valencia region

Proteomic analysis from haploid and diploid embryos of Quercus suber L. identifies qualitative and quantitative differential expression patterns. - Gómez, Aranzazu; López, Juan Antonio; Pintos, Beatriz; Camafeita, Emilio; Bueno, Ma Angeles (Proteomics, 2009)
Quercus suber L. is a Mediterranean forest species with ecological, social and economic value. Clonal propagation of Q. suber elite trees has been successfully obtained from in vitro-derived somatic and gametic embryos. These clonal lines play a main role in breeding and genetic studies of Q. suber. To aid in unravelling diverse genetic and biological unknowns, a proteomic approach is proposed. The proteomic analysis of Q. suber somatic and gametic in vitro culture-derived embryos, based on DIGE and MALDI-MS, has produced for the first time proteomic data on this species. Seventeen differentially expressed proteins have been identified which display significantly altered levels between gametic and somatic embryos. These proteins are involved in a variety of cellular processes, most of which had been neither previously associated with embryo development nor identified in the genus Quercus. Some of these proteins are involved in stress and pollen development and others play a role in the metabolism of tannins and phenylpropanoids, which represent two of the major pathways for the synthesis of cork chemical components. Furthermore, the augmented expression levels found for specific proteins are probably related to the homozygous state of a doubled-haploid sample. Proteins involved in synthesis of cork components can be detected at such early stages of development, showing the potential of the method to be useful in searching for biomarkers related to cork quality.
Keywords: cluster analysis; Cork oak; Diploidy; Electrophoresis; Embryonic Development; flow cytometry; Gametic embryogenesis; Gel; Haploid and diploid embryos; Haploidy; Plant Proteins; Plant Proteins: analysis; Plant Proteins: biosynthesis; Plant Proteins: genetics; Plant proteomics; Ploidies; Ploidy level; Principal component analysis; Proteomics; Proteomics: methods; Quercus; Quercus suber L.; Quercus: chemistry; Quercus: genetics; Quercus: metabolism; Seeds; Seeds: chemistry; Seeds: genetics; Seeds: metabolism; Two-Dimensional; Up-Regulation

¿Puede la gestión forestal mitigar los efectos de un incremento de sequía en los montes mediterráneos? El caso de los bosques de encina y roble en el contexto del cambio climático. - COTILLAS, M; ESPELTA, J M; Sabate, S (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Uno de los grandes retos para la conservación de los ecosistemas forestales a lo largo del presente siglo es el cambio climático, del que se esperan importantes repercusiones en la cuenca mediterránea. Los modelos climáticos proyectan para esta área un descenso en la precipitación que, unido a un aumento de las temperaturas, acrecentará la ya de por sí característica sequía estacional que caracteriza esta zona. Dadas estas proyecciones, se hace necesario determinar los efectos que tendría una reducción de la precipitación en las diferentes especies que componen nuestros bosques, para poder así estimar posibles cambios en la estructura y composición de los mismos e identificar estrategias de gestión adecuadas para mitigar su efecto. En este contexto, el objetivo de nuestro estudio es analizar los efectos de una reducción de la precipitación en el monte bajo de encina (Quercus ilex L.) y roble (Quercus cerrioides Willk & Costa), así como evaluar los efectos de la gestión (resalveo) en su respuesta a este. Para ello, se combinan en un bosque mixto dos niveles de precipitación (precipitación natural vs. reducción de la precipitación de un 15%) y gestión (no gestión vs. gestión) en cuatro tratamientos. Se analiza la mortalidad, crecimiento, nueva rebrotada y dinámica foliar. Tras cuatro años de seguimiento el experimento sigue en curso, y hasta ahora se han obtenido los resultados definitivos de mortalidad, crecimiento y nueva rebrotada, que muestran que: i) La gestión reduce fuertemente la mortalidad, ii) El crecimiento de los robles se ve notablemente afectado por la reducción de precipitación, mientras que el de las encinas permanece constante, iii) La gestión incrementa fuertemente el crecimiento en ambas especies, especialmente en condiciones de precipitación natural. Actualmente se están comenzando a analizar los datos de dinámica foliar, y los resultados preliminares muestran que iv) Las parcelas sometidas a reducción de precipitación presentan un número menor de hojas, una menor longevidad de las mismas, y una mayor tasa de caída de hojarasca que las no sometidas a este tratamiento, v) La gestión atenúa la caída de hojas en todas las parcelas, mitigando los efectos de la reducción de precipitación en las parcelas sometidas a este tratamiento. De estos resultados se extrae la conclusión de que el cambio climático puede tener consecuencias negativas sobre los bosques de Quercus mediterráneos, siendo más acusados los efectos en robles caducifolios. Sin embargo, la gestión forestal puede ser una potente herramienta para mitigar estos efectos y conservar nuestros bosques de cara al futuro.
Keywords: cambio climático; Quercus cerrioides; Quercus ilex; resalveo; sequía

Quercus ilex root growth in response to heterogeneous conditions of soil bulk density and soil NH4-N content - Cubera, Elena; Moreno, Gerardo; Solla, Alejandro (Soil and Tillage Research, 2009)
A greenhouse study examined the effects of heterogeneous conditions of soil bulk density and soil NH4-N content on the growth of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) seedlings over an 8-month period. Heterogeneity of soil was produced inside 150 cm depth pots, by applying manual compaction or enriching different soil layers with NH4 (vertical heterogeneity) and, by splitting the root system into two columns with differing soil bulk density or NH4 conditions (horizontal heterogeneity). Root distribution patterns were assessed by collecting roots within layers, each 10 cm depth, and by recording both the ﬁne (diameter <2 mm) and the coarse (diameter 2 mm) root biomass. Root systems signiﬁcantly responded to the vertical gradients of soil bulk density, decreasing their maximum depth and showing lower values of ﬁne root densities at the layers with a dry bulk density of 1.62 Mg m3 . The split-root system showed that maximum rooting depth of the axis with a dry bulk density of 1.38 Mg m3 was limited by the reduced rooting depth of the adjacent more compacted axis. Root systems were less dense in the NH4 soil treatment than in the control soil treatment (34 mg dm3 vs. 212 mg dm3 ), even at the lowest rate used (0:1 g NH4 L 1 soil ). This high sensitivity to NH4 conducted to a signiﬁcant decrease of shoot height and root depth (50 and 43%, respectively). The split-root system showed that unfavourable conditions of NH4 content have local consequences on the rooting depth and systemic consequences on the ﬁne root density. The implications of root growth restrictions for Q. ilex natural regeneration, seedling survival, and decline are discussed.
Keywords: Oak decline; Quercus ilex; Root density; Root depth; Soil bulk density; Soil NH4 content

Quercus ilex root growth in response to heterogeneous conditions of soil bulk density and soil NH4-N content - Cubera, Elena; Moreno, Gerardo; Solla, Alejandro (Soil and Tillage Research, 2009)
A greenhouse study examined the effects of heterogeneous conditions of soil bulk density and soil NH4-N content on the growth of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) seedlings over an 8-month period. Heterogeneity of soil was produced inside 150 cm depth pots, by applying manual compaction or enriching different soil layers with NH4 (vertical heterogeneity) and, by splitting the root system into two columns with differing soil bulk density or NH4 conditions (horizontal heterogeneity). Root distribution patterns were assessed by collecting roots within layers, each 10 cm depth, and by recording both the ﬁne (diameter <2 mm) and the coarse (diameter 2 mm) root biomass. Root systems signiﬁcantly responded to the vertical gradients of soil bulk density, decreasing their maximum depth and showing lower values of ﬁne root densities at the layers with a dry bulk density of 1.62 Mg m3 . The split-root system showed that maximum rooting depth of the axis with a dry bulk density of 1.38 Mg m3 was limited by the reduced rooting depth of the adjacent more compacted axis. Root systems were less dense in the NH4 soil treatment than in the control soil treatment (34 mg dm3 vs. 212 mg dm3 ), even at the lowest rate used (0:1 g NH4 L 1 soil ). This high sensitivity to NH4 conducted to a signiﬁcant decrease of shoot height and root depth (50 and 43%, respectively). The split-root system showed that unfavourable conditions of NH4 content have local consequences on the rooting depth and systemic consequences on the ﬁne root density. The implications of root growth restrictions for Q. ilex natural regeneration, seedling survival, and decline are discussed.
Keywords: Oak decline; Quercus ilex; Root density; Root depth; Soil bulk density; Soil NH4 content

Reconstructing middle to late Holocene palaeogeographies of the lower Messenian plain (southwestern Peloponnese, Greece): Coastline migration, vegetation history and sea level change - Engel, M; Knipping, M; Brückner, H; Kiderlen, M; Kraft, J C (Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2009)
The glacio-eustatic sea level rise after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) led to a worldwide ﬂooding of shelf areas and the evolution of marine embayments and indentations. Its signiﬁcant deceleration in midHolocene times resulted in the overcompensation by sediment yields and shoreline progradation in many areas. At the southeastern part of the lower Messenian plain (southwestern Peloponnese, Greece) detailed investigations of the Holocene stratigraphy revealed a maximum landward shoreline displacement around 3000 BC. Subsequently, aggradational processes started to form a prominent beach ridge in the late 3rd millennium BC. This is the substratum on which the early Iron Age Poseidon Sanctuary of Akovitika was founded approx. 900–850 BC. Palaeogeographic reconstructions based on 18 corings in the sanctuary and its surroundings revealed the later extension of adjacent marshland and gradual surface levelling due to seasonal inundations. These ﬁndings represent probable reasons for the abandonment of the ceremonial site around 380–350 BC. Palynological studies of the vegetational changes provide evidence for early land use and reﬂect regional settlement activities. Initial degradation and burning of woodland during late Neolithic times (c. 3500–3100 BC) as well as signiﬁcantly reduced human impact during the Protogeometric Dark Ages (c. 1060–900 BC) are proven. Additionally, local relative mean sea level (RSL) change since 5000 BC was reconstructed based on 14 C dated paralic peats.
Keywords: Akovitika; Geoarchaeology; greece; holocene stratigraphy; Pollen analysis; Sea level changes

Reconstructing middle to late Holocene palaeogeographies of the lower Messenian plain (southwestern Peloponnese, Greece): Coastline migration, vegetation history and sea level change - Engel, M.; Knipping, M.; Brückner, H.; Kiderlen, M.; Kraft, J. C. (Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2009)
The glacio-eustatic sea level rise after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) led to a worldwide ﬂooding of shelf areas and the evolution of marine embayments and indentations. Its signiﬁcant deceleration in midHolocene times resulted in the overcompensation by sediment yields and shoreline progradation in many areas. At the southeastern part of the lower Messenian plain (southwestern Peloponnese, Greece) detailed investigations of the Holocene stratigraphy revealed a maximum landward shoreline displacement around 3000 BC. Subsequently, aggradational processes started to form a prominent beach ridge in the late 3rd millennium BC. This is the substratum on which the early Iron Age Poseidon Sanctuary of Akovitika was founded approx. 900–850 BC. Palaeogeographic reconstructions based on 18 corings in the sanctuary and its surroundings revealed the later extension of adjacent marshland and gradual surface levelling due to seasonal inundations. These ﬁndings represent probable reasons for the abandonment of the ceremonial site around 380–350 BC. Palynological studies of the vegetational changes provide evidence for early land use and reﬂect regional settlement activities. Initial degradation and burning of woodland during late Neolithic times (c. 3500–3100 BC) as well as signiﬁcantly reduced human impact during the Protogeometric Dark Ages (c. 1060–900 BC) are proven. Additionally, local relative mean sea level (RSL) change since 5000 BC was reconstructed based on 14 C dated paralic peats.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Keywords: Akovitika; Geoarchaeology; greece; holocene stratigraphy; Pollen analysis; Sea level changes

Regeneración clonal de alcornoques selectos mediante embriogénesis somática - HERNÁNDEZ, I; CUENCA, B; CARNEROS, E; ALONSO BLÁZQUEZ, N; RUIZ, M; CELESTINO, C; OCAÑA, L; ALEGRE, J; TORIBIO, M (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Para implementar la silvicultura multivarietal se precisa disponer de una metodología de propagación vegetativa eficiente y económicamente viable. La embriogénesis somática se está asentando como la vía de clonación más adecuada para las especies forestales consideradas recalcitrantes. En el IMIDRA hemos logrado poner a punto un protocolo de inducción de embriogénesis somática en hojas de alcornoques adultos, aplicable a cualquier genotipo, que permite clonar árboles selectos. En el marco del proyecto SEFEAL-2, liderado por TRAGSA, se está aplicando este protocolo con el objetivo de clonar 70 árboles seleccionados por su calidad y productividad en procedencias extremeñas, a fin de establecer los oportunos ensayos clonales que permitan evaluar dicho material para su inclusión en el Catálogo Nacional de Materiales de Base, en la categoría controlado. Hasta el momento se ha trabajado con 59 genotipos, en 51 de ellos se han obtenido brotes epicórmicos y por tanto hojas para inducir embriogénesis, lográndose líneas embriogénicas en 44 de estos últimos. Por tanto, al primer intento se ha logrado la inducción en un 86% de los genotipos ensayados. Se indujo embriogénesis en un 17 % de las hojas introducidas en cultivo, variando la frecuencia con el genotipo entre 0 y 56%. Las líneas se amplificaron por embriogénesis recurrente y los embriones, tanto madurados espontáneamente como sometidos a un tratamiento de maduración, fueron estratificados y dispuestos a germinar. Los porcentajes de conversión a plántula oscilaron en función del genotipo entre el 37 y el 75% para los embriones sometidos a un tratamiento de maduración, y entre el 9 y el 87% para los madurados espontáneamente. La supervivencia media de las vitroplantas regeneradas de embriones que maduraron espontáneamente fue del 17%, variando en función del genotipo entre 0 y 33%, mientras que las que procedieron de embriones somáticos sometidos a tratamiento de maduración fue del 26%, oscilando entre el 12 y el 52% según genotipos. Palabras
Keywords: Biotecnología forestal; clonación; cultivo in vitro; Quercus suber L.; silvicultura multivarietal

Regeneration traits are structuring phylogenetic diversity in cork oak ( Quercus suber ) woodlands - Coca, Manuel; Pausas, Juli G. (Journal of Vegetation Science, 2009)
Keywords: Biodiversity; disturbance; logenetic community structure; phy-; phylodiversity; resprouters; seeders

Regeneration traits are structuring phylogenetic diversity in cork oak ( Quercus suber ) woodlands - Coca, Manuel; Pausas, Juli G. (Journal of Vegetation Science, 2009)
Keywords: Biodiversity; disturbance; logenetic community structure; phy-; phylodiversity; resprouters; seeders

Relación entre el aspecto visual, la densidad y el comportamiento mecánico del tapón de corcho - GARCÍA DE CECA VALERO, J L; GONZÁLEZ HERNÁNDEZ, F; CÁCERES ESTEBAN, M J; GONZALEZ-ADRADOS, J R (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la relación existente entre los parámetros utilizados actualmente en la industria para la clasificación del tapón de corcho y el comportamiento mecánico del mismo. Para ello se han tomado dos muestras de tapones naturales de cada una de las tres clases de calidad utilizadas por una industria seleccionada como representativa. Cada una de las dos muestras es de procedencia distinta: Andalucía y Cataluña. En cada tapón se ha determinado la porosidad lateral, la presencia de anomalías, la densidad, la fuerza de compresión, la fuerza de extracción y la deformación residual o recuperación diametral. Los resultados de los análisis estadísticos realizados muestran que la variable de tipo mecánico que mejor se relaciona con la calidad es la recuperación diametral. La compresión y la fuerza de extracción están muy relacionadas con la densidad y se ven muy influenciadas por la procedencia. Esto sugiere que la inclusión de parámetros mecánicos en los modelos de clasificación del corcho permitiría una definición más objetiva de las clases y una mejor predicción del comportamiento del producto final. Así mismo, facilitaría la caracterización de la materia prima y la definición de los indicadores más importantes desde el punto de vista productivo.
Keywords: anomalías; calidad; compresión; extracción; Porosidad; procedencia; recuperación diametral; Tapón natural

Relación entre el aspecto visual, la densidad y el comportamiento mecánico del tapón de corcho - GARCÍA DE CECA VALERO, J. L.; GONZÁLEZ HERNÁNDEZ, F.; CÁCERES ESTEBAN, M. J.; GONZÁLEZ-ADRADOS, J. R. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la relación existente entre los parámetros utilizados actualmente en la industria para la clasificación del tapón de corcho y el comportamiento mecánico del mismo. Para ello se han tomado dos muestras de tapones naturales de cada una de las tres clases de calidad utilizadas por una industria seleccionada como representativa. Cada una de las dos muestras es de procedencia distinta: Andalucía y Cataluña. En cada tapón se ha determinado la porosidad lateral, la presencia de anomalías, la densidad, la fuerza de compresión, la fuerza de extracción y la deformación residual o recuperación diametral. Los resultados de los análisis estadísticos realizados muestran que la variable de tipo mecánico que mejor se relaciona con la calidad es la recuperación diametral. La compresión y la fuerza de extracción están muy relacionadas con la densidad y se ven muy influenciadas por la procedencia. Esto sugiere que la inclusión de parámetros mecánicos en los modelos de clasificación del corcho permitiría una definición más objetiva de las clases y una mejor predicción del comportamiento del producto final. Así mismo, facilitaría la caracterización de la materia prima y la definición de los indicadores más importantes desde el punto de vista productivo.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: anomalías; calidad; compresión; extracción; Porosidad; procedencia; recuperación diametral; Tapón natural

Relación entre el aspecto visual, la densidad y la composición química del corcho - CÁCERES ESTEBAN, M J; GARCIA-VALLEJO, M C; GARCIA DE CECA, J L; GONZALEZ-ADRADOS, J R (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Este trabajo profundiza en el conocimiento de las propiedades del corcho, estudiando la relación entre las dos características principales desde el punto de vista físico (porosidad y densidad) y la composición química del material. Para ello se han tomado dos muestras de tapones naturales de cada una de las tres clases de calidad utilizadas por una industria seleccionada como representativa. Cada una de las dos muestras es de procedencia distinta: Andalucía y Cataluña. En cada tapón se ha determinado la porosidad lateral, la densidad, y la composición química según la metodología de análisis fraccionado clásico. Los resultados de los análisis de la varianza realizados muestran que la composición química del corcho es relativamente homogénea, y no se ve afectada, en general, por ninguno de los dos factores considerados: calidad y procedencia. La excepción es el contenido de suberina, en el que se encuentran porcentajes significativamente mayores para los corchos de mejor calidad que para los de las otras dos clases consideradas y para los procedentes de Cataluña respecto de los de Andalucía. El estudio de las correlaciones entre las variables estudiadas muestra la relación existente entre la presencia de componentes no estructurales (extractivos) y la porosidad, lo que sugiere que la mayor parte de estos compuestos se localizan en los canales lenticulares, y son responsables, además del aumento de la densidad del material.
Keywords: calidad industrial; polifenoles; Porosidad; suberina

Relación entre el aspecto visual, la densidad y la composición química del corcho - CÁCERES ESTEBAN, M. J.; GARCIA-VALLEJO, M. C.; GARCIA DE CECA, J. L.; GONZÁLEZ-ADRADOS, J. R. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Este trabajo profundiza en el conocimiento de las propiedades del corcho, estudiando la relación entre las dos características principales desde el punto de vista físico (porosidad y densidad) y la composición química del material. Para ello se han tomado dos muestras de tapones naturales de cada una de las tres clases de calidad utilizadas por una industria seleccionada como representativa. Cada una de las dos muestras es de procedencia distinta: Andalucía y Cataluña. En cada tapón se ha determinado la porosidad lateral, la densidad, y la composición química según la metodología de análisis fraccionado clásico. Los resultados de los análisis de la varianza realizados muestran que la composición química del corcho es relativamente homogénea, y no se ve afectada, en general, por ninguno de los dos factores considerados: calidad y procedencia. La excepción es el contenido de suberina, en el que se encuentran porcentajes significativamente mayores para los corchos de mejor calidad que para los de las otras dos clases consideradas y para los procedentes de Cataluña respecto de los de Andalucía. El estudio de las correlaciones entre las variables estudiadas muestra la relación existente entre la presencia de componentes no estructurales (extractivos) y la porosidad, lo que sugiere que la mayor parte de estos compuestos se localizan en los canales lenticulares, y son responsables, además del aumento de la densidad del material.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: calidad industrial; polifenoles; Porosidad; suberina

Relevance of genetics for conservation policies: the case of Minorcan cork oaks - Lorenzo, Zaida; Burgarella, Concetta; de Heredia, Unai López; Lumaret, Roselyne; Petit, Rémy J; Soto, Álvaro; Gil, Luis; Soto, Álvaro; Gil, Luis (Annals of Botany, 2009)
Background and Aims Marginal populations of widely distributed species can be of high conservation interest when they hold a significant or unique portion of the genetic diversity of the species. However, such genetic information is frequently lacking. Here the relevance of genetic surveys to develop efficient conservation strategies for such populations is illustrated using cork oak (Quercus suber) from Minorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) as a case study. Cork oak is highly endangered on the island, where no more than 67 individuals live in small, isolated stands in siliceous sites. As a consequence, it was recently granted protected status.Methods Two Bayesian clustering approaches were used to analyse the genetic structure of the Minorcan population, on the basis of nuclear microsatellite data. The different groups within the island were also compared with additional island and continental populations surrounding Minorca.Key Results Very high genetic diversity was found, with values comparable with those observed in continental parts of the species' range. Furthermore, the Minorcan oak stands were highly differentiated from one another and were genetically related to different continental populations of France and Spain.Conclusions The high levels of genetic diversity and inter-stands differentiation make Minorcan cork oak eligible for specific conservation efforts. The relationship of Minorcan stands to different continental populations in France and Spain probably reflects multiple colonization events. However, discrepancy between chloroplast DNA- and nuclear DNA-based groups does not support a simple scenario of recent introduction. Gene exchanges between neighbouring cork oak stands and with holm oak have created specific and exceptional genetic combinations. They also constitute a wide range of potential genetic resources for research on adaptation to new environmental conditions. Conservation guidelines that take into account these findings are provided.
From Duplicate 2 (Relevance of genetics for conservation policies: the case of Minorcan cork oaks - Lorenzo, Zaida; Burgarella, Concetta; de Heredia, Unai López; Lumaret, Roselyne; Petit, Rémy J; Soto, Álvaro; Gil, Luis)
Keywords: Balearic Islands; cluster analysis; conservation guidelines; Conservation of Natural Resources; Genetic Variation; Geography; marginal populations; Minorca; Nuclear microsatellites; Population Dynamics; Q. ilex (holm oak); Quercus; Quercus suber (cork oak); Quercus: genetics; Soil; Spain; western Mediterranean

Relevance of genetics for conservation policies: the case of Minorcan cork oaks - Lorenzo, Zaida; Burgarella, Concetta; de Heredia, Unai López; Lumaret, Roselyne; Petit, Rémy J.; Soto, Álvaro; Gil, Luis; Soto, Álvaro; Gil, Luis (Annals of Botany, 2009)
Background and Aims Marginal populations of widely distributed species can be of high conservation interest when they hold a significant or unique portion of the genetic diversity of the species. However, such genetic information is frequently lacking. Here the relevance of genetic surveys to develop efficient conservation strategies for such populations is illustrated using cork oak (Quercus suber) from Minorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) as a case study. Cork oak is highly endangered on the island, where no more than 67 individuals live in small, isolated stands in siliceous sites. As a consequence, it was recently granted protected status.Methods Two Bayesian clustering approaches were used to analyse the genetic structure of the Minorcan population, on the basis of nuclear microsatellite data. The different groups within the island were also compared with additional island and continental populations surrounding Minorca.Key Results Very high genetic diversity was found, with values comparable with those observed in continental parts of the species' range. Furthermore, the Minorcan oak stands were highly differentiated from one another and were genetically related to different continental populations of France and Spain.Conclusions The high levels of genetic diversity and inter-stands differentiation make Minorcan cork oak eligible for specific conservation efforts. The relationship of Minorcan stands to different continental populations in France and Spain probably reflects multiple colonization events. However, discrepancy between chloroplast DNA- and nuclear DNA-based groups does not support a simple scenario of recent introduction. Gene exchanges between neighbouring cork oak stands and with holm oak have created specific and exceptional genetic combinations. They also constitute a wide range of potential genetic resources for research on adaptation to new environmental conditions. Conservation guidelines that take into account these findings are provided.
From Duplicate 2 (Relevance of genetics for conservation policies: the case of Minorcan cork oaks - Lorenzo, Zaida; Burgarella, Concetta; de Heredia, Unai López; Lumaret, Roselyne; Petit, Rémy J; Soto, Álvaro; Gil, Luis)From Duplicate 2 (Relevance of genetics for conservation policies: the case of Minorcan cork oaks - Lorenzo, Zaida; Burgarella, Concetta; de Heredia, Unai López; Lumaret, Roselyne; Petit, Rémy J; Soto, Álvaro; Gil, Luis)The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 19671575
Keywords: Balearic Islands; cluster analysis; conservation guidelines; Conservation of Natural Resources; Genetic Variation; Geography; marginal populations; Minorca; Nuclear microsatellites; Population Dynamics; Q. ilex (holm oak); Quercus; Quercus suber (cork oak); Quercus: genetics; Soil; Spain; western Mediterranean

Repoblación con semillas o plántulas: un experimento con encina y alcornoque - González-Rodríguez, Victoria; Villar, Rafael; NAVARRO- CERRILLO, RAFAEL (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
El éxito de una repoblación forestal depende de muchos factores como son las condiciones ambientales del lugar de establecimiento, la calidad de la plantación y la evolución posterior de los factores ambientales. Aunque actualmente el método de repoblación más frecuente es la plantación con planta de vivero, todavía existe controversia sobre si esta opción es más adecuada que la siembra, en particular para especies del genero Quercus. Por otro lado, en el caso de utilizar brinzales, pueden existir diferencias en el establecimiento en función de su edad y de las características morfológicas iniciales. En este trabajo se compara la supervivencia y el crecimiento de plántulas de Quercus ilex y Q. suber según el método de repoblación (siembra o plantación) y la edad de la planta de vivero (1 y 3 savias). La supervivencia al final del primer año no mostró diferencias significativas entre tratamientos para Quercus suber, pero en Q. ilex se obtuvo una mayor supervivencia en plántulas de una savia y en la siembra que en plántulas de tres savias. Las plantas más jóvenes presentaron mayor inversión en hojas y menores en tallo y raíces que las plantas de 3 años
Keywords: bellota; crecimiento; Q. ilex; Q. suber; restauración; supervivencia

Response of broadleaved evergreen Mediterranean forest vegetation to fire disturbance during the Holocene: insights from the peri-Adriatic region - Colombaroli, Daniele; Tinner, Willy; van Leeuwen, Jacqueline; Noti, Roland; Vescovi, Elisa; Vannière, Boris; Magny, Michel; Schmidt, Roland; Bugmann, Harald (Journal of Biogeography, 2009)
Aim To test whether fire contributed to the expansion and compositional change of evergreen forests in the Mediterranean region during the Holocene. Location The peri-Adriatic region, encompassing the Italian peninsula, Sicily and the western and southern Balkans between latitudes 46° and 37° N. Methods New high-resolution pollen and microscopic charcoal data from Lago dell’Accesa (Tuscany, Italy) were used to estimate the response of the evergreen oak, Quercus ilex L., to fire during its expansion phase at 8500 cal. yr bp. The data were compared with the pollen and charcoal series from other Mediterranean sites (Lago di Massaciuccoli in Tuscany, Malo Jezero in Croatia, Biviere di Gela in Sicily) and analysed using numerical techniques (redundancy analysis, detrended canonical correspondence analysis) to identify long-term fire–vegetation linkages and the degree of compositional change. Results Microscopic charcoal and pollen of evergreen oaks were negatively correlated during the period of quasi-natural fire regime (Mesolithic, 10,000–8000 cal. yr bp). In addition, there was no such positive correlation during periods when the fire regime was potentially more influenced by people (Neolithic–Bronze Age, 8000–3000 cal. yr bp). Compared with inland sites, coastal sites that are currently located at a distinct ecotone showed more compositional change. Main conclusions The analyses suggest that climatic change, without an additional effect of fire regimes, favoured the expansion and compositional change of evergreen forests across the peri-Adriatic region. Strikingly different patterns occurred along a north–south gradient. In the north (Tuscany and Croatia, meso-Mediterranean belt), Q. ilex replaced deciduous forests when conditions became drier; in the south (Sicily, thermo-Mediterranean belt) the species replaced maquis or steppe vegetation when climatic conditions became moister. We conclude that the projected increase in fire activity may lead to the loss of most of the remaining relict forests of Q. ilex in southern Europe.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: Compositional change; cross-correlations; Fire history; Mediterranean vegetation; microscopic charcoal analysis; Pollen analysis; Quercus ilex; redundancy analysis; species diversity

Response of broadleaved evergreen Mediterranean forest vegetation to fire disturbance during the Holocene: insights from the peri-Adriatic region - Colombaroli, Daniele; Tinner, Willy; van Leeuwen, Jacqueline; Noti, Roland; Vescovi, Elisa; Vannière, Boris; Magny, Michel; Schmidt, Roland; Bugmann, Harald (Journal of Biogeography, 2009)
Aim To test whether fire contributed to the expansion and compositional change of evergreen forests in the Mediterranean region during the Holocene. Location The peri-Adriatic region, encompassing the Italian peninsula, Sicily and the western and southern Balkans between latitudes 46° and 37° N. Methods New high-resolution pollen and microscopic charcoal data from Lago dell’Accesa (Tuscany, Italy) were used to estimate the response of the evergreen oak, Quercus ilex L., to fire during its expansion phase at 8500 cal. yr bp. The data were compared with the pollen and charcoal series from other Mediterranean sites (Lago di Massaciuccoli in Tuscany, Malo Jezero in Croatia, Biviere di Gela in Sicily) and analysed using numerical techniques (redundancy analysis, detrended canonical correspondence analysis) to identify long-term fire–vegetation linkages and the degree of compositional change. Results Microscopic charcoal and pollen of evergreen oaks were negatively correlated during the period of quasi-natural fire regime (Mesolithic, 10,000–8000 cal. yr bp). In addition, there was no such positive correlation during periods when the fire regime was potentially more influenced by people (Neolithic–Bronze Age, 8000–3000 cal. yr bp). Compared with inland sites, coastal sites that are currently located at a distinct ecotone showed more compositional change. Main conclusions The analyses suggest that climatic change, without an additional effect of fire regimes, favoured the expansion and compositional change of evergreen forests across the peri-Adriatic region. Strikingly different patterns occurred along a north–south gradient. In the north (Tuscany and Croatia, meso-Mediterranean belt), Q. ilex replaced deciduous forests when conditions became drier; in the south (Sicily, thermo-Mediterranean belt) the species replaced maquis or steppe vegetation when climatic conditions became moister. We conclude that the projected increase in fire activity may lead to the loss of most of the remaining relict forests of Q. ilex in southern Europe.
Keywords: Compositional change; cross-correlations; Fire history; Mediterranean vegetation; microscopic charcoal analysis; Pollen analysis; Quercus ilex; redundancy analysis; species diversity

Rinodina evae (Physciaceae, Ascomycota), a new corticolous blastidiate species from Eastern Spain - Fos, Simón; Giralt, Mireia (Nova Hedwigia, 2009)
Rinodina evae, a new corticolous species, is described from Eastern Spain. It is mainly characterized by a blastidiate, hairy thallus, Pachysporaria-type ascospores and the lack of secondary lichen substances. Hitherto, it is only known from several cork-oak forests of Catalonia and the Valencian Community, where it always grows on virgin bark of Quercus suber. The new species is compared with Rinodina poeltiana, somewhat similar in habit, as well as with other corticolous blastidiate Rinodina species.
Keywords: Biodiversity; cork-oak forests; iberian peninsula; lichens; Rinodina; taxonomy

Rinodina evae (Physciaceae, Ascomycota), a new corticolous blastidiate species from Eastern Spain - Fos, Simón; Giralt, Mireia (Nova Hedwigia, 2009)
Rinodina evae, a new corticolous species, is described from Eastern Spain. It is mainly characterized by a blastidiate, hairy thallus, Pachysporaria-type ascospores and the lack of secondary lichen substances. Hitherto, it is only known from several cork-oak forests of Catalonia and the Valencian Community, where it always grows on virgin bark of Quercus suber. The new species is compared with Rinodina poeltiana, somewhat similar in habit, as well as with other corticolous blastidiate Rinodina species.
Keywords: Biodiversity; cork-oak forests; iberian peninsula; lichens; Rinodina; taxonomy

Root hydraulic conductance, gas exchange and leaf water potential in seedlings of Pistacia lentiscus L. and Quercus suber L. grown under different fertilization and light regimes - Hernández, E I; Vilagrosa, A; Luis, V C; Llorca, M; Chirino, E; Vallejo, V R (Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2009)
Differences in morphology, biomass allocations and physiological responses were investigated in seedlings of Mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.) and Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) submitted to contrasting fertilization and light regimes during early growth. These species are two evergreen sclerophyllous Mediterranean species frequently used in Mediterranean reforestation programmes. Fertilization was the treatment that affected most of the morphological and physiological variables evaluated in P. lentiscus and Q. suber seedlings. Leaf area and speciﬁc leaf area (SLA) were affected by shading treatment in both species, showing higher values in seedlings grown under shade. P. lentiscus seedlings showed a high capacity to modify root morphological variables and root hydraulic conductance (KR) with the fertilization treatment. In contrast, Q. suber showed low to moderate root system changes with the treatments applied, although the fertilization level affected biomass allocation (i.e., root to shoot ratio) in both species. Under high water demand, P. lentiscus seedlings with high KR allowed transpiration (E) to increase without increasing the water potential gradient between soil and leaves. In Q. suber, high fertilization induced signiﬁcant increases in photosynthesis (A), as well as a tendency to increase E with signiﬁcantly lower leaf water potential ( L)
Keywords: Drought; fertilization; Gas exchange; light; Root hydraulic conductance

Seasonal and inter-annual variations of gas exchange in thirteen woody species along a climatic gradient in the Mediterranean island of Mallorca - Gulías, J.; Cifre, J.; Jonasson, S.; Medrano, H.; Flexas, J. (Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 2009)
We studied the inﬂuence of summer drought and winter temperatures on seasonal and spatial variations of lightsaturated net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in Mediterranean woody species. We measured variations in leaf gas exchange over 3 years in 13 Mediterranean trees and shrubs, located at four different sites along a climate gradient of temperature and precipitation in the island of Mallorca (West Mediterranean basin). Net photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were at a maximum during spring, autumn or winter and at a minimum during summer in most sites, species and years. Nevertheless, important spatial, temporal and species-speciﬁc variations were observed. Summer drought limitation to gas exchange was greatest in the dry part of the transect, where many species showed their maximum gas exchange rate during winter. In contrast, winter temperatures limited gas exchange of many species at the wet and cool end of the transect, while summer depression of gas exchange was shorter and less pronounced. These results suggest that the effect on carbon ﬁxation and productivity by the predicted future increase of aridity in the Mediterranean basin will depend on whether gas exchange is mostly limited by summer drought or by low winter temperatures.
Keywords: evergreen sclerophyllous species; Mediterranean shrubs; Mediterranean trees; photosynthesis; summer drought

Seasonality of monoterpene emission potentials in Quercus ilex and Pinus pinea: Implications for regional VOC emissions modeling - KEENAN, Trevor; Niinemets, Ülo; Sabaté, Santi; Gracia, Carlos; Penuelas, Josep (Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2009)
VOC emissions from terrestrial ecosystems provide one of the principal controls over oxidative photochemistry in the lower atmosphere and the resulting air pollution. Such atmospheric processes have strong seasonal cycles. Although similar seasonal cycles in VOC emissions from terrestrial ecosystems have been reported, regional emissions inventories generally omit the effect of seasonality on emissions. We compiled measurement data on seasonal variations in monoterpene emissions potentials for two evergreen species (Quercus ilex and Pinus pinea) and used these data to construct two contrasting seasonal response functions for the inclusion in monoterpene emission models. We included these responses in the Niinemets et al. model and compared simulation results to those of the MEGAN model, both with and without its predicted seasonality. The effect of seasonality on regional monoterpene emissions inventories for European Mediterranean forests dominated by these species was tested for both models, using the GOTILWA+ biosphere model platform. The consideration of seasonality in the Niinemets et al. model reduced total estimated annual monoterpene emissions by up to 65% in some regions, with largest reductions at lower latitudes. The MEGAN model demonstrated a much weaker seasonal response than that in the Niinemets et al. model, and did not capture the between species seasonality differences found in this study. Results suggest that previous regional model inventories based on one fixed emission factor likely overestimate regional emissions, and species-specific expressions of seasonality may be necessary. The consideration of seasonality both largely reduces monoterpene emissions estimates, and changes their expected seasonal distribution.
Keywords: Holm oak; Italian stone pine; Models; regional inventory; Seasonality; VOC emissions

Seed weevils living on the edge: pressures and conflicts over body size in the endoparasitic Curculio larvae - Bonal, Raul; Muñoz, Alberto (Ecological Entomology, 2009)
Abstract 1. Body size in parasitic insects can be subjected to contrasting selective pressures, especially if they complete their development within a single host. On the one hand, a larger body size is associated with a higher fitness. On the other hand, the host offers a discrete amount of resources, thus constraining the evolution of a disproportionate body size. 2. The present study used the weevil Curculio elephas as a study model. Larvae develop within a single acorn, feeding on its cotyledons, and larval body size is strongly related to individual fitness. 3. The relationship between larval and acorn size was negatively exponential. Larval growth was constrained in small acorns, which did not provide enough food for the weevils to attain their potential size. Larval size increased and levelled off in acorns over a certain size (inflexion point), in which cotyledons were rarely depleted. When there were more than one larva per acorn, a larger acorn was necessary to avoid food depletion. 4. The results show that C. elephas larvae are sometimes endoparasitic, living on the edge of host holding capacity. If they were smaller they could avoid food depletion more easily, but the fitness benefits linked to a larger size have probably promoted body size increase. The strong negative effects of conspecific competition may have possibly influenced female strategy of laying a single egg per seed. 5. Being larger and fitter, but always within the limits of the available host sizes, may be one main evolutionary dilemma in endoparasites.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: acorn; Body size; Curculio; endoparasitism; food constraints; granivorous insects; Holm oak; host size; larvae

Seed weevils living on the edge: pressures and conflicts over body size in the endoparasitic Curculio larvae - Bonal, Raul; Muñoz, Alberto (Ecological Entomology, 2009)
Abstract 1. Body size in parasitic insects can be subjected to contrasting selective pressures, especially if they complete their development within a single host. On the one hand, a larger body size is associated with a higher fitness. On the other hand, the host offers a discrete amount of resources, thus constraining the evolution of a disproportionate body size. 2. The present study used the weevil Curculio elephas as a study model. Larvae develop within a single acorn, feeding on its cotyledons, and larval body size is strongly related to individual fitness. 3. The relationship between larval and acorn size was negatively exponential. Larval growth was constrained in small acorns, which did not provide enough food for the weevils to attain their potential size. Larval size increased and levelled off in acorns over a certain size (inflexion point), in which cotyledons were rarely depleted. When there were more than one larva per acorn, a larger acorn was necessary to avoid food depletion. 4. The results show that C. elephas larvae are sometimes endoparasitic, living on the edge of host holding capacity. If they were smaller they could avoid food depletion more easily, but the fitness benefits linked to a larger size have probably promoted body size increase. The strong negative effects of conspecific competition may have possibly influenced female strategy of laying a single egg per seed. 5. Being larger and fitter, but always within the limits of the available host sizes, may be one main evolutionary dilemma in endoparasites.
Keywords: acorn; Body size; Curculio; endoparasitism; food constraints; granivorous insects; Holm oak; host size; larvae

Sobrecarga exponencial de nutrientes para la optimización de la fertilización en vivero de plantas de Quercus ilex L. - JACOBS, DOUGLASS F; SALIFU, K FRANCIS; Oliet, Juan a (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Existe poca información disponible sobre el estado nutricional de planta de vivero de encina (Quercus ilex L.) empleada en repoblaciones en ecosistemas mediterráneos. Nuestro estudio pretende optimizar los protocolos de fertilización para el cultivo de encina de vivero de alta calidad que aumente el éxito del establecimiento en los programas de forestación. Se han ensayado nueve tratamientos de fertilización que oscilaron entre 0 y 200 mg de N por planta en un ensayo de respuesta a la dosis. Las plantas fueron cultivadas de semilla recogida en La Alcarria, y fertirrigadas semanalmente empleando fertilizante soluble 20N-20P-20K . El crecimiento y la respuesta nutricional se incrementaron con la fertilidad. El estudio sugiere que la dosis de suficiencia para la producción de encina en las condiciones de cultivo ensayadas se alcanzó a los 150 mg de N por planta. En relación con las plantas no fertilizadas, dicha dosis incrementó la biomasa total (304%), la altura (285%), el volumen radical (285%), el contenido de N (888%), de P ( 546%) y de K (346%). La dosis 200 mg de N puede representar el valor óptimo objetivo para sobrecargar nutricionalmente las plantas de encina, ya que el contenido de N continuó creciendo para esta dosis en relación con las no fertilizadas (950%). No se ha observado toxicidad para la dosis más alta (200 mg N), por lo que es posible que puedan emplearse dosis más altas que las ensayadas en nuestro ensayo para maximizar la acumulación de nutrientes. El volumen radical descendió para la citada dosis máxima en un 28% en comparación con las encinas que recibieron 100 mg. Esto puede tener implicaciones con relación a la capacidad de la encina de evitar la sequía pos trasplante de la encina. Nuestros datos confirman la efectividad de la sobrecarga exponencial en esta especie, aunque son necesarios nuevos ensayos para refinar la aplicación de la sobrecarga exponencial de encina.
Keywords: calidad de planta; forestación; métodos de repoblación; Viveros

Soil CO2 efflux and extractable organic carbon fractions under simulated precipitation events in a Mediterranean Dehesa - Casals, Pere; Gimeno, Cristina; Carrara, Arnaud; Lopez-Sangil, Luis; Sanz, MJosé (Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2009)
The magnitude of CO2 efﬂux pulses after rewetting a dry soil is highly variable and the factors regulating these pulses are poorly understood. In this ﬁeld experiment, we aimed to study the C dynamics after simulated summer rainstorms in a Mediterranean open holm oak woodland (dehesa). We hypothesized that because the herbaceous cover is mostly dead during the summer in this ecosystem, the short-term CO2 efﬂux (SR) after rewetting could mainly be explained by different measurable soil C fractions: i) K2SO4-extracted soil C (EOC); ii) microbial biomass C (MBC); or iii) chloroform-fumigated extracted C (CFE). On both grazed and abandoned dehesa sites, we simulated three summer rain events at two-week intervals and we measured SR discontinuously in three plots under tree canopy and in another three plots in open grassland. In each plot, C fractions and water content were estimated before (2 h) and after (36 h) each irrigation event. Following rewettings, SR increased up to ten times compared with nonirrigated plots. The CFE actually increased after rewetting in the ﬁrst two irrigations but not in the third event, suggesting that the capacity of the soil to release labile organic C from soil aggregates or litter was reduced after each irrigation event. Overall, the C released as CO2 in the ﬁrst 24 h was related to the CFE existing before rewetting, which may help to explain the spatial variability in SR. However, the explained variability decreased after each irrigation, suggesting a change to a less labile composition of the CFE fraction as a consequence of multiple drying-rewetting cycles
Keywords: Chloroform-fumigation K2SO4-extraction; drying-rewetting cycles; holm oak savanna woodland; Soil C fractions; Soil respiration

Soil CO2 efflux and extractable organic carbon fractions under simulated precipitation events in a Mediterranean Dehesa - Casals, Pere; Gimeno, Cristina; Carrara, Arnaud; Lopez-Sangil, Luis; Sanz, MJosé (Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2009)
The magnitude of CO2 efﬂux pulses after rewetting a dry soil is highly variable and the factors regulating these pulses are poorly understood. In this ﬁeld experiment, we aimed to study the C dynamics after simulated summer rainstorms in a Mediterranean open holm oak woodland (dehesa). We hypothesized that because the herbaceous cover is mostly dead during the summer in this ecosystem, the short-term CO2 efﬂux (SR) after rewetting could mainly be explained by different measurable soil C fractions: i) K2SO4-extracted soil C (EOC); ii) microbial biomass C (MBC); or iii) chloroform-fumigated extracted C (CFE). On both grazed and abandoned dehesa sites, we simulated three summer rain events at two-week intervals and we measured SR discontinuously in three plots under tree canopy and in another three plots in open grassland. In each plot, C fractions and water content were estimated before (2 h) and after (36 h) each irrigation event. Following rewettings, SR increased up to ten times compared with nonirrigated plots. The CFE actually increased after rewetting in the ﬁrst two irrigations but not in the third event, suggesting that the capacity of the soil to release labile organic C from soil aggregates or litter was reduced after each irrigation event. Overall, the C released as CO2 in the ﬁrst 24 h was related to the CFE existing before rewetting, which may help to explain the spatial variability in SR. However, the explained variability decreased after each irrigation, suggesting a change to a less labile composition of the CFE fraction as a consequence of multiple drying-rewetting cycles
Keywords: Chloroform-fumigation K2SO4-extraction; drying-rewetting cycles; holm oak savanna woodland; Soil C fractions; Soil respiration

Soil fertility evolution and landscape dynamics in a Mediterranean area: a case study in the Sant Llorenç Natural Park (Barcelona, NE Spain) - Nadal, Jordi; Pèlachs, Albert; Molina, David; Soriano, Joan-Manuel (Area, 2009)
The cartography of land covers was used to study fertility and soil evolution in a mountainous Mediterranean area during the anthropocene period (Crutzen P J 2002 Geology of mankind Nature 415 23). The aim was to determine changes in fertility as agricultural lands were abandoned in the 14 000 hectare area that constitutes Sant Llorenç del Munt Natural Park in a pre-coastal Catalan mountain range (north-eastern Iberian Peninsula). The analysis of land covers using vegetation maps, orthorectified images and aerial photography has allowed us to differentiate six vegetation groups: holm-oak wood, pine grove, oak wood, scrub, active agricultural fields and abandoned agricultural fields. The anthropic covers over the past 100 years were subdivided into five categories: active fields and those abandoned over four time periods. Study variables include field shape (concave, convex, flat), orientation (north, south) and slope (ranging from 12º to 24º). The parameters used for the physical-chemical soil analysis included organic material, phosphorous and potassium; fertility was classified based on groups, types and classes. The results indicate that even when the visual appearance of certain landscapes is similar, the edaphic characteristics may be very different. Changes induced by human disturbance share this phenomenon. Therefore, land management should be considered globally, taking into account vegetation, soils and water as interdependent factors, since it is their interaction that produces landscape and most affects its evolution over time.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: abandoned and active agricultural fields; Human disturbance; landscape dynamic; last century scale processes; Mediterranean areas; soil alterations

Soil fertility evolution and landscape dynamics in a Mediterranean area: a case study in the Sant Llorenç Natural Park (Barcelona, NE Spain) - Nadal, Jordi; Pèlachs, Albert; Molina, David; Soriano, Joan-Manuel (Area, 2009)
The cartography of land covers was used to study fertility and soil evolution in a mountainous Mediterranean area during the anthropocene period (Crutzen P J 2002 Geology of mankind Nature 415 23). The aim was to determine changes in fertility as agricultural lands were abandoned in the 14 000 hectare area that constitutes Sant Llorenç del Munt Natural Park in a pre-coastal Catalan mountain range (north-eastern Iberian Peninsula). The analysis of land covers using vegetation maps, orthorectified images and aerial photography has allowed us to differentiate six vegetation groups: holm-oak wood, pine grove, oak wood, scrub, active agricultural fields and abandoned agricultural fields. The anthropic covers over the past 100 years were subdivided into five categories: active fields and those abandoned over four time periods. Study variables include field shape (concave, convex, flat), orientation (north, south) and slope (ranging from 12º to 24º). The parameters used for the physical-chemical soil analysis included organic material, phosphorous and potassium; fertility was classified based on groups, types and classes. The results indicate that even when the visual appearance of certain landscapes is similar, the edaphic characteristics may be very different. Changes induced by human disturbance share this phenomenon. Therefore, land management should be considered globally, taking into account vegetation, soils and water as interdependent factors, since it is their interaction that produces landscape and most affects its evolution over time.
Keywords: abandoned and active agricultural fields; Human disturbance; landscape dynamic; last century scale processes; Mediterranean areas; soil alterations

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SCENT MARKS IN THE RED FOX (VULPES VULPES L.): DO RED FOXES SELECT CERTAIN PLANTS AS SIGNAL POSTS? - de Miguel, Francisco; Valencia, Ana; Arroyo, Marta; Monclus, Raquel (POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, 2009)
Chemical signals are widely used in inter and intraspecific communication in many animals. The importance of scent marks in communication has led to a variety of strategies in animals to increase the detectability and persistence of their scent marks. We studied the scent marking of foxes in relation to the role of plants as scent posts in a suburban Mediterranean forest in Madrid. Twice a month, from October 2005 to April 2006, we prospected 16 fixed 50 x 50 m plots, randomly distributed along the study area. We registered all fox faeces and their association to different plants, as well as the potential availability of the different plant species in our study area. Our results indicate that faeces were associated with plants mainly in the clearings, foxes preferred wooden species to grasses as scent posts and holm oak shrubs and rockroses to other wooden species. These data suggest that red foxes select certain plants as substrates for their faeces and pose the possibility that they are guided by searching images when looking for scent posts.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: DZIEKANOW LESNY NEAR WARSAW, 05-092 LOMIANKI, POLAND publisher: POLISH ACAD SCIENCES INST ECOLOGY
Keywords: chemical communication; red fox Vulpes vulpes; scent marking; territorial behaviour

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SCENT MARKS IN THE RED FOX (VULPES VULPES L.): DO RED FOXES SELECT CERTAIN PLANTS AS SIGNAL POSTS? - de Miguel, Francisco; Valencia, Ana; Arroyo, Marta; Monclus, Raquel (POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, 2009)
Chemical signals are widely used in inter and intraspecific communication in many animals. The importance of scent marks in communication has led to a variety of strategies in animals to increase the detectability and persistence of their scent marks. We studied the scent marking of foxes in relation to the role of plants as scent posts in a suburban Mediterranean forest in Madrid. Twice a month, from October 2005 to April 2006, we prospected 16 fixed 50 x 50 m plots, randomly distributed along the study area. We registered all fox faeces and their association to different plants, as well as the potential availability of the different plant species in our study area. Our results indicate that faeces were associated with plants mainly in the clearings, foxes preferred wooden species to grasses as scent posts and holm oak shrubs and rockroses to other wooden species. These data suggest that red foxes select certain plants as substrates for their faeces and pose the possibility that they are guided by searching images when looking for scent posts.
Keywords: chemical communication; red fox Vulpes vulpes; scent marking; territorial behaviour

Spatial–temporal patterns in Mediterranean carnivore road casualties: Consequences for mitigation - Grilo, Clara; Bissonette, John a.; Santos-Reis, Margarida (Biological Conservation, 2009)
Many carnivores have been seriously impacted by the expansion of transportation systems and networks; however we know little about carnivore response to the extent and magnitude of road mortality, or which age classes may be disproportionately impacted. Recent research has demonstrated that wildlife–vehicle-collisions (WVC) involving carnivores are modulated by temporal and spatial factors. Thus, we investigated road mortality on a guild of small and medium-sized carnivores in southern Portugal using road-kill data obtained from a systematic 36 months monitoring period along highways (260 km) and national roads (314 km) by addressing the following questions: (a) which species and age class are most vulnerable to WVC? (b) are there temporal and/or spatial patterns in roadkill? and (c) which life-history and/or spatial factors inﬂuence the likelihood of collisions? We recorded a total of 806 carnivore casualties, which represented an average of 47 ind./ 100 km/year. Red fox and stone marten had the highest mortality rates. Our ﬁndings highlight three key messages: (1) the majority of road-killed individuals were adults of common species; (2) all carnivores, except genets, were more vulnerable during speciﬁc life-history phenological periods: higher casualties were observed when red fox and stone marten were provisioning young, Eurasian badger casualties occurred more frequently during dispersal, and higher Egyptian mongoose mortality occurred during the breeding period; and (3) modeling demonstrated that favorable habitat, curves in the road, and low human disturbance were major contributors to the deadliest road segments. Red fox carcasses were more likely to be found on road sections with passages distant from urban areas. Conversely, stone marten mortalities were found more often on national roads with high of cork oak woodland cover; Egyptian mongoose and genet road-kills were found more often on road segments close to curves. Based on our results, two key mitigation measures should help to reduce WVC in Portugal. The ﬁrst involves the improvement of existing crossings with buried and small mesh size fence to guide the individuals towards to the passages, in road segments with high trafﬁc volume (>1200 vehicles/night) and located in preferred carnivore habitats. The second mitigation involves cutting or removal of dense vegetation in verges of road segments with curves to aid motorists in seeing animals about to cross.
Keywords: Meso-carnivores; Mitigation; Modeling; Road ecology; Road-kill patterns; ‘‘Montado’’ lands

Sustainability in Spanish Extensive Farms (Dehesas): An Economic and Management Indicator-Based Evaluation - Gaspar, P; Mesías, F J; Escribano, M; Pulido, F (Rangeland Ecology & Management, 2009)
The dehesa is defined as an agroforestry system that is characteristic of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, where grassland is combined with evergreen species of the genus Quercus. Those systems have been gradually transformed from the Mediterranean forest into a unique kind of pastoral woodland by means of an agricultural use. Dehesas occupy more than 6 million ha, and the livestock systems that are based in them are of vital importance for their sustainability. The present work classifies, describes, and evaluates the sustainability of these systems in the Spanish region of Extremadura (southwestern Spain). To this end, we apply a methodological adaptation of the Framework for the Evaluation of Management Systems incorporating Sustainability Index (MESMIS). MESMIS is based on the evaluation of basic attributes of sustainability from indicators that allow one to make a simultaneous and comparative analysis of different types of farms. For the study, 69 farms were selected at random, and were classified using multivariate techniques into four types according to their level of intensification and productive orientation. The results were used to obtain an overall value of sustainability from a technical economic perspective for each farm type present in the dehesa. The mixed systems (beef cattle–sheep–Iberian pigs) have been found to be the most sustainable in general terms. The high–stocking rate sheep dehesas are the least sustainable, although at present, they are the most profitable. The other two groups analyzed, “low–stocking rate sheep farms” and “beef cattle farms,” had intermediate and similar scores. Mixed livestock dehesa farms are the closest to the traditional systems with a highly diverse production, an optimal use of the system's resources, and little dependence on external subsidies. In the present context, with uncertainties about European Union subsidies, this type of farm should be a goal for dehesa farmers.
Keywords: livestock production; management strategies; MESMIS; Rangelands; Sustainability indicators

Sustainability in Spanish Extensive Farms (Dehesas): An Economic and Management Indicator-Based Evaluation - Gaspar, P.; Mesías, F. J.; Escribano, M.; Pulido, F. (Rangeland Ecology & Management, 2009)
The dehesa is defined as an agroforestry system that is characteristic of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, where grassland is combined with evergreen species of the genus Quercus. Those systems have been gradually transformed from the Mediterranean forest into a unique kind of pastoral woodland by means of an agricultural use. Dehesas occupy more than 6 million ha, and the livestock systems that are based in them are of vital importance for their sustainability. The present work classifies, describes, and evaluates the sustainability of these systems in the Spanish region of Extremadura (southwestern Spain). To this end, we apply a methodological adaptation of the Framework for the Evaluation of Management Systems incorporating Sustainability Index (MESMIS). MESMIS is based on the evaluation of basic attributes of sustainability from indicators that allow one to make a simultaneous and comparative analysis of different types of farms. For the study, 69 farms were selected at random, and were classified using multivariate techniques into four types according to their level of intensification and productive orientation. The results were used to obtain an overall value of sustainability from a technical economic perspective for each farm type present in the dehesa. The mixed systems (beef cattle–sheep–Iberian pigs) have been found to be the most sustainable in general terms. The high–stocking rate sheep dehesas are the least sustainable, although at present, they are the most profitable. The other two groups analyzed, “low–stocking rate sheep farms” and “beef cattle farms,” had intermediate and similar scores. Mixed livestock dehesa farms are the closest to the traditional systems with a highly diverse production, an optimal use of the system's resources, and little dependence on external subsidies. In the present context, with uncertainties about European Union subsidies, this type of farm should be a goal for dehesa farmers.
Keywords: livestock production; management strategies; MESMIS; Rangelands; Sustainability indicators

TMAH-preparative thermochemolysis for the characterization of organic matter in densimetric fractions of a Mediterranean forest soil - Grasset, Laurent; Rovira, Pere; Amblès, André (Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2009)
Physical protection is one of the most important ways for stabilization of organic carbon in soils, and in order to properly manage soils as a sink for carbon, it is necessary to know how much organic carbon a given soil could protect and to have information on the molecular composition of this protected organic matter in soil. To this end, we studied individual horizons taken from a soil proﬁle under Quercus rotundifolia stands over calcareous parent material. Horizons were subjected to a sequential extraction using solutions of sodium polytungstate (NaPT) of increasing density (1.6, 1.8 and 2.0) to differentiate ﬁve fractions: a free light, extractable without sonication, three occluded (extractable by sonication) and a dense (retained in the dense residue, after sonication). The obtained fractions were analyzed by preparative thermochemolysis followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) in order to get some insight on the molecular composition. The total ion chromatograms obtained for the pyrolysates of both of the densimetric fractions show various series of fatty acids (as their methyl esters), n-alkanols (as their methyl ethers), methylated a,v-diacids, methylated v-hydroxyacids, various lignous subunits and permethylated deoxy aldonic acids derived from carbohydrates. The comparison of the distributions of the thermochemolysis products shows that organic carbon in the dense fractions of the deepest horizons were more inﬂuenced by a microbial reworking than the others dense fractions from the upper horizons. It is also the case for the occluded fraction 1 of the H horizon even the vegetal part of the organic carbon in that occluded fraction appears to have a non-woody origin. On the other hand, the dense fraction of the H horizon is strongly marked by vegetal origin.
Keywords: carbohydrates; Density fractionation; fatty acids; Lignin subunits; mediterranean forest soils; Thermochemolysis

Tree roots and damages in the Jewish catacombs of Villa Torlonia (Roma) - Caneva, G; Galotta, G; Cancellieri, L; Savo, V (Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2009)
Damages to hypogeal archaeological monuments, caused by the growth of tree roots, are frequently reported in the city of Rome. Problems of compatibility between trees and underground structures may become complex in the case of historical gardens. The Jewish catacombs of Villa Torlonia show relevant conservation problems, some of them arising from damages due to root growth, and consolidating interventions seem to be urgent. Some species in the gardens, especially Ficus carica L., but also Quercus ilex L. and Pinus pinea L., have developed a strong root system, growing for many meters in lateral distance and for some meters vertically. The plants responsible for the various alterations were identiﬁed by their wood anatomy and a methodology to treat similar problems has been proposed. Data collected aim to avoid errors made in managing the plant cover of an archaeological site.
Keywords: archaeological site; catacombs; hypogeal conservation; rome; tree roots and buildings; Trees; wood anatomy

Tree roots and damages in the Jewish catacombs of Villa Torlonia (Roma) - Caneva, G.; Galotta, G.; Cancellieri, L.; Savo, V. (Journal of Cultural Heritage, 2009)
Damages to hypogeal archaeological monuments, caused by the growth of tree roots, are frequently reported in the city of Rome. Problems of compatibility between trees and underground structures may become complex in the case of historical gardens. The Jewish catacombs of Villa Torlonia show relevant conservation problems, some of them arising from damages due to root growth, and consolidating interventions seem to be urgent. Some species in the gardens, especially Ficus carica L., but also Quercus ilex L. and Pinus pinea L., have developed a strong root system, growing for many meters in lateral distance and for some meters vertically. The plants responsible for the various alterations were identiﬁed by their wood anatomy and a methodology to treat similar problems has been proposed. Data collected aim to avoid errors made in managing the plant cover of an archaeological site.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Elsevier Masson SAS
Keywords: archaeological site; catacombs; hypogeal conservation; rome; tree roots and buildings; Trees; wood anatomy

Ultrastructural Observations Reveal the Presence of Channels between Cork Cells - Teixeira, Rita Teresa; Pereira, Helena (MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS, 2009)
The ultrastructure of phellem cells of Quercus Silber L. (cork oak) and Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br. were analyzed using electron transmission microscopy to determine the presence or absence of plasmodesmata (PD). Different types of Q. Silber cork samples were studied: one year shoots; virgin cork (first periderm), reproduction cork (traumatic periderm), and wet cork. The channel structures of PD were found in all the samples crossing adjacent cell walls through the suberin layer of the secondary wait. Calotropis phellem also showed PD crossing the cell walls of adjacent cells but in fewer numbers compared to Q. suber. In one year stems of cork oak, it was possible to follow the physiologically active PD with ribosomic accumulation next to the aperture of the channel seen in the phellogen cells to the completely obstructed channels in the dead cells that characterize the phellem tissue.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA publisher: CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS
Keywords: Calotropis procera; Cork; phellogen; plasmodesmata; Quercus suber; suberin

Ultrastructural Observations Reveal the Presence of Channels between Cork Cells - Teixeira, Rita Teresa; Pereira, Helena (MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS, 2009)
The ultrastructure of phellem cells of Quercus Silber L. (cork oak) and Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br. were analyzed using electron transmission microscopy to determine the presence or absence of plasmodesmata (PD). Different types of Q. Silber cork samples were studied: one year shoots; virgin cork (first periderm), reproduction cork (traumatic periderm), and wet cork. The channel structures of PD were found in all the samples crossing adjacent cell walls through the suberin layer of the secondary wait. Calotropis phellem also showed PD crossing the cell walls of adjacent cells but in fewer numbers compared to Q. suber. In one year stems of cork oak, it was possible to follow the physiologically active PD with ribosomic accumulation next to the aperture of the channel seen in the phellogen cells to the completely obstructed channels in the dead cells that characterize the phellem tissue.
Keywords: Calotropis procera; Cork; phellogen; plasmodesmata; Quercus suber; suberin

Using and comparing two nonparametric methods (CART and MARS) to model the potential distribution of gullies - Gutiérrez, Álvaro Gómez; Schnabel, Susanne; Lavado Contador, J Francisco (Ecological Modelling, 2009)
Gully erosion represents an important soil degradation process in rangelands. In order to take preventive or control measures and to reduce its environmental damages and economical costs it is useful to localize the points in the landscape where gullying takes place and to determine the importance of the different factors involved. The study is carried out in Extremadura, southwest Spain. The main objectives of this work are: (a) comparing two nonparametric schemes to model the potential distribution of gullies, (b) evaluating the importance of the different factors involved in gullying processes, (c) analyzing the role of prevalence in the success of the model and ﬁnally, (d) implementing and mapping the results with the help of a Geographical Information System (GIS). Two methods were used to model the response of a dependent variable (gullying) from a set of independent variables: Classiﬁcation And Regression Trees (CART) and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS). Three different datasets were used; the ﬁrst one for constructing the model (training dataset) and the others for validating the model (external datasets). These datasets are formed by a target variable (presence or absence of gullies) and a set of independent variables. The dependent variable was obtained by mapping the locations of gullies with the help of a GPS and high resolution aerial ortophotographs. A set of 32 independent variables reﬂecting topography, lithology, soil type, climate, land use and vegetation cover of each area were used. The performance of the models was evaluated using a non-dependent threshold method: the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The results showed a better performance of MARS for predicting gullying with areas under the ROC curve of 0.98 and 0.97 for the validation datasets, while CART presented values of 0.96 and 0.66.
Keywords: CART; Gully erosion; MARS; Nonparametric modelling; Rangelands; ROC curve

Using and comparing two nonparametric methods (CART and MARS) to model the potential distribution of gullies - Gutiérrez, Álvaro Gómez; Schnabel, Susanne; Lavado Contador, J. Francisco (Ecological Modelling, 2009)
Gully erosion represents an important soil degradation process in rangelands. In order to take preventive or control measures and to reduce its environmental damages and economical costs it is useful to localize the points in the landscape where gullying takes place and to determine the importance of the different factors involved. The study is carried out in Extremadura, southwest Spain. The main objectives of this work are: (a) comparing two nonparametric schemes to model the potential distribution of gullies, (b) evaluating the importance of the different factors involved in gullying processes, (c) analyzing the role of prevalence in the success of the model and ﬁnally, (d) implementing and mapping the results with the help of a Geographical Information System (GIS). Two methods were used to model the response of a dependent variable (gullying) from a set of independent variables: Classiﬁcation And Regression Trees (CART) and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS). Three different datasets were used; the ﬁrst one for constructing the model (training dataset) and the others for validating the model (external datasets). These datasets are formed by a target variable (presence or absence of gullies) and a set of independent variables. The dependent variable was obtained by mapping the locations of gullies with the help of a GPS and high resolution aerial ortophotographs. A set of 32 independent variables reﬂecting topography, lithology, soil type, climate, land use and vegetation cover of each area were used. The performance of the models was evaluated using a non-dependent threshold method: the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. The results showed a better performance of MARS for predicting gullying with areas under the ROC curve of 0.98 and 0.97 for the validation datasets, while CART presented values of 0.96 and 0.66.
Keywords: CART; Gully erosion; MARS; Nonparametric modelling; Rangelands; ROC curve

Utilización de materiales hidro-absorbentes en el substrato de cultivo para reducir el estrés hídrico post-transplante en brinzales de Quercus suber. - CHIRINO MIRANDA, E.; VILAGROSA CARMONA, A.; VALLEJO CALZADA, V. R. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Una de los principales riesgos para la supervivencia de los brinzales en las reforestaciones corresponde al shock post-transplante, producido por el cambio brusco en el régimen hídrico entre el vivero y la disponibilidad hídrica en campo. La utilización de substratos que mejoren la disponibilidad de agua en las plantaciones durante las primeras etapas post-transplante puede contribuir a un mejor establecimiento de los brinzales, principalmente en ambientes con fuertes limitaciones hídricas. Con el objetivo de incrementar la capacidad de almacenamiento de agua en el cepellón, reducir el estrés post-transplante y mejorar el estado hídrico de los brinzales durante los primeros meses en plantación, se cultivó Quercus suber en 11 tipos de substrato a partir de un substrato control (mezcla de turba rubia y fibra de coco, relación 1:1 v/v) que posteriormente fue mezclado con corteza de pino (25% v/v), hidrogel Stockosorb y Bures de grano medio (0,7 y 1,5% m/m) y arcillas atapulgita y sepiolita (10 y 20% v/v). Los resultados indican que la mezcla de hidrogel en el substrato de cultivo en vivero puede ser un tratamiento adecuado para reducir el estrés post-transplante y mejorar el establecimiento y supervivencia de los brinzales en ecosistemas con limitaciones hídricas.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español
Keywords: arcilla; calidad de planta; estrés hídrico; hidrogel; shock de transplante; substrato

Utilización de materiales hidro-absorbentes en el substrato de cultivo para reducir el estrés hídrico post-transplante en brinzales de Quercus suber. - CHIRINO MIRANDA, E; VILAGROSA CARMONA, A; VALLEJO CALZADA, V R (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Una de los principales riesgos para la supervivencia de los brinzales en las reforestaciones corresponde al shock post-transplante, producido por el cambio brusco en el régimen hídrico entre el vivero y la disponibilidad hídrica en campo. La utilización de substratos que mejoren la disponibilidad de agua en las plantaciones durante las primeras etapas post-transplante puede contribuir a un mejor establecimiento de los brinzales, principalmente en ambientes con fuertes limitaciones hídricas. Con el objetivo de incrementar la capacidad de almacenamiento de agua en el cepellón, reducir el estrés post-transplante y mejorar el estado hídrico de los brinzales durante los primeros meses en plantación, se cultivó Quercus suber en 11 tipos de substrato a partir de un substrato control (mezcla de turba rubia y fibra de coco, relación 1:1 v/v) que posteriormente fue mezclado con corteza de pino (25% v/v), hidrogel Stockosorb y Bures de grano medio (0,7 y 1,5% m/m) y arcillas atapulgita y sepiolita (10 y 20% v/v). Los resultados indican que la mezcla de hidrogel en el substrato de cultivo en vivero puede ser un tratamiento adecuado para reducir el estrés post-transplante y mejorar el establecimiento y supervivencia de los brinzales en ecosistemas con limitaciones hídricas.
Keywords: arcilla; calidad de planta; estrés hídrico; hidrogel; shock de transplante; substrato

Variabilidad intraespecífica en el retorno de nutrientes al suelo de hojas de alcornoque (Quercus suber L.): Influencia de la distribución de nutrientes en suelo. - ANDIVIA MUÑOZ, E; VAZQUEZ PIQUE, J; FERNÁNDEZ MARTÍNEZ, M; MACÍAS FERNÁNDEZ, R (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
El conocimiento del ciclo biogeoquímico en ecosistemas forestales tiene gran importancia ya que permite realizar una gestión forestal basada en criterios técnicos y científicos. Dentro del ciclo biogeoquímico el desfronde está asociado con la transferencia de energía y nutrientes entre el árbol y el suelo siendo el punto de partida para el reciclado de nutrientes. Del desfronde total, una fracción significativa corresponde a la caída de hojas senescentes por lo que el estudio de esta fracción es importante para conocer el ciclo biogeoquímico total. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar si la distribución de nutrientes en suelo tiene influencia en la cantidad de nutrientes que es retornada al suelo por la fracción de hojas. Se seleccionaron doce árboles al azar en una dehesa del sur de Huelva y su desfronde se recogió mensualmente durante tres años. Las muestras se separaron en distintas fracciones (hojas, ramillos, amentos, frutos y otros) y se analizó la composición mineral en hoja (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S). En una malla de 20x20 m se recogieron muestras de suelo a cuatro profundidades distintas y se analizaron los contenidos de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S además de analizar pH, materia orgánica, conductividad eléctrica, capacidad de intercambio catiónico y textura de cada muestra. Con los datos obtenidos se ha analizado la influencia de la distribución espacial de nutrientes en suelo sobre la variabilidad intraespecífica en el retorno de nutrientes por la fracción de hojas. Se han encontrado diferencias en la evolución mensual del aporte de nutrientes al suelo entre los años de estudios, se ha constatado una variación temporal dependiente de la fenología en el aporte de K al suelo y un efecto antagónico Ca-Mg, el resto de nutrientes no presentan un patrón de distribución espacial significativo.
Keywords: ciclo geoquímico; Dehesa; Desfronde; nutrientes; variabilidad espacial

Variabilidad intraespecífica en el retorno de nutrientes al suelo de hojas de alcornoque (Quercus suber L.): Influencia de la distribución de nutrientes en suelo. - ANDIVIA MUÑOZ, E.; VAZQUEZ PIQUE, J.; FERNÁNDEZ MARTÍNEZ, M.; MACÍAS FERNÁNDEZ, R. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
El conocimiento del ciclo biogeoquímico en ecosistemas forestales tiene gran importancia ya que permite realizar una gestión forestal basada en criterios técnicos y científicos. Dentro del ciclo biogeoquímico el desfronde está asociado con la transferencia de energía y nutrientes entre el árbol y el suelo siendo el punto de partida para el reciclado de nutrientes. Del desfronde total, una fracción significativa corresponde a la caída de hojas senescentes por lo que el estudio de esta fracción es importante para conocer el ciclo biogeoquímico total. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar si la distribución de nutrientes en suelo tiene influencia en la cantidad de nutrientes que es retornada al suelo por la fracción de hojas. Se seleccionaron doce árboles al azar en una dehesa del sur de Huelva y su desfronde se recogió mensualmente durante tres años. Las muestras se separaron en distintas fracciones (hojas, ramillos, amentos, frutos y otros) y se analizó la composición mineral en hoja (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S). En una malla de 20x20 m se recogieron muestras de suelo a cuatro profundidades distintas y se analizaron los contenidos de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S además de analizar pH, materia orgánica, conductividad eléctrica, capacidad de intercambio catiónico y textura de cada muestra. Con los datos obtenidos se ha analizado la influencia de la distribución espacial de nutrientes en suelo sobre la variabilidad intraespecífica en el retorno de nutrientes por la fracción de hojas. Se han encontrado diferencias en la evolución mensual del aporte de nutrientes al suelo entre los años de estudios, se ha constatado una variación temporal dependiente de la fenología en el aporte de K al suelo y un efecto antagónico Ca-Mg, el resto de nutrientes no presentan un patrón de distribución espacial significativo.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: ciclo geoquímico; Dehesa; Desfronde; nutrientes; variabilidad espacial

Variación espacial del pasto herbáceo en la dehesa: interrelación árbol-pasto-matorral LÓPEZ - LÓPEZ DÍAZ, M. L.; ROLO ROMERO, V.; Moreno Marcos, G. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Los sistemas silvopastorales, y en concreto la dehesa, son ecosistemas muy complejos en los que se combina la producción de madera (a largo plazo) con la de pasto (anual), y que son el resultado de las interacciones existentes entre cuatro componentes: suelo, arbolado, pasto (herbáceo y arbustivo) y animales. En este tipo de sistemas, la mayoría de las decisiones irán encaminadas a potenciar las interacciones que resulten beneficiosas y evitar las negativas, por lo que es muy importante conocer su evolución en el tiempo. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar como varía la composición específica del pasto herbáceo en la dehesa según su localización respecto al arbolado y al matorral. El estudio se ha enfocado en los dos principales tipos de matorral presentes mayoritariamente en las dehesas extremeñas y que presentan comportamientos muy contrastados en términos de uso de recursos edáficos: jaral (Cistus ladanifer L.) y retamal (Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss.). Para ello, se colocaron jaulas de exclusión al pastoreo en seis fincas de dehesa (tres con presencia de jara y tres con retama), situadas a diversas distancias del arbolado (bajo, periferia y lejos) en zonas con y sin matorral. Se observó una mayor proporción de gramíneas debajo del arbolado y ligadas a la presencia de retama. En cambio, las leguminosas se vieron beneficiadas por la presencia de jara.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español
Keywords: Cistus ladanifer; competencia; forraje; retama sphaerocarpa

Volatile organic compounds from Italian vegetation and their interaction with ozone. - Calfapietra, Carlo; Fares, Silvano; Loreto, Francesco (Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), 2009)
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted from vegetation (particularly isoprenoids) represent an important source of atmospheric hydrocarbons almost double the anthropogenic source. When biogenic VOC mix with NO(x) in the presence of UV radiation, ozone (O(3)) is formed. In Italy, optimal conditions for O(3) formation in terms of VOC/NO(x) ratios and abundance of UV radiation occur for long periods of the year. Moreover, Italian vegetation includes several species that are strong and evergreen isoprenoid emitters, and high temperatures for part of the year further stimulate these temperature-dependent emissions. We review emission of isoprenoids from Italian vegetation, current knowledge on the impact of rising O(3) levels on isoprenoid emission, and evidence showing that isoprenoids can increase both the O(3) flux to the plant and protection against oxidative stress because of their antioxidant functions. This trait not only influences plant tolerance to O(3) but also may substantially alter the flux of O(3) between atmosphere and biosphere.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Elsevier Ltd accession-num: 19019511
Keywords: antioxidant; isoprene; Monoterpene; Ozone flux; VOC

Why do Corsican Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus ogliastrae not use nest boxes for roosting? - Dhondt, André a.; Blondel, Jacques; Perret, Philippe (Journal of Ornithology, 2009)
We compared winter roosting behaviour of Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus in the mainland of southern France and on the island of Corsica in small-holed nest boxes. While in southern France Blue Tits use nest boxes for roosting, Corsican Blue Tits do not. We suggest that this behaviour is innate because Corsican wild-caught as well as F1 and F2 birds born in captivity do not use nest boxes in aviaries even when kept adjacent to mainland tits that sleep in boxes. We suggest that the cost/beneﬁt balance differs between mainland France and Corsica: in Corsica, the costs of roosting in the canopy are less than in mainland France because (1) predators, e.g. owls, are rare in Corsica while abundant on the mainland, (2) the permanent evergreen foliage of the dominant tree in Corsica, the holm oak, could be preferred to nest boxes which are not risk-free, and (3) the costs of using cavities for roosting could be higher in Corsica because of increased mammal predator pressure and higher ectoparasite load than on the mainland.
Keywords: á parasitism á; Cyanistes caeruleus ogliastrae; cyanistes caeruleus ogliastrae á; Life-history trait; life-history trait á predation; Parasitism; Predation; Small-holed nest box

Wine Oxidation and the Role of Cork - Karbowiak, Thomas; Gougeon, Régis D; Alinc, Jean-Baptiste; Brachais, Laurent; Debeaufort, Frédéric; Voilley, Andrée; Chassagne, David (Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2009)
The present review aims to show the state of the art of oxidation mechanisms occurring especially in white wines by taking into account knowledge from different fields in relation to the subject. It is therefore divided into three main parts. First, the mechanisms of oxidation relevant to white wine are discussed in the light of recent scientific literature. Next, the phenomenon of oxygen solubility in wine during the winemaking process, and in particular during bottling is stated theoretically as well as practically. Finally, the aspect of wine conservation after bottling is examined with respect to mass transfers which may occur through the closure, with a special emphasis on cork. Currently, specific physico-chemical properties still make cork closures the most important closure type used for the wine market, and especially for high quality wines. This final section will also include a review of studies performed on this subject, which have been analyzed in detail from a theoretical mass transfer point of view, in order to assess the extent to which the proposed scientific tools and the observed tendencies are relevant to progress in the understanding of the impact of this parameter on the behavior of a wine.
doi: 10.1080/10408390802248585
Keywords: Cork; diffusion; Oxygen; permeability; phenolic compounds; solubility; white wine

Zinc and cadmium complexes of a plant metallothionein under radical stress: desulfurisation reactions associated with the formation of trans-lipids in model membranes. - Torreggiani, Armida; Domenech, Jordi; Orihuela, Ruben; Ferreri, Carla; Atrian, Silvia; Capdevila, Merce; Chatgilialoglu, Chryssostomos (Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany), 2009)
Metallothioneins (MTs) are sulfur-rich proteins capable of binding metal ions to give metal clusters. The metal-MT aggregates used in this work were Zn- and Cd-QsMT, where QsMT is an MT from the plant Quercus suber. Reactions of reductive reactive species (H(*) atoms and e(aq)(-)), produced by gamma irradiation of water, with Zn- and Cd-QsMT were carried out in both aqueous solutions and vesicle suspensions, and were characterized by different approaches. By using a biomimetic model based on unsaturated lipid vesicle suspensions, the occurrence of tandem protein/lipid damage was shown. The reactions of reductive reactive species with methionine residues and/or sulfur-containing ligands afford diffusible sulfur-centred radicals, which migrate from the aqueous phase to the lipid bilayer and transform the cis double bond of the oleate moiety into the trans isomer. Tailored experiments allowed the reaction mechanism to be elucidated in some detail. The formation of sulfur-centred radicals is accompanied by the modification of the metal-QsMT complexes, which were monitored by various spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques (Raman, CD, and ESI-MS). Attack of the H(*) atom and e(aq)(-) on the metal-QsMT aggregates can induce significant structural changes such as partial deconstruction and/or rearrangement of the metal clusters and breaking of the protein backbone. Substantial differences were observed in the behaviour of the Zn- and Cd-QsMT aggregates towards the reactive species, depending on the different folding of the polypeptide in these two cases.
Keywords: biomimetic chemistry; liposomes; metalloproteins; radical reactions; reaction mechanisms

Accounting for single and aggregated forest incomes: Application to public cork oak forests in Jerez (Spain) and Iteimia (Tunisia) - Campos, Pablo; Daly-Hassen, Hamed; Oviedo, Jose L; Ovando, Paola; Chebil, Ali (Ecological Economics, 2008)
This study presents an applied improvement in the agroforestry accounting system (AAS) approach to two public cork oak forests in the Mediterranean region: Jerez (Spain) and Iteimia (Tunisia). Both forests have similar environments but differ in land property rights, labour markets and countries (developed and developing economy, respectively). The income analysis considers the differences between forest ownership, and household and landowner economic rationalities. In the case of Jerez, the public landowner has a right to exclude others from using the forest resources; community employment and natural resource conservation criteria determine Jerez's management. In the Iteimia case, the public landowner has regulated free-use rights for livestock grazing, firewood and crops so that local households can meet their needs and improve their income. Households operate by maximizing their income from the full employment of their own family workforce. The results show that Jerez's management generates negative commercial capital income for the public landowner, despite receiving significant public subsidies, while it maintains high internal forestry investment that generates additional local employment. Conversely, Iteimia produces positive commercial capital income for the public landowner and high household self-employed labour income per hectare.
Keywords: Agroforestry accounting system; Cork Oak Forest; Household economic rationality; Public ownership; Total commercial income

Acorn production in Spanish holm oak woodlands - Gea-Izquierdo, G; Cañellas, I; Montero, G (Forest Systems, 2008)
We present a review on the state-of-the-art of fruit prodution in Western Iberia woodlands («dehesas»), and particularly in Q. ilex (holm oak) «dehesas». This threatened ecosystem is of very high ecological and economical importance. Quercus sp. fruits (acorns) are essential for wildlife, and for pig fattening in «dehesas». In the first part of this review we briefly describe the phenology of the holm oak and the factors affecting acorn morphology and chemical composition. In the second half we analyze the main known factors reported in the literature that determine acorn production: pruning, stand characteristics, and site (weather and soil). We make several suggestions to improve future research and detect the existing gaps in the undertanding of acorn production. Fruit production is highly variable, both between and within years and individuals. The mean production in «dehesas» (mean density circa 50 trees/ha) is around 250-600 kg/ha (≈100 g/canopy-m2 , CV> 100%). Acorn morphology is also very variable, with mean sound acorn size around 3.5 × 1.6 cm, CV ≈ 10% (3.5 g/acorn, CV > 50%). Silviculture plays an essential role in acorn production. Acorn production per tree seems to be negatively related to density. The effect of pruning is less clear: production seems to be reduced in the first and second years after pruning. After the third year it is not possible to discern from the literature whether there is any response to pruning or not. Weather and soil (site) also impact production and their effects should be explored in future management. The influence of genetics is unknown and should also be addressed. Longer data series are necessary. The dasometric features of the stands need to be characterized, in order to better understand production and compare results from different locations. Much research is still required to understand the functioning of fruiting in these woodlands.
Keywords: acorn; agrosilvopastoral systems; Dehesa; fruit production; Holm oak; Quercus ilex

Acorn production in Spanish holm oak woodlands - Gea-Izquierdo, G.; Cañellas, I.; Montero, G. (Forest Systems, 2008)
We present a review on the state-of-the-art of fruit prodution in Western Iberia woodlands («dehesas»), and particularly in Q. ilex (holm oak) «dehesas». This threatened ecosystem is of very high ecological and economical importance. Quercus sp. fruits (acorns) are essential for wildlife, and for pig fattening in «dehesas». In the first part of this review we briefly describe the phenology of the holm oak and the factors affecting acorn morphology and chemical composition. In the second half we analyze the main known factors reported in the literature that determine acorn production: pruning, stand characteristics, and site (weather and soil). We make several suggestions to improve future research and detect the existing gaps in the undertanding of acorn production. Fruit production is highly variable, both between and within years and individuals. The mean production in «dehesas» (mean density circa 50 trees/ha) is around 250-600 kg/ha (≈100 g/canopy-m2 , CV> 100%). Acorn morphology is also very variable, with mean sound acorn size around 3.5 × 1.6 cm, CV ≈ 10% (3.5 g/acorn, CV > 50%). Silviculture plays an essential role in acorn production. Acorn production per tree seems to be negatively related to density. The effect of pruning is less clear: production seems to be reduced in the first and second years after pruning. After the third year it is not possible to discern from the literature whether there is any response to pruning or not. Weather and soil (site) also impact production and their effects should be explored in future management. The influence of genetics is unknown and should also be addressed. Longer data series are necessary. The dasometric features of the stands need to be characterized, in order to better understand production and compare results from different locations. Much research is still required to understand the functioning of fruiting in these woodlands.
Keywords: acorn; agrosilvopastoral systems; Dehesa; fruit production; Holm oak; Quercus ilex

Adsorption of Zn(II) in aqueous solution by activated carbons prepared from evergreen oak (Quercus rotundifolia L.). - Gómez-Tamayo, M Del Mar; Macías-García, Antonio; Díaz Díez, M Angeles; Cuerda-Correa, Eduardo M (Journal of hazardous materials, 2008)
In the present work activated carbons have been prepared from evergreen oak wood. Different samples have been prepared varying the concentration of the activating agent (H(3)PO(4)) and the treatment temperature. The yield of the process decreases with increasing phosphoric acid concentrations. Furthermore, high concentrations of activating agent lead to mainly mesoporous activated carbons to the detriment of the microporous texture. Treatment temperatures up to 450 degrees C lead to a progressive increase of the micro- and mesopore volumes. Values of specific surface area (S(BET)) as high as 1723 m(2) g(-1)have been obtained using appropriate phosphoric acid concentrations and treatment temperatures. The samples prepared have been successfully used in the removal of Zn(II) from aqueous solutions. From the adsorption kinetic data it may be stated that the equilibrium time is, in all cases, below 170 h. The adsorption process as a rule becomes faster as the mesopore volume and specific surface area of the samples increase. The adsorption isotherms in liquid phase point out that the adsorption capacity (n(0)(s)) and the affinity towards the solute (K(ci)) are higher for the sample showing the most developed mesoporous texture and surface area as well.
Keywords: Adsorption; Carbon; Carbon: chemistry; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Quercus; Solutions; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Pollutants, Chemical: chemistry; Water Purification; Water Purification: methods; Wood; Zinc; Zinc: chemistry

Afforestation of a trace-element polluted area in SW Spain: woody plant performance and trace element accumulation - Domínguez, Maria Teresa; Madejón, Paula; Marañón, Teodoro; Murillo, José Manuel (European Journal of Forest Research, 2008)
Trace element soil pollution can have ecotoxic eVects on plants, which could negatively aVect the restoration of a degraded area. In this work, we studied the revegetation success in diVerent sites within a trace elementpolluted area (Guadiamar River Valley, SW Spain). We analysed the survival and growth patterns of aVorested plants of seven Mediterranean woody species, and their relation to soil pollution, over 3 years. We also analysed the trace element accumulation in the leaves of these species. The area was polluted mainly by As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn (soil total concentrations up to 250, 3.6, 236, 385 and 510 mg kg ¡1 , respectively). The woody plant performance was very diVerent between sites and between species; in the riparian sites, plant survival rates were nearly 100%, while in the upland terrace sites species such as Quercus ilex and Ceratonia siliqua showed the lowest survival rates (less than 30%) and also the lowest relative growth rates. There were no signiWcant relationships between plant performance and soil pollution in the riparian sites, while in the upland sites mortality, but not growth, was related to soil pollution, although that could be an indirect eVect of diVerent substrate alteration between sites. The accumulation of soil pollutants in the studied plants was low, with the exception of Salicaceae species, which accumulated Cd and Zn in the leaves above 1 and 200 mg kg ¡1 , respectively. We discuss the results with regard to the aVorestation of trace-element polluted areas.
Keywords: Heavy metals; mediterranean woody species; plant survival; relative growth rates; soil remediation

Afforestation of a trace-element polluted area in SW Spain: woody plant performance and trace element accumulation - Domínguez, Maria Teresa; Madejón, Paula; Marañón, Teodoro; Murillo, José Manuel (European Journal of Forest Research, 2008)
Trace element soil pollution can have ecotoxic eVects on plants, which could negatively aVect the restoration of a degraded area. In this work, we studied the revegetation success in diVerent sites within a trace elementpolluted area (Guadiamar River Valley, SW Spain). We analysed the survival and growth patterns of aVorested plants of seven Mediterranean woody species, and their relation to soil pollution, over 3 years. We also analysed the trace element accumulation in the leaves of these species. The area was polluted mainly by As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn (soil total concentrations up to 250, 3.6, 236, 385 and 510 mg kg ¡1 , respectively). The woody plant performance was very diVerent between sites and between species; in the riparian sites, plant survival rates were nearly 100%, while in the upland terrace sites species such as Quercus ilex and Ceratonia siliqua showed the lowest survival rates (less than 30%) and also the lowest relative growth rates. There were no signiWcant relationships between plant performance and soil pollution in the riparian sites, while in the upland sites mortality, but not growth, was related to soil pollution, although that could be an indirect eVect of diVerent substrate alteration between sites. The accumulation of soil pollutants in the studied plants was low, with the exception of Salicaceae species, which accumulated Cd and Zn in the leaves above 1 and 200 mg kg ¡1 , respectively. We discuss the results with regard to the aVorestation of trace-element polluted areas.
Keywords: Heavy metals; mediterranean woody species; plant survival; relative growth rates; soil remediation

Assessing spider species richness and composition in Mediterranean cork oak forests - Cardoso, Pedro; Gaspar, Clara; Pereira, Luis C; Silva, Israel; Henriques, Sérgio S; da Silva, Ricardo R; Sousa, Pedro (Acta Oecologica, 2008)
Semi-quantitative sampling protocols have been proposed as the most cost-effective and comprehensive way of sampling spiders in many regions of the world. In the present study, a balanced sampling design with the same number of samples per day, time of day, collector and method, was used to assess the species richness and composition of a Quercus suber woodland in Central Portugal. A total of 475 samples, each corresponding to one hour of effective ﬁeldwork, were taken. One hundred sixty eight species were captured, of which 150 were recorded inside a delimited one-hectare plot; this number corresponds to around 90% of the estimated species richness. We tested the effect of applying different sampling approaches (sampling day, time of day, collector experience and method) on species richness, abundance, and composition. Most sampling approaches were found to inﬂuence the species measures, of which method, time of day and the respective interaction had the strongest inﬂuence. The data indicated that fauna depletion of the sampled area possibly occurred and that the inventory was reaching a plateau by the end of the sampling process. We advocate the use of the Chao estimators as best for intensive protocols limited in space and time and the use of the asymptotic properties of the Michaelis–Menten curve as a stopping or reliability rule, as it allows the investigator to know when a close-to-complete inventory has been obtained and when reliable non-parametric estimators have been achieved.
Keywords: araneae; Arrábida; Biodiversity assessment; iberian peninsula; methodology; Portugal; Quercus suber; Richness estimators; Semi-quantitative sampling; Stop-rules

Assessing spider species richness and composition in Mediterranean cork oak forests - Cardoso, Pedro; Gaspar, Clara; Pereira, Luis C.; Silva, Israel; Henriques, Sérgio S.; da Silva, Ricardo R.; Sousa, Pedro (Acta Oecologica, 2008)
Semi-quantitative sampling protocols have been proposed as the most cost-effective and comprehensive way of sampling spiders in many regions of the world. In the present study, a balanced sampling design with the same number of samples per day, time of day, collector and method, was used to assess the species richness and composition of a Quercus suber woodland in Central Portugal. A total of 475 samples, each corresponding to one hour of effective ﬁeldwork, were taken. One hundred sixty eight species were captured, of which 150 were recorded inside a delimited one-hectare plot; this number corresponds to around 90% of the estimated species richness. We tested the effect of applying different sampling approaches (sampling day, time of day, collector experience and method) on species richness, abundance, and composition. Most sampling approaches were found to inﬂuence the species measures, of which method, time of day and the respective interaction had the strongest inﬂuence. The data indicated that fauna depletion of the sampled area possibly occurred and that the inventory was reaching a plateau by the end of the sampling process. We advocate the use of the Chao estimators as best for intensive protocols limited in space and time and the use of the asymptotic properties of the Michaelis–Menten curve as a stopping or reliability rule, as it allows the investigator to know when a close-to-complete inventory has been obtained and when reliable non-parametric estimators have been achieved.
Keywords: araneae; Arrábida; Biodiversity assessment; iberian peninsula; methodology; Portugal; Quercus suber; Richness estimators; Semi-quantitative sampling; Stop-rules

Assessment and up-scaling of CO2 exchange by patches of the herbaceous vegetation mosaic in a Portuguese cork oak woodland - Li, Yue-Lin; Tenhunen, J.; Mirzaei, H.; Hussain, M. Z.; Siebicke, L.; Foken, T.; Otieno, D.; Schmidt, M.; Ribeiro, N.; Aires, L.; Pio, C.; Banza, J.; et al. (Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2008)
Long-term eddy covariance measurements over a montado oak woodland in southern Portugal have documented a vulnerability to predicted decreases in springtime rainfall, since water availability during spring limits annual CO2 gain, the growth of fodder for animals, and the production of cork by Quercus suber. The current study examined CO2 exchange of three different herbaceous vegetation components distributed over montado landscapes and within the footprint of long-term landscape eddy covariance monitoring studies. Simultaneous measurements with eddy covariance at two sites and with manually operated chambers at multiple locations revealed that slow drainage of shallow basins, the onset of drying at higher sites and a high release of CO2 below tree canopies signiﬁcantly inﬂuenced the overall course of montado ecosystem gas exchange during the spring. Hyperbolic light response models were employed to up-scale and compare herbaceous gas exchange with landscape net ecosystem CO2 ﬂux. The up-scaling demonstrates the importance of the herbaceous understory in determining annual carbon balance of the montado and suggests a relatively small additional CO2 uptake by the tree canopies and boles, i.e., by the aboveground tree compartment, during springtime. Annual ﬂux totals obtained during the extremely dry year 2005 and a normal precipitation year 2006 for the oak woodland and a nearby grassland were essentially the same, indicating that both ecosystems similarly exploit available resources. Based on comparisons with additional temperate grasslands, we can visualize the montado herbaceous cover as a typical European grassland canopy, but where temperature ﬂuctuations in winter control uptake, and where total production depends on springtime rainfall as it controls phenological events and eventually dieback of the vegetation. On the other hand, tree canopies remain active longer during late spring and early summer, modifying the montado response from that of grassland. Uncertainties in ﬂux estimates via both chamber and eddy covariance methodologies currently prevent a full understanding of vegetation/atmosphere coupling, of the recycling of CO2 between the understory communities and trees, and of relationships between exchange rates of individual components of the vegetation mosaic and overall carbon and water balances in montado landscapes.
Keywords: Herbaceous vegetation; Light response model; montado; net ecosystem exchange; Oak woodland; up-scaling

Avaliação do Potencial de Actividades em Sistemas de Uso Múltiplo: Aptidão Forrageira - Alpendre, Pedro; Gonçalves, Ana Cristina; Ferreira, Alfredo Gonçalves; Dias, Susana Saraiva (Silva Lusitana, 2008)
Multiple use systems are characterised by the presence of several cultures in a management unit. These cultures present their own characteristics and several productions, with different spatial and temporal arrangements. In Alentejo the most representative systems, in terms of area, are the "montados", agro-silvo-pastoral systems, characterised by three main components, forest, agriculture and grazing, and the interrelations among them. In these systems the grazing component and, consequently, the pasture is a fundamental activity for the system maintenance/perpetuity. The goal of this study is to create a methodology that defines the forage aptitude of the "montado", as function of the soil and forest cover. The utilisation of spatial analysis processes, in geographical information systems, allowed the development of an innovative methodology, constituting an evaluation and implementation information tool.
Keywords: activités en systèmes d; aptitude de; evaluation du potentiel des; evaluation tool; forage aptitude; forest cover; GIS; les systèmes d; par la présence de; plusieurs cultures; production fourragère; résumé; soils; usage multiple; usage multiple sont caractérisés

Avaliação do Potencial de Actividades em Sistemas de Uso Múltiplo: Aptidão Forrageira - Alpendre, Pedro; Gonçalves, Ana Cristina; Ferreira, Alfredo Gonçalves; Dias, Susana Saraiva (Silva Lusitana, 2008)
Multiple use systems are characterised by the presence of several cultures in a management unit. These cultures present their own characteristics and several productions, with different spatial and temporal arrangements. In Alentejo the most representative systems, in terms of area, are the "montados", agro-silvo-pastoral systems, characterised by three main components, forest, agriculture and grazing, and the interrelations among them. In these systems the grazing component and, consequently, the pasture is a fundamental activity for the system maintenance/perpetuity. The goal of this study is to create a methodology that defines the forage aptitude of the "montado", as function of the soil and forest cover. The utilisation of spatial analysis processes, in geographical information systems, allowed the development of an innovative methodology, constituting an evaluation and implementation information tool.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: scielopt
Keywords: activités en systèmes d; aptitude de; evaluation du potentiel des; evaluation tool; forage aptitude; forest cover; GIS; les systèmes d; par la présence de; plusieurs cultures; production fourragère; résumé; soils; usage multiple; usage multiple sont caractérisés

Baseline characterization of major Iberian vegetation types based on the NDVI dynamics - Alcaraz-Segura, Domingo; Cabello, Javier; Paruelo, José (Plant Ecology, 2008)
We present an approach to derive baseline conditions for the radiation intercepted by vegetation in the largest remaining patches of homogeneous vegetation of the Iberian Peninsula. These baseline conditions can serve as a reference to assess environmental changes. We also characterized the major vegetation types of the Peninsula in the functional space deﬁned by the NDVI dynamics and analyzed the climatic controls of NDVI dynamics. We analysed the attributes of the NDVI seasonal dynamics: annual mean (NDVI-I), relative range (RREL), NDVI maximum and minimum values (MAX and MIN), months of MAX and MIN (MMAX and MMIN), and their inter-annual variabilities (1982–1999). We selected as reference sites only homogeneous pixels occupied by natural vegetation. We described their relationship with climatic variables using regression models. NDVI-I and RREL captured most of the variability of the NDVI annual proﬁle. Eurosiberian vegetation types were more productive, with winter minima and summer maxima. Mediterranean vegetation had summer minima and maxima distributed from autumn to spring. Interannual differences (higher in the Mediterranean) were low for NDVI-I and MAX and high for RREL and MIN. Precipitation was the main driver of NDVI-I for the Mediterranean pixels while temperature constrained it in the Eurosiberian ones. Seasonality (RREL) was associated with winter temperatures in Eurosiberian areas and with summer drought in Mediterranean ones. The Iberian vegetation types mainly differed in terms of total production and seasonality. Such differences were related to mean and inter-annual variation in precipitation and temperature associated with the Eurosiberian and Mediterranean climate zones. The NDVI dynamics allowed us to identify a functional signature for each vegetation type which captures differences that go beyond their range of climatic factors. Our baseline descriptions, based on a common approach to characterize vegetation functioning, are proposed as reference situations to evaluate the impact of environmental changes on the remaining large patches of single major natural and seminatural vegetation types.
Keywords: AVHRR/NOAA; ecosystem functioning; iberian peninsula; Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); Regional analysis; Remote sensing

Baseline characterization of major Iberian vegetation types based on the NDVI dynamics - Alcaraz-Segura, Domingo; Cabello, Javier; Paruelo, José (Plant Ecology, 2008)
We present an approach to derive baseline conditions for the radiation intercepted by vegetation in the largest remaining patches of homogeneous vegetation of the Iberian Peninsula. These baseline conditions can serve as a reference to assess environmental changes. We also characterized the major vegetation types of the Peninsula in the functional space deﬁned by the NDVI dynamics and analyzed the climatic controls of NDVI dynamics. We analysed the attributes of the NDVI seasonal dynamics: annual mean (NDVI-I), relative range (RREL), NDVI maximum and minimum values (MAX and MIN), months of MAX and MIN (MMAX and MMIN), and their inter-annual variabilities (1982–1999). We selected as reference sites only homogeneous pixels occupied by natural vegetation. We described their relationship with climatic variables using regression models. NDVI-I and RREL captured most of the variability of the NDVI annual proﬁle. Eurosiberian vegetation types were more productive, with winter minima and summer maxima. Mediterranean vegetation had summer minima and maxima distributed from autumn to spring. Interannual differences (higher in the Mediterranean) were low for NDVI-I and MAX and high for RREL and MIN. Precipitation was the main driver of NDVI-I for the Mediterranean pixels while temperature constrained it in the Eurosiberian ones. Seasonality (RREL) was associated with winter temperatures in Eurosiberian areas and with summer drought in Mediterranean ones. The Iberian vegetation types mainly differed in terms of total production and seasonality. Such differences were related to mean and inter-annual variation in precipitation and temperature associated with the Eurosiberian and Mediterranean climate zones. The NDVI dynamics allowed us to identify a functional signature for each vegetation type which captures differences that go beyond their range of climatic factors. Our baseline descriptions, based on a common approach to characterize vegetation functioning, are proposed as reference situations to evaluate the impact of environmental changes on the remaining large patches of single major natural and seminatural vegetation types.
Keywords: AVHRR/NOAA; ecosystem functioning; iberian peninsula; Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI); Regional analysis; Remote sensing

Biostratigraphy and sedimentary evolution of Late Miocene and Pliocene continental deposits of the Granada Basin (southern Spain) - García-Alix, A.; Minwer-Barakat, R.; Martín, J. M.; Martín Suárez, E.; Freudenthal, M. (Lethaia, 2008)
The Late Miocene and Pliocene continental sediments in the Granada Basin (southern Spain) have yielded large amounts of fossil small mammals in 37 localities from 11 sections. The aim of this paper is to integrate faunistic, stratigraphic, and sedimentary criteria to unravel the geological history of the continental infilling of the basin. The palaeontological study has led to a detailed biozonation on the basis of rodents, which helps to correlate in detail the different sedimentary units found in the basin, and to follow the changes of the different sedimentary systems and their palaeogeographical evolution through time. Combination of the proposed biostratigraphy and the reinterpretation of the magnetostratigraphic analyses of the Barranco del Purcal section allows us to assign an absolute age slightly older than 5.23 Ma to the Turolian–Ruscinian boundary (MN13-MN14)
Keywords: Biostratigraphy; fossil small mammals; Granada Basin; Late Miocene; Pliocene; sedimentary evolution; Turolian–Ruscinian boundary.

Biostratigraphy and sedimentary evolution of Late Miocene and Pliocene continental deposits of the Granada Basin (southern Spain) - García-Alix, A; Minwer-Barakat, R; Martín, J M; Martín Suárez, E; Freudenthal, M (Lethaia, 2008)
The Late Miocene and Pliocene continental sediments in the Granada Basin (southern Spain) have yielded large amounts of fossil small mammals in 37 localities from 11 sections. The aim of this paper is to integrate faunistic, stratigraphic, and sedimentary criteria to unravel the geological history of the continental infilling of the basin. The palaeontological study has led to a detailed biozonation on the basis of rodents, which helps to correlate in detail the different sedimentary units found in the basin, and to follow the changes of the different sedimentary systems and their palaeogeographical evolution through time. Combination of the proposed biostratigraphy and the reinterpretation of the magnetostratigraphic analyses of the Barranco del Purcal section allows us to assign an absolute age slightly older than 5.23 Ma to the Turolian–Ruscinian boundary (MN13-MN14)
Keywords: Biostratigraphy; fossil small mammals; Granada Basin; Late Miocene; Pliocene; sedimentary evolution; Turolian–Ruscinian boundary.

Causes of change in nitrophytic and oligotrophic lichen species in a Mediterranean climate: impact of land cover and atmospheric pollutants. - Pinho, P; Augusto, S; Martins-Loução, M a; Pereira, M J; Soares, A; Máguas, C; Branquinho, C (Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), 2008)
With the aim of determining the main drivers of changes in nitrophytic and oligotrophic macro-lichen communities in an industrial region with a Mediterranean climate, we considered both land-cover types and atmospheric pollutants. We determined the relation between the abundance of nitrophytic and oligotrophic species with environmental factors considering the distance of influence of land-cover types. The results showed that oligotrophic species decreased in the proximity of artificial areas, barren land and agricultural areas, associated with higher concentrations of NO2 and Zn, and Ti, probably dust of industrial and agricultural origin. Nitrophytic species were positively related to all the mentioned land-cover types, and with higher concentrations of Fe and N. Magnesium, probably from ocean aerosols, was negatively related to oligotrophic species and positively to nitrophytic.
Keywords: Biodiversity; Distance of influence; Functional groups; land use; Nitrogen tolerance; Pollutant sources

Causes of change in nitrophytic and oligotrophic lichen species in a Mediterranean climate: impact of land cover and atmospheric pollutants. - Pinho, P.; Augusto, S.; Martins-Loução, M. a; Pereira, M. J.; Soares, A.; Máguas, C.; Branquinho, C. (Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), 2008)
With the aim of determining the main drivers of changes in nitrophytic and oligotrophic macro-lichen communities in an industrial region with a Mediterranean climate, we considered both land-cover types and atmospheric pollutants. We determined the relation between the abundance of nitrophytic and oligotrophic species with environmental factors considering the distance of influence of land-cover types. The results showed that oligotrophic species decreased in the proximity of artificial areas, barren land and agricultural areas, associated with higher concentrations of NO2 and Zn, and Ti, probably dust of industrial and agricultural origin. Nitrophytic species were positively related to all the mentioned land-cover types, and with higher concentrations of Fe and N. Magnesium, probably from ocean aerosols, was negatively related to oligotrophic species and positively to nitrophytic.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 18222577
Keywords: Biodiversity; Distance of influence; Functional groups; land use; Nitrogen tolerance; Pollutant sources

Changes of the potential distribution area of French Mediterranean forests under global warming - Gaucherel, C.; Guiot, J.; Misson, L. (Biogeosciences, 2008)
This work aims at understanding future spatial and temporal distributions of tree species in the Mediterranean region of France under various climates. We focused on two different species (Pinus Halepensis and Quercus Ilex) and compared their growth under the IPCC-B2 climate scenario in order to quantify signiﬁcant changes between present and future. The inﬂuence of environmental factors such as atmospheric CO2 increase and topography on the tree growth has also been quantiﬁed. We modeled species growth with the help of a processbased model (MAIDEN), previously calibrated over measured ecophysiological and dendrochronological series with a Bayesian scheme. The model was fed with the ARPEGE – MeteoFrance climate model, combined with an explicit increase in CO2 atmospheric concentration. The main output of the model gives the carbon allocation in boles and thus tree production. Our results show that the MAIDEN model is correctly able to simulate pine and oak production in space and time, after detailed calibration and validation stages. Yet, these simulations, mainly based on climate, are indicative and not predictive. The comparison of simulated growth at end of 20th and 21st centuries, show a shift of the pine production optimum from about 650 to 950 m due to 2.5 K temperature increase, while no optimum has been found for oak. With the direct effect of CO2 increase taken into account, both species show a signiﬁcant increase in productivity (+26 and +43% for pine and oak respectively) at the end of the 21st century. While both species have different growth mechanisms, they have a good chance to extend their spatial distribution and their elevation in the Alps during the 21st century under the IPCC-B2 climate scenario. This extension is mainly due to the CO2 fertilization effect.
Keywords: climate modeling (voyant); CO2; Pinus halepensis; Quercus ilex; tree growth

Changes of the potential distribution area of French Mediterranean forests under global warming - Gaucherel, C; Guiot, J; Misson, L (Biogeosciences, 2008)
This work aims at understanding future spatial and temporal distributions of tree species in the Mediterranean region of France under various climates. We focused on two different species (Pinus Halepensis and Quercus Ilex) and compared their growth under the IPCC-B2 climate scenario in order to quantify signiﬁcant changes between present and future. The inﬂuence of environmental factors such as atmospheric CO2 increase and topography on the tree growth has also been quantiﬁed. We modeled species growth with the help of a processbased model (MAIDEN), previously calibrated over measured ecophysiological and dendrochronological series with a Bayesian scheme. The model was fed with the ARPEGE – MeteoFrance climate model, combined with an explicit increase in CO2 atmospheric concentration. The main output of the model gives the carbon allocation in boles and thus tree production. Our results show that the MAIDEN model is correctly able to simulate pine and oak production in space and time, after detailed calibration and validation stages. Yet, these simulations, mainly based on climate, are indicative and not predictive. The comparison of simulated growth at end of 20th and 21st centuries, show a shift of the pine production optimum from about 650 to 950 m due to 2.5 K temperature increase, while no optimum has been found for oak. With the direct effect of CO2 increase taken into account, both species show a signiﬁcant increase in productivity (+26 and +43% for pine and oak respectively) at the end of the 21st century. While both species have different growth mechanisms, they have a good chance to extend their spatial distribution and their elevation in the Alps during the 21st century under the IPCC-B2 climate scenario. This extension is mainly due to the CO2 fertilization effect.
Keywords: climate modeling (voyant); CO2; Pinus halepensis; Quercus ilex; tree growth

Climate versus human-driven fire regimes in Mediterranean landscapes: the Holocene record of Lago dell’Accesa (Tuscany, Italy) - Vannière, B; Colombaroli, D; Chapron, E; Leroux, A; Tinner, W; Magny, M (Quaternary Science Reviews, 2008)
A high-resolution sedimentary charcoal record from Lago dell’Accesa in southern Tuscany reveals numerous changes in fire regime over the last 11.6kyr cal.BP and provides one of the longest gap-free series from Italy and the Mediterranean region. Charcoal analyses are coupled with gamma density measurements, organic-content analyses, and pollen counts to provide data about sedimentation and vegetation history. A comparison between fire frequency and lake-level reconstructions from the same site is used to address the centennial variability of fire regimes and its linkage to hydrological processes. Our data reveal strong relationships among climate, fire, vegetation, and land-use and attest to the paramount importance of fire in Mediterranean ecosystems. The mean fire interval (MFI) for the entire Holocene was estimated to be 150yr, with a minimum around 80yr and a maximum around 450yr. Between 11.6 and 3.6kyrcal.BP, up to eight high-frequency fire phases lasting 300–500yr generally occurred during shifts towards low lake-level stands (ca 11,300, 10,700, 9500, 8700, 7600, 6200, 5300, 3400, 1800 and 1350cal. yrBP). Therefore, we assume that most of these shifts were triggered by drier climatic conditions and especially a dry summer season that promoted ignition and biomass burning. At the beginning of the Holocene, high climate seasonality favoured fire expansion in this region, as inmany other ecosystems of the northern and southern hemispheres. Human impact affected fire regimes and especially fire frequencies since the Neolithic (ca 8000–4000cal.yrBP). Burning as a consequence of anthropogenic activities becamemore frequent after the onset of the Bronze Age (ca 3800–3600cal. yrBP) and appear to be synchronous with the development of settlements in the region, slash-and-burn agriculture, animal husbandry, and mineral exploitation. The anthropogenic phases with maximum fire activity corresponded to greater sensitivity of the vegetation and triggered significant changes in vegetational communities (e.g. temporal declines of Quercus ilex forests and expansion of shrublands and macchia). The link between fire and climate persisted during the mid- and late Holocene, when human impact on vegetation and the fire regime was high. This finding suggests that climatic conditions were important for fire occurrence even under strongly humanised ecosystem conditions.
Keywords: CHARCOAL ANALYSIS; Climatic conditions; Fire regime; Holocene; human activities; Pollen analysis; Vegetation history (voyant)

Climate versus human-driven fire regimes in Mediterranean landscapes: the Holocene record of Lago dell’Accesa (Tuscany, Italy) - Vannière, B.; Colombaroli, D.; Chapron, E.; Leroux, A.; Tinner, W.; Magny, M. (Quaternary Science Reviews, 2008)
A high-resolution sedimentary charcoal record from Lago dell’Accesa in southern Tuscany reveals numerous changes in fire regime over the last 11.6kyr cal.BP and provides one of the longest gap-free series from Italy and the Mediterranean region. Charcoal analyses are coupled with gamma density measurements, organic-content analyses, and pollen counts to provide data about sedimentation and vegetation history. A comparison between fire frequency and lake-level reconstructions from the same site is used to address the centennial variability of fire regimes and its linkage to hydrological processes. Our data reveal strong relationships among climate, fire, vegetation, and land-use and attest to the paramount importance of fire in Mediterranean ecosystems. The mean fire interval (MFI) for the entire Holocene was estimated to be 150yr, with a minimum around 80yr and a maximum around 450yr. Between 11.6 and 3.6kyrcal.BP, up to eight high-frequency fire phases lasting 300–500yr generally occurred during shifts towards low lake-level stands (ca 11,300, 10,700, 9500, 8700, 7600, 6200, 5300, 3400, 1800 and 1350cal. yrBP). Therefore, we assume that most of these shifts were triggered by drier climatic conditions and especially a dry summer season that promoted ignition and biomass burning. At the beginning of the Holocene, high climate seasonality favoured fire expansion in this region, as inmany other ecosystems of the northern and southern hemispheres. Human impact affected fire regimes and especially fire frequencies since the Neolithic (ca 8000–4000cal.yrBP). Burning as a consequence of anthropogenic activities becamemore frequent after the onset of the Bronze Age (ca 3800–3600cal. yrBP) and appear to be synchronous with the development of settlements in the region, slash-and-burn agriculture, animal husbandry, and mineral exploitation. The anthropogenic phases with maximum fire activity corresponded to greater sensitivity of the vegetation and triggered significant changes in vegetational communities (e.g. temporal declines of Quercus ilex forests and expansion of shrublands and macchia). The link between fire and climate persisted during the mid- and late Holocene, when human impact on vegetation and the fire regime was high. This finding suggests that climatic conditions were important for fire occurrence even under strongly humanised ecosystem conditions.
Keywords: CHARCOAL ANALYSIS; Climatic conditions; Fire regime; Holocene; human activities; Pollen analysis; Vegetation history (voyant)

A coastal reservoir of biodiversity for Upper Pleistocene human populations: palaeoecological investigations in Gorham's Cave (Gibraltar) in the context of the Iberian Peninsula - Carrión, J S; Finlayson, C; Fernández, S; Finlayson, G; Allué, E; López-Sáez, J A; López-García, P; Gil-Romera, G; Bailey, G; González-Sampériz, P; Carrion, J; Fernández, S; et al. (Quaternary Science Reviews, 2008)
Palaeobotanical (pollen, charcoal) data from Gorham’s Cave reveals a diversified landscape in the Gibraltar region during the Middle (c. 32 560–23 780 year BP) and Upper Palaeolithic (c. 18 440–10 880 BP). Inferred vegetation types include oak, pine, juniper, and mixed woodlands and savannahs, grasslands with heaths, heliophytic matorrals, phreatophytic formations (e.g. riverine forests, wetlands), and thermomediterranean coastal scrub. A revision of palaeoecological data suggests that patches of trees persisted even in northern and continental territories of the Iberian Peninsula during the cold stages of OIS3 and OIS2. However, a southern Mediterranean coastal shelf extending from Gibraltar to Málaga, and probably further north up to Murcia, was unique in its combination of thermo-, meso-, and supramediterranean plant and animal species. Given the composition of these assemblages, this shelf and its adjacent mountains represented a crucial reservoir of biodiversity during the Upper Pleistocene. It is within this physiographically complex context with its diversity of resources where the last Neanderthals extraordinarily survived until c. 24 000 BP, that is over 10 000 years later than the disappearance of Neanderthals from elsewhere in temperate Europe.
Keywords: climatic fluctuations (voyant); Gibraltar; glacial refugia; Mediterranean; Quercus

Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminalâ€instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall - GÓMEZ, J F (Zoological Journal of of the Linnean Society, 2008)
We present a phylogenetic and taxonomic study of the morphology and biology of the terminal-instar larval stage of 19 species representing all the genera of Torymidae parasitoids of gall wasps in Europe, with the single exception of Megastigmus. The genera studied include Adontomerus Nikol’skaya, Idiomacromerus Crawford, Chalcimerus Steffan & Andriescu, Glyphomerus Förster, Pseudotorymus Masi and Torymus Dalman. We primarily used chaetotaxy and some head structures. The terminal-instar larvae of all studied species are thoroughly described for the ﬁrst time and illustrated with SEM images. We provide diagnostic characters for the family and the genera studied, and keys to genera and species for the identiﬁcation of torymid larvae associated with cynipid galls. The majority of the torymid larvae studied are solitary monophagous parasitoids. Finally, to assess the potential use of larval characters in systematic studies of the family, a phylogenetic analysis of the studied taxa based on 42 larval morphological characters is proposed and compared with the current taxonomy of Torymidae. Our results suggest that body chaetotaxy, and characters of the head and mouthparts could be used for genera and species discrimination.
Keywords: cynipid galls; food webs; identiﬁcation key; immature stages

Comparative morphology, biology and phylogeny of terminalâ€instar larvae of the European species of Toryminae (Hym., Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) parasitoids of gall - GÓMEZ, J. F. (Zoological Journal of of the Linnean Society, 2008)
We present a phylogenetic and taxonomic study of the morphology and biology of the terminal-instar larval stage of 19 species representing all the genera of Torymidae parasitoids of gall wasps in Europe, with the single exception of Megastigmus. The genera studied include Adontomerus Nikol’skaya, Idiomacromerus Crawford, Chalcimerus Steffan & Andriescu, Glyphomerus Förster, Pseudotorymus Masi and Torymus Dalman. We primarily used chaetotaxy and some head structures. The terminal-instar larvae of all studied species are thoroughly described for the ﬁrst time and illustrated with SEM images. We provide diagnostic characters for the family and the genera studied, and keys to genera and species for the identiﬁcation of torymid larvae associated with cynipid galls. The majority of the torymid larvae studied are solitary monophagous parasitoids. Finally, to assess the potential use of larval characters in systematic studies of the family, a phylogenetic analysis of the studied taxa based on 42 larval morphological characters is proposed and compared with the current taxonomy of Torymidae. Our results suggest that body chaetotaxy, and characters of the head and mouthparts could be used for genera and species discrimination.
Keywords: cynipid galls; food webs; identiﬁcation key; immature stages

A conceptual model of sprouting responses in relation to fire damage: an example with cork oak (Quercus suber L.) trees in Southern Portugal - Moreira, Francisco; Catry, Filipe; Duarte, Inês; Acácio, Vanda; Silva, Joaquim Sande (Plant Ecology, 2008)
The sprouting response types of 1,151 cork oak (Quercus suber) trees one and half years after a wildﬁre in southern Portugal were characterised. It was hypothesised that different response types should occur according to the following conceptual model: an increased level of damage (ﬁre severity) on a sprouting tree that suffered a crown ﬁre was expected to be reﬂected in a sequence of four alternative events, namely (a) resprouting exclusively from crown, (b) simultaneous resprouting from crown and base, (c) resprouting exclusively from base and (d) plant death. To assess whether the level of expected damage was inﬂuenced by the level of protection from disturbance, we explored the relationships between response types and tree size, bark thickness and cork stripping, using an informationtheoretic approach. The more common response type was crown resprouting (68.8% of the trees), followed by plant death (15.8%), simultaneous resprouting from crown and base (10.1%) and basal resprouting (5.3%). In agreement with the conceptual model, trees which probably suffered a higher level of damage by ﬁre (larger trees with thinner bark; exploited for cork) died or resprouted exclusively from base. On the other hand, trees that were well protected (smaller trees with thicker bark not exploited for cork) were able to rebuild their canopy through crown resprouting. Simultaneous resprouting from the crown and base was determined mainly by tree size, and it was more common in smaller trees.
Keywords: apical dominance; Mediterranean; model; mortality; resource allocation; resprouting; severity

COOPERATIVES ORGANIZED BY PRODUCERS IN SPAIN: THE CASES OF SCLAS AND COVAP - Chapulle, J. L. G.; Costar, J. A.; Diaz-Yubero, M. A. (OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR SMALLHOLDER RUMINANT SYSTEMS IN LATIN AMERICA, 2008)
This document describes two case studies of cooperative experiences in Spain. The two cases are significantly different in terms of production, volume and scale, however they have evolved in a similar way. Specifically, each of the cooperatives began when a small group of producers organized to collectively obtain inputs. Since then, through a series of stages, they have reached the point of collective transformation and commercialization of a great diversity of products. The first case is the Sobrarbe Agricultural Limited Cooperative (Sociedad Cooperativa Limitada Agropecuaria del Sobrarbe-SCLAS), created in 1983, with its headquarters in Ainsa, the Sobrarbe county seat, in the province of Huesca in the Autonomous Community of Aragon. Sobrarbe County, with a population density below three inhabitants per square kilometer, is one of the areas in Spain that has most intensely suffered a depopulation process since the middle of the 20(th), century. SCLAS has a strong connection with the territory where it operates and is focused on maintaining and promoting agricultural life in Sobrarbe County and the Pyrenean mountains in general. Since its origins as a bakery established to supply bread to the most remote mountainous areas, the cooperative has been expanding to include a range of different facets and activities, such as: (i) supplying fertilizers and seeds; (ii) purchasing and storing harvested crops (cereals, oleaginous seeds, hay); (iii) a cooperative store for food, veterinarian pharmacy, plant health, livestock material, hardware and miscellaneous (work clothing, shoes, etc.); (iv) compound and mineral feed manufacturing; (v) veterinarian service, feed advice, and fiscal and financial advice; (vi) completing paperwork for the CAP and agro-environmental assistance; (vii) plans for new facilities; (viii) technical reports; and (ix) commercial technical management. The endless list of the cooperative's activities provides livestock producers and farmers with a framework for meeting their needs. This would otherwise be difficult, given the disadvantages in a challenging rural setting (poor roads and highways, depopulation, lack of services, etc.). The range of activities carried out by the cooperative was recognized with an Award for Diversification granted at the 1995 Conference of the Spanish Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives (Federacion Espanola de Cooperativas Agrarias). One example of the cooperative's diversification can be seen in its veterinarian services, which provide clinical attention to various animal species, as well as animal feed services, plans for livestock facilities, R&D activities with research institutions, quality controls, a veterinarian pharmacy, management of genealogical books, and the promotion of new production efforts. SCLAS also fulfills an important role by assisting producer groups that have been organized in the county to address natural resource management and the sustainability of agro-livestock activities. Some examples are the Sierra y Canones de Guara Livestock Farmers Association (Asociacion de Ganaderos de la Sierra y Canones de Guara), the Association of Pyrenees Inhabitants (Asociacion de Habitantes del Pirineo), and the Huesca Extensive Meat Producers Community (Comunidad de Productores de Carne Extensiva de Huesca). The second case study is on the Pedroches Valley Agro-Livestock Cooperative (Cooperativa Agroganadera del Valle de los Pedroches-COVAP), located in the southwestern part of the Iberian peninsula. It operates in a territory consisting of 15,000 square kilometers, with a population of 250,000 inhabitants who work primarily in the areas of agricultural and livestock farming. Significant economic activity has been developed during recent years around the agro-food industry and related services. The average altitude in the area is 650 meters above sea level, with low rainfall at 350mm/m(2), and an extreme continental climate. The land is not particularly apt for cereal cultivation or pastureland. The entire territory is dominated by the oak-meadow ecosystem, which is characteristic of the southwest part of the peninsula, with the holm oak (Quercus ilex) as the dominant arboreal species. In this territory COVAP has developed a unique agro-food model that integrates the entire production chain, including animal feed, genetics, breeding centers, a slaughterhouse, a milk industry and the commercialization of all products. The number of dairy cattle has increased to 30,000, distributed in 450 operations; the number of beef cattle integrated into the enterprise is 20,000 and the number of sheep, 180,000. Ninety percent of milk production is distributed in the domestic market, and ten percent in the European Union and other countries. Seventy percent of meat production is distributed in the domestic market and thirty percent in the European Union. Previously, dairy farming was practically non-existent in the area, however at the end of the 1970s, dairy cattle breeding was initiated, and numerous operations were established, with 2-3 cattle per farmer. With COVAP's support to farmers and efforts in commercialization, this area has become one of the most important centers of dairy production in Spain, with an annual production of 220,000 metric tons.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR SMALLHOLDER RUMINANT SYSTEMS IN LATIN AMERICA pub-location: 100 INSTITUTO LITERARIO OTE, TOLUCA, C P 50000, MEXICO
Keywords: agricultural cooperative; commercial activity

COOPERATIVES ORGANIZED BY PRODUCERS IN SPAIN: THE CASES OF SCLAS AND COVAP - Chapulle, J L G; Costar, J A; Diaz-Yubero, M A (OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR SMALLHOLDER RUMINANT SYSTEMS IN LATIN AMERICA, 2008)
This document describes two case studies of cooperative experiences in Spain. The two cases are significantly different in terms of production, volume and scale, however they have evolved in a similar way. Specifically, each of the cooperatives began when a small group of producers organized to collectively obtain inputs. Since then, through a series of stages, they have reached the point of collective transformation and commercialization of a great diversity of products. The first case is the Sobrarbe Agricultural Limited Cooperative (Sociedad Cooperativa Limitada Agropecuaria del Sobrarbe-SCLAS), created in 1983, with its headquarters in Ainsa, the Sobrarbe county seat, in the province of Huesca in the Autonomous Community of Aragon. Sobrarbe County, with a population density below three inhabitants per square kilometer, is one of the areas in Spain that has most intensely suffered a depopulation process since the middle of the 20(th), century. SCLAS has a strong connection with the territory where it operates and is focused on maintaining and promoting agricultural life in Sobrarbe County and the Pyrenean mountains in general. Since its origins as a bakery established to supply bread to the most remote mountainous areas, the cooperative has been expanding to include a range of different facets and activities, such as: (i) supplying fertilizers and seeds; (ii) purchasing and storing harvested crops (cereals, oleaginous seeds, hay); (iii) a cooperative store for food, veterinarian pharmacy, plant health, livestock material, hardware and miscellaneous (work clothing, shoes, etc.); (iv) compound and mineral feed manufacturing; (v) veterinarian service, feed advice, and fiscal and financial advice; (vi) completing paperwork for the CAP and agro-environmental assistance; (vii) plans for new facilities; (viii) technical reports; and (ix) commercial technical management. The endless list of the cooperative's activities provides livestock producers and farmers with a framework for meeting their needs. This would otherwise be difficult, given the disadvantages in a challenging rural setting (poor roads and highways, depopulation, lack of services, etc.). The range of activities carried out by the cooperative was recognized with an Award for Diversification granted at the 1995 Conference of the Spanish Federation of Agricultural Cooperatives (Federacion Espanola de Cooperativas Agrarias). One example of the cooperative's diversification can be seen in its veterinarian services, which provide clinical attention to various animal species, as well as animal feed services, plans for livestock facilities, R&D activities with research institutions, quality controls, a veterinarian pharmacy, management of genealogical books, and the promotion of new production efforts. SCLAS also fulfills an important role by assisting producer groups that have been organized in the county to address natural resource management and the sustainability of agro-livestock activities. Some examples are the Sierra y Canones de Guara Livestock Farmers Association (Asociacion de Ganaderos de la Sierra y Canones de Guara), the Association of Pyrenees Inhabitants (Asociacion de Habitantes del Pirineo), and the Huesca Extensive Meat Producers Community (Comunidad de Productores de Carne Extensiva de Huesca). The second case study is on the Pedroches Valley Agro-Livestock Cooperative (Cooperativa Agroganadera del Valle de los Pedroches-COVAP), located in the southwestern part of the Iberian peninsula. It operates in a territory consisting of 15,000 square kilometers, with a population of 250,000 inhabitants who work primarily in the areas of agricultural and livestock farming. Significant economic activity has been developed during recent years around the agro-food industry and related services. The average altitude in the area is 650 meters above sea level, with low rainfall at 350mm/m(2), and an extreme continental climate. The land is not particularly apt for cereal cultivation or pastureland. The entire territory is dominated by the oak-meadow ecosystem, which is characteristic of the southwest part of the peninsula, with the holm oak (Quercus ilex) as the dominant arboreal species. In this territory COVAP has developed a unique agro-food model that integrates the entire production chain, including animal feed, genetics, breeding centers, a slaughterhouse, a milk industry and the commercialization of all products. The number of dairy cattle has increased to 30,000, distributed in 450 operations; the number of beef cattle integrated into the enterprise is 20,000 and the number of sheep, 180,000. Ninety percent of milk production is distributed in the domestic market, and ten percent in the European Union and other countries. Seventy percent of meat production is distributed in the domestic market and thirty percent in the European Union. Previously, dairy farming was practically non-existent in the area, however at the end of the 1970s, dairy cattle breeding was initiated, and numerous operations were established, with 2-3 cattle per farmer. With COVAP's support to farmers and efforts in commercialization, this area has become one of the most important centers of dairy production in Spain, with an annual production of 220,000 metric tons.
Keywords: agricultural cooperative; commercial activity

Cork carries coffee. - Avery, Tim (Packaging Digest, 2008)
The article reports on the new material for hot beverage cup sleeves from Memphis, Tennessee-based company CoolCorC. The company is now selling hot beverage cup sleeves made out of cork. Cofounders and brothers, Larry Wright and Josh Wright, states that their newly developed product protects the hand from hot a lot better than the existing paper sleeves.
Keywords: COOLCORC (Company); Cork; DRINKING cups; MEMPHIS (Tenn.); TENNESSEE; WRIGHT

Cork carries coffee. - Avery, Tim (Packaging Digest, 2008)
The article reports on the new material for hot beverage cup sleeves from Memphis, Tennessee-based company CoolCorC. The company is now selling hot beverage cup sleeves made out of cork. Cofounders and brothers, Larry Wright and Josh Wright, states that their newly developed product protects the hand from hot a lot better than the existing paper sleeves.
Keywords: COOLCORC (Company); Cork; DRINKING cups; MEMPHIS (Tenn.); TENNESSEE; WRIGHT

Cork-oak woodlands as key-habitats for biodiversity conservation in Mediterranean landscapes: a case study using rove and ground beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Carabidae) - Silva, Pedro Martins; Aguiar, Carlos a S.; Niemelä, Jari; Sousa, José Paulo; Serrano, Artur R. M.; da Silva, Pedro Martins; Aguiar, Carlos a S.; Niemelä, Jari; Sousa, José Paulo; Serrano, Artur R. M. (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2008)
Land-use intensiﬁcation in Mediterranean agro-forest systems became a pressure on biodiversity, concerning particularly the woodland sensitive species. In 2001, the effects of a land-use gradient from old-growth cork-oak forest to a homogeneous agricultural area were assessed using rove beetles as indicators in a Mediterranean landscape. The aim was to ﬁnd which species were negatively affected by land-use intensiﬁcation at the landscape level and whether they beneﬁted from cork-oak patches occurring along the land-use gradient. A total of 3,196 rove beetles from 88 taxa were sampled from all landscape types. Agricultural area recorded signiﬁcantly higher numbers of abundance and species richness in relation to the cork-oak mosaics, i.e. the old-growth forest and the managed agro-forest landscapes (montados). Moreover, 70% of rove beetle indicator species common enough to be tested by IndVal displayed their highest indicator value for agriculture, showing a lower number of woodland indicators in comparison to ground beetles. Nevertheless, one rove beetle taxon was considered a specialist of closed woodland mosaics while no specialist ground beetle was found for that landscape typology. Some rare rove beetle species were also important in typifying diversity patterns of oldgrowth cork-oak forests. Hence, future management in Mediterranean landscapes should take into account not only indicator species common enough to be tested by IndVal, but also rare and endemic species. Considering the added value of cork-oak woodland cover for sensitive rove and ground beetle diversity, the strengthening of cork-oak woodland connectivity seems to be a crucial management that is required in agricultural Mediterranean landscapes.
Keywords: á; agro-forest mosaic; agro-forest mosaic á biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; conservation á epigaeic coleoptera; epigaeic coleoptera; indicator value; indicator value á land-use; intensification á quercus suber; land-use intensification; Quercus suber

Cork-oak woodlands as key-habitats for biodiversity conservation in Mediterranean landscapes: a case study using rove and ground beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Carabidae) - Silva, Pedro Martins; Aguiar, Carlos a. S.; Niemelä, Jari; Sousa, José Paulo; Serrano, Artur R. M.; da Silva, Pedro Martins; Aguiar, Carlos a. S.; Niemelä, Jari; Sousa, José Paulo; Serrano, Artur R. M. (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2008)
Land-use intensiﬁcation in Mediterranean agro-forest systems became a pressure on biodiversity, concerning particularly the woodland sensitive species. In 2001, the effects of a land-use gradient from old-growth cork-oak forest to a homogeneous agricultural area were assessed using rove beetles as indicators in a Mediterranean landscape. The aim was to ﬁnd which species were negatively affected by land-use intensiﬁcation at the landscape level and whether they beneﬁted from cork-oak patches occurring along the land-use gradient. A total of 3,196 rove beetles from 88 taxa were sampled from all landscape types. Agricultural area recorded signiﬁcantly higher numbers of abundance and species richness in relation to the cork-oak mosaics, i.e. the old-growth forest and the managed agro-forest landscapes (montados). Moreover, 70% of rove beetle indicator species common enough to be tested by IndVal displayed their highest indicator value for agriculture, showing a lower number of woodland indicators in comparison to ground beetles. Nevertheless, one rove beetle taxon was considered a specialist of closed woodland mosaics while no specialist ground beetle was found for that landscape typology. Some rare rove beetle species were also important in typifying diversity patterns of oldgrowth cork-oak forests. Hence, future management in Mediterranean landscapes should take into account not only indicator species common enough to be tested by IndVal, but also rare and endemic species. Considering the added value of cork-oak woodland cover for sensitive rove and ground beetle diversity, the strengthening of cork-oak woodland connectivity seems to be a crucial management that is required in agricultural Mediterranean landscapes.
Keywords: á; agro-forest mosaic; agro-forest mosaic á biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; conservation á epigaeic coleoptera; epigaeic coleoptera; indicator value; indicator value á land-use; intensification á quercus suber; land-use intensification; Quercus suber

The cost of stress resistance: construction and maintenance costs of leaves and roots in two populations of Quercus ilex - Laureano, Raquel G; Lazo, Yalín O; Linares, Juan C; Luque, Alfredo; Martínez, Feliciano; Seco, José I; Merino, José (Tree Physiology, 2008)
We tested whether growth and maintenance costs of plant organs vary with environmental stress. Quercus ilex L. seedlings from acorns collected from natural populations in the northern Iberian Peninsula and in a lower elevation and putatively less stressful habitat in the southern Iberian Peninsula were grown in pots under the same conditions. Growth and maintenance respiration were measured by CO2 exchange. Young leaves from 5-month-old seedlings of both populations had similar mean specific leaf areas, nitrogen and carbon concentrations and specific growth rates, and almost identical growth costs (1.26 g glucose g−1). Leaf maintenance cost was higher in northern than in the southern population (27.3 versus 22.4 mg glucose g−1 day−1, P < 0.01). In both populations, leaf maintenance cost decreased by 90% as leaves aged, but even in mature leaves, the maintenance cost was higher in the northern population than in the southern population (3.38 versus 2.53 mg glucose g−1 day−1, P < 0.01). The growth costs of fine roots < 1 mm in diameter were similar in the two populations (1.20 g glucose g−1), whereas fine root maintenance cost was higher in the northern population than in the southern population (9.86 versus 7.45 mg glucose g−1 day−1; P < 0.05). The results suggest that the cost of organ maintenance is related to the severity of environmental stress in the native habitat. Because the observed differences in both leaves and roots were constitutive, the two populations may be considered ecotypes.
10.1093/treephys/28.11.1721
Keywords: evergreen leaves; growth respiration; maintenance respiration; mediterranean species; respiration–nitrogen re- lationships; root respiration; sclerophylly

Crepidotus eucalyptinus and Simocybe haustellaris: two uncommon species found in Central Spain - Bandala, Victor M; Montoya, Leticia; Esteve-Raventos, Fernando (MYCOTAXON, 2008)
Crepidotus eucalyptinus and Simocybe haustellaris were collected together from a Quercus ilex subsp. ballota forest in Central Spain (Guadalajara Province). Collections of both species are described and their taxonomically distinctive microscopic characters are illustrated. The superficial similarity between these two brown-spored taxa is discussed as well as the taxonomic status of the former within Crepidotus and the close affinity of the species with Naucoria decolorata from Morocco and Spain.
Keywords: Crepidotaceae; taxonomy; wood-inhabiting fungi

Crepidotus eucalyptinus and Simocybe haustellaris: two uncommon species found in Central Spain - Bandala, Victor M.; Montoya, Leticia; Esteve-Raventos, Fernando (MYCOTAXON, 2008)
Crepidotus eucalyptinus and Simocybe haustellaris were collectedtogether from a Quercus ilex subsp. ballota forest in Central Spain (Guadalajara Province). Collections of both species are described and their taxonomically distinctive microscopic characters are illustrated. The superficial similarity between these two brown-spored taxa is discussed as well as the taxonomic status of the former within Crepidotus and the close affinity of the species with Naucoria decolorata from Morocco and Spain.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 USA publisher: MYCOTAXON LTD
Keywords: Crepidotaceae; taxonomy; wood-inhabiting fungi

Crystal macropatterns in leaves of Fagaceae and Nothofagaceae: a comparative study - Lersten, N. R.; Horner, Harry T. (Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2008)
Crystal macropatterns in Fagaceae and Nothofagaceae were examined from cleared herbarium leaves (eight genera, 122 spp.) by polarizing microscopy. Prisms and druses dominate, but previously undescribed intermediate forms occur in 25 species of Fagaceae. Sixty-two species had only prisms associated with vein orders 1–4, but smallest orders 5 and 6 had few or no crystals. In mesophyll, 98 species had small druses in spongy parenchyma and larger but fewer druses in palisade parenchyma. Subfamily Fagoideae conformed closely to this macropattern, Castaneoideae less so. Six Castaneoideae species lacked vein crystals. Two Fagoideae species and seven Nothofagus species lacked mesophyll crystals. Druses with prominent cores occur throughout Fagaceae but none were seen in Nothofagaceae. Tabular presentation of results shows signiﬁcant although overlapping trends from Fagoideae to Castaneoideae to Nothofagaceae, with the latter taxon deviating most from Fagaceae.
Keywords: Calcium oxalate; crystals; Fagaceae; leaf anatomy; macropatterns; Nothofagaceae

Description of Tuber malenconii mycorrhizae and a comparison with mycorrhizae of T. aestivum and T. mesentericum - Garcia-Montero, Luis G.; Di Massimo, Gabriella; Manjon, Jose L.; Velazquez, Javier (MYCOTAXON, 2008)
Tuber malenconii is a recently described uncommon European truffle associated with Quercus ilex that is potentially detrimental to the cultivation of the highly prized edible, T. melanosporum. Examination of T. malenconii mycorrhizae synthesized from fresh ascocarps revealed polygonal mantle cells and numerous cystidia with basal-forked ramifications. Differences between T. malenconii, T. mesentericum, and T. aestivum mycorrhizae are noted; compound and scanning electron micrographs provide additional comparisons.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 USA publisher: MYCOTAXON LTD
Keywords: Ectomycorrhizae; hypogeous fungus; Tuberaceae

Description of Tuber malenconii mycorrhizae and a comparison with mycorrhizae of T. aestivum and T. mesentericum - Garcia-Montero, Luis G; Di Massimo, Gabriella; Manjon, Jose L; Velazquez, Javier (MYCOTAXON, 2008)
Tuber malenconii is a recently described uncommon European truffle associated with Quercus ilex that is potentially detrimental to the cultivation of the highly prized edible, T. melanosporum. Examination of T. malenconii mycorrhizae synthesized from fresh ascocarps revealed polygonal mantle cells and numerous cystidia with basal-forked ramifications. Differences between T. malenconii, T. mesentericum, and T. aestivum mycorrhizae are noted; compound and scanning electron micrographs provide additional comparisons.
Keywords: Ectomycorrhizae; hypogeous fungus; Tuberaceae

Dimensiones y características nutritivas de las bellotas de los Quercus de la dehesa - Rodríguez-Estévez, V; García Martínez, A; Mata Moreno, C; Perea Muñoz, J M; Gómez Castro, A G (Arch. Zootec, 2008)
Acorns production of Quercus (Q. ilex, Q. suber, etc.) is an important feeding resource in the dehesa during autumn-winter. Acorn weight, size and shape present a lot of variability between species, species, individuals and areas. Also composition is variable and is influenced by its own maturation process and external agents (humidity, parasites, etc.). Op.osite, shell and cotyledons proportions show higher homogeneity. Shell composition has a very high level of tannins and lignin, which affects its digestibility. Kernel has a very high level of glucids (80% of DM) and lipids (5-10% of DM) with a oleic acid content up.er 60%, however protein level is very low (4-6% of DM). Many wild and domestic species eat acorns; however, in the dehesa, acorns are used to feed fattening Iberian pigs because this breed is the single one capable of peeling them and rises a high commercial value
Keywords: fatty acids; iberian pig; Montanera; Quercus ilex; Quercus suber; Sus scrofa

Dimensiones y características nutritivas de las bellotas de los Quercus de la dehesa - Rodríguez-Estévez, V.; García Martínez, A.; Mata Moreno, C.; Perea Muñoz, J. M.; Gómez Castro, A. G. (Arch. Zootec, 2008)
Acorns production of Quercus (Q. ilex, Q. suber, etc.) is an important feeding resource in the dehesa during autumn-winter. Acorn weight, size and shape present a lot of variability between species, species, individuals and areas. Also composition is variable and is influenced by its own maturation process and external agents (humidity, parasites, etc.). Op.osite, shell and cotyledons proportions show higher homogeneity. Shell composition has a very high level of tannins and lignin, which affects its digestibility. Kernel has a very high level of glucids (80% of DM) and lipids (5-10% of DM) with a oleic acid content up.er 60%, however protein level is very low (4-6% of DM). Many wild and domestic species eat acorns; however, in the dehesa, acorns are used to feed fattening Iberian pigs because this breed is the single one capable of peeling them and rises a high commercial value
Keywords: fatty acids; iberian pig; Montanera; Quercus ilex; Quercus suber; Sus scrofa

DINÁMICA DEL AGUA DEL SUELO EN DEHESA BAJO DIFERENTES CUBIERTAS VEGETALES. RESULTADOS PRELIMINARES. - Lozano Parra, F. J.; Schnabel, S.; Ceballos Barbancho, A. (Estudios en la Zona no Saturada del Suelo, 2008)
Dehesa ecosystems, characterized by a disperse tree cover of the genus Quercus, constitute a resource of great importance in large parts of SW Iberian Peninsula. Generally these areas are conditioned by their environmental limits such as shallow soils, seasonal and intraannual rainfall variability, which determine the availability of water for plants. The main objective of the present work is the study of soil water dynamics in dehesas, explaining the effect of different vegetation covers and soil characteristics. Soil moisture is determined in 15 stations, distributed in three farms in Extremadura, each of them composed of sensors located at various depths which register soil moisture continuously with a time resolution of 30 minutes. The stations are distributed in open areas (pasture), below the canopy of the shrub Retama sphaerocarpa and below the canopy of Quercus rotundifolia. First results indicate complex soil water dynamics with contrasting situations at sites with the same vegetation cover, and showing that various situations may be produced in the same station during a hydrological year. Furthermore, the largest variations are observed in the upper soil layer, being soil moisture variations lowest at greater depth, independently of the vegetation cover.
Keywords: bajo copa; Dehesa; humedad del suelo; pastizal; Quercus rotundifolia (voyant); retama sphaerocarpa

DINÁMICA DEL AGUA DEL SUELO EN DEHESA BAJO DIFERENTES CUBIERTAS VEGETALES. RESULTADOS PRELIMINARES. - Lozano Parra, F J; Schnabel, S; Ceballos Barbancho, A (Estudios en la Zona no Saturada del Suelo, 2008)
Dehesa ecosystems, characterized by a disperse tree cover of the genus Quercus, constitute a resource of great importance in large parts of SW Iberian Peninsula. Generally these areas are conditioned by their environmental limits such as shallow soils, seasonal and intraannual rainfall variability, which determine the availability of water for plants. The main objective of the present work is the study of soil water dynamics in dehesas, explaining the effect of different vegetation covers and soil characteristics. Soil moisture is determined in 15 stations, distributed in three farms in Extremadura, each of them composed of sensors located at various depths which register soil moisture continuously with a time resolution of 30 minutes. The stations are distributed in open areas (pasture), below the canopy of the shrub Retama sphaerocarpa and below the canopy of Quercus rotundifolia. First results indicate complex soil water dynamics with contrasting situations at sites with the same vegetation cover, and showing that various situations may be produced in the same station during a hydrological year. Furthermore, the largest variations are observed in the upper soil layer, being soil moisture variations lowest at greater depth, independently of the vegetation cover.
Keywords: bajo copa; Dehesa; humedad del suelo; pastizal; Quercus rotundifolia (voyant); retama sphaerocarpa

The diversity of terrestrial Isopoda in the Berkoukech area, Kroumirie, Tunisia - Achouri, M S; Hmaied, S; Charfi-Cheikhouha, F (Crustaceana, 2008)
Until now, no investigations have been made on the diversity of woodlice in any region of Tunisia. In the framework of the "MEDCORE" project, particular emphasis has been put on the study of terrestrial isopod diversity in the Berkoukech area (north-west of Tunisia). Two sites were selected for this study: the beach dune system and an inland site located in Rabouet Bou Ali. In the beach dune system, isopods were studied in three biotopes: a grazed meadow (biotope 1), a maquis of Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus coccifera, Erica arborea, Phylleria angustifolia, and Callycotome villosa (biotope 2), and a climax forest of Quercus coccifera, Juniperus oxycedrus, Juniperus phoenicea, and Callycotome villosa (biotope 3). In Rabouet Bou Ali, a Quercus suber forest (biotope 4) was chosen for study. In the Berkoukech area, 12 species of terrestrial isopods belonging to five families were collected: Tylidae, Porcellionidae, Philosciidae, Platyarthridae, and Armadillidiidae. Among these, two species are reported as new for Tunisia. Furthermore, this study indicates that isopods are not evenly distributed in the various biotopes: they vary in number of species as well as in number of specimens. Biotope 2 shows the highest diversity and is the most homogeneous (Is = 3.16; H′ = 1.76; J′ = 0.88), while biotope 4 exhibits the lowest values (Is = 1.2; H′ = 0.475; J′ = 0.3). The similarity between the various communities, estimated by the Bray-Curtis index, shows that the biotopes cluster according to their plant associations.
Keywords: distribution; diversity (voyant); Isopoda; Tunisia

The diversity of terrestrial Isopoda in the Berkoukech area, Kroumirie, Tunisia - Achouri, M. S.; Hmaied, S.; Charfi-Cheikhouha, F. (Crustaceana, 2008)
Until now, no investigations have been made on the diversity of woodlice in any region of Tunisia. In the framework of the "MEDCORE" project, particular emphasis has been put on the study of terrestrial isopod diversity in the Berkoukech area (north-west of Tunisia). Two sites were selected for this study: the beach dune system and an inland site located in Rabouet Bou Ali. In the beach dune system, isopods were studied in three biotopes: a grazed meadow (biotope 1), a maquis of Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus coccifera, Erica arborea, Phylleria angustifolia, and Callycotome villosa (biotope 2), and a climax forest of Quercus coccifera, Juniperus oxycedrus, Juniperus phoenicea, and Callycotome villosa (biotope 3). In Rabouet Bou Ali, a Quercus suber forest (biotope 4) was chosen for study. In the Berkoukech area, 12 species of terrestrial isopods belonging to five families were collected: Tylidae, Porcellionidae, Philosciidae, Platyarthridae, and Armadillidiidae. Among these, two species are reported as new for Tunisia. Furthermore, this study indicates that isopods are not evenly distributed in the various biotopes: they vary in number of species as well as in number of specimens. Biotope 2 shows the highest diversity and is the most homogeneous (Is = 3.16; H′ = 1.76; J′ = 0.88), while biotope 4 exhibits the lowest values (Is = 1.2; H′ = 0.475; J′ = 0.3). The similarity between the various communities, estimated by the Bray-Curtis index, shows that the biotopes cluster according to their plant associations.
Keywords: distribution; diversity (voyant); Isopoda; Tunisia

Does private income support sustainable agroforestry in Spanish dehesa? - Campos, Pablo; Ovando, Paola; Montero, Gregorio (Land Use Policy, 2008)
Oak woodland dehesa suffers from the aging of trees without a natural regeneration of young oaks coming in to replace them. Recent European Union (EU) policy reforms for rural development focus on supporting multifunctional agriculture that complies with the EU’s environmental goals, such as mitigating biodiversity losses and climate change. Such reforms could result in government support for natural woodland regeneration practices in European agroforestry systems, which are recognized for providing valuable environmental services. Managing dehesa cork oak and holm oak woodlands to stimulate the growth of new oaks could be an efficient option for maintaining, and even increasing, the dehesa’s current carbon stock and biodiversity. Here we develop and apply a new agroforestry accounting system based on the concept of Hicksian income to a dehesa in the Monfragu¨ e area of western Spain, using primary microeconomic data from a large case study. Private total income and profitability rates are measured for individual goods and services, and for the entire dehesa in a steady state. Our application extends the EU system of accounts for agriculture and forestry by including private amenity consumption by landowners and the gain or loss in human-made and natural capital. We compare an actual typical unsustainable woodland management scenario with an ideal sustainable management scenario in which there is a continuous regeneration and recruitment of holm and cork oaks as predicted by silvicultural models. The results show that, given current land use policy incentives, allowing a slow depletion of oak trees is more profitable for a dehesa private landowner than maintaining the dehesa’s trees. As a result many dehesa environmental services are gradually lost. This market failure requires new land use policies that induce private land owners to invest in the renewal of aging oak woodlands. To evaluate the impacts of this new policy, we show how private landowner income is affected when changes are made to achieve sustainable management of dehesa oaks. More research is needed in order to understand how the dehesa’s landowner market income and private amenities trade-off can affect the owner’s land use preferences and decisions.
Keywords: Amenities; environmental services; Monte; Oak silviculture; Rural development policy; Total income

Does private income support sustainable agroforestry in Spanish dehesa? - Campos, Pablo; Ovando, Paola; Montero, Gregorio (Land Use Policy, 2008)
Oak woodland dehesa suffers from the aging of trees without a natural regeneration of young oaks coming in to replace them. Recent European Union (EU) policy reforms for rural development focus on supporting multifunctional agriculture that complies with the EU’s environmental goals, such as mitigating biodiversity losses and climate change. Such reforms could result in government support for natural woodland regeneration practices in European agroforestry systems, which are recognized for providing valuable environmental services. Managing dehesa cork oak and holm oak woodlands to stimulate the growth of new oaks could be an efficient option for maintaining, and even increasing, the dehesa’s current carbon stock and biodiversity. Here we develop and apply a new agroforestry accounting system based on the concept of Hicksian income to a dehesa in the Monfragu¨ e area of western Spain, using primary microeconomic data from a large case study. Private total income and profitability rates are measured for individual goods and services, and for the entire dehesa in a steady state. Our application extends the EU system of accounts for agriculture and forestry by including private amenity consumption by landowners and the gain or loss in human-made and natural capital. We compare an actual typical unsustainable woodland management scenario with an ideal sustainable management scenario in which there is a continuous regeneration and recruitment of holm and cork oaks as predicted by silvicultural models. The results show that, given current land use policy incentives, allowing a slow depletion of oak trees is more profitable for a dehesa private landowner than maintaining the dehesa’s trees. As a result many dehesa environmental services are gradually lost. This market failure requires new land use policies that induce private land owners to invest in the renewal of aging oak woodlands. To evaluate the impacts of this new policy, we show how private landowner income is affected when changes are made to achieve sustainable management of dehesa oaks. More research is needed in order to understand how the dehesa’s landowner market income and private amenities trade-off can affect the owner’s land use preferences and decisions.
Keywords: Amenities; environmental services; Monte; Oak silviculture; Rural development policy; Total income

Drought, warming and soil fertilization effects on leaf volatile terpene concentrations in Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex - Blanch, Josep-salvador; Penuelas, Josep; Sardans, Jordi; Llusia, Joan (Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2008)
The changes in foliar concentrations of volatile terpenes in response to water stress, fertilization and temperature were analyzed in Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex. The most abundant terpenes found in both species were a-pinene and D 3 -carene. b-Pinene and myrcene were also abundant in both species. P. halepensis concentrations were much greater than those of Q. ilex in agreement with the lack of storage in the latter species (15205.60 ± 1140.04 vs. 0.54 ± 0.08 lg g -1 [d.m.]). The drought treatment (reduction to 1/3 of full watering) signiﬁcantly increased the total terpene concentrations in both species (54% in P. halepensis and 119% in Q. ilex). The fertilization treatment (addition of either 250 kg N ha -1 or 250 kg P ha -1 or both) had no signiﬁcant effects on terpene foliar concentrations. The terpene concentrations increased from 0.25 lg g -1 [d.m.] at 30C to 0.70 lg g -1 [d.m.] at 40C in Q. ilex (the non-storing species) and from 2,240 lg g -1 [d.m.] at 30C to 15,621 lg g -1 [d.m.] at 40C in P. halepensis (the storing species). Both species presented negative relationship between terpene concentrations and relative water contents (RWC). The results of this study show that higher terpene concentrations can be expected in the warmer and drier conditions predicted for the next decades in the Mediterranean region.
Keywords: fertilization; Pinus halepensis; Quercus ilex; Temperature; terpene concentration; water stress

Drought, warming and soil fertilization effects on leaf volatile terpene concentrations in Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex - Blanch, Josep-salvador; Penuelas, Josep; Sardans, Jordi; Llusia, Joan (Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2008)
The changes in foliar concentrations of volatile terpenes in response to water stress, fertilization and temperature were analyzed in Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex. The most abundant terpenes found in both species were a-pinene and D 3 -carene. b-Pinene and myrcene were also abundant in both species. P. halepensis concentrations were much greater than those of Q. ilex in agreement with the lack of storage in the latter species (15205.60 ± 1140.04 vs. 0.54 ± 0.08 lg g -1 [d.m.]). The drought treatment (reduction to 1/3 of full watering) signiﬁcantly increased the total terpene concentrations in both species (54% in P. halepensis and 119% in Q. ilex). The fertilization treatment (addition of either 250 kg N ha -1 or 250 kg P ha -1 or both) had no signiﬁcant effects on terpene foliar concentrations. The terpene concentrations increased from 0.25 lg g -1 [d.m.] at 30C to 0.70 lg g -1 [d.m.] at 40C in Q. ilex (the non-storing species) and from 2,240 lg g -1 [d.m.] at 30C to 15,621 lg g -1 [d.m.] at 40C in P. halepensis (the storing species). Both species presented negative relationship between terpene concentrations and relative water contents (RWC). The results of this study show that higher terpene concentrations can be expected in the warmer and drier conditions predicted for the next decades in the Mediterranean region.
Keywords: fertilization; Pinus halepensis; Quercus ilex; Temperature; terpene concentration; water stress

Early environments drive diversity and floristic composition in Mediterranean old fields: Insights from a long-term experiment - Cayuela, Luis; Rey Benayas, Jose Maria; Maestre, Fernando T; Escudero, Adrián (ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, 2008)
While many studies have explored how previous and current environmental conditions affect the performance of individual organisms, their relative importance as drivers of current diversity and composition of communities is virtually unknown. We evaluated the response of herbaceous communities to previous (experienced during early establishment) and current environmental conditions by comparing their composition and diversity in an abandoned Mediterranean cropland planted with Quercus ilex subsp. ballota L. seedlings. These seedlings received different experimental treatments (summer irrigation and artificial shading) during the first three years after planting, and were interrupted from then on. We tested two complementary hypotheses: (i) the previous environments experienced by the herbaceous communities during their establishment have a long-term carry-over effect on diversity and composition of species assemblages and (ii) these communities are influenced by their current environment, particularly by the woody layer and the soil conditions. Overall, we observed an important contribution of initial environmental conditions in determining the current diversity and composition of herbaceous communities. Amelioration of environmental conditions, particularly water stress, during community establishment resulted in a decrease in alpha and beta diversity, possibly as a consequence of decreasing environmental heterogeneity. Previous environments accounted for 26.3% of the explained variance in current community composition. Annuals, legumes and forbs also responded significantly to previous environments, which explained 27.9%, 36.2% and 30.1%, respectively, of the variance in their composition. Our results suggest that those species present at a particular site early in succession pre-empt the site and influence vegetation dynamics on that site for a long time. This study provides important insights for understanding the mechanisms underlying the ecological effects of issues like cropland reforestation and woody vegetation encroachment. (C) 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Ecological stability; Initial floristic composition; Vegetation dynamics; Woody vegetation cover

Early environments drive diversity and floristic composition in Mediterranean old fields: Insights from a long-term experiment - Cayuela, Luis; Rey Benayas, Jose Maria; Maestre, Fernando T.; Escudero, Adrián (ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, 2008)
While many studies have explored how previous and current environmental conditions affect the performance of individual organisms, their relative importance as drivers of current diversity and composition of communities is virtually unknown. We evaluated the response of herbaceous communities to previous (experienced during early establishment) and current environmental conditions by comparing their composition and diversity in an abandoned Mediterranean cropland planted with Quercus ilex subsp. ballota L. seedlings. These seedlings received different experimental treatments (summer irrigation and artificial shading) during the first three years after planting, and were interrupted from then on. We tested two complementary hypotheses: (i) the previous environments experienced by the herbaceous communities during their establishment have a long-term carry-over effect on diversity and composition of species assemblages and (ii) these communities are influenced by their current environment, particularly by the woody layer and the soil conditions. Overall, we observed an important contribution of initial environmental conditions in determining the current diversity and composition of herbaceous communities. Amelioration of environmental conditions, particularly water stress, during community establishment resulted in a decrease in alpha and beta diversity, possibly as a consequence of decreasing environmental heterogeneity. Previous environments accounted for 26.3% of the explained variance in current community composition. Annuals, legumes and forbs also responded significantly to previous environments, which explained 27.9%, 36.2% and 30.1%, respectively, of the variance in their composition. Our results suggest that those species present at a particular site early in succession pre-empt the site and influence vegetation dynamics on that site for a long time. This study provides important insights for understanding the mechanisms underlying the ecological effects of issues like cropland reforestation and woody vegetation encroachment. (C) 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 23 RUE LINOIS, 75015 PARIS, FRANCE publisher: GAUTHIER-VILLARS/EDITIONS ELSEVIER
Keywords: Ecological stability; Initial floristic composition; Vegetation dynamics; Woody vegetation cover

Economic implications of different cork oak forest management systems - Pinheiro, A C; Ribeiro, N A (International Journal of …, 2008)
The agro-silvopastoral system “montado” dominates the landscape of the south-western Iberian Peninsula, occupies approximately 3.1 million hectares of woodland in Spain and 1.2 million hectares in Portugal. The forest system “montado” is mostly dominated by Mediterranean evergreen oaks such as cork oak (Quercus suber L.) and holm oak (Quercus rotundifolia). The “montado” production system management aims the maintenance of a balanced sustainable land use to cope with the Mediterranean climate variability. One important issue in cork oak forests is the control shrub growth in order to prevent forest fire hazard, which is of high risk in Mediterranean climate. The two most common ways of controlling the shrub component is by mechanical destruction with soil disking (that implicates soil mobilization) or by shrub cutting (that is done with minimum impact on soil). The two referred techniques have different costs and different impacts on cork production and other goods and services (multifunctionality) of cork oak forests. In this paper, the two shrub control systems are compared and the results show that, although soil disking is more profitable than shrub cutting, the results are reversed, if one considers the carbon sequestration. This means that besides the great economic sustainability of cork oak dependence on the price of cork, the profitability of different shrub control methods depend also on the way society valuates other goods and services provided by cork oak forest
Keywords: Cork oak; NPV; Sustainability; woodlands

Economic implications of different cork oak forest management systems - Pinheiro, A. C.; Ribeiro, N. A. (2008)
The agro-silvopastoral system “montado” dominates the landscape of the south-western Iberian Peninsula, occupies approximately 3.1 million hectares of woodland in Spain and 1.2 million hectares in Portugal. The forest system “montado” is mostly dominated by Mediterranean evergreen oaks such as cork oak (Quercus suber L.) and holm oak (Quercus rotundifolia). The “montado” production system management aims the maintenance of a balanced sustainable land use to cope with the Mediterranean climate variability. One important issue in cork oak forests is the control shrub growth in order to prevent forest fire hazard, which is of high risk in Mediterranean climate. The two most common ways of controlling the shrub component is by mechanical destruction with soil disking (that implicates soil mobilization) or by shrub cutting (that is done with minimum impact on soil). The two referred techniques have different costs and different impacts on cork production and other goods and services (multifunctionality) of cork oak forests. In this paper, the two shrub control systems are compared and the results show that, although soil disking is more profitable than shrub cutting, the results are reversed, if one considers the carbon sequestration. This means that besides the great economic sustainability of cork oak dependence on the price of cork, the profitability of different shrub control methods depend also on the way society valuates other goods and services provided by cork oak forest
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: secondary-title: International Journal of … periodical: International Journal of … electronic-resource-num: 10.1504/IJSSOC.2008.022571
Keywords: Cork oak; NPV; Sustainability; woodlands

Ecosystem engineering effects of European rabbits in a Mediterranean habitat - Gálvez, L; López-Pintor, A; Miguel, J M De (Lagomorph Biology: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation, 2008)

Ecosystem engineering effects of European rabbits in a Mediterranean habitat - Gálvez, L.; López-Pintor, A.; Miguel, J. M. De (Lagomorph Biology: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation, 2008)
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Lagomorph Biology: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation

Effect of quality, porosity and density on the compression properties of cork - Anjos, Ofélia; Pereira, Helena; Rosa, M Emília (Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 2008)
The compression properties of cork were studied on samples obtained from cork planks of two commercial quality classes (good and poor quality), with densities ranging from 0.12–0.20g cm−3 and porosities from 0.5 to 22.0%. The stress-strain curves were characterized by an elastic region up to approximately 5% strain, followed by a large plateau up to 60% strain caused by the progressive buckling of cell walls, and a steep stress increase for higher strains corresponding to cell collapse. The direction of compression was a highly signiﬁcant factor of variation, with cork showing higher strength for the radial compression. Density inﬂuenced compression and cork samples with higher density showed overall larger resistance to compression in the three directions. In the elastic region, an exponential model of Young’s modulus in function of cork density could be adjusted. The effect of porosity on compression was small and the stress-strain curves were similar regardless of the porosity of the samples, although there was a trend toward an overall increase of stress with porosity for higher strains. Porosity was characterised by a high variability in the anatomical features of the lenticular ﬁlling material and the presence of collapsed and thick walled ligniﬁed cells. The inclusion of a porosity parameter for the modelling of the elastic modulus did not improve the prediction obtained with densitybased models. There was no signiﬁcant difference in the compression properties of cork samples obtained from cork planks of good and poor quality classes.
Keywords: Compression; Cork; Density; Porosity; Quality; stress (voyant)

Effect of quality, porosity and density on the compression properties of cork - Anjos, Ofélia; Pereira, Helena; Rosa, M. Emília (Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 2008)
The compression properties of cork were studied on samples obtained from cork planks of two commercial quality classes (good and poor quality), with densities ranging from 0.12–0.20g cm−3 and porosities from 0.5 to 22.0%. The stress-strain curves were characterized by an elastic region up to approximately 5% strain, followed by a large plateau up to 60% strain caused by the progressive buckling of cell walls, and a steep stress increase for higher strains corresponding to cell collapse. The direction of compression was a highly signiﬁcant factor of variation, with cork showing higher strength for the radial compression. Density inﬂuenced compression and cork samples with higher density showed overall larger resistance to compression in the three directions. In the elastic region, an exponential model of Young’s modulus in function of cork density could be adjusted. The effect of porosity on compression was small and the stress-strain curves were similar regardless of the porosity of the samples, although there was a trend toward an overall increase of stress with porosity for higher strains. Porosity was characterised by a high variability in the anatomical features of the lenticular ﬁlling material and the presence of collapsed and thick walled ligniﬁed cells. The inclusion of a porosity parameter for the modelling of the elastic modulus did not improve the prediction obtained with densitybased models. There was no signiﬁcant difference in the compression properties of cork samples obtained from cork planks of good and poor quality classes.
Keywords: Compression; Cork; Density; Porosity; Quality; stress (voyant)

Effect of Sphaerosporella brunnea mycorrhizas on mycorrhization of Quercus ilex × Tuber melanosporum - Garcia-Montero, L. G.; Massimo, G. Di; Manjon, J. L.; García‐Cañete, J. (New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 2008)
Abstract It is generally accepted that Sphaerosporella brunnea is a significant ectomycorrhizal contaminant in nurseries producing plants mycorrhized with various species of Tuber, and subsequently in truffières after outplanting. At the University of Alcalá, Spain, 397 small plants of Quercus ilex which were mycorrhized with Tuber melanosporum were inadvertently contaminated with S. brunnea, and this contamination was then monitored for 2 years. Sixty percent of the plants were contaminated and had S. brunnea ascomata on the surface of the container on one or several occasions. However, a Spearman test provided no evidence that S. brunnea mycorrhizas affected T. melanosporum mycorrhization whereas other contaminating ectomycorrhizal fungi significantly did. Therefore, it appears that S. brunnea is not detrimental to plants which are well mycorrhized with T. melanosporum.
doi: 10.1080/01140670809510231doi: 10.1080/01140670809510231The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: Black truffle; Mediterranean mushroom; Mycorrhizal fungi; mycorrhized contamination; Tuber melanosporum

Effect of Sphaerosporella brunnea mycorrhizas on mycorrhization of Quercus ilex × Tuber melanosporum - Garcia-Montero, L G; Massimo, G Di; Manjón, J L; García‐Cañete, J (New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 2008)
Abstract It is generally accepted that Sphaerosporella brunnea is a significant ectomycorrhizal contaminant in nurseries producing plants mycorrhized with various species of Tuber, and subsequently in truffières after outplanting. At the University of Alcalá, Spain, 397 small plants of Quercus ilex which were mycorrhized with Tuber melanosporum were inadvertently contaminated with S. brunnea, and this contamination was then monitored for 2 years. Sixty percent of the plants were contaminated and had S. brunnea ascomata on the surface of the container on one or several occasions. However, a Spearman test provided no evidence that S. brunnea mycorrhizas affected T. melanosporum mycorrhization whereas other contaminating ectomycorrhizal fungi significantly did. Therefore, it appears that S. brunnea is not detrimental to plants which are well mycorrhized with T. melanosporum.
doi: 10.1080/01140670809510231
Keywords: Black truffle; Mediterranean mushroom; Mycorrhizal fungi; mycorrhized contamination; Tuber melanosporum

Effect of thinning on LAI variance in heterogeneous forests - Davi, H.; Baret, F.; Huc, R.; Dufrêne, E. (Forest Ecology and Management, 2008)
Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a main variable controlling carbon and water ﬂuxes. This paper estimated the effect of thinning on the spatial distribution of leaf area in French forests. While many studies have focused on average LAI, we estimated clumping and measured both average LAI and the variation around it. LAI was derived from digital hemispherical photos at three sites: an unmanaged Fagus sylvatica forest in temperate area (control site), a mixed Mediterranean forest of Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis, and regeneration of F. sylvatica under a mature stand of Pinus nigra in mountainous area. LAI measurements were also made with LAI 2000 devices over 5 years (from 1994 to 1998) within forest stands dominated by either beech (F. sylvatica L.), by oaks (Quercus petraea (Matus) Liebl., Quercus robur(Matus) Liebl.), or by Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Thinning led to a variable decrease in LAI. The coefﬁcient of variation of LAI (CVLAI ) provided a useful ecological index of the level and type of thinning. For undisturbed stands, CVLAI varied from 10% to 20%, corresponding to the higher average LAI values. Disturbances created by thinning increase LAI spatial variability, resulting in larger CVLAI values for all stands considered. Possible explanations of these results and use in remote sensing were discussed.
Keywords: Ecological index; Ecosystem trait; Forest disturbance; forest ecosystems; heterogeneity; leaf area index; thinning

Effect of thinning on LAI variance in heterogeneous forests - Davi, H.; Baret, F.; Huc, R.; Dufrêne, E. (Forest Ecology and Management, 2008)
Leaf Area Index (LAI) is a main variable controlling carbon and water ﬂuxes. This paper estimated the effect of thinning on the spatial distribution of leaf area in French forests. While many studies have focused on average LAI, we estimated clumping and measured both average LAI and the variation around it. LAI was derived from digital hemispherical photos at three sites: an unmanaged Fagus sylvatica forest in temperate area (control site), a mixed Mediterranean forest of Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis, and regeneration of F. sylvatica under a mature stand of Pinus nigra in mountainous area. LAI measurements were also made with LAI 2000 devices over 5 years (from 1994 to 1998) within forest stands dominated by either beech (F. sylvatica L.), by oaks (Quercus petraea (Matus) Liebl., Quercus robur(Matus) Liebl.), or by Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Thinning led to a variable decrease in LAI. The coefﬁcient of variation of LAI (CVLAI ) provided a useful ecological index of the level and type of thinning. For undisturbed stands, CVLAI varied from 10% to 20%, corresponding to the higher average LAI values. Disturbances created by thinning increase LAI spatial variability, resulting in larger CVLAI values for all stands considered. Possible explanations of these results and use in remote sensing were discussed.
Keywords: Ecological index; Ecosystem trait; Forest disturbance; forest ecosystems; heterogeneity; leaf area index; thinning

Effectiveness of rodents as local seed dispersers of Holm oaks. - Gómez, José M; Puerta-Piñero, Carolina; Schupp, Eugene W (Oecologia, 2008)
In this study we assessed the effectiveness of rodents as dispersers of Quercus ilex in a patchy landscape in southeastern Spain. We experimentally followed the fates of 3,200 marked and weighed acorns from dispersal through the time of seedling emergence over three years. Rodents handled about 99% of acorns, and dispersed 67% and cached 7.4% of the dispersed acorns. Most caches were recovered and consumed, and only 1.3% of the original experimental acorns were found alive in caches the following spring. Dispersal distances were short (mean = 356.2 cm, median = 157 cm) and strongly right-skewed. Heavier acorns were dispersed further and were more likely to be cached and survive than lighter acorns. All caches were in litter or soil, and each contained a single acorn. Rodents moved acorns nonrandomly, mostly to oaks and pines. Most surviving acorns were either in oaks, a poor microhabitat for oak recruitment, or shrubs, a suitable microhabitat for oak recruitment. Our results suggest that rodents, by burying a relatively high proportion of acorns singly in shrubs and pines, act as moderately effective dispersers of Q. ilex. Nonetheless, this dispersal comes at a very heavy cost.
Keywords: Animals; Ecosystem; Feeding Behavior; germination; Germination: physiology; Quercus; Quercus: physiology; Rodentia; Rodentia: psychology; Seeds; Seeds: physiology; Soil; Spain

Effects of a deep container on morpho-functional characteristics and root colonization in Quercus suber L. seedlings for reforestation in Mediterranean climate - Chirino, E.; Vilagrosa, A.; Hernández, E. I.; Matos, A.; Vallejo, V. R. (Forest Ecology and Management, 2008)
In the last decades, reforestation and afforestation programs are being carried out mainly with containerized seedlings. Container design determines the morphological and physiological characteristics of seedlings. However, container characteristics are often the same for plant species with very different growth strategies. The most commonly used nursery containers are relatively shallow and limit tap root growth; consequently, species relying on the early development of a long tap root to escape drought, such as those of the Quercus genus, might need to be cultivated in deep containers. The aim of this paper was to compare the morphological and physiological characteristics of Quercus suber L. seedlings cultivated in shallow containers (CCS-18, depth 18 cm) with seedlings cultivated in deep containers (CCL-30, depth 30 cm). Both container types used were made of high-density polyethylene, cylindrical in shape, open-bottomed, with a diameter of 5 cm, two kinds of vertical ribs on the inside wall showing a cultivation density of 318 seedlings/m2 . At the end of nursery culture, the seedlings cultivated in the CCL-30 deep container presented a longer tap root, higher shoot and root biomass and higher Dickson Quality Index (DQI). Moreover, the CCL-30 seedlings showed a higher root growth capacity (RGC), they reached deep substrate layers faster and they presented higher root hydraulic conductance. These morpho-functional advantages improved the CCL-30 seedling water status, which was expressed by higher stomatal conductance during an imposed drought period
Keywords: Forest tray; Hydraulic conductance; root system; Stomatal conductance

Effects of a deep container on morpho-functional characteristics and root colonization in Quercus suber L. seedlings for reforestation in Mediterranean climate - Chirino, E; Vilagrosa, A; Hernández, E I; Matos, A; Vallejo, V R (Forest Ecology and Management, 2008)
In the last decades, reforestation and afforestation programs are being carried out mainly with containerized seedlings. Container design determines the morphological and physiological characteristics of seedlings. However, container characteristics are often the same for plant species with very different growth strategies. The most commonly used nursery containers are relatively shallow and limit tap root growth; consequently, species relying on the early development of a long tap root to escape drought, such as those of the Quercus genus, might need to be cultivated in deep containers. The aim of this paper was to compare the morphological and physiological characteristics of Quercus suber L. seedlings cultivated in shallow containers (CCS-18, depth 18 cm) with seedlings cultivated in deep containers (CCL-30, depth 30 cm). Both container types used were made of high-density polyethylene, cylindrical in shape, open-bottomed, with a diameter of 5 cm, two kinds of vertical ribs on the inside wall showing a cultivation density of 318 seedlings/m2 . At the end of nursery culture, the seedlings cultivated in the CCL-30 deep container presented a longer tap root, higher shoot and root biomass and higher Dickson Quality Index (DQI). Moreover, the CCL-30 seedlings showed a higher root growth capacity (RGC), they reached deep substrate layers faster and they presented higher root hydraulic conductance. These morpho-functional advantages improved the CCL-30 seedling water status, which was expressed by higher stomatal conductance during an imposed drought period
Keywords: Forest tray; Hydraulic conductance; root system; Stomatal conductance

Effects of climate change on the distribution of Iberian tree species - Benito Garzón, Marta; Sánchez de Dios, Rut; Sainz Ollero, Helios (Applied Vegetation Science, 2008)
Question: Will the predicted climate changes affect species distribution in the Iberian Peninsula? Location: Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Methods: We modelled current and future tree distributions as a function of climate, using a computational framework that made use of one machine learning technique, the random forest (RF) algorithm. This algorithm provided good predictions of the current distribution of each species, as shown by the area under the corresponding receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Species turnover, richness and the change in distributions over time to 2080 under four Intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) scenarios were calculated using the species map outputs. Results and Conclusions: The results show a notable reduction in the potential distribution of the studied species under all the IPCC scenarios, particularly so for mountain conifer species such as Pinus sylvestris, P. uncinata and Abies alba. Temperate species, especially Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea, were also predicted to suffer a reduction in their range; also sub-mediterranean species, especially Q. pyrenaica, were predicted to undergo notable decline. In contrast, typically Mediterranean species appeared to be generally more capable of migration, and are therefore likely to be less affected.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: 1990; 2002; amaral franco; avishai; for quercus pubescens; Forest distributions; govaerts; iberian peninsula; learning; machine; Machine learning; nomenclature; random forest

Effects of climate change on the distribution of Iberian tree species - Benito Garzón, Marta; Sánchez de Dios, Rut; Sainz Ollero, Helios (Applied Vegetation Science, 2008)
Question: Will the predicted climate changes affect species distribution in the Iberian Peninsula? Location: Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal). Methods: We modelled current and future tree distributions as a function of climate, using a computational framework that made use of one machine learning technique, the random forest (RF) algorithm. This algorithm provided good predictions of the current distribution of each species, as shown by the area under the corresponding receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Species turnover, richness and the change in distributions over time to 2080 under four Intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) scenarios were calculated using the species map outputs. Results and Conclusions: The results show a notable reduction in the potential distribution of the studied species under all the IPCC scenarios, particularly so for mountain conifer species such as Pinus sylvestris, P. uncinata and Abies alba. Temperate species, especially Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea, were also predicted to suffer a reduction in their range; also sub-mediterranean species, especially Q. pyrenaica, were predicted to undergo notable decline. In contrast, typically Mediterranean species appeared to be generally more capable of migration, and are therefore likely to be less affected.
Keywords: 1990; 2002; amaral franco; avishai; for quercus pubescens; Forest distributions; govaerts; iberian peninsula; learning; machine; Machine learning; nomenclature; random forest

Effects of Leaf Litter Species on Macroinvertebrate Colonization during Decomposition in a Portuguese Stream - Abelho, Manuela (International Review of Hydrobiology, 2008)
This study evaluated if there are differences in leaf breakdown and invertebrate colonization among tree species differing in quality (toughness), and which factors could influence these differences. Common alder leaves decomposed significantly faster then either sweet chestnut or Spanish oak (k values of –0.0332, –0.0108, and –0.0112, respectively) during the first 2 months. Shredder abundance was highest when leaf mass remaining was 50%, and the samples clustered in mixed groups of sampling dates and leaf species, suggesting that stage of decomposition was an important factor influencing shredder colonization. During the first two months of decomposition, the physicochemical characteristics of leaf litter and the interaction between leaf toughness and the occurrence of frequent spates seemed to be the main factors affecting leaf breakdown rates in the stream. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: WILEY-VCH Verlag
Keywords: breakdown; colonisation; leaves; river; shredders

Effects of Leaf Litter Species on Macroinvertebrate Colonization during Decomposition in a Portuguese Stream - Abelho, Manuela (International Review of Hydrobiology, 2008)
This study evaluated if there are differences in leaf breakdown and invertebrate colonization among tree species differing in quality (toughness), and which factors could influence these differences. Common alder leaves decomposed significantly faster then either sweet chestnut or Spanish oak (k values of –0.0332, –0.0108, and –0.0112, respectively) during the first 2 months. Shredder abundance was highest when leaf mass remaining was 50%, and the samples clustered in mixed groups of sampling dates and leaf species, suggesting that stage of decomposition was an important factor influencing shredder colonization. During the first two months of decomposition, the physicochemical characteristics of leaf litter and the interaction between leaf toughness and the occurrence of frequent spates seemed to be the main factors affecting leaf breakdown rates in the stream. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Keywords: breakdown; colonisation; leaves; river; shredders

Effects of moderate shade and irrigation with eutrophicated water on the nitrogen economy of Mediterranean oak seedlings - Castro-Díez, Pilar; Navarro, Javier; Maestro, Melchor (Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 2008)
We evaluated the effects of moderate shade (43% vs. 100% of full sunlight) and irrigation with eutrophicated river water (daily vs. alternate-day watering) on growth and nitrogen economy of seedlings of three Mediterranean oak species, two evergreen (Quercus coccifera, Quercus ilex subsp. ballota) and a deciduous (Quercus faginea), grown in pots outdoors. Seedling biomass, N pool, N concentration and N losses by litter fall were measured at the beginning (March 2002) and end (November 2002) of a growing season. All species showed an increase of biomass and N pool under shade and/or high irrigation, while only Q. coccifera – from more arid regions – did the same under full sunlight and low irrigation. At the end of the experiment, biomass of the evergreens was higher in shade than in sun, and in high than in low irrigation, while Q. faginea – from more humid zones – responded to irrigation only. Shade-induced growth was accompanied by a decline in N concentration in the evergreens, but irrigation reduced N concentration only of Q. faginea. Shade, but not irrigation, reduced above-ground N loss. We conclude that both treatments differentially affected the evergreen and the deciduous oaks, probably due to differences in plant hydraulic and stomatal conductance. Although both treatments have similar effects on the growth of evergreens, they produced different effects on seedling N economy, which may have important consequences on future ﬁeld seedling performance
Keywords: deciduous tree; Drought stress; evergreen tree; leaf shedding; Quercus; seedling growth

Effects of moderate shade and irrigation with eutrophicated water on the nitrogen economy of Mediterranean oak seedlings - Castro-Díez, Pilar; Navarro, Javier; Maestro, Melchor (Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 2008)
We evaluated the effects of moderate shade (43% vs. 100% of full sunlight) and irrigation with eutrophicated river water (daily vs. alternate-day watering) on growth and nitrogen economy of seedlings of three Mediterranean oak species, two evergreen (Quercus coccifera, Quercus ilex subsp. ballota) and a deciduous (Quercus faginea), grown in pots outdoors. Seedling biomass, N pool, N concentration and N losses by litter fall were measured at the beginning (March 2002) and end (November 2002) of a growing season. All species showed an increase of biomass and N pool under shade and/or high irrigation, while only Q. coccifera – from more arid regions – did the same under full sunlight and low irrigation. At the end of the experiment, biomass of the evergreens was higher in shade than in sun, and in high than in low irrigation, while Q. faginea – from more humid zones – responded to irrigation only. Shade-induced growth was accompanied by a decline in N concentration in the evergreens, but irrigation reduced N concentration only of Q. faginea. Shade, but not irrigation, reduced above-ground N loss. We conclude that both treatments differentially affected the evergreen and the deciduous oaks, probably due to differences in plant hydraulic and stomatal conductance. Although both treatments have similar effects on the growth of evergreens, they produced different effects on seedling N economy, which may have important consequences on future ﬁeld seedling performance
Keywords: deciduous tree; Drought stress; evergreen tree; leaf shedding; Quercus; seedling growth

Effects of treeshelters and polyethylene mulch sheets on survival and growth of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings planted in northwestern Tunisia - Chaar, Hatem; Mechergui, Taher; Khouaja, Ali; Abid, Habib (Forest Ecology and Management, 2008)
Success of plantation establishment depends on the ability of seedlings to withstand animal browsing and competition from vegetation. This study in northwestern Tunisia examined the inﬂuence of browsing protection and vegetation control on seedling mortality, diameter, and height growth components of an evergreen sclerophyllous oak species, cork oak (Quercus suber L.) for the ﬁrst 2 years after planting (2005 and 2006). Browsing protection was controlled by varying both treeshelter type (non-vented, vented, and control) and height (1.2-m and 1.8-m tall). Competing vegetation was controlled through increasing sizes of square-shaped black polyethylene mulch sheets: 0 m, 0.7 m, 1 m and 1.3 m large. Seedling mortality rate was relatively low during the ﬁrst year (9%) and was not affected by any of the studied factors. During the following year, mortality was lower for seedlings in both types (non-vented and vented) of 1.2-m tall treeshelters than for unsheltered ones. Mortality was only slightly higher for 1.8-m tall shelters than for 1.2-m shelters. Compared to unsheltered seedlings, basal diameter was reduced during both seasons for seedlings inside non-vented treeshelters (1.2-m and 1.8-m tall), whereas for vented shelters it was reduced during the ﬁrst year and then increased during the second year. Height growth was positively affected by tree shelters during both years. Seedlings inside non-vented 1.8-m tall shelters were the tallest having an average height of up to 140 cm at the end of the second year, while the unsheltered seedlings had only an average height of up to 42 cm. The greater height of the sheltered seedlings was attributed to the increase of: (1) the number of shoot ﬂushes yearly established on the main stem (up to three), and (2) the length of all the growth units produced during each ﬂush. Seedlings inside vented shelters had balanced growth with a low proportion of seedlings unable to support themselves without a stake (7%). However, non-vented shelters had unbalanced height and diameter growths resulting in both a higher height-to-diameter ratio and in a higher proportion of seedlings having stability problems (47%). Polyethylene mulch sheets did not affect early survival, seedling basal diameter, or number of shoot ﬂushes established yearly, but did slightly improve seedling height at the end of the second season, mostly due to the signiﬁcant improvement in shoot elongation of the ﬁrst ﬂush. Results suggest that both 1.8 m treeshelters and plastic mulches may enhance the growth of cork oak seedlings planted on harsh sites in northwestern Tunisia.
Keywords: Cork oak; Growth; herbivory; plantation; Polyethylene sheets; Quercus suber L.; Treeshelter

Elevated atmospheric CO2 does not modify osmotic adjustment to light and drought in the Mediterranean oak" Quercus suber L." - Aranda, I.; Simón, J. Puértolas (Investigación agraria. Sistemas y recursos forestales, 2008)
The current ongoing increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration is an unquestionable fact. Thus, plants are bound to live in a more enriched CO2 world in a not far-off future. In this new framework, regeneration of forest tree species may be modified as a consequence of the change in the current patterns of seedling response to other environmental resources, such as water or light. We studied the impact of an elevated CO2 concentration on the interaction of drought and light upon the water relations of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings. In a complete factorial design of contrasting light (HL vs LL), water (WW vs S) and CO2 levels (800 ppm vs 370 ppm), we analysed the influence of each factor and its interaction in the modification of different leaf water parameters in potted seedlings after a 6 months experimental period. These parameters were derived from the construction, with leaf materials, of the P-V curves: osmotic potential at full turgor (Ψπ100), osmotic potential at zero turgor (Ψπ0), modulus of elasticity at full turgor (εmax), and the ratio dry/turgor weight (DW/TW). Doubling of the CO2 levels over the current concentration (380 ppm) did not change any of the studied leaf water parameters, while light and water availabilities had a significant influence. This result does not exclude changes in other basic physiological parameters that could modify the pattern of cork oak regeneration responding to a CO2 enriched atmosphere in the future, and under climatic conditions different to the current ones
Keywords: CO2 enrichment; Cork oak; PV curves; shade; Water availability

Elevated atmospheric CO2 does not modify osmotic adjustment to light and drought in the Mediterranean oak" Quercus suber L." - Aranda, I; Simón, J Puértolas (Investigación agraria. Sistemas y recursos forestales, 2008)
The current ongoing increase in the atmospheric CO2 concentration is an unquestionable fact. Thus, plants are bound to live in a more enriched CO2 world in a not far-off future. In this new framework, regeneration of forest tree species may be modified as a consequence of the change in the current patterns of seedling response to other environmental resources, such as water or light. We studied the impact of an elevated CO2 concentration on the interaction of drought and light upon the water relations of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings. In a complete factorial design of contrasting light (HL vs LL), water (WW vs S) and CO2 levels (800 ppm vs 370 ppm), we analysed the influence of each factor and its interaction in the modification of different leaf water parameters in potted seedlings after a 6 months experimental period. These parameters were derived from the construction, with leaf materials, of the P-V curves: osmotic potential at full turgor (Ψπ100), osmotic potential at zero turgor (Ψπ0), modulus of elasticity at full turgor (εmax), and the ratio dry/turgor weight (DW/TW). Doubling of the CO2 levels over the current concentration (380 ppm) did not change any of the studied leaf water parameters, while light and water availabilities had a significant influence. This result does not exclude changes in other basic physiological parameters that could modify the pattern of cork oak regeneration responding to a CO2 enriched atmosphere in the future, and under climatic conditions different to the current ones
Keywords: CO2 enrichment; Cork oak; PV curves; shade; Water availability

Estimating red deer abundance in a wide range of management situations in Mediterranean habitats - Acevedo, P; Ruiz-Fons, F; Vicente, J; Reyes-García, a. R; Alzaga, V; Gortázar, C (Journal of Zoology, 2008)
When human interventions interfere with the natural regulation of wildlife populations by favouring some species, overabundance can emerge. We evaluated different methods of estimating red deer abundance in a wide range of population densities from southern Spain. Distance sampling estimates were used as the reference method across 22 localities and were compared with two kilometric abundance indices (KAIs), four indices based on pellet group counts and two browsing indices (BWIs). The average red deer density estimated by distance sampling was 19.51 3.19 deer per 100 ha, showing a wide range across the study area (0.04–66.77). Distance sampling estimates correlated with the KAIs, pellet group-based index and the BWI. The agreement with distance sampling improved when groups were used instead of individuals in the KAIs, when the minimum pellet group size was ﬁxed at 20 pellets in the dropping counts, and when only highly palatable species were used in the BWI. Thus, several direct and indirect methods can estimate red deer abundance in Mediterranean habitats from Southern Spain with appropriate modiﬁcations.
Keywords: deer management; direct and indirect methods; Mediterranean area; overabundance; population abundance; red deer; ungulates

Estimating red deer abundance in a wide range of management situations in Mediterranean habitats - Acevedo, P.; Ruiz-Fons, F.; Vicente, J.; Reyes-García, a R.; Alzaga, V.; Gortázar, C. (Journal of Zoology, 2008)
When human interventions interfere with the natural regulation of wildlife populations by favouring some species, overabundance can emerge. We evaluated different methods of estimating red deer abundance in a wide range of population densities from southern Spain. Distance sampling estimates were used as the reference method across 22 localities and were compared with two kilometric abundance indices (KAIs), four indices based on pellet group counts and two browsing indices (BWIs). The average red deer density estimated by distance sampling was 19.51 3.19 deer per 100 ha, showing a wide range across the study area (0.04–66.77). Distance sampling estimates correlated with the KAIs, pellet group-based index and the BWI. The agreement with distance sampling improved when groups were used instead of individuals in the KAIs, when the minimum pellet group size was ﬁxed at 20 pellets in the dropping counts, and when only highly palatable species were used in the BWI. Thus, several direct and indirect methods can estimate red deer abundance in Mediterranean habitats from Southern Spain with appropriate modiﬁcations.
Keywords: deer management; direct and indirect methods; Mediterranean area; overabundance; population abundance; red deer; ungulates

Estimation of Photosynthetic Light Use Efficiency in Semi-Arid Ecosystems with the MODIS-Derived Photochemical Reflectance Index - Goerner, A; Reichstein, M; Rambal, S (Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2008. IGARSS, 2008)
Direct estimations of light use efficiency from satellite data could reduce the uncertainties in data-oriented models of primary productivity. We analysed the potential of the photochemical reflectance index (PRI) based on MODIS data to approximate LUE of a Mediterranean Quercus ilex forest. Spectal band 1 (620-670 nm) turned out to be the best alternative reference band (the recommended 570 nm band does not exist on MODIS). Radiance correction with standard procedures (6S, dark object subtraction) did not improve the PRI-LUE relationship compared to the at-sensor reflectance version. The influence of surface anisotropy on the PRI signal was much reduced by constraining the observations to satellite data acquisitions with near nadir viewing angles.
Keywords: Drought; light use efficiency; photochemical reflectance index

Estimation of tree water stress from stem and soil water monitoring with timeâ€domain reflectometry in two small forested basins in Spain - HERNÁNDEZ-SANTANA, VIRGINIA; MARTÍNEZ-FERNÁNDEZ, JOSÉ; Morán, Carlos (Hydrological P, 2008)
Soil-tree water relationships were studied using time domain reﬂectometry (TDR) in two small forested basins in Spain. The stem water content of two Mediterranean Quercus species (Quercus pyrenaica and Quercus rotundifolia) was measured using previously constructed species-speciﬁc equations. To monitor soil moisture, a TDR station network was used in both cases. Sixteen Q. pyrenaica and six Q. rotundifolia individuals were selected to install two TDR probes in their trunks (at 20 and 120 cm above the ground) to monitor stem water content. Stem and soil water contents were measured fortnightly. The stem water content of both species showed a similar temporal trend for the period studied. A spring maximum (0Ð654 cm3 cm3 for Q. pyrenaica and 0Ð568 cm3 cm3 for Q. rotundifolia) was found to be associated with high transpiration and no soil moisture deﬁcit, and a late-summer minimum (0Ð520 cm3 cm3 for Q. pyrenaica and 0Ð426 cm3 cm3 for Q. rotundifolia) was associated with the end of the dry season. This drop in stem water content occurs when the available water in the soil decreases. This seasonal difference presumably reﬂects water withdrawn from stem storage to support the transpirational demands of the tree. Since plant water stress results in reduced stem water content and since this drop can be measured by TDR, it may be concluded that this technology offers a suitable tool for detecting plant water stress
Keywords: Quercus pyrenaica; Quercus rotundifolia; soil water deficit; stem water content; TDR; water stress

Eurasian badger habitat selection in Mediterranean environments: Does scale really matter? - Rosalino, L. M.; Santos, Maria J.; Beier, P.; Santos-Reis, Margarida (Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 2008)
It is widely believed that spatial scale affects habitat selection, and should inﬂuence management options, especially for species with wide geographic distribution or large territories. Eurasian badger habitat selection has been well studied throughout most of its European distribution range, but never at multiple spatial scales. We used compositional analysis to assess habitat selection of Eurasian badgers in southern Portugal at four spatial scales (1, 4, 25, and 100 km 2 ). We assessed habitat use from setts, latrines and footprints presence, and road kills. Oak woodlands with understorey were selected at all scales, being the most preferred habitat at 3 scales (1, 4, and 100 km 2 ). Pastures were most selected at the scale of the 25 km 2 cell, but their use was not signiﬁcantly different from oak woodland with understorey. Shrubs and pastures were also secondly important at the majority of scales. Contrary to ﬁndings at northern latitudes, deciduous forests decreased in importance as cell size increased. In the highly humanized and fragmented landscape of southern Portugal, Eurasian badgers are selecting the matrix of oak woodlands interspersed with patches of pastures, shrubs and riparian vegetation. In these oak woodlands, scale does not have a marked effect. Management for badgers should provide, for at least, 30% of oak woodland cover at all scales. Our study illustrates the across-scale importance of maintaining the historically human altered, sustainable and unique landscape and land use system – the montado.
Keywords: landscape ecology; meles meles; montado; Portugal

Eurasian badger habitat selection in Mediterranean environments: Does scale really matter? - Rosalino, L M; Santos, Maria J; Beier, P; Santos-Reis, Margarida (Mammalian Biology - Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde, 2008)
It is widely believed that spatial scale affects habitat selection, and should inﬂuence management options, especially for species with wide geographic distribution or large territories. Eurasian badger habitat selection has been well studied throughout most of its European distribution range, but never at multiple spatial scales. We used compositional analysis to assess habitat selection of Eurasian badgers in southern Portugal at four spatial scales (1, 4, 25, and 100 km 2 ). We assessed habitat use from setts, latrines and footprints presence, and road kills. Oak woodlands with understorey were selected at all scales, being the most preferred habitat at 3 scales (1, 4, and 100 km 2 ). Pastures were most selected at the scale of the 25 km 2 cell, but their use was not signiﬁcantly different from oak woodland with understorey. Shrubs and pastures were also secondly important at the majority of scales. Contrary to ﬁndings at northern latitudes, deciduous forests decreased in importance as cell size increased. In the highly humanized and fragmented landscape of southern Portugal, Eurasian badgers are selecting the matrix of oak woodlands interspersed with patches of pastures, shrubs and riparian vegetation. In these oak woodlands, scale does not have a marked effect. Management for badgers should provide, for at least, 30% of oak woodland cover at all scales. Our study illustrates the across-scale importance of maintaining the historically human altered, sustainable and unique landscape and land use system – the montado.
Keywords: landscape ecology; meles meles; montado; Portugal

European rabbits as ecosystem engineers: warrens increase lizard density and diversity - Gálvez Bravo, Lucía; Belliure, Josabel; Rebollo, Salvador (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2008)
Mammals that build extensive open burrow systems are often classiﬁed as ecosystem engineers, since they have the potential to modulate the availability of resources for themselves and other organisms. Lizards may beneﬁt from the heterogeneity created by these structures, especially if coupled with an increased offer of sites for refuge and thermoregulation. However, information about these engineering effects by burrowing animals is scarce. We investigated the inﬂuence of European rabbit burrows on several parameters of a Mediterranean lizard community (abundance, density, diversity and body condition) in three different habitats (open pastures, holm oak and scrub patches). We found that lizards were positively associated with burrows, and that burrows determined lizard presence at otherwise unfavourable habitats. Moreover, community parameters such as density and species richness were higher in sites with burrows. Burrows inﬂuenced lizard species in different ways, and were also relevant for other Mediterranean vertebrates, as revealed by questionnaires to experts. We also explored the possible resources provided by burrows for lizards. Warrens offer relatively abundant prey and appropriate retreat sites for refuge and thermoregulation. Warrens may have further implications within the ecosystem, acting as stepping stones, allowing lizards to reach otherwise inaccessible habitat patches. This study shows that European rabbit warrens have a positive inﬂuence on lizard density and diversity, and conﬁrms the role of rabbits as ecosystem engineers. This reinforces the need for appropriate conservation measures for rabbits, especially given their threatened status in the Iberian Peninsula. Furthermore, our study highlights that taking into account the inﬂuence of engineering activities increases our awareness of species interactions, and may translate into more adequate conservation measures for the preservation of biodiversity.
Keywords: Burrows; Dehesa; Mediterranean; oryctolagus cuniculus; Stepping stones

European rabbits as ecosystem engineers: warrens increase lizard density and diversity - Gálvez Bravo, Lucía; Belliure, Josabel; Rebollo, Salvador (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2008)
Mammals that build extensive open burrow systems are often classiﬁed as ecosystem engineers, since they have the potential to modulate the availability of resources for themselves and other organisms. Lizards may beneﬁt from the heterogeneity created by these structures, especially if coupled with an increased offer of sites for refuge and thermoregulation. However, information about these engineering effects by burrowing animals is scarce. We investigated the inﬂuence of European rabbit burrows on several parameters of a Mediterranean lizard community (abundance, density, diversity and body condition) in three different habitats (open pastures, holm oak and scrub patches). We found that lizards were positively associated with burrows, and that burrows determined lizard presence at otherwise unfavourable habitats. Moreover, community parameters such as density and species richness were higher in sites with burrows. Burrows inﬂuenced lizard species in different ways, and were also relevant for other Mediterranean vertebrates, as revealed by questionnaires to experts. We also explored the possible resources provided by burrows for lizards. Warrens offer relatively abundant prey and appropriate retreat sites for refuge and thermoregulation. Warrens may have further implications within the ecosystem, acting as stepping stones, allowing lizards to reach otherwise inaccessible habitat patches. This study shows that European rabbit warrens have a positive inﬂuence on lizard density and diversity, and conﬁrms the role of rabbits as ecosystem engineers. This reinforces the need for appropriate conservation measures for rabbits, especially given their threatened status in the Iberian Peninsula. Furthermore, our study highlights that taking into account the inﬂuence of engineering activities increases our awareness of species interactions, and may translate into more adequate conservation measures for the preservation of biodiversity.
Keywords: Burrows; Dehesa; Mediterranean; oryctolagus cuniculus; Stepping stones

Evaporation and carbonic anhydrase activity recorded in oxygen isotope signatures of net CO2 fluxes from a Mediterranean soil - Wingate, Lisa; SEIBT, ULLI; MASEYK, KADMIEL; OGÉE, JÉRÔME; Almeida, Pedro; YAKIR, D A N; Pereira, João S; MENCUCCINI, MAURIZIO (Global Change Biology, 2008)
The oxygen stable isotope composition (δ18O) of CO2 is a valuable tool for studying the gas exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. In the soil, it records the isotopic signal of water pools subjected to precipitation and evaporation events. The δ18O of the surface soil net CO2 flux is dominated by the physical processes of diffusion of CO2 into and out of the soil and the chemical reactions during CO2–H2O equilibration. Catalytic reactions by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, reducing CO2 hydration times, have been proposed recently to explain field observations of the δ18O signatures of net soil CO2 fluxes. How important these catalytic reactions are for accurately predicting large-scale biosphere fluxes and partitioning net ecosystem fluxes is currently uncertain because of the lack of field data. In this study, we determined the δ18O signatures of net soil CO2 fluxes from soil chamber measurements in a Mediterranean forest. Over the 3 days of measurements, the observed δ18O signatures of net soil CO2 fluxes became progressively enriched with a well-characterized diurnal cycle. Model simulations indicated that the δ18O signatures recorded the interplay of two effects: (1) progressive enrichment of water in the upper soil by evaporation, and (2) catalytic acceleration of the isotopic exchange between CO2 and soil water, amplifying the contributions of ‘atmospheric invasion’ to net signatures. We conclude that there is a need for better understanding of the role of enzymatic reactions, and hence soil biology, in determining the contributions of soil fluxes to oxygen isotope signals in atmospheric CO2.
Keywords: atmospheric invasion; carbonic anhydrase; Drought; Mediterranean forests; oxygen isotopes; Quercus suber; Soil CO2 efflux; soil evaporation; soil water δ18O composition

Evaporation and carbonic anhydrase activity recorded in oxygen isotope signatures of net CO2 fluxes from a Mediterranean soil - Wingate, Lisa; SEIBT, ULLI; MASEYK, KADMIEL; OGÉE, JÉRÔME; Almeida, Pedro; YAKIR, D. A. N.; Pereira, João S.; MENCUCCINI, MAURIZIO (Global Change Biology, 2008)
The oxygen stable isotope composition (δ18O) of CO2 is a valuable tool for studying the gas exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. In the soil, it records the isotopic signal of water pools subjected to precipitation and evaporation events. The δ18O of the surface soil net CO2 flux is dominated by the physical processes of diffusion of CO2 into and out of the soil and the chemical reactions during CO2–H2O equilibration. Catalytic reactions by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, reducing CO2 hydration times, have been proposed recently to explain field observations of the δ18O signatures of net soil CO2 fluxes. How important these catalytic reactions are for accurately predicting large-scale biosphere fluxes and partitioning net ecosystem fluxes is currently uncertain because of the lack of field data. In this study, we determined the δ18O signatures of net soil CO2 fluxes from soil chamber measurements in a Mediterranean forest. Over the 3 days of measurements, the observed δ18O signatures of net soil CO2 fluxes became progressively enriched with a well-characterized diurnal cycle. Model simulations indicated that the δ18O signatures recorded the interplay of two effects: (1) progressive enrichment of water in the upper soil by evaporation, and (2) catalytic acceleration of the isotopic exchange between CO2 and soil water, amplifying the contributions of ‘atmospheric invasion’ to net signatures. We conclude that there is a need for better understanding of the role of enzymatic reactions, and hence soil biology, in determining the contributions of soil fluxes to oxygen isotope signals in atmospheric CO2.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: atmospheric invasion; carbonic anhydrase; Drought; Mediterranean forests; oxygen isotopes; Quercus suber; Soil CO2 efflux; soil evaporation; soil water δ18O composition

An experts survey on sustainability across twenty-seven extensive European systems of grassland management. - Caballero, Rafael; Gil, Angel; Fernández-Santos, Xavier (Environmental management, 2008)
European Large Scale Grazing Systems (LSGS) are at a crossroad with environmental, agronomic, and social factors interacting on their future viability. This research assesses the current environmental and socio-economic status of a wide range of European LSGS according to an agreed subset of sustainability criteria and indicators, which have been recognized by corresponding experts and privileged observers on their respective case-study system. A survey questionnaire was drafted containing five main criteria (pastoral use, environmental, economic, social, and market and development), with four conceptual-scored variables (indicators) within each criterion. Descriptive, analytical and clustering statistical techniques helped to draw a synthesis of the main result and to standardize sustainability variables across different biogeographical regions and management situations. The results show large multicollinearity among the 20 variables proposed. This dependence was revealed by the reduction to six main factor-components, which accounted for about 73% of the total variance in responses. Aggregation of point-score indicators across criteria to obtain a sustainability index can be of less policy relevance than responses to specific criteria or indicators. Affinity between case-study systems, as judged by collaborative-expert responses, was not related to biogeographical location, operating livestock sector, or population density in their areas. The results show larger weaknesses and constraints in the economic and social criteria than in the pastoral and environmental criteria, and the large heterogeneity of responses appears in the social criterion.
Keywords: European agriculture; Low-input grazing systems; Sustainability indicators

An experts survey on sustainability across twenty-seven extensive European systems of grassland management. - Caballero, Rafael; Gil, Angel; Fernández-Santos, Xavier (Environmental management, 2008)
European Large Scale Grazing Systems (LSGS) are at a crossroad with environmental, agronomic, and social factors interacting on their future viability. This research assesses the current environmental and socio-economic status of a wide range of European LSGS according to an agreed subset of sustainability criteria and indicators, which have been recognized by corresponding experts and privileged observers on their respective case-study system. A survey questionnaire was drafted containing five main criteria (pastoral use, environmental, economic, social, and market and development), with four conceptual-scored variables (indicators) within each criterion. Descriptive, analytical and clustering statistical techniques helped to draw a synthesis of the main result and to standardize sustainability variables across different biogeographical regions and management situations. The results show large multicollinearity among the 20 variables proposed. This dependence was revealed by the reduction to six main factor-components, which accounted for about 73% of the total variance in responses. Aggregation of point-score indicators across criteria to obtain a sustainability index can be of less policy relevance than responses to specific criteria or indicators. Affinity between case-study systems, as judged by collaborative-expert responses, was not related to biogeographical location, operating livestock sector, or population density in their areas. The results show larger weaknesses and constraints in the economic and social criteria than in the pastoral and environmental criteria, and the large heterogeneity of responses appears in the social criterion.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 18491183
Keywords: European agriculture; Low-input grazing systems; Sustainability indicators

Fire-vegetation interactions during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition at Lago dell'Accesa, Tuscany, Italy - Colombaroli, Daniele; Vannière, Boris; Emmanuel, Chapron; Magny, Michel; Tinner, Willy (HOLOCENE, 2008)
A new core from the centre of Lago dell'Accesa (Tuscany, Italy) was sampled for pollen and charcoal analyses to provide a high-resolution sequence from 8400 to 7000 cal. yr BP. We combined series of microscopic charcoal, macroscopic charcoal and pollen to address the response of vegetation to fire at different spatial scales. Before 7900 cal. yr BP, broadleaved evergreen forests of Quercus ilex were the most important vegetational type in the area of Lago dell'Accesa. The subsequent decline of Q. ilex occurred when human-induced fires increased at the Mesolithic/Neolithic transition (c. 8000 cal. yr BP). Cross-correlation analyses show that fire was a key factor for vegetational change. Higher fire incidence affected the forest composition, converting evergreen forests to high-diversity open, partly deciduous forests and shrubby communities. The correlation is more pronounced at a local scale (macroscopic charcoal), whereas at a regional scale (microscopic charcoal) the vegetation followed the fire intervals with a more marked time lag (10-100 years). Climatic change, such as wetter periods inferred from lake levels, may have directly influenced the vegetational change, exacerbating the effect of human impact. Our study suggests that the disruption of evergreen broadleaved forests occurred when mean fire interval reached values as high as those of today's highly disturbed Mediterranean ecosystems. Hence broadleaved evergreen forests may not be as fire-resilient as assumed according to modern ecological paradigms. In view of the projected increase in fire frequency as a consequence of global warming, the present relict forests of Quercus ilex will be strongly affected.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND publisher: SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD
Keywords: climate change; Fire ecology; Fire history; Holocene; Italy; macroscopic charcoal; Mediterranean vegetation; mesolithic; microscopic charcoal; Neolithic; Quercus ilex; tuscany

Fire-vegetation interactions during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition at Lago dell'Accesa, Tuscany, Italy - Colombaroli, Daniele; Vannière, Boris; Emmanuel, Chapron; Magny, Michel; Tinner, Willy (HOLOCENE, 2008)
A new core from the centre of Lago dell'Accesa (Tuscany, Italy) was sampled for pollen and charcoal analyses to provide a high-resolution sequence from 8400 to 7000 cal. yr BP. We combined series of microscopic charcoal, macroscopic charcoal and pollen to address the response of vegetation to fire at different spatial scales. Before 7900 cal. yr BP, broadleaved evergreen forests of Quercus ilex were the most important vegetational type in the area of Lago dell'Accesa. The subsequent decline of Q. ilex occurred when human-induced fires increased at the Mesolithic/Neolithic transition (c. 8000 cal. yr BP). Cross-correlation analyses show that fire was a key factor for vegetational change. Higher fire incidence affected the forest composition, converting evergreen forests to high-diversity open, partly deciduous forests and shrubby communities. The correlation is more pronounced at a local scale (macroscopic charcoal), whereas at a regional scale (microscopic charcoal) the vegetation followed the fire intervals with a more marked time lag (10-100 years). Climatic change, such as wetter periods inferred from lake levels, may have directly influenced the vegetational change, exacerbating the effect of human impact. Our study suggests that the disruption of evergreen broadleaved forests occurred when mean fire interval reached values as high as those of today's highly disturbed Mediterranean ecosystems. Hence broadleaved evergreen forests may not be as fire-resilient as assumed according to modern ecological paradigms. In view of the projected increase in fire frequency as a consequence of global warming, the present relict forests of Quercus ilex will be strongly affected.
Keywords: climate change; Fire ecology; Fire history; Holocene; Italy; macroscopic charcoal; Mediterranean vegetation; mesolithic; microscopic charcoal; Neolithic; Quercus ilex; tuscany

Forest defoliation using IKONOS sensor for cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woods in Southern Spain - Cano, F.; Navarro Cerrillo, R. Mª; Sanchez de la Orden, M.; Garcia Ferrer, A. (Forest Systems; Vol 14, No 2 (2005), 2008)
Assessment of forest defoliation is severely hampered by the limited information on tree death on short temporal and broad spatial scales. In order to evaluate forest decline rates in cork oak of Southern Spain, an analysis was made of statistical correlation between the 4 IKONOS sensor original bands acquired in 2000, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (ndvi) and Infrared/Red Index (ir/r) and defoliation information obtained from the ground study. IKONOS near infrared band was negative correlated with defoliation (Pearson Correlation –0.762). The correlation between defoliation and ir/r ratio (Pearson Correlation –0.506) and ndvi (Pearson Correlation –0.449) was also significantly correlated. The dispersion of data presents in each category of defoliation justifies the use of the median value as the representative variable value for each intervals of defoliation. The Statistical Index of Defoliation (SID), generated from a lineal combination of IKONOS sensor bands, shows a correlation rate of 0.85 with the deforestation ground estimate which allows to estimate defoliation by using the equation: Y% defo calcu = –0.0016 * SID + 1.2162. This study shows that high-spatial-resolution satellite data can now be used to measure forest decline processes, suggesting many new alternatives to evaluate the impact of forest decline in Mediterranean forests.
Keywords: defoliation; Quercus suber; Remote sensing; vegetation index

Forest defoliation using IKONOS sensor for cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woods in Southern Spain - Cano, F; Navarro Cerrillo, R Mª.; Sanchez de la Orden, M; Garcia Ferrer, A (Forest Systems; Vol 14, No 2 (2005), 2008)
Assessment of forest defoliation is severely hampered by the limited information on tree death on short temporal and broad spatial scales. In order to evaluate forest decline rates in cork oak of Southern Spain, an analysis was made of statistical correlation between the 4 IKONOS sensor original bands acquired in 2000, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (ndvi) and Infrared/Red Index (ir/r) and defoliation information obtained from the ground study. IKONOS near infrared band was negative correlated with defoliation (Pearson Correlation –0.762). The correlation between defoliation and ir/r ratio (Pearson Correlation –0.506) and ndvi (Pearson Correlation –0.449) was also significantly correlated. The dispersion of data presents in each category of defoliation justifies the use of the median value as the representative variable value for each intervals of defoliation. The Statistical Index of Defoliation (SID), generated from a lineal combination of IKONOS sensor bands, shows a correlation rate of 0.85 with the deforestation ground estimate which allows to estimate defoliation by using the equation: Y% defo calcu = –0.0016 * SID + 1.2162. This study shows that high-spatial-resolution satellite data can now be used to measure forest decline processes, suggesting many new alternatives to evaluate the impact of forest decline in Mediterranean forests.
Keywords: defoliation; Quercus suber; Remote sensing; vegetation index

Forest pathogens with higher damage potential due to climate change in Europe - La Porta, N; Capretti, P; Thomsen, I M; Kasanen, R; Hietala, A M; Von Weissenberg, K (Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 2008)
Abstract Most atmospheric scientists agree that climate changes are going to increase the mean temperature in Europe with increased frequency of climatic extremes, such as drought, floods, and storms. Under such conditions, there is high probability that forests will be subject to increased frequency and intensity of stress due to climatic extremes. Therefore, impacts of climate change on forest health should be carefully evaluated. Given these assumptions, several fungal diseases on trees may become more devastating because of the following factors: (i) abiotic stresses, such as drought and flooding, are known to predispose trees to several pathogens; (ii) temperature and moisture affect pathogen sporulation and dispersal, and changes in climatic conditions are likely to favour certain pathogens; (iii) migration of pathogens triggered by climatic change may increase disease incidence or geographical range, when pathogens encounter new hosts and (or) new potential vectors; and (iv) new threats may appear either because of a change in tree species composition or because of invasive species. If infection success is dependent on temperature, higher mean temperatures may lead to more attacks. Pathogens that have been of importance in southern Europe may spread northward and also upward to mountains. Pathogens with evolutionary potential for greater damage should be identified to estimate the magnitude of the threat and to prepare for the changing conditions. A review of the above-mentioned cases is presented. Some priorities to improve the ability to predict impacts of climate change on tree diseases are discussed.
doi: 10.1080/07060661.2008.10540534
Keywords: Drought; epidemiology; forest diseases; Global change; Global warming; opportunistic fungi; pathogenic fungi; predisposition; review; Temperature; water stress

Fruit tracking between sites and years by birds in Mediterranean wintering grounds - Tellería, José Luis; Ramirez, Alvaro; Pérez-Tris, Javier (Ecography, 2008)
Knowledge of the ability of birds to track spatiotemporal variation in fruit distribution is essential for understanding plant-frugivore interactions. Arguably, although total fruit availability sets an upper limit to the number of birds that can exploit a habitat patch, not all species can equally distribute abundance according to variation in fruit resources. To explore this, we studied bird and fruit abundance in 1999–2005 in Mediterranean scrublands and woodlands of southern Spain. We analysed whether changes of fruit abundance in eight different sites during six winters could predict numerical changes of a set of frugivorous passerines of the area (blackcap Sylvia atricapilla, Sardinian warbler S. melanocephala, robin Erithacus rubecula, song thrush Turdus philomelos and blackbird T. merula). We also investigated if all frugivores together tracked fruits better than individual species, thereby supporting a shared use of resources. Results showed strong inter-specific differences. Only the most abundant species (blackcaps and robins) tracked the spatial patterning of food despite strong differences in the use of space (vagrant and territorial, respectively). This suggests plastic behaviour of territorial robins, with individuals changing from strictly territorial to wandering, a flexibility that would favour between-site numerical arrangements according to food resources. Annual changes in bird numbers were independent of the availability of fruits, except for blackcaps, an abundant vagrant bird that tracked inter-winter changes in fruit abundance. The abundance of blackcaps fitted the spatiotemporal patterning of fruit resources better than the whole guild of frugivorous birds, inconsistent with the idea that these species track together the changing availability of fruit resources.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: food resources; frugivorous birds; fruit abundance; fruit tracking; habitat patches (voyant)

Fruit tracking between sites and years by birds in Mediterranean wintering grounds - Tellería, José Luis; Ramirez, Alvaro; Pérez-Tris, Javier (Ecography, 2008)
Knowledge of the ability of birds to track spatiotemporal variation in fruit distribution is essential for understanding plant-frugivore interactions. Arguably, although total fruit availability sets an upper limit to the number of birds that can exploit a habitat patch, not all species can equally distribute abundance according to variation in fruit resources. To explore this, we studied bird and fruit abundance in 1999–2005 in Mediterranean scrublands and woodlands of southern Spain. We analysed whether changes of fruit abundance in eight different sites during six winters could predict numerical changes of a set of frugivorous passerines of the area (blackcap Sylvia atricapilla, Sardinian warbler S. melanocephala, robin Erithacus rubecula, song thrush Turdus philomelos and blackbird T. merula). We also investigated if all frugivores together tracked fruits better than individual species, thereby supporting a shared use of resources. Results showed strong inter-specific differences. Only the most abundant species (blackcaps and robins) tracked the spatial patterning of food despite strong differences in the use of space (vagrant and territorial, respectively). This suggests plastic behaviour of territorial robins, with individuals changing from strictly territorial to wandering, a flexibility that would favour between-site numerical arrangements according to food resources. Annual changes in bird numbers were independent of the availability of fruits, except for blackcaps, an abundant vagrant bird that tracked inter-winter changes in fruit abundance. The abundance of blackcaps fitted the spatiotemporal patterning of fruit resources better than the whole guild of frugivorous birds, inconsistent with the idea that these species track together the changing availability of fruit resources.
Keywords: food resources; frugivorous birds; fruit abundance; fruit tracking; habitat patches (voyant)

Fungi of Raffaelea genus ( Ascomycota : Ophiostomatales ) associated to Platypus Cylindrus ( Coleoptera : Platypodidae ) in Portugal - Inácio, Maria Lurdes; Henriques, Joana; Lima, Arlindo; Sousa, Edmundo (Revista de Ciências Agrárias, 2008)
In the study of the fungi associated to Platypus cylindrus, several fungi were isolated from the insect and its galleries in cork oak, among which three species of Raffaelea. Morphological and cultural characteristics, sensitivity to cycloheximide and genetic variability had been evaluated in a set of isolates of this genus. On this basis R. ambrosiae and R. montetyi were identified and a third taxon segregated witch differs in morphological and molecular characteristics from the previous ones. In this work we present and discuss the parameters that allow the identification of specimens of the three taxa. The role that those ambrosia fungi can have in the cork oak decline is also discussed taking into account that Ophiostomatales fungi are pathogens of great importance in trees, namely in species of the genus Quercus.
Keywords: Ambrosia beetle; ambrosia fun- gi; Cork oak; decline

The future of scattered trees in agricultural landscapes. - Gibbons, P.; Lindenmayer, D. B.; Fischer, J.; Manning, a D.; Weinberg, A.; Seddon, J.; Ryan, P.; Barrett, G. (Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, 2008)
Mature trees scattered throughout agricultural landscapes are critical habitat for some biota and provide a range of ecosystem services. These trees are declining in intensively managed agricultural landscapes globally. We developed a simulation model to predict the rates at which these trees are declining, identified the key variables that can be manipulated to mitigate this decline, and compared alternative management proposals. We used the initial numbers of trees in the stand, the predicted ages of these trees, their rate of growth, the number of recruits established, the frequency of recruitment, and the rate of tree mortality to simulate the dynamics of scattered trees in agricultural landscapes. We applied this simulation model to case studies from Spain, United States, Australia, and Costa Rica. We predicted that mature trees would be lost from these landscapes in 90-180 years under current management. Existing management recommendations for these landscapes--which focus on increasing recruitment--would not reverse this trend. The loss of scattered mature trees was most sensitive to tree mortality, stand age, number of recruits, and frequency of recruitment. We predicted that perpetuating mature trees in agricultural landscapes at or above existing densities requires a strategy that keeps mortality among established trees below around 0.5% per year, recruits new trees at a rate that is higher than the number of existing trees, and recruits new trees at a frequency in years equivalent to around 15% of the maximum life expectancy of trees. Numbers of mature trees in landscapes represented by the case studies will decline before they increase, even if strategies of this type are implemented immediately. This decline will be greater if a management response is delayed.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 18680500
Keywords: agricultural-landscape trees; management of scattered trees; paddock trees; Recruitment; scattered- tree ecosystems; set-aside forest; tree decline; tree patches

The future of scattered trees in agricultural landscapes. - Gibbons, P; Lindenmayer, D B; Fischer, J; Manning, a D; Weinberg, A; Seddon, J; Ryan, P; Barrett, G (Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology, 2008)
Mature trees scattered throughout agricultural landscapes are critical habitat for some biota and provide a range of ecosystem services. These trees are declining in intensively managed agricultural landscapes globally. We developed a simulation model to predict the rates at which these trees are declining, identified the key variables that can be manipulated to mitigate this decline, and compared alternative management proposals. We used the initial numbers of trees in the stand, the predicted ages of these trees, their rate of growth, the number of recruits established, the frequency of recruitment, and the rate of tree mortality to simulate the dynamics of scattered trees in agricultural landscapes. We applied this simulation model to case studies from Spain, United States, Australia, and Costa Rica. We predicted that mature trees would be lost from these landscapes in 90-180 years under current management. Existing management recommendations for these landscapes--which focus on increasing recruitment--would not reverse this trend. The loss of scattered mature trees was most sensitive to tree mortality, stand age, number of recruits, and frequency of recruitment. We predicted that perpetuating mature trees in agricultural landscapes at or above existing densities requires a strategy that keeps mortality among established trees below around 0.5% per year, recruits new trees at a rate that is higher than the number of existing trees, and recruits new trees at a frequency in years equivalent to around 15% of the maximum life expectancy of trees. Numbers of mature trees in landscapes represented by the case studies will decline before they increase, even if strategies of this type are implemented immediately. This decline will be greater if a management response is delayed.
Keywords: agricultural-landscape trees; management of scattered trees; paddock trees; Recruitment; scattered- tree ecosystems; set-aside forest; tree decline; tree patches

Gross output and livestock sales modelling in Spanish extensive farms using PLSR - Gaspar, Paula (107th EAAE Seminar "Modelling of Agricultural and Rural Development Policies". Sevilla, Spain, January 29 th -February 1st, 2008, 2008)
The aim of this paper is to model some production variables in extensive livestock farms located in the dehesa ecosystem. We intend to use not only purely economic variables in the construction of the model, but also structural variables in order to identify the characteristics of the farms that have the higher influence. Another objective is to be able to predict these variables at the farm level, using structural variables that are easy to measure. The data used in this work were obtained from a questionnaire survey to the holders/managers of a sample of 69 dehesa farms in Extremadura (SW Spain). The statistical methodology used for the construction of the model was Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR). It can be concluded that the variables relative to farm intensification, to labour and especially to Iberian pig breeding, are those that take part mainly in the model.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: 107th EAAE Seminar "Modelling of Agricultural and Rural Development Policies". Sevilla, Spain, January 29 th -February 1st, 2008
Keywords: Dehesa; gross output; Livestock farming systems; partial least square regression

Gross output and livestock sales modelling in Spanish extensive farms using PLSR - Gaspar, Paula (107th EAAE Seminar "Modelling of Agricultural and Rural Development Policies". Sevilla, Spain, January 29 th -February 1st, 2008, 2008)
The aim of this paper is to model some production variables in extensive livestock farms located in the dehesa ecosystem. We intend to use not only purely economic variables in the construction of the model, but also structural variables in order to identify the characteristics of the farms that have the higher influence. Another objective is to be able to predict these variables at the farm level, using structural variables that are easy to measure. The data used in this work were obtained from a questionnaire survey to the holders/managers of a sample of 69 dehesa farms in Extremadura (SW Spain). The statistical methodology used for the construction of the model was Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR). It can be concluded that the variables relative to farm intensification, to labour and especially to Iberian pig breeding, are those that take part mainly in the model.
Keywords: Dehesa; gross output; Livestock farming systems; partial least square regression

Holocene hydrological and vegetation changes in southern France inferred by the study of an alluvial travertine system (Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert, Hérault) - Ali, Adam Ahmed; Roiron, Paul; Chabal, Lucie; Ambert, Paul; Gasco, Jean; André, Joël; Terral, Jean-Frédéric (Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 2008)
A geobotanical study of the travertine system of Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert (southern France) was carried out in order to reconstruct the local Holocene environment in a region where the postglacial vegetation history is poorly documented. The travertinisation process has started at ca. 8500 cal. BP, in a landscape dominated by Pinus sylvestris type (probably Pinus nigra sub sp. salzmannii). Around 7000 cal. BP, the travertine system recorded torrential events not evidenced at the regional scale, showing the particularity of the Verdus hydrological regime. More recently, ca. 5100 cal. BP, a lake or a marsh was ﬁlled within the Verdus plain, as attested to by sand and silt particles accumulated in the sequence. The present-day vegetation dominated by Quercus ilex, on south facing slopes, was most likely established between the Bronze Age and the Gallo-Roman period correlatively to the decline of Pinus nigra and deciduous Quercus, most probably under human inﬂuence
Keywords: 14C; Charcoals; Holocene; Leaf imprints; Southern France; Travertine; Vegetation dynamics

Holocene hydrological and vegetation changes in southern France inferred by the study of an alluvial travertine system (Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert, Hérault) - Ali, Adam Ahmed; Roiron, Paul; Chabal, Lucie; Ambert, Paul; Gasco, Jean; André, Joël; Terral, Jean-Frédéric (Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 2008)
A geobotanical study of the travertine system of Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert (southern France) was carried out in order to reconstruct the local Holocene environment in a region where the postglacial vegetation history is poorly documented. The travertinisation process has started at ca. 8500 cal. BP, in a landscape dominated by Pinus sylvestris type (probably Pinus nigra sub sp. salzmannii). Around 7000 cal. BP, the travertine system recorded torrential events not evidenced at the regional scale, showing the particularity of the Verdus hydrological regime. More recently, ca. 5100 cal. BP, a lake or a marsh was ﬁlled within the Verdus plain, as attested to by sand and silt particles accumulated in the sequence. The present-day vegetation dominated by Quercus ilex, on south facing slopes, was most likely established between the Bronze Age and the Gallo-Roman period correlatively to the decline of Pinus nigra and deciduous Quercus, most probably under human inﬂuence
Keywords: 14C; Charcoals; Holocene; Leaf imprints; Southern France; Travertine; Vegetation dynamics

On humans and wildlife in Mediterranean islands - Blondel, Jacques (Journal of Biogeography, 2008)
Aim To investigate the effects of human-induced landscape changes in Mediterranean islands on the ecological and evolutionary responses of bird communities and populations. The combination of mass extinction of large mammals and massive deforestation by humans was hypothesized to produce new selection regimes to which organisms were likely to respond. Habitat selection and niche breadth have been investigated at the scale of species, and phenotypic variation at the scale of local populations. Location The study was carried out along habitat gradients and in habitat mosaics at different spatial scales on the island of Corsica and in areas of similar size and structure in continental France. Methods Two sets of gradients have been used for investigating habitat selection and niche breadth: gradients of altitude, and gradients of vegetation structure. Population studies focused on the blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus. Large samples of breeding attempts by this species in 10 habitats provided detailed data on phenotypic variation of fitness-related traits both on Corsica and on the mainland. Results The extent of niche space used by birds differed substantially depending on which habitat gradient was considered. Many species have been found to contract their habitat niche along the elevation gradient on Corsica compared with the mainland, whereas all species in the vegetation gradient broadened their niche on the island. Breeding patterns of the blue tit differed considerably depending on whether they settle in deciduous oaks (Quercus humilis) or in evergreen sclerophyllous oaks (Quercus ilex). Phenotypic variation of breeding traits was much higher on the island, where more populations were correctly timed for the best breeding period than on the mainland, a pattern that is likely to result from lower dispersal of organisms on the island. Main conclusions The differences in observed niche breadth between the two series of habitat gradients is explained both by the species-specific ecology of the species and the human-induced environmental history of Corsica. Large-scale landscape changes provided new opportunities for island colonization by non-forest species, which are isolated as small, ‘fugitive’ local populations. In both gradients, forest species that are typical components of the Corsican bird fauna definitely expanded their niche and occupied a wider range of habitats on Corsica than on the mainland. At the population scale, landscapes included habitat patches with contrasted selection regimes, which resulted in high phenotypic variation for many fitness-related traits. Reduced dispersal of birds on the island resulted in a much higher degree of local differentiation on Corsica than on the mainland.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: Blue tit; gene flow; habitat gradient; Human disturbance; insular syndrome; landscape changes; local differentiation; mass extinction; niche breadth; phenotypic variation

On humans and wildlife in Mediterranean islands - Blondel, Jacques (Journal of Biogeography, 2008)
Aim To investigate the effects of human-induced landscape changes in Mediterranean islands on the ecological and evolutionary responses of bird communities and populations. The combination of mass extinction of large mammals and massive deforestation by humans was hypothesized to produce new selection regimes to which organisms were likely to respond. Habitat selection and niche breadth have been investigated at the scale of species, and phenotypic variation at the scale of local populations. Location The study was carried out along habitat gradients and in habitat mosaics at different spatial scales on the island of Corsica and in areas of similar size and structure in continental France. Methods Two sets of gradients have been used for investigating habitat selection and niche breadth: gradients of altitude, and gradients of vegetation structure. Population studies focused on the blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus. Large samples of breeding attempts by this species in 10 habitats provided detailed data on phenotypic variation of fitness-related traits both on Corsica and on the mainland. Results The extent of niche space used by birds differed substantially depending on which habitat gradient was considered. Many species have been found to contract their habitat niche along the elevation gradient on Corsica compared with the mainland, whereas all species in the vegetation gradient broadened their niche on the island. Breeding patterns of the blue tit differed considerably depending on whether they settle in deciduous oaks (Quercus humilis) or in evergreen sclerophyllous oaks (Quercus ilex). Phenotypic variation of breeding traits was much higher on the island, where more populations were correctly timed for the best breeding period than on the mainland, a pattern that is likely to result from lower dispersal of organisms on the island. Main conclusions The differences in observed niche breadth between the two series of habitat gradients is explained both by the species-specific ecology of the species and the human-induced environmental history of Corsica. Large-scale landscape changes provided new opportunities for island colonization by non-forest species, which are isolated as small, ‘fugitive’ local populations. In both gradients, forest species that are typical components of the Corsican bird fauna definitely expanded their niche and occupied a wider range of habitats on Corsica than on the mainland. At the population scale, landscapes included habitat patches with contrasted selection regimes, which resulted in high phenotypic variation for many fitness-related traits. Reduced dispersal of birds on the island resulted in a much higher degree of local differentiation on Corsica than on the mainland.
Keywords: Blue tit; gene flow; habitat gradient; Human disturbance; insular syndrome; landscape changes; local differentiation; mass extinction; niche breadth; phenotypic variation

Identification of new molecules extracted from Quercus suber L. cork. - Coquet, Corinne; Ferré, Elisée; Peyronel, Dominique; Dal Farra, Claude; Farnet, Anne Marie (Comptes rendus biologies, 2008)
Various methods of suberin extraction have been used in order to identify monomers of this complex polymer. Pre-extraction of waxes has allowed us to identify for the first time 3-friedelanol as a terpen from cork. Moreover, the wax chemical composition found here varied from previous results since cerin was not identified while friedelin and betulin were. Three fractions were obtained: a polymeric, a monomeric and a low molecular weight fraction, the last of which has never before been described. 2,6-heptanediol was found to be the main compound of this fraction. Furthermore, depolymerisation at room temperature gives the same yields as those obtained at reflux, defining an easier and cheaper methodology.
Keywords: 2.6-heptanediol; 3-friedelanol; Quercus suber L.; suberin; Terpens

Identification of new molecules extracted from Quercus suber L. cork. - Coquet, Corinne; Ferré, Elisée; Peyronel, Dominique; Dal Farra, Claude; Farnet, Anne Marie (Comptes rendus biologies, 2008)
Various methods of suberin extraction have been used in order to identify monomers of this complex polymer. Pre-extraction of waxes has allowed us to identify for the first time 3-friedelanol as a terpen from cork. Moreover, the wax chemical composition found here varied from previous results since cerin was not identified while friedelin and betulin were. Three fractions were obtained: a polymeric, a monomeric and a low molecular weight fraction, the last of which has never before been described. 2,6-heptanediol was found to be the main compound of this fraction. Furthermore, depolymerisation at room temperature gives the same yields as those obtained at reflux, defining an easier and cheaper methodology.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Elsevier Masson SAS accession-num: 18940700
Keywords: 2.6-heptanediol; 3-friedelanol; Quercus suber L.; suberin; Terpens

Impact of stand density on water status and leaf gas exchange in Quercus ilex - Moreno, Gerardo; Cubera, Elena (Forest Ecology and Management, 2008)
Tree thinning reduces tree-to-tree competition and likely contributes to the improvement of tree water status and productivity in water-limited systems. In this study, we examined the importance of competition for water among Quercus ilex trees in open woodlands by comparing the water consumption and physiological status of trees located along stand density gradients which ranged from 10% (low density; LD) to 100% (high density; HD) of canopy cover. The study was carried out at two sites which differed in mean annual rainfall (506 and 816 L m 2 ; Dsite and Wsite , respectively). Predawn and midday leaf water potential (cd and cm, respectively) and CO2 assimilation rate (A) were measured every two weeks from mid May to mid September, in eight trees located along a stand density gradient at each site. Sap ﬂow and soil moisture were measured only at Dsite . Sap ﬂow was continuously recorded by sap ﬂowmeters (constant heating method) installed in 12 trees along two stand density gradients. Soil moisture (U) was measured every 20 cm for the ﬁrst meter and then every 50 cm up to 250 cm. Measurements were conducted in 18 soil proﬁles, 6 located in HD and 12 in LD (six beneath and six out the canopy). At Wsite , differences among stand densities for c and A were very small and emerged only at the end of the dry season. At Dsite , c (both predawn and midday), A, U, and sap ﬂow density were signiﬁcantly higher in LD trees than in HD ones. At Dsite , some water remained unused in the soil at the end of the dry season beyond the canopy in the LD areas, and trees did not experienced such an acute water deﬁcit (cd > 1 MPa) as the HD trees did (cd < 3 MPa). Summer tree transpiration at the stand level (Estand) tended to saturate with the increase of canopy cover. Estand increases by 32% when canopy cover goes from 50% to 100%. Results conﬁrmed that the increase of tree-to-tree competition with stand density was much more signiﬁcant at dry sites. In these sites, tree thinning is recommended as a way to maintain tree functioning
Keywords: leaf water potential; open woodland; photosynthesis; sap flow; Soil moisture

Impact of stand density on water status and leaf gas exchange in Quercus ilex - Moreno, Gerardo; Cubera, Elena (Forest Ecology and Management, 2008)
Tree thinning reduces tree-to-tree competition and likely contributes to the improvement of tree water status and productivity in water-limited systems. In this study, we examined the importance of competition for water among Quercus ilex trees in open woodlands by comparing the water consumption and physiological status of trees located along stand density gradients which ranged from 10% (low density; LD) to 100% (high density; HD) of canopy cover. The study was carried out at two sites which differed in mean annual rainfall (506 and 816 L m 2 ; Dsite and Wsite , respectively). Predawn and midday leaf water potential (cd and cm, respectively) and CO2 assimilation rate (A) were measured every two weeks from mid May to mid September, in eight trees located along a stand density gradient at each site. Sap ﬂow and soil moisture were measured only at Dsite . Sap ﬂow was continuously recorded by sap ﬂowmeters (constant heating method) installed in 12 trees along two stand density gradients. Soil moisture (U) was measured every 20 cm for the ﬁrst meter and then every 50 cm up to 250 cm. Measurements were conducted in 18 soil proﬁles, 6 located in HD and 12 in LD (six beneath and six out the canopy). At Wsite , differences among stand densities for c and A were very small and emerged only at the end of the dry season. At Dsite , c (both predawn and midday), A, U, and sap ﬂow density were signiﬁcantly higher in LD trees than in HD ones. At Dsite , some water remained unused in the soil at the end of the dry season beyond the canopy in the LD areas, and trees did not experienced such an acute water deﬁcit (cd > 1 MPa) as the HD trees did (cd < 3 MPa). Summer tree transpiration at the stand level (Estand) tended to saturate with the increase of canopy cover. Estand increases by 32% when canopy cover goes from 50% to 100%. Results conﬁrmed that the increase of tree-to-tree competition with stand density was much more signiﬁcant at dry sites. In these sites, tree thinning is recommended as a way to maintain tree functioning
Keywords: leaf water potential; open woodland; photosynthesis; sap flow; Soil moisture

Impacts on water, soil and plants from the abandoned Miguel Vacas copper mine, Portugal - Abreu, M M; Matias, M J; Magalhães, M Clara F; Basto, M J (Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2008)
Soil, water and plant geochemistry was studied around the Miguel Vacas copper mine (Alentejo, SE Portugal), which stopped its exploitation and processing activities in 1991. After closure waste-rock piles remained exposed to weathering. The copper ore was mainly composed of copper phosphates and carbonates. Remediation actions were insufficient to prevent the spreading of waste-rock materials to surrounding farmed fields. The latter caused contamination of soils and water. Based on overall characteristics water from wells and surface stream water mostly can be classified as of the sulphate magnesium type. The application of a chemical equilibrium model to the sampled water showed that copper, phosphate and sulphate concentrations are controlled by copper(II) secondary minerals (pseudomalachite, libethenite and malachite) and gypsum. Nevertheless, groundwater can be used for irrigation and cattle based on quality parameters. Soils and plants (Prunus domestica L., Olea europaea L. spp. europaea and Quercus ilex L.) were collected southeast of the open pit and the exploitation substructures. The soils located in the influence of drainage water that percolated through waste material or exploitation substructures were contaminated with Cu, and Ni was close to the maximum value allowed by Portuguese legislation. These soils, however, did not show elevated Zn and Mn concentrations. The trace element content in plants was within the normal range, with Q. ilex being able to accumulate Mn and to some extent also Ni. Dispersion of trace elements seemed to be limited to a distance 1500 m down from the waste dumps in southeastern direction.
Keywords: carbonates copper mine; Nickel; phosphates; prunus domestica; Quercus ilex; soil copper contamination

Impacts on water, soil and plants from the abandoned Miguel Vacas copper mine, Portugal - Abreu, M. M.; Matias, M. J.; Magalhães, M. Clara F.; Basto, M. J. (Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2008)
Soil, water and plant geochemistry was studied around the Miguel Vacas copper mine (Alentejo, SE Portugal), which stopped its exploitation and processing activities in 1991. After closure waste-rock piles remained exposed to weathering. The copper ore was mainly composed of copper phosphates and carbonates. Remediation actions were insufficient to prevent the spreading of waste-rock materials to surrounding farmed fields. The latter caused contamination of soils and water. Based on overall characteristics water from wells and surface stream water mostly can be classified as of the sulphate magnesium type. The application of a chemical equilibrium model to the sampled water showed that copper, phosphate and sulphate concentrations are controlled by copper(II) secondary minerals (pseudomalachite, libethenite and malachite) and gypsum. Nevertheless, groundwater can be used for irrigation and cattle based on quality parameters. Soils and plants (Prunus domestica L., Olea europaea L. spp. europaea and Quercus ilex L.) were collected southeast of the open pit and the exploitation substructures. The soils located in the influence of drainage water that percolated through waste material or exploitation substructures were contaminated with Cu, and Ni was close to the maximum value allowed by Portuguese legislation. These soils, however, did not show elevated Zn and Mn concentrations. The trace element content in plants was within the normal range, with Q. ilex being able to accumulate Mn and to some extent also Ni. Dispersion of trace elements seemed to be limited to a distance 1500 m down from the waste dumps in southeastern direction.
Keywords: carbonates copper mine; Nickel; phosphates; prunus domestica; Quercus ilex; soil copper contamination

Implications of foliar terpene content and hydration on leaf flammability of Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis - Alessio, G A; Penuelas, J; De Lillis, M; Llusia, J (Plant Biology, 2008)
We investigated the implications of foliar hydration and terpene content on leaf flammability in two widely distributed forest species of the Mediterranean basin, Quercus ilex, which does not store terpenes, and Pinus halepensis, a terpene-storing species. The experiments were carried out in plants grown under different water regimes that generated a wide range of foliar hydration and terpene contents. We monitored the temperatures and time elapsed to reach the smoke, pyrolysis and flame phases. Smoke appeared much earlier (37 versus 101 s) and at lower temperatures (96 versus 139 °C) in Quercus ilex than in Pinus halepensis. Quercus ilex reached pyrolysis earlier than Pinus halepensis (278 versus 338 s) but at the same temperature (365–371 °C). There were no significant differences in time elapsed nor in temperature for flammability (386–422 s; 505–487 °C in both species). Quercus ilex had lower water hydration than Pinus halepensis (41 versus 100%) and the leaf content of terpenes in Quercus was three orders of magnitude lower. The results of this study show no differences in the flame phase between the two species and the absence of a significant relationship between temperature and elapsed time of the different flammability phases in relation to monoterpene content; thus indicating that the role of monoterpenes in flammability phases is smaller than that of the water content. This, however, does not exclude the effects of terpene content on plant combustibility and fire propagation once fires start.
Keywords: fire; foliar hydration; leaf flammability; Pinus halepensis; Quercus ilex; terpene content; water content

Implications of foliar terpene content and hydration on leaf flammability of Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis - Alessio, G. A.; Penuelas, J.; De Lillis, M.; Llusia, J. (Plant Biology, 2008)
We investigated the implications of foliar hydration and terpene content on leaf flammability in two widely distributed forest species of the Mediterranean basin, Quercus ilex, which does not store terpenes, and Pinus halepensis, a terpene-storing species. The experiments were carried out in plants grown under different water regimes that generated a wide range of foliar hydration and terpene contents. We monitored the temperatures and time elapsed to reach the smoke, pyrolysis and flame phases. Smoke appeared much earlier (37 versus 101 s) and at lower temperatures (96 versus 139 °C) in Quercus ilex than in Pinus halepensis. Quercus ilex reached pyrolysis earlier than Pinus halepensis (278 versus 338 s) but at the same temperature (365–371 °C). There were no significant differences in time elapsed nor in temperature for flammability (386–422 s; 505–487 °C in both species). Quercus ilex had lower water hydration than Pinus halepensis (41 versus 100%) and the leaf content of terpenes in Quercus was three orders of magnitude lower. The results of this study show no differences in the flame phase between the two species and the absence of a significant relationship between temperature and elapsed time of the different flammability phases in relation to monoterpene content; thus indicating that the role of monoterpenes in flammability phases is smaller than that of the water content. This, however, does not exclude the effects of terpene content on plant combustibility and fire propagation once fires start.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: fire; foliar hydration; leaf flammability; Pinus halepensis; Quercus ilex; terpene content; water content

In vitro and in vivo quantification of elicitin expression in Phytophthora cinnamomi - Horta, Marília; Sousa, Nelson; Coelho, Ana C.; Neves, Dina; Cravador, Alfredo (Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 2008)
The differential expression of four Phytophthora cinnamomi elicitin genes was analysed by Real Time RT-PCR. In in vitro cultures, the a-cinnamomin gene showed the highest level of expression, the b-cinnamomin gene (b-cin) was the most inducible, and the HAE transcripts were in low abundance. Transcription of all the elicitins was active during the active growth of the pathogen when infecting cork oak (Quercus suber) roots, and as host colonization progressed, the level of b-cin expression fell, while that of a-cin rose. In an antisense transgenic strain, the silencing of b-cin also negatively affected the expression of other elicitin genes in the cluster. The reduced in planta growth of the b-cin knock-out is related to the altered pattern of elicitin gene expression, supporting the idea that one of the functions of elicitins is related, directly or indirectly, with pathogenesis
Keywords: Elicitin expression; Gene silencing; Pathogenesis; phytophthora cinnamomi; Quercus; Real time RT-PCR; Transformation

Influence of forest structure and environmental variables on recruit survival and performance of two Mediterranean tree species (Quercus faginea L. and Q. suber Lam.) - Maltez-Mouro, Sara; García, Luis V.; Freitas, Helena (European Journal of Forest Research, 2008)
We investigated the regeneration requirements of the two dominant tree species in a mixed-oak forest of SW Portugal: Quercus suber (cork oak, evergreen) and Q. faginea (Portuguese oak, winter-deciduous). We hypothesized that (1) recruits of diVerent oak species are diVerentially inXuenced by soil and overstory variables and (2) diVerent factors explain the recruitment occurrence and performance of the same species. We sampled the recruits’ height and diameter, and several environmental and forest structure variables of their microsites. Both recruitment occurrence and performance were modeled using generalized linear models. Our Wnal models predicted the probability of occurrence of recruits of Q. faginea and Q. suber with 74 and 82% of accuracy, respectively, and explained about 50% of the variance of their recruitment performance. The recruits of Q. faginea tended to occur in microsites with higher canopy height, canopy density and litter cover, and closer to both conspeciWc and heterospeciWc adults, while the opposite was true for recruits of Q. suber. The performance of recruits of Q. suber was favored by the higher litter cover (a good surrogate for N and P availability), but negatively aVected by the higher litter depth. We concluded the following: (1) there were signiWcantly diVerent regeneration niches for each species (Q. faginea and Q. suber); (2) the factors explaining the recruitment occurrence diVered from those explaining the recruitment performance; (3) the overstory plays a complex and important role in the regeneration process; (4) diVerent variables apparently related with the same environmental factor (e.g. litter cover and litter depth) could aVect recruits in an opposite way; (5) sensitive trade-oVs must be considered for delineating management actions, since they could favor the regeneration of Q. suber, but, at the same time, negatively aVect the regeneration of Q. faginea.
Keywords: evergreen oak; litter e v ects; litter effects; mediterranean forest; Recruitment; winter-deciduous oak

Influence of forest structure and environmental variables on recruit survival and performance of two Mediterranean tree species (Quercus faginea L. and Q. suber Lam.) - Maltez-Mouro, Sara; García, Luis V.; Freitas, Helena (European Journal of Forest Research, 2008)
We investigated the regeneration requirements of the two dominant tree species in a mixed-oak forest of SW Portugal: Quercus suber (cork oak, evergreen) and Q. faginea (Portuguese oak, winter-deciduous). We hypothesized that (1) recruits of diVerent oak species are diVerentially inXuenced by soil and overstory variables and (2) diVerent factors explain the recruitment occurrence and performance of the same species. We sampled the recruits’ height and diameter, and several environmental and forest structure variables of their microsites. Both recruitment occurrence and performance were modeled using generalized linear models. Our Wnal models predicted the probability of occurrence of recruits of Q. faginea and Q. suber with 74 and 82% of accuracy, respectively, and explained about 50% of the variance of their recruitment performance. The recruits of Q. faginea tended to occur in microsites with higher canopy height, canopy density and litter cover, and closer to both conspeciWc and heterospeciWc adults, while the opposite was true for recruits of Q. suber. The performance of recruits of Q. suber was favored by the higher litter cover (a good surrogate for N and P availability), but negatively aVected by the higher litter depth. We concluded the following: (1) there were signiWcantly diVerent regeneration niches for each species (Q. faginea and Q. suber); (2) the factors explaining the recruitment occurrence diVered from those explaining the recruitment performance; (3) the overstory plays a complex and important role in the regeneration process; (4) diVerent variables apparently related with the same environmental factor (e.g. litter cover and litter depth) could aVect recruits in an opposite way; (5) sensitive trade-oVs must be considered for delineating management actions, since they could favor the regeneration of Q. suber, but, at the same time, negatively aVect the regeneration of Q. faginea.
Keywords: evergreen oak; litter e v ects; litter effects; mediterranean forest; Recruitment; winter-deciduous oak

Influence of pruning and the climatic conditions on acorn production in holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) dehesas in SW Spain - Alejano, R.; Tapias, R.; Fernández, M.; Torres, Enrique; Alaejos, Joaquín; Domingo, Juan (Annals of Forest Science, 2008)
Acorn production by Quercus ilex L. ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. in SW Spain was assessed, and variations between years and the inﬂuence of pruning on it were examined. To this end, an experimental study was conducted at two diﬀerent sites (Calañas and San Bartolomé, in the province of Huelva) where trees were subjected to traditional (light, moderate or heavy) pruning and also to a new (crown-regeneration) pruning method. Acorn yield was quantiﬁed over a period of 5 years in the Calañas plot and 4 in the San Bartolomé plot, and found to average at 95.61 ± 0.76 g DM/m2 , which is equivalent to 6.5 ± 0.05 kg DM/tree; however, yield ﬁgures varied markedly between years depending on the particular climatic conditions. The average acorn production was correlated with the water potential in mid summer (end of July); the annual, spring and autumn rainfall; and the actual evapotranspiration for the period from September (previous year) to August. No signiﬁcant diﬀerences in acorn production between traditional pruning intensities were detected; in fact, there were only hints that heavy pruning might result in decreased acorn yields. The new pruning method used, crown-regeneration, seems promising with a view to increasing acorn yield; however, it should be tested on larger sample sizes before any ﬁnal conclusions can be drawn in this respect. Based on the results, the present health status of holm oaks in southwestern Spain (a result of sustained decline) and the low value of ﬁrewood – which used to be a very important source of income from pruning a few decades ago –, the authors recommend reducing the frequency and intensity of pruning in the dehesas of the study area.
Keywords: acorn production; Holm oak; Masting; pruning

Influence of pruning and the climatic conditions on acorn production in holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) dehesas in SW Spain - Alejano, R; TAPIAS, R; Fernández, M; Torres, Enrique; Alaejos, Joaquín; Domingo, Juan (Annals of Forest Science, 2008)
Acorn production by Quercus ilex L. ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. in SW Spain was assessed, and variations between years and the inﬂuence of pruning on it were examined. To this end, an experimental study was conducted at two diﬀerent sites (Calañas and San Bartolomé, in the province of Huelva) where trees were subjected to traditional (light, moderate or heavy) pruning and also to a new (crown-regeneration) pruning method. Acorn yield was quantiﬁed over a period of 5 years in the Calañas plot and 4 in the San Bartolomé plot, and found to average at 95.61 ± 0.76 g DM/m2 , which is equivalent to 6.5 ± 0.05 kg DM/tree; however, yield ﬁgures varied markedly between years depending on the particular climatic conditions. The average acorn production was correlated with the water potential in mid summer (end of July); the annual, spring and autumn rainfall; and the actual evapotranspiration for the period from September (previous year) to August. No signiﬁcant diﬀerences in acorn production between traditional pruning intensities were detected; in fact, there were only hints that heavy pruning might result in decreased acorn yields. The new pruning method used, crown-regeneration, seems promising with a view to increasing acorn yield; however, it should be tested on larger sample sizes before any ﬁnal conclusions can be drawn in this respect. Based on the results, the present health status of holm oaks in southwestern Spain (a result of sustained decline) and the low value of ﬁrewood – which used to be a very important source of income from pruning a few decades ago –, the authors recommend reducing the frequency and intensity of pruning in the dehesas of the study area.
Keywords: acorn production; Holm oak; Masting; pruning

Influence of the holm oak soda pulping conditions on the properties of the resulting paper sheets. - Alaejos, Joaquín; López, Francisco; Pérez, Antonio; Rodríguez, Alejandro; Jiménez, Luis (Bioresource technology, 2008)
This paper reports on the influence of independent variables in the pulping of holm oak wood [viz. temperature (135-195 degrees C), cooking time (30-90 min) and soda concentration (10-20%)] on the properties of the resulting paper sheets. By using a central composite factorial design and a fuzzy neural model, equations relating each dependent variable to the different independent variables were derived that reproduced the experimental results for the dependent variables with errors less than 14%. Using a soda concentration of 17.5% at 195 degrees C for 30 min, it is possible to reduce the working capital (cost of chemical) and the capital investment, because it is operated with smaller values of the soda concentration and cooking time that maximum considered (20% of soda concentration and 90 min). The pulp yield thus obtained differed by less than 31.3% from the highest possible value; also, the resulting pulp and paper sheets had acceptable properties that differed by less than 21.10% from their optimum values.
Keywords: Paper; Textile Industry; Wood

Influence of the holm oak soda pulping conditions on the properties of the resulting paper sheets. - Alaejos, Joaquín; López, Francisco; Pérez, Antonio; Rodríguez, Alejandro; Jiménez, Luis (Bioresource technology, 2008)
This paper reports on the influence of independent variables in the pulping of holm oak wood [viz. temperature (135-195 degrees C), cooking time (30-90 min) and soda concentration (10-20%)] on the properties of the resulting paper sheets. By using a central composite factorial design and a fuzzy neural model, equations relating each dependent variable to the different independent variables were derived that reproduced the experimental results for the dependent variables with errors less than 14%. Using a soda concentration of 17.5% at 195 degrees C for 30 min, it is possible to reduce the working capital (cost of chemical) and the capital investment, because it is operated with smaller values of the soda concentration and cooking time that maximum considered (20% of soda concentration and 90 min). The pulp yield thus obtained differed by less than 31.3% from the highest possible value; also, the resulting pulp and paper sheets had acceptable properties that differed by less than 21.10% from their optimum values.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 18226524
Keywords: Paper; Textile Industry; Wood

Influence of the soil water holding capacity on the potential distribution of forest species. A case study: the potential distribution of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) in central-western Spain - Jovellar Lacambra, Luis Carlos; Blanco Andray, Alfredo; Santos Francés, Fernando (European Journal of Forest Research, 2008)
This study reports a parametric approach to the climatic and edaphoclimatic potential distribution of the cork oak (Quercus suber L.) in central-western Spain together with an analysis of the in Xuence of the maximum soil water holding capacity (WHC) on such potential distribution. To these ends, we employed 12 climatic and 2 edaphoclimatic parameters of eco-physiological in Xuence derived from the current distribution of cork oaks. The climatic and edaphoclimatic parameters elaborated for two extreme WHC values (50 and 250 mm) are calculated for the whole study area and are mapped by means of a digital elevation model and a geographic information system. The results point to an important climatic potential area for high soil WHC values but there is also a remarkable dependence on this latter parameter, mainly in the Duero basin, since the limits of the climatic potential area are reduced strongly as WHC decreases. We deduce certain other conclusions as regards the importance of this variable in the potential distribution of species and in forestation and reforestation projects using this species.
Keywords: Cork oak; edaphoclimatic parameters; Potential distribution; Quercus suber; soil water holding capacity