Snail and millipede complementarity in decomposing Mediterranean forest leaf litter mixtures - De Oliveira, Tatiana; Hättenschwiler, Stephan; Tanya Handa, Ira (Functional Ecology, 2010)
1. The projected increase in loss of biodiversity worldwide has prompted the need to understand the role that diversity plays in key ecosystem functions such as litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. Here we asked how two contrasting species of saprophagous macrofauna and four Mediterranean forest leaf litter species interactively affect decomposition in a 6-week microcosm study. 2. Litter mass loss and macrofauna relative consumption rates (RCR) were measured on treatments with freshly fallen or partially decomposed leaf litter of Alnus glutinosa, Fraxinus angustifolia, Pistacia terebinthus and Quercus ilex as single-species or mixtures in absence and presence of the gastropod, Pomatias elegans, the diplopod, Glomeris marginata, or both macrofauna species. 3. Macrofauna consumed all litter substrates except freshly fallen P. terebinthus as a single-species litter that was fatal to both animals, although its presence in litter mixtures increased overall RCR. Consumption was higher in partially decomposed than freshly fallen litter, and higher in litter mixtures than in single-species litter. Both litter state and mixing interacted significantly with macrofauna treatment where generally, RCR by P. elegans alone was inferior to that of G. marginata alone or in combination with P. elegans. 4. An overall positive complementarity effect on litter RCR between G. marginata and P. elegans was observed in freshly fallen litter. Particularly strong complementarity was observed in two mixtures of freshly fallen litter and also in one mixture of partially decomposed litter. 5. There were no non-additive effects of litter mixing on litter mass loss in the absence of animals, indicating no interactions among litter substrates during decomposition. However, in the presence of either G. marginata and/or P. elegans, positive and negative interactions among litter substrates occurred and were enhanced or reversed by the addition of the second macrofauna species. 6. We conclude that saprophagous macrofauna play a critical role in the decomposition dynamics of Mediterranean forest litter by interacting with each other and by driving interactions among litter substrates.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: Biodiversity; diplopod; gastropod; litter consumption; non-additive effects; synergy

Soil degradation by land use change in an agropastoral area in Sardinia (Italy) - Zucca, Claudio; Canu, Annalisa; Previtali, Franco (Catena, 2010)
In recent decades the clearing of Mediterranean maquis along with the creation of new pastures has been a major factor of land degradation in Sardinia (Italy). This was due to an inadequate implementation of agricultural policies. Consequently, tillage and water erosion intensiﬁed over a wide area. The present work assesses the impacts of land use change on soil properties in a representative area of central-eastern Sardinia. Paired forest and pasture sampling sites were selected in relation to present land use, land suitability, and land use history. Different soil properties were considered: physical (sand, silt, clay, soil thickness, bulk density, and penetration resistance), chemical (pH, OC, N, C/N, Ca, Mg, Na, K, CEC, and BS), biological (BQI), and micromorphological (microporosity and microstructure). The comparison of forest and pasture soils showed a signiﬁcant soil loss (in terms of soil thickness, −22%), and a clear decrease in organic carbon storage (−64% on average). An increase in bulk density (+44%) and a change in microporosity and its vertical distribution were also observed, respectively by ﬁeld measurements and micromorphological quantiﬁcation on digital images.
Keywords: Agropastoral practices; BQI (Biological Quality Index); Deforestation; microporosity; soil erosion; Soil organic carbon

Spatial analysis of gypsy moth populations in Sardinia using geostatistical and climate models - Cocco, Arturo; Cossu, Antonio Q.; Erre, Patrizia; Nieddu, Giovanni; Luciano, Pietro (Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 2010)
1 Spatial ﬂuctuations of the Sardinian population of the gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) were characterized using geostatistical and climate models. Data on gypsy moth egg mass abundance recorded at 282 permanent monitoring sites from 1980 to 2004 were incorporated in a geographic information system with the vegetational, geomorphological and pedological features of the sites. 2 Statistical analyses revealed that the relative outbreak frequency was related to the predominant host tree, slope and elevation of the monitoring sites, whereas there was no correlation between outbreak frequency and exposure and soil type. 3 By using bioclimatic modelling, probability maps of gypsy moth outbreaks were generated. The model identiﬁed a probability surface with climatic conditions favourable to gypsy moth outbreaks and thus potentially subject to defoliation. The maps included 92 sites where outbreaks never occurred, suggesting that the Sardinian climate may not be a determinant factor for gypsy moth outbreaks. 4 The geostatistical method cokriging with outbreak frequency as a covariate was found to be the most suitable technique to estimate gypsy moth egg mass abundance. Semivariograms showed spatial correlation of egg mass abundance within the range 18.5–53 km. The results obtained were used to create regional gypsy moth distribution maps by cokriging, which demonstrated the outbreak foci and different infestation levels at each monitoring area. These results can help to delim
Keywords: floramap; geographic information system; kriging; Lymantria dispar; probability map; spatial distribution

Spatial pattern of adult trees and the mammal-generated seed rain in the Iberian pear - Fedriani, Jose M.; Wiegand, Thorsten; Delibes, Miguel (Ecography, 2010)

Species-Specific Responses of Tree Saplings to Herbivory in Contrasting Light Environments: An Experimental Approach - Baraza, Elena; Zamora, Regino; Hódar, José a (Ecoscience, 2010)
Light availability and herbivory are 2 major factors affecting the regeneration of woody species, and thus a better perception of how light and herbivory interact to shape the sapling performance of cohabitant tree species emerges as a key issue. The purpose of this work is to experimentally analyze the influence of light conditions on tree responses to browsing. We evaluated the responses to browsing (simulated by mechanical clipping of 50% of current-year shoots) of saplings from 2 deciduous (Acer opalus ssp. granatense and Quercus pyrenaica) and 2 evergreen (Quercus ilex and Pinus nigra ssp. salzmannii) late-successional tree species, measuring an array of morphological, physiological, and biochemical traits. The experiment was performed with saplings grown for 2 y under 3 experimental light environments emulating natural microhabitats: full (open microhabitats), 80% (below pioneer shrub canopy), and 13% (below tree canopy) sunlight. Clipping affected biomass distribution, growth, and sapling size, while only slight physiological and biochemical effects were detected. Species characteristics and the light environment in which saplings grow determine their capacity to recover biomass lost after herbivore damage. Black pine was found to be the least tolerant species to clipping, whereas the broadleaf species displayed greater recovery after clipping. Light scarcity increased the nutritional quality of plants and negatively affected herbivory tolerance of 3 of the 4 species.
Keywords: ainsi; analyser; arbres ressort comme un; clipping; compensation capacity; d; élément clé; espèces; espèces coexistantes d; herbivorie interagissent pour modeler; herbivorie sont 2 facteurs; la; la disponibilité de la; la façon dont la; le but de ce; light availability; ligneuses; lumière et l; performance des gaules d; principaux influençant la régénération; regeneration niche; résumé; sapling; travail est d; une meilleure compréhension de

Structural characterizarion of extensive farms in Andalusian dehesas - García, A.; Perea, J.; Acero, R.; Angón, E. (Arch. Zoot, 2010)
Three types of livestock farming systems are identified in Andalusian dehesas using multivariate analysis. One of two conservationist systems, both applying sustainable management criteria, was detected in most of farms: dehesa farming system (49% of farms): small extensive cattle and sheep farms, which adapt stocking rates to the availability of the land's natural resources, and occasional use of strategic food supplementation; mountain farming system (21%) also relative to small farms, with mainly small ruminants and limited use of technology. The third system was a yield targeted system (30%), corresponding mainly to large cattle farms, with greater use of technology and high levels of food supplementation caused by stocking rates that exceed the land's carrying capacity. Typology defined can be used as starting point to base technical and economic characterization of farming systems taking into consideration their current and future viability
Keywords: Factorial analysis; Farm typology; Livestock farming systems

Suberized Cell Walls of Cork from Cork Oak Differ from Other Species - Teixeira, Rita Teresa; Pereira, Helena (Microscopy and Microanalysis, 2010)
Plants have suberized cells that act as protective interfaces with the environment or between different plant tissues. A lamellar structure of alternating dark and light bands has been found upon transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation of cork cells and considered a typical feature of the suberized secondary wall. We observed cork cells from periderms of Quercus suber, Quercus cerris, Solanum tuberosum, and Calotropis procera by TEM after uranyl acetate and lead citrate staining. A lamellated structure was observed in S. tuberosum and C. procera but not in Q. suber and Q. cerris where the suberized cell wall showed a predominantly hyaline aspect with only a dark dotted staining. Removal of suberin from Q. suber cells left a thinner secondary wall that lost the translucent aspect. We hypothesize that the species' specific chemical composition of suberin will result in different three-dimensional macromolecular development and in a different spatial location of lignin and other aromatics. A lamellated ultrastructure is therefore not a general feature of suberized cells.
Keywords: cell wall; Cork; lamellae; Quercus suber; suberin; ultrastructure

On sweet acorn (Quercus spp.) cake tradition in Italian cultural and ethnic islands - Pignone, Domenico; Laghetti, Gaetano (Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 2010)
The CNR-IGV, over the last 15 years, has organized and performed expeditions aimed at collecting germplasm and local knowledge on plants used by local populations in isolated areas, such as geographical islands, or local communities that for ethnic or cultural reasons have maintained to a certain degree their isolation from surrounding populations (cultural islands). In two such cultural islands (Bovesia, Calabria region, south-west mainland Italy, and Ogliastra, Sardinia island, Italy) a tradition regarding the use of acorns for preparing a cake was recorded. In Ogliastra, an elder lady still retains the knowledge regarding the collections, maintenance and utilization of acorns for preparing a cake, a knowledge once common and now quite completely disappeared. The present paper reports on the culture associated to acorn used as a food for humans.
Keywords: acorn; Cultural islands; Ethnobotany; Neglected food; Quercus spp.

Tensile properties of cork in axial stress and influence of porosity, density, quality and radial position in the plank - Anjos, Ofélia; Pereira, Helena; Rosa, M. Emília (European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 2010)
The behaviour of cork under tensile stress in the axial direction was studied for samples taken from cork planks of good (class 1) and poor (class 4) quality grades and at three radial positions within the plank (inner, mid and outer positions). The effect of cork density (ranging from 0.123 to 0.203 g cm−3 ) and porosity (ranging from 2.8 to 9.6% in the tangential surface) on Young’s modulus and fracture stress and strain was studied. The tensile stress-strain curves of cork showed an elastic deformation up to 2% strain with a Young’s modulus of 30.8 MPa, and a fracture stress of 1.05 MPa at a strain of 7.1% for class 1, and Young’s modulus of 26.1 MPa, and a fracture stress of 0.77 MPa at a strain of 5.5% for class 4. Fracture always started at a pore. The quality class and the radial position in the plank were highly signiﬁcant factors of the tensile properties variation with good quality cork in the inner part of the plank showing the highest strength. Density inﬂuenced the elastic behaviour of cork with a highly signiﬁcant correlation of increasing E with density,but not so clearly the fracture stress and strain. The variability of tensile properties with porosity was large and although signiﬁcant, the correlations were lower in spite of a decreasing trend of E with porosity. Fracture depended on the type of defects in cork.
Keywords: Cork; Density; Porosity (voyant); Quality; Stress; Tensile

Transfer of 238U, 230Th, 226Ra, and 210Pb from soils to tree and shrub species in a Mediterranean area. - Blanco Rodríguez, P.; Vera Tomé, F.; Lozano, J. C.; Pérez Fernández, M. a (Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine, 2010)
The soil-to-plant transfer factors of natural uranium isotopes ((238)U and (234)U), (230)Th, (226)Ra, and (210)Pb were studied in a disused uranium mine located in the Extremadura region in the south-west of Spain. The plant samples included trees (Quercus ilex, Quercus suber, and Eucalyptus cameldulensis) and one shrub (Cytisus multiflorus). All of them are characteristic of Mediterranean environments. The activity concentrations in leaves and fruit were determined for the tree species at different stages of growth. For the shrub, the total above-ground fraction was considered in three seasons. For old leaves and fruit, the highest activity concentrations were found in Eucalyptus cameldulensis for all the radionuclides studied, except in the case of (230)Th that presented similar activity concentrations in all of the tree species studied. In every case, the transfer to fruit was less than the transfer to leaves. In the shrub, the results depended on the season of sampling, with the highest value obtained in spring and the lowest in autumn. Important correlations were obtained for (238)U and (226)Ra between the activity ratio in soils with that in leaves or fruit.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 20153657
Keywords: Arboreal species; Fruit; leaves; Natural radionuclides; Soil-to-plant transfer factors

On the use of Apiformes and Spheciformes (Insecta: Hymenoptera) populations as a management tool - Vieira, L C; Oliveira, N G; Gayubo, S F (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2010)
The creation of Protected Areas was one of the ﬁrst measures taken for the protection of biodiversity and it is still the most widely used. The establishment of systems to evaluate the effectiveness of the management of these areas are crucial to validate their importance for conservation and guide the managers towards their conservation goals. Aculeate Hymenoptera, speciﬁcally Apiformes and Spheciformes, gather exceptional characteristics as bioindicators and are essential to ecosystem sustainability by including key pollinators (Apiformes), contribute for the maintenance of the equilibrium between arthropod populations (Spheciformes), and also reﬂect the patterns of other taxa. Apiformes and Spheciformes suggest that Apiformes and Spheciformes communities are a suitable management tool for habitat evaluation. communities were sampled with Malaise traps in eight different habitats initially identiﬁed by habitat type (mainly vegetation). These communities were evaluated to determine if the habitats could be differentiated based on their Apiformes and Spheciformes generic communities. Apiformes and Spheciformes diversity provided limited differentiation between habitats but was able to differentiate the most disturbed habitat from the most pristine. In general, Apiformes and Spheciformes communities were different among the eight habitats. It was also possible to establish a relation between some genera and a speciﬁc habitat type. Several genera of Apiformes and Spheciformes showed a preference for the riparian galery (RLR) and a mixed woodland (COZ), providing a general idea of the ideal conditions for the development of these groups. These results
Keywords: aculeate hymenoptera; apiformes; Bioindicators; management tool; natural area; spheciformes

Vessel features of Quercus ilex L. growing under Mediterranean climate have a better climatic signal than tree-ring width - Campelo, Filipe; Nabais, Cristina; Gutiérrez, Emilia; Freitas, Helena; García-González, Ignacio (Trees, 2010)
We investigated whether vessel time series of Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.), a diffuse to semi-ring-porous species, can record a climatic signal which differs from the signal encoded in tree-ring width (TRW). The study was conducted in ten Q. ilex trees from a coppice stand in northeast Spain. Chronologies of TRW, mean vessel area (MVA) and maximum vessel area (MAX) were developed and correlated with climate data, for the period 1985–2004 (20 years). Our results indicate that vessel features contain environmental information that is different from that stored in TRW. MAX chronologies correlate better to early spring precipitation (April–May) than TRW chronologies, and so does MVA of the largest 20–25 vessels from the ﬁrst third of the ring with late spring precipitation (May–June). Also, the combination of MVA and TRW is a better predictor of summer precipitation. This explorative study clearly shows that vessel features can complement the climatic signal of TRW increasing the resolution of the climate reconstructions for the Mediterranean region.
Keywords: Dendrochronology; Holm oak; Mediterranean climate; Tree ring; Vessel features

Why do large, nitrogen rich seedlings better resist stressful transplanting conditions? A physiological analysis in two functionally contrasting Mediterranean forest species - Cuesta, Bárbara; Villar-Salvador, Pedro; Puértolas, Jaime; Jacobs, Douglass F.; Rey Benayas, José M. (Forest Ecology and Management, 2010)
We analysed the physiological bases that explain why large and high nitrogen (N) concentration seedlings frequently have improved survival and growth relative to small seedlings in Mediterranean woodland plantations. Large seedlings of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensisMill.) and holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) with high N concentration (L+), and small seedlings with either high (S+) or low (S−) N concentration, were planted on two sites of different weed competition intensity that created contrasting stress conditions. Seedling survival, growth, gas exchange, N remobilization (NR) and uptake (NU), and water potential were assessed through the ﬁrst growing season. Weeds reduced survival and growth, but seedling response to weed competition varied among phenotypes and between species. At the end of the ﬁrst growing season, L+ Aleppo pine seedlings had higher survival than both small seedling types in presence of weeds but no differences were observed in absence of weeds. Mortality differences among phenotypes occurred in spring but not in summer. L+ Aleppo pines grew more than small Aleppo pines independently of weed competition. No holm oak seedling type survived in presence of weeds and no mortality differences among phenotypes where observed in absence of weeds, although L+ holm oak seedlings grew more than small seedlings. Mortality and growth differences in Aleppo pine were linked to marked physiological differences among phenotypes while physiological differences were small among holm oak phenotypes. L+ Aleppo pines had greater root growth, gas exchange, NR, and NU than small seedlings, irrespective of their N concentration. Seedling size in Aleppo pine had a greater role in the performance of transplanted seedlings than N concentration. The functional differences among oak phenotypes were small whereas they were large in pine seedlings, which led to smaller differences in transplanting performance in holm oak than in pine. This suggests that the nursery seedling quality improvement for planting in dry sites could depend on the species-speciﬁc phenotypic plasticity and functional strategy. Improved transplanting performance in large Aleppo pine seedlings relative to small seedlings was linked to greater gas exchange, root growth and N cycling.
Keywords: competition; Nitrogen remobilization; photosynthesis; Pinus halepensis; Quercus ilex; Root growth; Stomatal conductance; Survival; water potential

Abandonment and management in Spanish dehesa systems: Effects on soil features and plant species richness and composition - Tárrega, Reyes; Calvo, Leonor; Taboada, Ángela; García-Tejero, Sergio; Marcos, Elena (Forest Ecology and Management, 2009)
Quercus pyrenaica dehesas have been traditionally used as communal extensive grazing systems in the Leo´n province (NW Spain). In this region, recent abandonment of rural areas and the subsequent gradual decrease in livestock load have led to the invasion of shrubs in the understory, increasing the risk of fires. Indeed, even if there is no need of creating new pasturelands for livestock breeding, the remaining landowners keep on burning to clear these montane patches. Alternatively, the regional administration encourages shrub cutting as a better way of managing these areas and preserving the pasturelands. Our aim was to determine the effects of the dehesa abandonment and shrub cutting on plant species richness (annual herbs, perennial herbs and woody plants) and species composition, as well as on topsoil properties. For that, we compared three types of dehesas with differentmanagement regimes: (1) grazed dehesas (used at the present), (2) abandoned dehesas (more than 20 years without grazing) and (3) dehesas where shrub cutting was applied after abandonment (i.e. cleared dehesas). We selected three replicates or stands per dehesa type. The highest organic matter content (O.M.), total nitrogen (N) and available phosphorus (P) were found in cleared dehesas, while the lowest values corresponded to the grazed ones. Abandoned dehesas were characterized by the highest values for available calcium (Ca2+). No significant differences were detected regarding the vegetation richness values (S alpha, gamma or beta), although higher mean values of S alpha and gamma were found in grazed dehesas, and lower values in the cleared ones. Concerning the vegetation life forms, grazed dehesas held significantly greater species richness and cover of annual herbs, while abandoned dehesas had significantly higher woody species cover. Both grazed and abandoned dehesas harboured plant species (38 and 13 species, respectively),which were exclusively found in one dehesa type. Contrary to that, cleared dehesas scarcely had ‘‘exclusive’’ species. To conclude, our results indicated that shrub cutting alone (not followed by livestock grazing) may cause loss of plant species richness, suggesting that it is not the most appropriate management method to restore vegetation, except for reducing the risk of fire.
Keywords: Land use change; management; Oak dehesa; Quercus pyrenaica; Species richness; Topsoil; Understory composition

Above-ground biomass and productivity in the Montado: From herbaceous to shrub dominated communities - Castro, H.; Freitas, H. (Journal of Arid Environments, 2009)
Our study was focused on the effect of abandonment on above-ground biomass and net primary productivity (ANPP) in a Montado in Southern Portugal. The Montado has a long history of human management and control of invasion by shrubs is achieved by clearing, ploughing and grazing. When these cease, it is invaded by Mediterranean matorral species. We hypothesized that the change in life form dominance would affect both biomass and productivity, but while the total biomass was expected to increase, the effects on ANPP were less clear. We tested our hypothesis by determining above-ground biomass and ANPP along a gradient of decreasing land use intensity, ranging from extensive grazing to 20 years of abandonment. Above-ground biomass increased with abandonment, which was related with the increase in shrub cover. In addition, we found a decrease in herbaceous ANPP that was more than compensated by an increase in shrub ANPP in plots abandoned for longer time, resulting in a signiﬁcant increase in total ANPP. This increase was strongly related with the increase in the cover of Cistus ladanifer, a pioneer species that colonises degraded areas and forms one of the ﬁrst stages of succession of woody communities.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Keywords: Land use change; Life form; Mediterranean; Secondary succession; semi-arid

The ACCENT-VOCBAS field campaign on biosphere-atmosphere interactions in a Mediterranean ecosystem of Castelporziano (Rome): site characteristics, climatic and meteorological conditions, and eco-physiology of vegetation - Fares, S.; Mereu, S.; Scarascia Mugnozza, G.; Vitale, M.; Manes, F.; Frattoni, M.; Ciccioli, P.; Gerosa, G.; Loreto, F. (Biogeosciences, 2009)
Biosphere-atmosphere interactions were investigated on a sandy dune Mediterranean ecosystem in a ﬁeld campaign held in 2007 within the frame of the European Projects ACCENT and VOCBAS. The campaign was carried out in the Presidential estate of Castelporziano, a periurban park close to Rome. Former campaigns (e.g. BEMA) performed in Castelporziano investigated the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC). These campaigns focused on pseudosteppe and evergreen oak groves whereas the contribution of the largely biodiverse dune vegetation, a prominent component of the Mediterranean ecosystem, was overlooked. While speciﬁc aspects of the campaign will be discussed in companion papers, the general climatic and physiological aspects are presented here, together with information regarding BVOC emission from the most common plant species of the dune ecosystem. During the campaign regular air movements were observed, dominated by moderate nocturnal land breeze and diurnal sea breeze. A regular daily increase of ozone concentration in the air was also observed, but daily peaks of ozone were lower than those measured in summer on the same site. The site was ideal as a natural photochemical reactor to observe reaction, transport and deposition processes occurring in the Mediterranean basin, since the sea-land breeze circulation allowed a strong mixing between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions and secondary pollutants. Measurements were run in May, when plant physiological conditions were optimal, in absence of severe drought and heat stress. Foliar rates of photosynthesis and transpiration were as high as generally recorded in unstressed Mediterranean sclerophyllous plants. Most of the plant species emitted high level of monoterpenes, despite measurements being made in a period in which emissions of volatile isoprenoids could be restrained by developmental and environmental factors, such as leaf age and relatively low air temperature. Emission of isoprene was generally low. Accounting for the high monoterpene spring emission of the dune ecosystem may be important to correct algorithms at regional and ecosystem levels, and to interpret measurements of ﬂuxes of volatile isoprenoids and secondary pollutants.
Keywords: BVOC emission; Castelporziano; Mediterranean ecosystem; stress (voyant); Water availability

The ACCENT-VOCBAS field campaign on biosphere-atmosphere interactions in a Mediterranean ecosystem of Castelporziano (Rome): site characteristics, climatic and meteorological conditions, and eco-physiology of vegetation - Fares, S; Mereu, S; Scarascia Mugnozza, G; Vitale, M; Manes, F; Frattoni, M; Ciccioli, P; Gerosa, G; Loreto, F (Biogeosciences, 2009)
Biosphere-atmosphere interactions were investigated on a sandy dune Mediterranean ecosystem in a ﬁeld campaign held in 2007 within the frame of the European Projects ACCENT and VOCBAS. The campaign was carried out in the Presidential estate of Castelporziano, a periurban park close to Rome. Former campaigns (e.g. BEMA) performed in Castelporziano investigated the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC). These campaigns focused on pseudosteppe and evergreen oak groves whereas the contribution of the largely biodiverse dune vegetation, a prominent component of the Mediterranean ecosystem, was overlooked. While speciﬁc aspects of the campaign will be discussed in companion papers, the general climatic and physiological aspects are presented here, together with information regarding BVOC emission from the most common plant species of the dune ecosystem. During the campaign regular air movements were observed, dominated by moderate nocturnal land breeze and diurnal sea breeze. A regular daily increase of ozone concentration in the air was also observed, but daily peaks of ozone were lower than those measured in summer on the same site. The site was ideal as a natural photochemical reactor to observe reaction, transport and deposition processes occurring in the Mediterranean basin, since the sea-land breeze circulation allowed a strong mixing between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions and secondary pollutants. Measurements were run in May, when plant physiological conditions were optimal, in absence of severe drought and heat stress. Foliar rates of photosynthesis and transpiration were as high as generally recorded in unstressed Mediterranean sclerophyllous plants. Most of the plant species emitted high level of monoterpenes, despite measurements being made in a period in which emissions of volatile isoprenoids could be restrained by developmental and environmental factors, such as leaf age and relatively low air temperature. Emission of isoprene was generally low. Accounting for the high monoterpene spring emission of the dune ecosystem may be important to correct algorithms at regional and ecosystem levels, and to interpret measurements of ﬂuxes of volatile isoprenoids and secondary pollutants.
Keywords: BVOC emission; Castelporziano; Mediterranean ecosystem; stress (voyant); Water availability

Acorn crop size and pre-dispersal predation determine inter-specific differences in the recruitment of co-occurring oaks. - Espelta, Josep Maria; Cortes, P.; Molowny-Horas, R.; Retana, J. (Oecologia, 2009)
The contribution of pre-dispersal seed predation to inter-specific differences in recruitment remains elusive. In species with no resistance mechanisms, differences in pre-dispersal predation may arise from differences in seed abundance (plant satiation) or in the ability of seeds to survive insect infestation (seed satiation). This study aimed to analyse the impact of pre-dispersal acorn predation by weevils in two co-occurring Mediterranean oaks (Quercus ilex and Quercus humilis) and to compare its relevance with other processes involved in recruitment. We monitored the patterns of acorn production and acorn infestation by weevils and we conducted experimental tests of acorn germination after weevil infestation, post-dispersal predation and seedling establishment in mixed forests. Monitoring and experimental data were integrated in a simulation model to test for the effects of pre-dispersal predation in recruitment. In both oaks pre-dispersal acorn infestation decreased with increasing acorn crop size (plant satiation). This benefited Q. ilex which exhibited stronger masting behaviour than Q. humilis, with almost a single and outstanding reproductive event in 6 years. Acorn infestation was more than twice as high in Q. humilis (47.0%) as in Q. ilex (20.0%) irrespective of the number of seeds produced by each species. Although germination of infested acorns (seed satiation) was higher in Q. humilis (60%) than in Q. ilex (21%), this could barely mitigate the higher infestation rate in the former species, to reduce seed loss. Conversely to pre-dispersal predation, no inter-specific differences were observed either in post-dispersal predation or seedling establishment. Our results indicate that pre-dispersal predation may contribute to differences in seed supply, and ultimately in recruitment, between co-existing oaks. Moreover, they suggest that seed satiation can barely offset differences in seed infestation rates. This serves as a warning against overemphasising seed satiation as a mechanism to overcome seed predation by insects.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 19544074
Keywords: Animals; Feeding Behavior; Feeding Behavior: physiology; germination; Germination: physiology; Models, Biological; Quercus; Quercus: physiology; Seeds; Seeds: growth & development; Spain; Species Specificity; weevils; Weevils: physiology

Análise Espacial da Mortalidade do Sobreiro em S. Bartolomeu da Serra (Santiago do Cacém) - Costa, Augusta; Pereira, Helena; Madeira, Manuel (Congresso Florestal Nacional, 6º, Ponta Delgada, 2009 - A floresta num mundo globalizado, 2009)
Avaliou-se a distribuição espacial da mortalidade do sobreiro (Quercus suber L.) na área da freguesia de S. Bartolomeu da Serra (Santiago do Cacém), integrada numa região em que ela ocorre com elevada incidência, através de técnicas de detecção remota (SIG), e determinou-se a probabilidade de ocorrência de mortalidade através da aplicação de um modelo de regressão logística. Determinou-se um índice de mortalidade e identificaram-se as unidades fisiográficas com maior probabilidade de mortalidade em três sistemas agroflorestais distintos: floresta de sobreiro (florestas densas), montado de sobro tradicional (florestas abertas em sistemas dominantemente agrícolas, com culturas arvenses sob coberto) e incultos (florestas abertas em sistemas dominantemente incultos, com matos sob coberto). A mortalidade do sobreiro é significativamente diferente para os três tipos de sistemas agro-florestais. A mortalidade é influenciada por características físicas da paisagem como o solo, o declive e a exposição. Em solos pouco profundos ou em solos mais compactos, a mortalidade é mais frequente, mostrando a importância do desenvolvimento radicular em profundidade do sobreiro em regiões susceptíveis a extensos períodos de secura.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Congresso Florestal Nacional, 6º, Ponta Delgada, 2009 - A floresta num mundo globalizado
Keywords: declínio do montado de sobro; detecção remota; mortalidade do sobreiro; Quercus suber L.; regressão logística

Análise Espacial da Mortalidade do Sobreiro em S. Bartolomeu da Serra (Santiago do Cacém) - Costa, Augusta; Pereira, Helena; Madeira, Manuel (Congresso Florestal Nacional, 6º, Ponta Delgada, 2009 - A floresta num mundo globalizado, 2009)
Avaliou-se a distribuição espacial da mortalidade do sobreiro (Quercus suber L.) na área da freguesia de S. Bartolomeu da Serra (Santiago do Cacém), integrada numa região em que ela ocorre com elevada incidência, através de técnicas de detecção remota (SIG), e determinou-se a probabilidade de ocorrência de mortalidade através da aplicação de um modelo de regressão logística. Determinou-se um índice de mortalidade e identificaram-se as unidades fisiográficas com maior probabilidade de mortalidade em três sistemas agroflorestais distintos: floresta de sobreiro (florestas densas), montado de sobro tradicional (florestas abertas em sistemas dominantemente agrícolas, com culturas arvenses sob coberto) e incultos (florestas abertas em sistemas dominantemente incultos, com matos sob coberto). A mortalidade do sobreiro é significativamente diferente para os três tipos de sistemas agro-florestais. A mortalidade é influenciada por características físicas da paisagem como o solo, o declive e a exposição. Em solos pouco profundos ou em solos mais compactos, a mortalidade é mais frequente, mostrando a importância do desenvolvimento radicular em profundidade do sobreiro em regiões susceptíveis a extensos períodos de secura.
Keywords: declínio do montado de sobro; detecção remota; mortalidade do sobreiro; Quercus suber L.; regressão logística

Analyse of Distribution Areas in Turkey and Ecologic Characteristics of Maquis and Garriques Communities - Kaya, Baştürk (Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2009)
Turkey takes place in Holarctic flora regnum and is divided into 3 phytogeographical regions. The important part of these phytogeographical regions are in the Mediterranean flora region. The Mediterranean climate that is characterised with mild and rainy winters and hot and arid summers gave chance to a vegetation which has a sclerophyll character. Maquis and garriques plants, form important groups in this belt. Maquis is the natural vegetation formed by 1-2 meter height small trees or shrubs that do not lose leaves in winters and have leatherly leaves; and is intrinsic to the regions, in which Mediterranean climate takes over. Sometimes it can be formed by shrubs and small trees higher than 2 meters. The areas which are encased in this vegetation are called macquis shrubland. Macquis shrublands are secondary vegetations which are formed as results of forest fires or as results of human’s destructions of forests. Another vegetation which is thin, sclerophyll and shortened chameophyt plant association and is growth on the limestone bedrock and calcareous soil, takes part in Mediterranean region. This secondary plant association which settles the region after the destruction of maquis is called garriques. Another vegetation called pseudomaquis is seen in the regions under Mediterranean climate conditions, alongshore of Blacksea. Most of this plants that are in the form of shrubs consist of evergreen species. Some of these species that found a chance to grow in semi-arid humid climates, are seen in enclaves in the Mediterranean reigon. This plants are called pseudomaquis. From which species do these associations - that found opportunity to grow in Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara regions from place to place in Blacksea region - come from; distribution areas and growth conditions, form the aim of the research. The Turkish names of the species forming maquis, garriques and pseudomaquis are determined by dependance to the bedrock and the height steps main roads where they show their distribution. Maquis is a plant association which is naturally growth under the Mediterranean climate conditions. Maquis does not have the characteristic to form forest. The maquis which is settled on areas at where red pine (Pinus brutia) forest is destructed by the anthropogenic effects, is called secondary maquis. Quercus coccifera (cermes oak) forms the majority of maquis plants. The elements of maquis are consisted of evergreen plants which show vegetative growth almost during the whole year. Plants such as Calycotome villosa, Spartium junceum, Styrax officinalis, Paliurus spina-christi lose leaves in winters. Maquis plants can be defined as tall maquis and dwarf maquis by their physiognomies (appearance). Plants showing characters of shrub and whose heights are up to 4-5 meters such as Laurus nobilis, Arbutus andrachne, Myrtus communis, Juniperus oxycedrus, Colutea cilicica, Punica granatum, Arbutus unedo, Quercus ilex, Cercis siliquastrum, Phillyrea latifolia form the tall maquis. Plants whose heights are 1,5-2 meters such as Rosmarinus officinalis, Jasminum fruticans, Daphne sericea, Daphne gnidioides, Osyris alba, Ruscus aculeatus, Erica arborea are the dwarf maquis. Sclerophyll plant associations show climatic dynamism more than the properties of bedrock and soil. When climate characteristics of Mediterranean basis are analyised, the average of annual temperatures are about 12-18 °C. Approximately the half of precipitations fall between November-April. The precipitations falling between these months reach up to 1000 mm. The arid summer period, gave the chance for a vegetation type which is durable to the aridity to grow. The geological structure of Akdeniz phytogeographical region consists of volcanic, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. The most common rock groups are limestones formed on mesozoic and tertiary. Also, some rocks that are formed in various geological periods, such as, sandstone, gabbro, peridotite, schist, mica schist, gneiss, marl, basalt, andesite, dolorite, spilite and porphyrine can be seen. The high temperature conditions at the region caused reddish brown soils to be occured on these rock bottoms. These soils whose organic substance ammount is low, are generally basic characterised. Under these conditions, the area is stony, rocky and sfewer soiled. Maquis and garriques plants grow well in these environments, because of they form deep root systems. Soil desires of Maquis plants that are adapted to the Mediterranean climate type are various. In these; Mediterranean soils, reddish brown Mediterranean soils take important parts. Also it is possible to find rendzinas, alluvial soils and sandy-gravel soils. When the physical and chemical properties of these soils are analysed it is seen that they are the product of rock bottom. For this reason some parts of these soils show acid reaction while some parts show alkaline reaction. Although they show similar properties with regards to soil desires, maquis prefer low calcareous, garriques prefer calcareous soils. Although the rock bottom preference of maquis plants are mostly limestone, garriques preferences are in the forms of limestone with marn and schist. But, when the topic is considered generally, it is understood from the obtained data that these plants can spread on different bedrock. As the maquis plants can reach to inner regions under Mediterranean climate effect horizontally, they can reach up to 700- 800 meters at the Mediterranean shores, 400-600 meters at the Aegean shores and 300-400 meters at the Marmara shores. It is seen that some species can be at places higher than 1600 meters. As the garriques can be averagely up to 500-600 meters; some of it’s species can be found at the altitude steps between the beginning of shore and 1900 meters. Maquis plants are varied at the altitude steps below 1000 meters. Arbutus unedo, Cistus salviifolius, Euphorbia dendroides, Osyris alba, Pistacia lentiscus, Rosmarinus officinalis of maquis plants are seen at the altitude steps between 1-400 meters. Upwards from 200 meters species such as Quercus aucheri, Cerris siliquastrum, Fontenesia phillyreoides, Pinus halepensis, Punica granatum can reach up to altitude at 400 meters and heigher steps.As many maquis species participate to these species, floristic structure at the altitude between 700-800 meters steps gets richer. All these plants form maquis and garriques formation inside the calabrian pine forests. Species belonging to Fabaceace, Lamiaceae and Ericaceae families forms the majority of maquis association. Species of maquis plants such as Colutea melanocalyx Boiss.& Heldr. ssp. melanocalyx, Dorystoechas hastata Boiss. & Heldr. ex Bentham, Lavandula stoechas L. cariensis (Boiss.) Rozeria, Quercus auceri Jaub. et Spach. are endemic for Turkey.
Keywords: Garriques; Maquis; Turkey

Analysis of holm oak intraspecific competition using Gamma regression - Gea-Izquierdo, G; Cañellas, I (Forest Science, 2009)
Analysis of plant competition is a major issue in ecology and forestry, as it influences plant growth and plant-environment interactions. Competition is expected to be lower in the sparse tree stratum of open woodlands and agroforestry systems than in closed forests. We have analyzed competition in open woodlands of Quercus ilex in the Iberian Peninsula by studying a 10-year diameter growth increment from collected samples and from consecutive National Forest Inventories. Density was the competition index selected in all models, outperforming more complex distance-dependent indices. The models showed that competition is playing a role in growth but that the covariate most correlated with growth is age or dbh as a surrogate of age. Therefore, below-ground competition is likely to be limiting tree growth, but below-ground competition is lower in open woodlands compared with that in denser forests and thus potential growth (which is strongly linked to age) is almost expressed. Model behavior was improved when data were fitted directly using generalized linear models, which do not require transforming of the dependent variable. Our results showed that modeling growth with the gamma probability distribution resulted in better models compared with Gaussian linear models. Gamma regression offers a great potential for many forestry applications.
Keywords: Dehesa; diameter increment growth; generalized linear model; Quercus ilex

Analysis of holm oak intraspecific competition using Gamma regression - Gea-Izquierdo, G.; Cañellas, I. (Forest Science, 2009)
Analysis of plant competition is a major issue in ecology and forestry, as it influences plant growth and plant-environment interactions. Competition is expected to be lower in the sparse tree stratum of open woodlands and agroforestry systems than in closed forests. We have analyzed competition in open woodlands of Quercus ilex in the Iberian Peninsula by studying a 10-year diameter growth increment from collected samples and from consecutive National Forest Inventories. Density was the competition index selected in all models, outperforming more complex distance-dependent indices. The models showed that competition is playing a role in growth but that the covariate most correlated with growth is age or dbh as a surrogate of age. Therefore, below-ground competition is likely to be limiting tree growth, but below-ground competition is lower in open woodlands compared with that in denser forests and thus potential growth (which is strongly linked to age) is almost expressed. Model behavior was improved when data were fitted directly using generalized linear models, which do not require transforming of the dependent variable. Our results showed that modeling growth with the gamma probability distribution resulted in better models compared with Gaussian linear models. Gamma regression offers a great potential for many forestry applications.
Keywords: Dehesa; diameter increment growth; generalized linear model; Quercus ilex

Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Quercus suber L. - Fernandes, Ana; Fernandes, Iva; Cruz, Luís Luís; Mateus, Nuno; Cabral, Miguel; de Freitas, Victor (Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2009)
Phenolic compounds, namely, hydrolyzable tannins and low molecular weight phenolic compounds, were isolated and purified from Portuguese cork from Quercus suber L. Some of these compounds were studied to evaluate their antioxidant activity, including free-radical scavenging capacity (DPPH method) and reducing capacity (FRAP method). All compounds tested showed significant antioxidant activity, namely, antiradical and reducing properties. The antiradical capacity seemed to increase with the presence of galloyl groups. Regarding the reducing capacity, this structure-activity relationship was not so clear. These compounds were also studied to evaluate the growth inhibitory effect on the estrogen responsive human breast cancer cell line (ERþ) MCF-7 and two other colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2 and HT-29). Generally, all the compounds tested exhibited, after a continuous exposure during a 48 h period, a dose-dependent growth inhibitory effect. Relative inhibitory activity was primarily related to the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups (galloyl and HHDP moieties) found in the active structures, with more groups generally conferring increased effects, except for HHDP-di-galloyl-glucose. Mongolicain B showed a greater potential to inhibit the growth of the three cell lines tested, identical to the effect observed with castalagin. Since these compounds are structurally related with each other, this activity might be based within the C-glycosidic ellagitannin moiety.
From Duplicate 2 (Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Quercus suber L. - Fernandes, Ana; Fernandes, Iva; Cruz, Luís; Mateus, Nuno; Cabral, Miguel; de Freitas, Victor)
Keywords: antioxidants; Antioxidants: chemistry; Antioxidants: isolation & purification; Antioxidants: pharmacology; Antitumor activity; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Cell Proliferation: drug effects; Cork; Humans; Hydrolyzable Tannins; Hydrolyzable Tannins: chemistry; Hydrolyzable Tannins: isolation & purification; Hydrolyzable Tannins: pharmacology; phenolic compounds; Plant Extracts; Plant Extracts: chemistry; Plant Extracts: isolation & purification; Plant Extracts: pharmacology; Quercus; Quercus suber L.; Quercus: chemistry; Tumor

Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Quercus suber L. - Fernandes, Ana; Fernandes, Iva; Cruz, Luís Luís; Mateus, Nuno; Cabral, Miguel; de Freitas, Victor (Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2009)
Phenolic compounds, namely, hydrolyzable tannins and low molecular weight phenolic compounds, were isolated and purified from Portuguese cork from Quercus suber L. Some of these compounds were studied to evaluate their antioxidant activity, including free-radical scavenging capacity (DPPH method) and reducing capacity (FRAP method). All compounds tested showed significant antioxidant activity, namely, antiradical and reducing properties. The antiradical capacity seemed to increase with the presence of galloyl groups. Regarding the reducing capacity, this structure-activity relationship was not so clear. These compounds were also studied to evaluate the growth inhibitory effect on the estrogen responsive human breast cancer cell line (ERþ) MCF-7 and two other colon cancer cell lines (Caco-2 and HT-29). Generally, all the compounds tested exhibited, after a continuous exposure during a 48 h period, a dose-dependent growth inhibitory effect. Relative inhibitory activity was primarily related to the number of phenolic hydroxyl groups (galloyl and HHDP moieties) found in the active structures, with more groups generally conferring increased effects, except for HHDP-di-galloyl-glucose. Mongolicain B showed a greater potential to inhibit the growth of the three cell lines tested, identical to the effect observed with castalagin. Since these compounds are structurally related with each other, this activity might be based within the C-glycosidic ellagitannin moiety.
From Duplicate 2 (Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Quercus suber L. - Fernandes, Ana; Fernandes, Iva; Cruz, Luís; Mateus, Nuno; Cabral, Miguel; de Freitas, Victor)From Duplicate 2 (Antioxidant and Biological Properties of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Quercus suber L. - Fernandes, Ana; Fernandes, Iva; Cruz, Luís; Mateus, Nuno; Cabral, Miguel; de Freitas, Victor)The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: American Chemical Society accession-num: 19888728
Keywords: antioxidants; Antioxidants: chemistry; Antioxidants: isolation & purification; Antioxidants: pharmacology; Antitumor activity; Cell Line; Cell Proliferation; Cell Proliferation: drug effects; Cork; Humans; Hydrolyzable Tannins; Hydrolyzable Tannins: chemistry; Hydrolyzable Tannins: isolation & purification; Hydrolyzable Tannins: pharmacology; phenolic compounds; Plant Extracts; Plant Extracts: chemistry; Plant Extracts: isolation & purification; Plant Extracts: pharmacology; Quercus; Quercus suber L.; Quercus: chemistry; Tumor

Aporte hídrico adicional al suelo derivado del uso de tubos protectores - CEACERO RUIZ, C. J.; DÍAZ HERNÁNDEZ, J. L.; NAVARRO CERRILLO, R. M. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Son numerosos los estudios que, en el ámbito de las repoblaciones forestales mediterráneas, investigan la influencia que los tubos protectores ejercen en las plantas a través de las condiciones microclimáticas que se generan en el interior del mismo. Sin embargo, son menos frecuentes los trabajos que estudian el efecto que ejercen en posibles aportes hídricos adicionales para la planta, bien por condensación de la humedad ambiental en sus paredes, bien por intercepción del agua de lluvia. En este trabajo se analiza la respuesta diferencial del contenido hídrico del suelo asociado a la presencia o no de tubo invernadero en dos periodos anuales diferentes: periodo seco y periodo de recarga hídrica del suelo. El análisis del contenido de agua de diferentes horizontes del suelo durante ambos períodos mostró que en determinados tratamientos de conservación del suelo, el tubo modificó el contenido de agua del mismo.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: agua en el suelo; perfil hídrico; Quercus ilex; repoblaciones; sonda de neutrones

Aporte hídrico adicional al suelo derivado del uso de tubos protectores - CEACERO RUIZ, C J; DÍAZ HERNÁNDEZ, J L; NAVARRO CERRILLO, R M (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Son numerosos los estudios que, en el ámbito de las repoblaciones forestales mediterráneas, investigan la influencia que los tubos protectores ejercen en las plantas a través de las condiciones microclimáticas que se generan en el interior del mismo. Sin embargo, son menos frecuentes los trabajos que estudian el efecto que ejercen en posibles aportes hídricos adicionales para la planta, bien por condensación de la humedad ambiental en sus paredes, bien por intercepción del agua de lluvia. En este trabajo se analiza la respuesta diferencial del contenido hídrico del suelo asociado a la presencia o no de tubo invernadero en dos periodos anuales diferentes: periodo seco y periodo de recarga hídrica del suelo. El análisis del contenido de agua de diferentes horizontes del suelo durante ambos períodos mostró que en determinados tratamientos de conservación del suelo, el tubo modificó el contenido de agua del mismo.
Keywords: agua en el suelo; perfil hídrico; Quercus ilex; repoblaciones; sonda de neutrones

Application of indicator kriging to the complementary use of bioindicators at three trophic levels. - Figueira, Rui; Tavares, Paula C; Palma, Luís; Beja, Pedro; Sérgio, Cecília (Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), 2009)
The use of biological indicators is widespread in environmental monitoring, although it has long been recognised that each bioindicator is generally associated with a range of potential limitations and shortcomings. To circumvent this problem, this study adopted the complementary use of bioindicators representing different trophic levels and providing different type of information, in an innovative approach to integrate knowledge and to estimate the overall health state of ecosystems. The approach is illustrated using mercury contamination in primary producers (mosses), primary consumers (domestic pigeons and red-legged partridges) and top predators (Bonelli's eagles) in southern Portugal. Indicator kriging geostatistics was used to identify the areas where mercury concentration was higher than the median for each species, and to produce an index that combines mercury contamination across trophic levels. Spatial patterns of mercury contamination were consistent across species. The combined index provided a new level of information useful in incorporating measures of overall environmental contamination into pollution studies.
Keywords: Animals; Bioindicators; birds; Birds: metabolism; Bryophyta; Bryophyta: chemistry; Bryophyta: metabolism; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation; Environmental Monitoring: methods; Environmental Monitoring: statistics & numerical d; Environmental Pollutants; Environmental Pollutants: analysis; Environmental Pollutants: metabolism; Feathers; Feathers: chemistry; Feathers: metabolism; Indicator kriging; Indices; Mercury; Mercury: analysis; Mercury: metabolism; Models; Mosses; Portugal; Statistical

Application of indicator kriging to the complementary use of bioindicators at three trophic levels. - Figueira, Rui; Tavares, Paula C.; Palma, Luís; Beja, Pedro; Sérgio, Cecília (Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), 2009)
The use of biological indicators is widespread in environmental monitoring, although it has long been recognised that each bioindicator is generally associated with a range of potential limitations and shortcomings. To circumvent this problem, this study adopted the complementary use of bioindicators representing different trophic levels and providing different type of information, in an innovative approach to integrate knowledge and to estimate the overall health state of ecosystems. The approach is illustrated using mercury contamination in primary producers (mosses), primary consumers (domestic pigeons and red-legged partridges) and top predators (Bonelli's eagles) in southern Portugal. Indicator kriging geostatistics was used to identify the areas where mercury concentration was higher than the median for each species, and to produce an index that combines mercury contamination across trophic levels. Spatial patterns of mercury contamination were consistent across species. The combined index provided a new level of information useful in incorporating measures of overall environmental contamination into pollution studies.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 19477568
Keywords: Animals; Bioindicators; birds; Birds: metabolism; Bryophyta; Bryophyta: chemistry; Bryophyta: metabolism; Ecosystem; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Monitoring: instrumentation; Environmental Monitoring: methods; Environmental Monitoring: statistics & numerical d; Environmental Pollutants; Environmental Pollutants: analysis; Environmental Pollutants: metabolism; Feathers; Feathers: chemistry; Feathers: metabolism; Indicator kriging; Indices; Mercury; Mercury: analysis; Mercury: metabolism; Models; Mosses; Portugal; Statistical

An approach to cork oak forest management planning: a case study in southwestern Portugal - Costa, a; Oliveira, A C; Vidas, F; Borges, J G (European Journal of Forest Research, 2009)
This paper presents results of research aiming at the development of tools that may enhance cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forest management planning. Speciﬁ- cally, it proposes an hierarchical approach that encompasses the spatial classiﬁcation of a cork oak forest and the temporal scheduling of cork harvests. The use of both geographical information systems and operations research techniques is addressed. Emphasis is on the achievement of cork even ﬂow objectives. Results from an application to a case study in the Charneca Plioce´nica of Ribatejo in southern Portugal encompassing a cork oak forest extending over 4.8 thousand ha are discussed. They suggest that the proposed approach is capable of effective spatial classiﬁcation of cork oak management units. They further suggest that it may be used to select optimal cork even ﬂow scheduling strategies. Results also show that the proposed approach may lead to a substantial increase in net present value when compared to traditional approaches to cork oak forest management planning.
Keywords: cork harvesting; Cork oak forest management; Harvest scheduling; Linear programming; Quercus suber L.

An approach to cork oak forest management planning: a case study in southwestern Portugal - Costa, a; Oliveira, A C; Vidas, F; Borges, J G (European Journal of Forest Research, 2009)
This paper presents results of research aiming at the development of tools that may enhance cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forest management planning. Speciﬁ- cally, it proposes an hierarchical approach that encompasses the spatial classiﬁcation of a cork oak forest and the temporal scheduling of cork harvests. The use of both geographical information systems and operations research techniques is addressed. Emphasis is on the achievement of cork even ﬂow objectives. Results from an application to a case study in the Charneca Plioce´nica of Ribatejo in southern Portugal encompassing a cork oak forest extending over 4.8 thousand ha are discussed. They suggest that the proposed approach is capable of effective spatial classiﬁcation of cork oak management units. They further suggest that it may be used to select optimal cork even ﬂow scheduling strategies. Results also show that the proposed approach may lead to a substantial increase in net present value when compared to traditional approaches to cork oak forest management planning.
Keywords: cork harvesting; Cork oak forest management; Harvest scheduling; Linear programming; Quercus suber L.

An approach to cork oak forest management planning: a case study in southwestern Portugal - Costa, A.; Oliveira, A. C.; Vidas, F.; Borges, J. G. (European Journal of Forest Research, 2009)
This paper presents results of research aiming at the development of tools that may enhance cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forest management planning. Speciﬁ- cally, it proposes an hierarchical approach that encompasses the spatial classiﬁcation of a cork oak forest and the temporal scheduling of cork harvests. The use of both geographical information systems and operations research techniques is addressed. Emphasis is on the achievement of cork even ﬂow objectives. Results from an application to a case study in the Charneca Plioce´nica of Ribatejo in southern Portugal encompassing a cork oak forest extending over 4.8 thousand ha are discussed. They suggest that the proposed approach is capable of effective spatial classiﬁcation of cork oak management units. They further suggest that it may be used to select optimal cork even ﬂow scheduling strategies. Results also show that the proposed approach may lead to a substantial increase in net present value when compared to traditional approaches to cork oak forest management planning.
Keywords: cork harvesting; Cork oak forest management; Harvest scheduling; Linear programming; Quercus suber L.

Are Oaks Locally Adapted to Serpentine Soils? - Branco, Sara (Northeastern Naturalist, 2009)
Serpentine soils are extreme habitats known to be involved in processes of local adaptation and speciation of plants. Here I use a greenhouse reciprocal-transplant experiment to compile baseline data for describing patterns of serpentine local adaptation in Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Holm Oak). I also tested the role of mycorrhizal fungi on the establishment and growth of seedlings on serpentine and non-serpentine soil. Non-serpentine seedlings grew more than serpentine seedlings in all treatments. Plants grew more on non-serpentine soil and mycorrhizal fungi positively influenced seedling growth. I did not find evidence of better seedling performance in their home environment, suggesting the absence of local adaptation. However, I document significant growth differences between serpentine and non-serpentine seedlings, which suggest physiological differences between seedlings from these two soil origins.
doi: 10.1656/045.016.0524
Keywords: Mycorrhizal fungi; seedling growth (PG); serpentine

Are Oaks Locally Adapted to Serpentine Soils? - Branco, Sara (Northeastern Naturalist, 2009)
Serpentine soils are extreme habitats known to be involved in processes of local adaptation and speciation of plants. Here I use a greenhouse reciprocal-transplant experiment to compile baseline data for describing patterns of serpentine local adaptation in Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Holm Oak). I also tested the role of mycorrhizal fungi on the establishment and growth of seedlings on serpentine and non-serpentine soil. Non-serpentine seedlings grew more than serpentine seedlings in all treatments. Plants grew more on non-serpentine soil and mycorrhizal fungi positively influenced seedling growth. I did not find evidence of better seedling performance in their home environment, suggesting the absence of local adaptation. However, I document significant growth differences between serpentine and non-serpentine seedlings, which suggest physiological differences between seedlings from these two soil origins.
doi: 10.1656/045.016.0524doi: 10.1656/045.016.0524The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Eagle Hill Institute
Keywords: Mycorrhizal fungi; seedling growth (PG); serpentine

Are pine plantations valid tools for restoring Mediterranean forests? An assessment along abiotic and biotic gradients - Gómez-Aparicio, LORENA; Zavala, MIGUEL a; Bonet, Francisco J; Zamora, Regino (ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS, 2009)
The ecological impacts of forest plantations are a focus of intense debate, from studies that consider plantations as ``biological deserts{''} to studies showing positive effects on plant diversity and dynamics. This lack of consensus might be influenced by the scarcity of studies that examine how the ecological characteristics of plantations vary along abiotic and biotic gradients. Here we conducted a large-scale assessment of plant regeneration and diversity in plantations of southern Spain. Tree seedling and sapling density, plant species richness, and Shannon's (H') diversity index were analyzed in 442 pine plantation plots covering a wide gradient of climatic conditions, stand density, and distance to natural forests that act as seed sources. Pronounced variation in regeneration and diversity was found in plantation understories along the gradients explored. Low-to mid-altitude plantations showed a diverse and abundant seedling bank dominated by Quercus ilex, whereas high-altitude plantations showed a virtually monospecific seeding bank of Pinus sylvestris. Regeneration was null in plantations with stand densities exceeding 1500 pines/ha. Moderate plantation densities (500-1000 pines/ha) promoted recruitment in comparison to low or null canopy cover, suggesting the existence of facilitative interactions. Quercus ilex recruitment diminished exponentially with distance to the nearest Q. ilex forest. Richness and H' index values showed a hump-shaped distribution along the altitudinal and radiation gradients and decreased monotonically along the stand density gradient. From a management perspective, different strategies will be necessary depending on where a plantation lies along the gradients explored. Active management will be required in high-density plantations with arrested succession and low diversity. Thinning could redirect plantations toward more natural densities where facilitation predominates. Passive management might be recommended for low-to moderate-density plantations with active successional dynamics (e. g., toward oak or pine-oak forests at low to mid altitudes). Enrichment planting will be required to overcome seed limitation, especially in plantations far from natural forests. We conclude that plantations should be perceived as dynamic systems where successional trajectories and diversity levels are determined by abiotic constraints, complex balances of competitive and facilitative interactions, the spatial configuration of native seed sources, and species life-history traits.
Keywords: competition; environmental gradients; Facilitation; management strategy; Mediterranean forests; pine plantations; Regeneration; seed dispersal; species diversity; stand density

Are pine plantations valid tools for restoring Mediterranean forests? An assessment along abiotic and biotic gradients - Gómez-Aparicio, LORENA; Zavala, Miguel A.; Bonet, Francisco J.; Zamora, Regino (ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS, 2009)
The ecological impacts of forest plantations are a focus of intense debate, from studies that consider plantations as ``biological deserts{''} to studies showing positive effects on plant diversity and dynamics. This lack of consensus might be influenced by the scarcity of studies that examine how the ecological characteristics of plantations vary along abiotic and biotic gradients. Here we conducted a large-scale assessment of plant regeneration and diversity in plantations of southern Spain. Tree seedling and sapling density, plant species richness, and Shannon's (H') diversity index were analyzed in 442 pine plantation plots covering a wide gradient of climatic conditions, stand density, and distance to natural forests that act as seed sources. Pronounced variation in regeneration and diversity was found in plantation understories along the gradients explored. Low-to mid-altitude plantations showed a diverse and abundant seedling bank dominated by Quercus ilex, whereas high-altitude plantations showed a virtually monospecific seeding bank of Pinus sylvestris. Regeneration was null in plantations with stand densities exceeding 1500 pines/ha. Moderate plantation densities (500-1000 pines/ha) promoted recruitment in comparison to low or null canopy cover, suggesting the existence of facilitative interactions. Quercus ilex recruitment diminished exponentially with distance to the nearest Q. ilex forest. Richness and H' index values showed a hump-shaped distribution along the altitudinal and radiation gradients and decreased monotonically along the stand density gradient. From a management perspective, different strategies will be necessary depending on where a plantation lies along the gradients explored. Active management will be required in high-density plantations with arrested succession and low diversity. Thinning could redirect plantations toward more natural densities where facilitation predominates. Passive management might be recommended for low-to moderate-density plantations with active successional dynamics (e. g., toward oak or pine-oak forests at low to mid altitudes). Enrichment planting will be required to overcome seed limitation, especially in plantations far from natural forests. We conclude that plantations should be perceived as dynamic systems where successional trajectories and diversity levels are determined by abiotic constraints, complex balances of competitive and facilitative interactions, the spatial configuration of native seed sources, and species life-history traits.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA publisher: ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER
Keywords: competition; environmental gradients; Facilitation; management strategy; Mediterranean forests; pine plantations; Regeneration; seed dispersal; species diversity; stand density

Asociación espacial de especies leñosas dominantes a lo largo de gradientes ambientales: estudio de la regeneración de un bosque mediterráneo continental - Granda, Elena; Valladares, Fernando; Escudero, Adrián; de la Cruz, Marcelino; Gimeno, Teresa E; Matesanz, Silvia; Pías, Beatriz; López, David (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Los fenómenos de competencia y facilitación entre plantas presentan importantes variaciones según la etapa de vida y fisiología de las especies que interactúan, dependiendo además del estrés abiótico e interacciones indirectas. Dada la importancia del análisis espacial en el entendimiento de la estructura y funcionamiento de los ecosistemas, hemos llevado a cabo un estudio descriptivo en localidades contrastadas de bosque mediterráneo continental en el Parque Natural del Alto Tajo (Guadalajara). Se ha registrado el clima de cada localidad y los patrones espaciales de individuos de las cuatro especies dominantes (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota, Quercus faginea, Pinus nigra subsp. salzmannii y Juniperus thurifera). Los propósitos son: determinar patrones de agregación, repulsión o distribución al azar; establecer si dicha distribución está relacionada espacialmente con las características de cada localidad e identificar si los patrones muestran diferencias entre especies. Los resultados indican grandes diferencias entre las cuatro especies. Encontramos que en conjunto, la frecuencia de juveniles era mayor bajo la protección de otros individuos, existiendo diferencias según las especies beneficiarias y benefactoras, y tipo de bosque considerado. Las explicaciones varían desde la facilitación mediada por la mejora en las condiciones microclimáticas hasta una interacción positiva debida al efecto percha o protección frente a los herbívoros. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados para la regeneración natural.
Keywords: Interacciones; Juniperus thurifera L.; Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold subsp. salzmannii (Dunal) F; Quercus faginea Lam.; Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf) Samp.; reclutamiento

Assessing the resilience of Mediterranean holm oaks to disturbances using selective thinning - López, Bernat C.; Gracia, Carlos a; SABATE, Santiago; KEENAN, Trevor (Acta Oecologica, 2009)
Climate change will increase the frequency and the intensity of droughts in the Mediterranean region, likely reducing growth and increasing mortality of holm oaks (Quercus ilex), one of the most abundant species of Mediterranean forests. In water-limited systems such as those of the Mediterranean, carbon allocation patterns strongly favour belowground accumulation, especially in large subterranean structures called lignotubers. The resilience of these forests depends largely on the replenishment rate of these carbon reserves after disturbances. An experimental thinning, with two intensities (removal of 40% and 80% of basal area), was performed in 1992 in a holm oak forest at the Prades Experimental Complex of Catchments (NE Spain). In 2002, a second thinning was carried out in subplots within the former experimental 0.5 ha plots. Samples from the lignotubers of holm oak trees were analyzed for starch, and both mobile and immobile chemical components, in order to assess the resilience of holm oaks to repeated disturbances. Our results show that after 10 years, starch stocks in the lignotubers have only recovered to half their former values. Removing 40% of the basal area instead of 80% is suggested to be the better managing option for this kind of forests.
Keywords: mediterranean forest; NIRS; Quercus ilex; resilience; resprouting; starch; thinning

Assessing the resilience of Mediterranean holm oaks to disturbances using selective thinning - López, Bernat C; Gracia, Carlos a.; SABATE, Santiago; KEENAN, Trevor (Acta Oecologica, 2009)
Climate change will increase the frequency and the intensity of droughts in the Mediterranean region, likely reducing growth and increasing mortality of holm oaks (Quercus ilex), one of the most abundant species of Mediterranean forests. In water-limited systems such as those of the Mediterranean, carbon allocation patterns strongly favour belowground accumulation, especially in large subterranean structures called lignotubers. The resilience of these forests depends largely on the replenishment rate of these carbon reserves after disturbances. An experimental thinning, with two intensities (removal of 40% and 80% of basal area), was performed in 1992 in a holm oak forest at the Prades Experimental Complex of Catchments (NE Spain). In 2002, a second thinning was carried out in subplots within the former experimental 0.5 ha plots. Samples from the lignotubers of holm oak trees were analyzed for starch, and both mobile and immobile chemical components, in order to assess the resilience of holm oaks to repeated disturbances. Our results show that after 10 years, starch stocks in the lignotubers have only recovered to half their former values. Removing 40% of the basal area instead of 80% is suggested to be the better managing option for this kind of forests.
Keywords: mediterranean forest; NIRS; Quercus ilex; resilience; resprouting; starch; thinning

Assessing the technical efficiency of extensive livestock farming systems in Extremadura, Spain - Gaspar, P.; Mesías, F. J.; Escribano, M.; Pulido, F. (Livestock Science, 2009)
The technical efficiencies of a sample of extensive dehesa farms were analyzed using a nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. This technique creates efficiency indices by comparing the performance of each farm with the best production practices observed, which define the efficiency or production frontier. The influence of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies (taken as an output) on the farms' efficiency was determined. The measurement of the efficiency has taken place from inputs per hectare thus allowing to make a different interpretation from the scale efficiency that, instead of referring to the dimension of the farm, is referred to the intensification. Thanks to the input-oriented analysis it can be established that the farms could maintain similar production levels by introducing a 30% reduction of their inputs (e.g. with breeds better adapted to the environment, a better use of the own produced pastures to reduce the amount of feedstuff to be bought, reductions in manpower…). Those highly intensified dehesas have shown decreasing inefficiencies of scale, whereas the least intensified have shown increasing inefficiencies. With a second stage analysis, different types of farms were identified as corresponding to greater or lesser efficiencies. It has been identified that the group of farms with high stocking rates have the greatest efficiencies indices. With respect to the livestock orientation, the farms with a livestock mix including pig were the most efficient. Modifications in the stocking rate, allowing an adequate use of the natural resources available, can be a solution to improve the efficiency of dehesa farms. In addition mixed livestock farming is another useful tool towards achieving increased efficiency, and a reduced dependence on subsidies.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Keywords: Data envelopment analysis; Dehesa; Extensive livestock farming; Technical efficiency

Assessing the technical efficiency of extensive livestock farming systems in Extremadura, Spain - Gaspar, P; Mesías, F J; Escribano, M; Pulido, F (Livestock Science, 2009)
The technical efficiencies of a sample of extensive dehesa farms were analyzed using a nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. This technique creates efficiency indices by comparing the performance of each farm with the best production practices observed, which define the efficiency or production frontier. The influence of the European Union's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) subsidies (taken as an output) on the farms' efficiency was determined. The measurement of the efficiency has taken place from inputs per hectare thus allowing to make a different interpretation from the scale efficiency that, instead of referring to the dimension of the farm, is referred to the intensification. Thanks to the input-oriented analysis it can be established that the farms could maintain similar production levels by introducing a 30% reduction of their inputs (e.g. with breeds better adapted to the environment, a better use of the own produced pastures to reduce the amount of feedstuff to be bought, reductions in manpower…). Those highly intensified dehesas have shown decreasing inefficiencies of scale, whereas the least intensified have shown increasing inefficiencies. With a second stage analysis, different types of farms were identified as corresponding to greater or lesser efficiencies. It has been identified that the group of farms with high stocking rates have the greatest efficiencies indices. With respect to the livestock orientation, the farms with a livestock mix including pig were the most efficient. Modifications in the stocking rate, allowing an adequate use of the natural resources available, can be a solution to improve the efficiency of dehesa farms. In addition mixed livestock farming is another useful tool towards achieving increased efficiency, and a reduced dependence on subsidies.
Keywords: Data envelopment analysis; Dehesa; Extensive livestock farming; Technical efficiency

Assessment of the sustainability in dehesa farms according to size and livestock prevalence - Gaspar García, P.; Mesias Diaz, F. J.; Escribano Sanchez, M.; Pulido Garcia, F. (ITEA-INFORMACION TECNICA ECONOMICA AGRARIA, 2009)
Assessment of the sustainability in dehesa farms according to size and livestock prevalence This paper presents an evaluation of the sustainability of the dehesa livestock systems located in Extremadura (SW Spain). We apply a methodological adaptation of the framework known as MESMIS (Framework for the Evaluation of Management Systems incorporating Sustainability Index). This method is based on the valuation of basic attributes of sustainability using indicators and indices that allow simultaneous and comparative analyses of farms based on their size and productive orientation. A global value of sustainability for each typology present in dehesa is obtained from a fundamentally technical-economic perspective, taking into account some environmental and social aspects. The dimension of the operation influences the capacity of adaptation of operations, with bigger farms showing better adaptability. The smaller farms compensate their management by improving productivity levels. We also observe that the presence of Iberian pig improves the sustainability index of the operations.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: AVDA MONTANANA 930, APARTADO 727, ZARAGOZA, 50080, SPAIN publisher: ASOCIACION INTERPROFESIONAL DESARROLLO AGARIO
Keywords: Dehesa; extensive livestock; farm management; Sustainability indicators

Assessment of the sustainability in dehesa farms according to size and livestock prevalence - Gaspar Garcia, P; Mesias Diaz, F J; Escribano Sanchez, M; Pulido Garcia, F (ITEA-INFORMACION TECNICA ECONOMICA AGRARIA, 2009)
Assessment of the sustainability in dehesa farms according to size and livestock prevalence This paper presents an evaluation of the sustainability of the dehesa livestock systems located in Extremadura (SW Spain). We apply a methodological adaptation of the framework known as MESMIS (Framework for the Evaluation of Management Systems incorporating Sustainability Index). This method is based on the valuation of basic attributes of sustainability using indicators and indices that allow simultaneous and comparative analyses of farms based on their size and productive orientation. A global value of sustainability for each typology present in dehesa is obtained from a fundamentally technical-economic perspective, taking into account some environmental and social aspects. The dimension of the operation influences the capacity of adaptation of operations, with bigger farms showing better adaptability. The smaller farms compensate their management by improving productivity levels. We also observe that the presence of Iberian pig improves the sustainability index of the operations.
Keywords: Dehesa; extensive livestock; farm management; Sustainability indicators

Avaliação da competitividade da agricultura do Alentejo no âmbito do ecossistema montado - Fragoso, Rui; Lucas, Raquel (Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural, 2009)
This paper makes a socio-economic evaluation of the “Montado” ecosystem in Alentejo. It is study the viability of the agricultural systems and the effects of agricultural policy in their competitiveness and sustainability. It is used a Policy Analysis Matrix to evaluate the agricultural systems competitiveness and their economic efficiency. The agricultural systems are classified concerning their contribution for the economic growth, in function of income levels and policy effects.
Keywords: Alentejo; common agricultural policy; competitiveness; Policy Analysis Matrix; “Montado”

Avaliação da competitividade da agricultura do Alentejo no âmbito do ecossistema montado - Fragoso, Rui; Lucas, Raquel (Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural, 2009)
This paper makes a socio-economic evaluation of the “Montado” ecosystem in Alentejo. It is study the viability of the agricultural systems and the effects of agricultural policy in their competitiveness and sustainability. It is used a Policy Analysis Matrix to evaluate the agricultural systems competitiveness and their economic efficiency. The agricultural systems are classified concerning their contribution for the economic growth, in function of income levels and policy effects.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: scielo
Keywords: Alentejo; common agricultural policy; competitiveness; Policy Analysis Matrix; “Montado”

Biogenic volatile organic compounds in the Earth system - Laothawornkitkul, Jullada; Taylor, Jane E; Paul, Nigel D; Hewitt, C Nicholas (New Phytologist, 2009)
Contents * Summary 27 * I. Introduction 27 * II. Regulation of BVOC emission 30 * III. Roles of BVOCs in the Earth system 32 * IV. BVOCs in a changing global environment 36 * V. Synthesis 44 * Acknowledgements 44 * References 44 Summary Biogenic volatile organic compounds produced by plants are involved in plant growth, development, reproduction and defence. They also function as communication media within plant communities, between plants and between plants and insects. Because of the high chemical reactivity of many of these compounds, coupled with their large mass emission rates from vegetation into the atmosphere, they have significant effects on the chemical composition and physical characteristics of the atmosphere. Hence, biogenic volatile organic compounds mediate the relationship between the biosphere and the atmosphere. Alteration of this relationship by anthropogenically driven changes to the environment, including global climate change, may perturb these interactions and may lead to adverse and hard-to-predict consequences for the Earth system.
Keywords: atmospheric chemistry; biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs); climate change; Global warming; plant defence; plant volatiles; tritrophic interaction

CALCIUM OXALATE CRYSTALS IN LEAVES OF QUERCUS CERRIS L. AND Q-ILEX L. - Kaplan, Hatice Coelgecen Ayse; Buyukkartal, H Nurhan (BANGLADESH JOURNAL OF BOTANY, 2009)
Leaves of Quercus cerris L. were collected from Zonguldak, Devrek and those of Q. ilex L. samples were collected from Zonguldak, Eregli, Turkey. The leaf sections were subjected to histochemical analysis and brown-black stained calcium oxalate crystals were identified. The organic contents in the leaves were completely cleaned for polarizing microscope investigation. Calcium oxalate crystals were found to be druz and prismatic in Q. cerris and Q. ilex species. While druz crystals were localized in mesophyll, prismatic ones were localized around the leaf vessels. The amount of calcium oxalate crystals per mm(2) was determined in permanent preparations.
Keywords: Calcium oxalate crystals; leaf anatomy; Quercus

Caracterización ecológica y selvícola de la población marginal de alcornoque (Quercus suber L.) de los Montes Obarenes (Burgos) - CÓZAR CASTAÑEDA, A.; AVILÉS RODRIGÁLVAREZ, C.; GARCÍA COLINAS, C.; GARCÍA BLANCO, C.; ALLUÉ CAMACHO, C. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
En el corazón del Parque Natural “Montes Obarenes – San Zadornil”, bisagra estructural que enlaza la Cordillera Cantábrica con los Pirineos, se encuentra una muestra valiosa y representativa de vegetación de transición atlántico-mediterránea de enorme diversidad y originalidad botánica excepcional. El pequeño alcornocal (Quercus suber L.) de la localidad burgalesa de Bozoó es por su contexto ambiental, por su aislamiento geográfico respecto de otras poblaciones y por su reducido tamaño, una población atípica, dudándo incluso de su carácter natural. Con el objeto de articular una gestión eficaz orientada a la conservación del alcornocal, actualmente en una situación crítica respecto a su pervivencia, se procedió al estudio y caracterización tanto de sus individuos como de su hábitat. En esta comunicación se recogen los parámetros básicos que describen y caracterizan la población (número total de individuos, densidad, distribución espacial, regeneración o estado sanitario) en relación con parámetros de estación (orientación, altitud, pendiente o naturaleza del sustrato), a partir de un muestreo en campo apoyado en una delimitación previa de unidades homogéneas de vegetación. Con los resultados del estudio se contribuye a incrementar el conocimiento de la autoecología de la especie.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: aislamiento; Alcornoque; autoecología; estación; montes obarenes

Caracterización ecológica y selvícola de la población marginal de alcornoque (Quercus suber L.) de los Montes Obarenes (Burgos) - CÓZAR CASTAÑEDA, A; AVILES RODRIGÁLVAREZ, C; GARCÍA COLINAS, C; GARCÍA BLANCO, C; ALLUÉ CAMACHO, C (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
En el corazón del Parque Natural “Montes Obarenes – San Zadornil”, bisagra estructural que enlaza la Cordillera Cantábrica con los Pirineos, se encuentra una muestra valiosa y representativa de vegetación de transición atlántico-mediterránea de enorme diversidad y originalidad botánica excepcional. El pequeño alcornocal (Quercus suber L.) de la localidad burgalesa de Bozoó es por su contexto ambiental, por su aislamiento geográfico respecto de otras poblaciones y por su reducido tamaño, una población atípica, dudándo incluso de su carácter natural. Con el objeto de articular una gestión eficaz orientada a la conservación del alcornocal, actualmente en una situación crítica respecto a su pervivencia, se procedió al estudio y caracterización tanto de sus individuos como de su hábitat. En esta comunicación se recogen los parámetros básicos que describen y caracterizan la población (número total de individuos, densidad, distribución espacial, regeneración o estado sanitario) en relación con parámetros de estación (orientación, altitud, pendiente o naturaleza del sustrato), a partir de un muestreo en campo apoyado en una delimitación previa de unidades homogéneas de vegetación. Con los resultados del estudio se contribuye a incrementar el conocimiento de la autoecología de la especie.
Keywords: aislamiento; Alcornoque; autoecología; estación; montes obarenes

Changes in limiting resources determine spatio-temporal variability in tree–grass interactions - Gea-Izquierdo, G.; Montero, G.; Cañellas, I. (Agroforestry Systems, 2009)
Changing biotic and abiotic stress mediate in plant–plant interactions resulting in positive to neutral or negative effects, and these effects can change with gradients of stress or through plant dynamics. Here we studied the variability in annual grass production and composition induced by gradients of intercepted light by trees in years of contrasting precipitation in Mediterranean holm oak open woodlands. Although trees reduce the light radiance received by the pasture community, the presence of trees generally had a positive effect on pasture production in average climatic years where soil fertility was low. However, the interaction changed with increasing abiotic water stress. In a dry year, the increase in fertility could not be utilized and the effect of the crown was neutral. The effect of shade turned out to be beneﬁcial for growth, contrary to the situation in an average climatic year. Light insolation was positive for legume biomass. There was high variability in functional components over the course of the growing period and from 1 year to another. Under low levels of other biotic stresses such as livestock grazing or root competition, the limiting factor among light, soil moisture or soil nutrients may determine whether facilitation or competition occurs.
Keywords: Abiotic stress; competition; Dehesa; Facilitation; Grass production; Mediterranean

Changes in limiting resources determine spatio-temporal variability in tree–grass interactions - Gea-Izquierdo, G; Montero, G; Cañellas, I (Agroforestry Systems, 2009)
Changing biotic and abiotic stress mediate in plant–plant interactions resulting in positive to neutral or negative effects, and these effects can change with gradients of stress or through plant dynamics. Here we studied the variability in annual grass production and composition induced by gradients of intercepted light by trees in years of contrasting precipitation in Mediterranean holm oak open woodlands. Although trees reduce the light radiance received by the pasture community, the presence of trees generally had a positive effect on pasture production in average climatic years where soil fertility was low. However, the interaction changed with increasing abiotic water stress. In a dry year, the increase in fertility could not be utilized and the effect of the crown was neutral. The effect of shade turned out to be beneﬁcial for growth, contrary to the situation in an average climatic year. Light insolation was positive for legume biomass. There was high variability in functional components over the course of the growing period and from 1 year to another. Under low levels of other biotic stresses such as livestock grazing or root competition, the limiting factor among light, soil moisture or soil nutrients may determine whether facilitation or competition occurs.
Keywords: Abiotic stress; competition; Dehesa; Facilitation; Grass production; Mediterranean

Changes in the protein profile of Quercus ilex leaves in response to drought stress and recovery. - Echevarría-Zomeño, Sira; Ariza, David; Jorge, Inmaculada; Lenz, Christof; Del Campo, Antonio; Jorrín, Jesús V.; Navarro, Rafael M. (Journal of plant physiology, 2009)
To characterize the molecular response of holm oak to drought stress and its capacity to recover 9-month-old Quercus ilex seedlings were subjected to three treatments for a 14-d period: (i) continuous watering to field capacity (control plants, W), (ii) no irrigation (drought treatment, D), and (iii) no irrigation for 7d followed by a watering period of 7d (recovery treatment, R). In drought plants, leaf water potential decreased from -0.72 (day 0) to -0.99MPa (day 7), and -1.50MPa (day 14). Shoot relative water content decreased from 49.3% (day 0) to 47.7% (day 7) and 40.8% (day 14). Photosystem II quantum yield decreased from 0.80 (day 0) to 0.72 (day 7) and 0.73 (day 14). Plants subjected to water withholding for 7d reached, after a 7-d rewatering period, values similar to those of continuously irrigated control plants. Changes in the leaf protein pattern in response to drought and recovery treatments were analyzed by using a proteomic approach. Twenty-three different spots were observed when comparing the two-dimensional electrophoresis profile of control to both drought and recovered plants. From these, 14 proteins were identified from tryptic peptides tandem mass spectra by using the new Paragon algorithm present in the ProteinPilot software. The proteins identified belong to the photosynthesis, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, and stress-related protein functional categories.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 18778874
Keywords: Drought stress; Holm oak proteome; Mass spectrometry; Quercus ilex

Changes in the protein profile of Quercus ilex leaves in response to drought stress and recovery. - Echevarría-Zomeño, Sira; Ariza, David; Jorge, Inmaculada; Lenz, Christof; Del Campo, Antonio; Jorrín, Jesús V; Navarro, Rafael M (Journal of plant physiology, 2009)
To characterize the molecular response of holm oak to drought stress and its capacity to recover 9-month-old Quercus ilex seedlings were subjected to three treatments for a 14-d period: (i) continuous watering to field capacity (control plants, W), (ii) no irrigation (drought treatment, D), and (iii) no irrigation for 7d followed by a watering period of 7d (recovery treatment, R). In drought plants, leaf water potential decreased from -0.72 (day 0) to -0.99MPa (day 7), and -1.50MPa (day 14). Shoot relative water content decreased from 49.3% (day 0) to 47.7% (day 7) and 40.8% (day 14). Photosystem II quantum yield decreased from 0.80 (day 0) to 0.72 (day 7) and 0.73 (day 14). Plants subjected to water withholding for 7d reached, after a 7-d rewatering period, values similar to those of continuously irrigated control plants. Changes in the leaf protein pattern in response to drought and recovery treatments were analyzed by using a proteomic approach. Twenty-three different spots were observed when comparing the two-dimensional electrophoresis profile of control to both drought and recovered plants. From these, 14 proteins were identified from tryptic peptides tandem mass spectra by using the new Paragon algorithm present in the ProteinPilot software. The proteins identified belong to the photosynthesis, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism, and stress-related protein functional categories.
Keywords: Drought stress; Holm oak proteome; Mass spectrometry; Quercus ilex

CO2 exchange and biomass development of the herbaceous vegetation in the Portuguese montado ecosystem during spring - Hussain, M Z; Otieno, D O; Mirzae, H; Li, Y L; Schmidt, M W T; Siebke, L; Foken, T; Ribeiro, N.a.; Pereira, J S; Tenhunen, J D (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2009)
Montado are spatially heterogeneous ecosystems that are economically important for the production of cork and herbaceous biomass that provide fodder for animals. Understanding of how trees and the herbaceous layer interact to determine pasture yield and the overall CO2 exchange of the herbaceous layer is crucial. Portable chambers were used to study CO2 exchange by the herbaceous layer component of the montado ecosystem in southern Portugal. Biomass, Net herbaceous layer CO2 exchange (NEE) and respiration (Reco) were measured in the open and understory locations between March and May, during the active growing period. Parameter ﬁts on the NEE data were performed using empirical hyperbolic light response model, while ecosystem respiration (Reco) data were ﬁtted with a two-parameter exponential model. Annual green biomass productions were 405.8 9.0 and 250.6 6.3 g m2 in the open and the understory, respectively. The respective maximum NEE during the day were 24.0 2.9 and 9.6 2.2 mmol m2 s 1 while maximum Reco were 20.6 2.2 and 10.0 1.6 mmol m2 s 1 , occurring in April. Photosynthetic photon ﬂux density (PPFD) explained more that 70% of variations in daytime NEE while soil temperature at 10 cm depth (Tsoil ) explained >50% of the variations in Reco under non-limiting soil moisture conditions. Both the herbaceous layer communities shared similar plant functional types and no signiﬁcant difference in nutrient nitrogen (N) occurred between them. The two herbaceous layer components shared similar physiological characteristics and differences that arose in their CO2 uptake capacities and green biomass production were the result of microclimatic differences created by tree shading
Keywords: Ecosystem productivity; Environmental regulators; Herbaceous layer; montado; Net ecosystem CO2 exchange; Soil moisture; Spring period

Color-texture analysis by mutual information for multispectral image classification - El Maia, H; Hammouch, A; Aboutajdine, D (Communications, Computers and Signal Processing, 2009. PacRim 2009. IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on, 2009)
In this paper, we propose a new approach for the construction of a hybrid color-texture space by using mutual information. Feature extraction is done by the co-occurrence matrix with SVM (support vectors machine) as a classifier. We apply our approach to the VisTex database and to the classification of a SPOT HRV (XS) image representing two forest areas in the region of Rabat in Morocco. We compare the result of classification obtained in this hybrid space with the one in the RGB color space.
Keywords: co-occurrence matrix; feature extraction; forest areas; hybrid color texture space; image analysis; image classification; Image color analysis; image colour analysis; Image databases; image texture; Information analysis; Morocco; multispectral image classification; Multispectral imaging; mutual information; Rabat; RGB color space; Spatial databases; SPOT HRV (XS); Support vector machine classification; support vector machines; support vectors machine (citation); VisTex database

Color-texture analysis by mutual information for multispectral image classification - El Maia, H.; Hammouch, A.; Aboutajdine, D. (2009)
In this paper, we propose a new approach for the construction of a hybrid color-texture space by using mutual information. Feature extraction is done by the co-occurrence matrix with SVM (support vectors machine) as a classifier. We apply our approach to the VisTex database and to the classification of a SPOT HRV (XS) image representing two forest areas in the region of Rabat in Morocco. We compare the result of classification obtained in this hybrid space with the one in the RGB color space.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: secondary-title: Communications, Computers and Signal Processing, 2009. PacRim 2009. IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on periodical: Communications, Computers and Signal Processing, 2009. PacRim 2009. IEEE Pacific Rim Conference on pages: 359-364 isbn: VO - electronic-resource-num: 10.1109/PACRIM.2009.5291344
Keywords: co-occurrence matrix; feature extraction; forest areas; hybrid color texture space; image analysis; image classification; Image color analysis; image colour analysis; Image databases; image texture; Information analysis; Morocco; multispectral image classification; Multispectral imaging; mutual information; Rabat; RGB color space; Spatial databases; SPOT HRV (XS); Support vector machine classification; support vector machines; support vectors machine (citation); VisTex database

Combining forest structure data and fuel modelling to classify fire hazard in Portugal - Fernandes, Paulo M. (Annals of Forest Science, 2009)
• Fire management activities can greatly beneﬁt from the description of wildland fuel to assess ﬁre hazard. • A forest typology developed from the Portuguese National Forest Inventory that combines cover type (the dominant overstorey species) and forest structure deﬁned as a combination of generic stand density (closed or open) and height (low or tall) is translated into fuel models. Fire behaviour simulations that accounted for the ﬁre environment modiﬁcation induced by stand structure resulted in an objective and quantitative assessment of ﬁre hazard for 19 forest types. • The range of ﬁre risk is similar between and within cover types. Stand structure, rather than cover type, is the major determinant of ﬁre vulnerability. This indicates a potentially prominent role of stand and fuel management in wildﬁre mitigation. Four ﬁre hazard groups are deﬁned: (1) open and tall forest types, and closed and tall Quercus suber and diverse forests; (2) closed, low woodlands of deciduous oaks, Q. suber and diverse forests, closed and tall Pinus pinaster woodland and tall Eucalyptus globulus plantations; (3) open and low forest types; (4) dense low stands of P. pinaster, E. globulus and Acacia. Potential ﬁre risk increases from (1) to (4).
Keywords: fuel modelling; Mediterranean-type ecosystems; ﬁre behaviour simulation; ﬁre hazard

Combining forest structure data and fuel modelling to classify fire hazard in Portugal - Fernandes, Paulo M (Annals of Forest Science, 2009)
• Fire management activities can greatly beneﬁt from the description of wildland fuel to assess ﬁre hazard. • A forest typology developed from the Portuguese National Forest Inventory that combines cover type (the dominant overstorey species) and forest structure deﬁned as a combination of generic stand density (closed or open) and height (low or tall) is translated into fuel models. Fire behaviour simulations that accounted for the ﬁre environment modiﬁcation induced by stand structure resulted in an objective and quantitative assessment of ﬁre hazard for 19 forest types. • The range of ﬁre risk is similar between and within cover types. Stand structure, rather than cover type, is the major determinant of ﬁre vulnerability. This indicates a potentially prominent role of stand and fuel management in wildﬁre mitigation. Four ﬁre hazard groups are deﬁned: (1) open and tall forest types, and closed and tall Quercus suber and diverse forests; (2) closed, low woodlands of deciduous oaks, Q. suber and diverse forests, closed and tall Pinus pinaster woodland and tall Eucalyptus globulus plantations; (3) open and low forest types; (4) dense low stands of P. pinaster, E. globulus and Acacia. Potential ﬁre risk increases from (1) to (4).
Keywords: fuel modelling; Mediterranean-type ecosystems; ﬁre behaviour simulation; ﬁre hazard

Concentrations and fluxes of biogenic volatile organic compounds above a Mediterranean macchia ecosystem in western Italy - Davison, B; Taipale, R; Langford, B; Misztal, P; Fares, S; Matteucci, G; Loreto, F; Cape, J N; Rinne, J; Hewitt, C N (BIOGEOSCIENCES, 2009)
Emission rates and concentrations of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) were measured at a Mediterranean coastal site at Castelporziano, approximately 25 km south-west of Rome, between 7 May and 3 June 2007, as part of the ACCENT-VOCBAS field campaign on biosphere-atmosphere interactions. Concentrations and emission rates were measured using the disjunct eddy covariance (DEC) method utilizing three different proton transfer reaction mass spectrometers (PTR-MS) so allowing a comparison between the instruments. The high resolution data from the PTR-MS instruments considerably enhances the original BEMA measurements of the mid 1990s. Depending on the measurement period, the volume mixing ratios were in the range 1.6-3.5 ppbv for methanol, 0.44-1.3 ppbv for acetaldehyde, 0.96-2.1 ppbv for acetone, 0.10-0.14 ppbv for isoprene, and 0.13-0.30 ppbv for monoterpenes. A diurnal cycle in mixing ratios was apparent with daytime maxima for methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, and isoprene. The fluxes ranged from 370-440 mu g m(-2) h(-1) for methanol, 180-360 mu g m(-2) h(-1) for acetaldehyde, 180-450 mu g m(-2) h(-1) for acetone, 71-290 mu g m(-2) h(-1) for isoprene, and 240-860 mu g m(-2) h(-1) for monoterpenes. From the measured flux data (7 May-3 June) an average basal emission rate for the Macchia vegetation was calculated of 430 mu g m(-2) h(-1) for isoprene and 1100 mu g m(-2) h(-1) for monoterpenes.
APS
Keywords: BVOCS; Emission rates; Mediterranean; Monoterpenes

Concentrations and fluxes of biogenic volatile organic compounds above a Mediterranean macchia ecosystem in western Italy - Davison, B.; Taipale, R.; Langford, B.; Misztal, P.; Fares, S.; Matteucci, G.; Loreto, F.; Cape, J. N.; Rinne, J.; Hewitt, C. N. (BIOGEOSCIENCES, 2009)
Emission rates and concentrations of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) were measured at a Mediterranean coastal site at Castelporziano, approximately 25 km south-west of Rome, between 7 May and 3 June 2007, as part of the ACCENT-VOCBAS field campaign on biosphere-atmosphere interactions. Concentrations and emission rates were measured using the disjunct eddy covariance (DEC) method utilizing three different proton transfer reaction mass spectrometers (PTR-MS) so allowing a comparison between the instruments. The high resolution data from the PTR-MS instruments considerably enhances the original BEMA measurements of the mid 1990s. Depending on the measurement period, the volume mixing ratios were in the range 1.6-3.5 ppbv for methanol, 0.44-1.3 ppbv for acetaldehyde, 0.96-2.1 ppbv for acetone, 0.10-0.14 ppbv for isoprene, and 0.13-0.30 ppbv for monoterpenes. A diurnal cycle in mixing ratios was apparent with daytime maxima for methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, and isoprene. The fluxes ranged from 370-440 mu g m(-2) h(-1) for methanol, 180-360 mu g m(-2) h(-1) for acetaldehyde, 180-450 mu g m(-2) h(-1) for acetone, 71-290 mu g m(-2) h(-1) for isoprene, and 240-860 mu g m(-2) h(-1) for monoterpenes. From the measured flux data (7 May-3 June) an average basal emission rate for the Macchia vegetation was calculated of 430 mu g m(-2) h(-1) for isoprene and 1100 mu g m(-2) h(-1) for monoterpenes.
APSAPSThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY publisher: COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH
Keywords: BVOCS; Emission rates; Mediterranean; Monoterpenes

Consistent pattern of habitat and species selection by post-dispersal seed predators in a Mediterranean mosaic landscape - Matías, Luis; Mendoza, Irene; Zamora, Regino; Mat, Luis (Plant Ecology, 2009)
There is still little information on effects of habitat degradation on post-dispersal seed predation at the landscape scale. The aim of this study was to determine the inﬂuence of habitat degradation and seed species on the variability of post-dispersal seedpredation rate. Experimental seed removal was investigated in six Mediterranean woody plant species, four trees (Pinus sylvestris, Quercus ilex, Acer opalus ssp. granatense, and Sorbus aria) and two shrubs (Berberis vulgaris and Crataegus monogyna), in an extensively used mosaic landscape on the Sierra Nevada massif (SE Spain). Seed depots were distributed over 2 years in ﬁve differently degraded landscape units, each one with three plots: shrubland; native forest; and dense, cleared and fenced reforestation stands. Predation was the highest in native forest, shrubland, and fenced reforestation, and the lowest in dense and cleared reforestation stands, being partially due to a positive correlation between shrub cover and post-dispersal seed predation. However, the main factors driving post-dispersal seed predation were intrinsic to seeds, as species preference explained most of the variance in our model for predation. The plant-species ranking was Quercus[ Pinus[Sorbus[Berberis[Acer[Crataegus, the dominant tree species being the most depredated. These ﬁndings are novel because they suggest for the ﬁrst time that species-selection patterns by postdispersal seed predators tended to remain constant through both study years in all habitats comprising a mosaic landscape, whether native forest, reforestation stands or successional shrubland.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Springer Netherlands
Keywords: Degraded habitats; Field experiment; Land use change; Logistic regression; Predator preference; Sierra Nevada

Consistent pattern of habitat and species selection by post-dispersal seed predators in a Mediterranean mosaic landscape - Matías, Luis; Mendoza, Irene; Zamora, Regino; Mat, Luis (Plant Ecology, 2009)
There is still little information on effects of habitat degradation on post-dispersal seed predation at the landscape scale. The aim of this study was to determine the inﬂuence of habitat degradation and seed species on the variability of post-dispersal seedpredation rate. Experimental seed removal was investigated in six Mediterranean woody plant species, four trees (Pinus sylvestris, Quercus ilex, Acer opalus ssp. granatense, and Sorbus aria) and two shrubs (Berberis vulgaris and Crataegus monogyna), in an extensively used mosaic landscape on the Sierra Nevada massif (SE Spain). Seed depots were distributed over 2 years in ﬁve differently degraded landscape units, each one with three plots: shrubland; native forest; and dense, cleared and fenced reforestation stands. Predation was the highest in native forest, shrubland, and fenced reforestation, and the lowest in dense and cleared reforestation stands, being partially due to a positive correlation between shrub cover and post-dispersal seed predation. However, the main factors driving post-dispersal seed predation were intrinsic to seeds, as species preference explained most of the variance in our model for predation. The plant-species ranking was Quercus[ Pinus[Sorbus[Berberis[Acer[Crataegus, the dominant tree species being the most depredated. These ﬁndings are novel because they suggest for the ﬁrst time that species-selection patterns by postdispersal seed predators tended to remain constant through both study years in all habitats comprising a mosaic landscape, whether native forest, reforestation stands or successional shrubland.
Keywords: Degraded habitats; Field experiment; Land use change; Logistic regression; Predator preference; Sierra Nevada

Contingent Valuation of Woodland-Owner Private Amenities in Spain, Portugal, and California. - Campos, Pablo; Oviedo, José L.; Caparros, Alejandro; Huntsinger, Lynn; Coelho, Inocencio (Rangeland Ecology & Management, 2009)
Most of the Mediterranean woodlands in Spain, Portugal, and California are managed as agrosilvopastoral enterprises, producing some combination of livestock, wood, cork products, and crops, as well as wildlife habitat and diverse environmental services. Private amenity benefits to landowners have been suggested as an explanation for high land prices and the persistence of such rangeland enterprises despite apparently marginal cash returns. In this study, private amenity values are estimated using a contingent valuation technique in surveys of private woodland owners as part of five case studies, using a design developed to separate landowner amenity income and capital values. Nonindustrial private landowners were asked about the maximum amount of money that they were willing to give up (to pay) before selling their property to invest in more commercially profitable assets, and the proportion of the market price of their woodland that they think is explained by privately consumed amenities. Amenity values were found to be relevant because, in all cases, landowners were willing to pay > €120 · ha−1 · yr−1, at 2002 prices, and attributed > 30% of land market price to amenities. These values represent an amenity profitability rate > 2% in all case studies. The data analysis shows some similarities, but mostly divergences, in the different land-simulated and amenity-simulated markets.
Keywords: agroforestry systems; environmental economics; environmental services; Mediterranean woodlands; private ownership; Stated Preferences

Contingent Valuation of Woodland-Owner Private Amenities in Spain, Portugal, and California. - Campos, Pablo; Oviedo, Jose L; Caparros, Alejandro; Huntsinger, Lynn; Coelho, Inocencio (Rangeland Ecology & Management, 2009)
Most of the Mediterranean woodlands in Spain, Portugal, and California are managed as agrosilvopastoral enterprises, producing some combination of livestock, wood, cork products, and crops, as well as wildlife habitat and diverse environmental services. Private amenity benefits to landowners have been suggested as an explanation for high land prices and the persistence of such rangeland enterprises despite apparently marginal cash returns. In this study, private amenity values are estimated using a contingent valuation technique in surveys of private woodland owners as part of five case studies, using a design developed to separate landowner amenity income and capital values. Nonindustrial private landowners were asked about the maximum amount of money that they were willing to give up (to pay) before selling their property to invest in more commercially profitable assets, and the proportion of the market price of their woodland that they think is explained by privately consumed amenities. Amenity values were found to be relevant because, in all cases, landowners were willing to pay >€120 · ha−1 · yr−1, at 2002 prices, and attributed > 30% of land market price to amenities. These values represent an amenity profitability rate > 2% in all case studies. The data analysis shows some similarities, but mostly divergences, in the different land-simulated and amenity-simulated markets.
Keywords: agroforestry systems; environmental economics; environmental services; Mediterranean woodlands; private ownership; Stated Preferences

Cork and metals: a review - C. C. da Ponte-e-Sousa, João Carlos a.; Neto-Vaz, António Manuel; de C. C. da Ponte-e-Sousa, João Carlos a.; Neto-Vaz, António Manuel (Wood Science and Technology, 2009)
All published results available regarding ash content and 21 chemical elements were chronologically compiled. The evolution of analytical methodologies, the rising interest in the knowledge of certain elements at a certain time, and the relation between concentrations and time, are among the gathered information within a period of 221 years, starting with the ﬁrst published study from the year 1787. Rather than establish a correlation between the inorganic content of cork and its quality, the aim of this data collection is to remove all doubts regarding what is already known on the inorganic content of cork.
Keywords: ash content; cork (voyant); metals; mineral elements

Cork and metals: a review - C. C. da Ponte-e-Sousa, João Carlos a; Neto-Vaz, António Manuel; de C. C. da Ponte-e-Sousa, João Carlos a; Neto-Vaz, António Manuel (Wood Science and Technology, 2009)
All published results available regarding ash content and 21 chemical elements were chronologically compiled. The evolution of analytical methodologies, the rising interest in the knowledge of certain elements at a certain time, and the relation between concentrations and time, are among the gathered information within a period of 221 years, starting with the ﬁrst published study from the year 1787. Rather than establish a correlation between the inorganic content of cork and its quality, the aim of this data collection is to remove all doubts regarding what is already known on the inorganic content of cork.
Keywords: ash content; cork (voyant); metals; mineral elements

Crioconservación de genotipos adultos de castaño y alcornoque seleccionados en campo - VIDAL, N; BALLESTER, A; FERNÁNDEZ, M R; CUENCA, B; OCAÑA, L (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
La entrada en vigor del Real Decreto 289/2003 sobre Comercialización de materiales Forestales de reproducción puso de manifiesto la carencia de materiales genéticos de calidad de muchas especies de frondosas forestales de alto valor económico, como el castaño y el alcornoque. Desde el año 2000, la empresa pública TRAGSA trabaja en la selección y desarrollo de materiales cualificados de ambas especies para su propuesta al Catálogo Nacional de Materiales de Base. En la actualidad, en los laboratorios de la empresa se micropropagan 129 genotipos adultos de castaños y 29 de alcornoque, todos ellos seleccionados como árboles plus, así como varios cientos de progenies de esta última especie. Las vitroplantas aclimatadas se emplean en la realización de los ensayos necesarios para la propuesta de estos materiales al CNMB pero al mismo tiempo, es necesario conservar los cultivos de yemas axilares en el caso del castaño, y las líneas embriogénicas, en el caso del alcornoque en las mejores condiciones, que aseguren el mantenimiento de su tasa de multiplicación y de su identidad clonal durante todo el tiempo que se prolonguen los ensayos. Por este motivo, para ambas especies se han adaptado protocolos de crioconservación desarrollados en el IIAG-CSIC que están permitiendo el desarrollo de bancos de germoplasma estables para el mantenimiento a largo plazo de ambas especies. Hasta el momento se han crioconservado 22 genotipos de alcornoque y 39 de castaño. En alcornoque el porcentaje de explantos reactivos tras la crioconservación es siempre superior al 65% asegurando la adecuada recuperación de la línea embriogénica. En castaño, algunos genotipos presentan recuperaciones muy bajas, por lo que en la actualidad se ensayan diferentes sistemas que mejoren la viabilidad de los ápices tras la descongelación. Palabras
Keywords: Alcornoque; bancos de germoplasma; Castaño; CNMB; cultivo in vitro; nitrógeno líquido

Crioconservación de genotipos adultos de castaño y alcornoque seleccionados en campo - VIDAL, N.; BALLESTER, A.; FERNÁNDEZ, M. R.; Cuenca, B.; Ocaña, L. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
La entrada en vigor del Real Decreto 289/2003 sobre Comercialización de materiales Forestales de reproducción puso de manifiesto la carencia de materiales genéticos de calidad de muchas especies de frondosas forestales de alto valor económico, como el castaño y el alcornoque. Desde el año 2000, la empresa pública TRAGSA trabaja en la selección y desarrollo de materiales cualificados de ambas especies para su propuesta al Catálogo Nacional de Materiales de Base. En la actualidad, en los laboratorios de la empresa se micropropagan 129 genotipos adultos de castaños y 29 de alcornoque, todos ellos seleccionados como árboles plus, así como varios cientos de progenies de esta última especie. Las vitroplantas aclimatadas se emplean en la realización de los ensayos necesarios para la propuesta de estos materiales al CNMB pero al mismo tiempo, es necesario conservar los cultivos de yemas axilares en el caso del castaño, y las líneas embriogénicas, en el caso del alcornoque en las mejores condiciones, que aseguren el mantenimiento de su tasa de multiplicación y de su identidad clonal durante todo el tiempo que se prolonguen los ensayos. Por este motivo, para ambas especies se han adaptado protocolos de crioconservación desarrollados en el IIAG-CSIC que están permitiendo el desarrollo de bancos de germoplasma estables para el mantenimiento a largo plazo de ambas especies. Hasta el momento se han crioconservado 22 genotipos de alcornoque y 39 de castaño. En alcornoque el porcentaje de explantos reactivos tras la crioconservación es siempre superior al 65% asegurando la adecuada recuperación de la línea embriogénica. En castaño, algunos genotipos presentan recuperaciones muy bajas, por lo que en la actualidad se ensayan diferentes sistemas que mejoren la viabilidad de los ápices tras la descongelación. Palabras
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: Alcornoque; bancos de germoplasma; Castaño; CNMB; cultivo in vitro; nitrógeno líquido

Deep shade alters the acclimation response to moderate water stress in Quercus suber L. - Jiménez, Maria Dolores; Pardos, Marta; Puértolas, Jaime; Kleczkowski, Leszek A; Pardos, Jose Alberto (Forestry, 2009)
The interactive effects of shade and drought on different morphological and physiological traits were addressed on Quercus suber L. seedlings. In our experiment, limited light treatment (1 per cent) represented the main factor constraining cork oak seedlings growth. Maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) with light ≥15 per cent exhibited a midday fall, but under deep shade (1 per cent), Fv/Fm remained constant (<0.8 values) throughout the day. The quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) was lower under moderate drought only in deeply shaded plants. The drought also interacted with light through the increase of the soluble sugar content at 100 per cent light, but not under shade. Under deep shade, soluble sugar content tended to be even lower under moderate drought conditions. The chlorophyll content was not the highest under deep shade as could be expected, while the efficiency of PSII was the lowest under deep shade. We concluded that cork oak can acclimate to moderate shade (15 per cent light), but deep shade impairs some of the physiological responses to cope with low light conditions under moderate drought stress. Plants growing under deep shade were very sensitive to moderate water stress in terms of loss of carbon fixation capacity.
10.1093/forestry/cpp008
Keywords: cork oak seedlings; deep shade; Drought; growth (voyant); light environment; Water availability

Dendrochronology of Quercus ilex L. and its potential use for climate reconstruction in the Mediterranean region - Campelo, F; Nabais, C; García-González, I; Cherubini, P; Gutiérrez, E; Freitas, H (Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2009)
Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) is a long-lived species widely distributed across the Mediterranean Basin, with potential value for dendrochronology and dendroclimatology. However, tree-ring dating in Q. ilex is a complex task that has limited the number of dendrochronological studies using this evergreen species. In the present work, it was investigated if old Q. ilex trees showed annual tree rings and whether they can be used as climate proxies. A long tree-ring chronology (126 years) of Q. ilex was developed using cross sections of 20 trees from the Guadiana river basin (Portugal). The high correlation among tree-ring series suggested that tree growth was controlled mainly by climate. Response function analysis showed a positive correlation between tree-ring width and precipitation from October(t–1) of the previous year to January(t) of the current year and in May(t). Tree-ring width was negatively correlated with the North Atlantic oscillation that exerts a strong influence on the precipitation over Iberia. Negative pointer years were triggered by dry years and became more frequent during the last decade of the 20th century. In conclusion, it is possible to accurately date old Q. ilex trees, and their tree rings could be used for climate reconstructions across the Mediterranean.
doi: 10.1139/X09-163
Keywords: climate reconstruction (PG); Dendrochronology; dendroclimatology; Quercus ilex

Dendrochronology of Quercus ilex L. and its potential use for climate reconstruction in the Mediterranean region - Campelo, F.; Nabais, C.; García-González, I.; Cherubini, P.; GUTIÉRREZ, E.; Freitas, H. (Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2009)
Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) is a long-lived species widely distributed across the Mediterranean Basin, with potential value for dendrochronology and dendroclimatology. However, tree-ring dating in Q. ilex is a complex task that has limited the number of dendrochronological studies using this evergreen species. In the present work, it was investigated if old Q. ilex trees showed annual tree rings and whether they can be used as climate proxies. A long tree-ring chronology (126 years) of Q. ilex was developed using cross sections of 20 trees from the Guadiana river basin (Portugal). The high correlation among tree-ring series suggested that tree growth was controlled mainly by climate. Response function analysis showed a positive correlation between tree-ring width and precipitation from October(t–1) of the previous year to January(t) of the current year and in May(t). Tree-ring width was negatively correlated with the North Atlantic oscillation that exerts a strong influence on the precipitation over Iberia. Negative pointer years were triggered by dry years and became more frequent during the last decade of the 20th century. In conclusion, it is possible to accurately date old Q. ilex trees, and their tree rings could be used for climate reconstructions across the Mediterranean.
doi: 10.1139/X09-163doi: 10.1139/X09-163The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: NRC Research Press
Keywords: climate reconstruction (PG); Dendrochronology; dendroclimatology; Quercus ilex

Detection of hybrids in nature: application to oaks (Quercus suber and Q. ilex). - Burgarella, C.; Lorenzo, Z.; Jabbour-Zahab, R.; Lumaret, R.; Guichoux, E.; Petit, R. J.; Soto, A.; Gil, L. (Heredity, 2009)
Powerful and accurate detection of first-generation (F1) hybrids and backcrosses in nature is needed to achieve a better understanding of the function and dynamics of introgression. To document the frequency of ongoing interspecific gene exchange between two Mediterranean evergreen oaks, the cork oak (Quercus suber) and the holm oak (Q. ilex), we analyzed 1487 individuals originating from across the range of the two species using eight microsatellite loci and two Bayesian clustering approaches (implemented in the programs STRUCTURE and NEWHYBRIDS). Simulated data were used to assess the differences between the two clustering methods and to back up the choice of the threshold value for the posterior probability to discriminate admixed from pure individuals. We found that the use of STRUCTURE resulted in the highest power to detect hybrids, whereas NEWHYBRIDS provided the highest accuracy. Irrespective of the approach, the two species were clearly distinguished as independent genetic entities without any prior information. In contrast with previous reports, we found no evidence for unidirectional introgression. The overall hybridization rate was very low (<2% of introgressed individuals). Only two individuals were identified as F1 hybrids and five as early backcrosses. This work shows that the combined application of the two complementary Bayesian approaches and their systematic validation with simulations, fit for the case at hand, helps gain resolution in the identification of admixed individuals.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 19240752
Keywords: clustering analysis; introgressive hybridization; microsatellites; Q. ilex; Quercus suber; Simulation

Detection of hybrids in nature: application to oaks (Quercus suber and Q. ilex). - Burgarella, C; Lorenzo, Z; Jabbour-Zahab, R; Lumaret, R; Guichoux, E; Petit, R J; Soto, Á; Gil, L (Heredity, 2009)
Powerful and accurate detection of first-generation (F1) hybrids and backcrosses in nature is needed to achieve a better understanding of the function and dynamics of introgression. To document the frequency of ongoing interspecific gene exchange between two Mediterranean evergreen oaks, the cork oak (Quercus suber) and the holm oak (Q. ilex), we analyzed 1487 individuals originating from across the range of the two species using eight microsatellite loci and two Bayesian clustering approaches (implemented in the programs STRUCTURE and NEWHYBRIDS). Simulated data were used to assess the differences between the two clustering methods and to back up the choice of the threshold value for the posterior probability to discriminate admixed from pure individuals. We found that the use of STRUCTURE resulted in the highest power to detect hybrids, whereas NEWHYBRIDS provided the highest accuracy. Irrespective of the approach, the two species were clearly distinguished as independent genetic entities without any prior information. In contrast with previous reports, we found no evidence for unidirectional introgression. The overall hybridization rate was very low (<2% of introgressed individuals). Only two individuals were identified as F1 hybrids and five as early backcrosses. This work shows that the combined application of the two complementary Bayesian approaches and their systematic validation with simulations, fit for the case at hand, helps gain resolution in the identification of admixed individuals.
Keywords: clustering analysis; introgressive hybridization; microsatellites; Q. ilex; Quercus suber; Simulation

Differences between tree species seedling and adult altitudinal distribution in mountain forests during the recent warm period (1986–2006) - Lenoir, Jonathan; Gégout, Jean-Claude; Pierrat, Jean-Claude; Bontemps, Jean-Daniel; Dhôte, Jean-François (Ecography, 2009)
Spatial fingerprints of climate change on tree species distribution are usually detected at latitudinal or altitudinal extremes (arctic or alpine tree line), where temperatures play a key role in tree species distribution. However, early detection of recent climate change effects on tree species distribution across the overall temperature gradient remains poorly explored. Within French mountain forests, we investigated altitudinal distribution differences between seedling (≤50 cm tall and >1 yr old) and adult (>8 m tall) life stages for 17 European tree taxa, encompassing the entire forest elevation range from lowlands to the subalpine vegetation belt (50–2250 m a.s.l.) and spanning the latitudinal gradient from northern temperate to southern Mediterranean forests. We simultaneously identified seedlings and adults within the same vegetation plots. These twin observations gave us the equivalent of exactly paired plots in space with seedlings reflecting a response to the studied warm period (1986–2006) and adults reflecting a response to a former and cooler period. For 13 out of 17 species, records of the mean altitude of presence at the seedling life stage are higher than that at the adult life stage. The low altitudinal distribution limit of occurrences at the seedling life stage is, on average, 29 m higher than that at the adult life stage which is significant. The high altitudinal distribution limit also shows a similar trend but which is not significant. Complementary analyses using modelling techniques and focusing on the optimum elevation (i.e. the central position inside distribution ranges) have confirmed differences between life stages altitudinal distribution. Seedlings optima are mostly higher than adults optimum, reaching, on average, a 69 m gap. This overall trend showing higher altitudinal distribution at the seedling life stage in comparison to the adult one suggests a main driver of change highly related to elevation, such as climate warming that occurs during the studied period. Other drivers of change that could play an important role across elevation or act at more specific scales are also discussed as potential contributors to explain our results.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: Altitudinal distribution; climate change; seedlings (PG); Tree species distribution

Differential and interactive effects of temperature and photoperiod on budburst and carbon reserves in two co-occurring Mediterranean oaks - Sanz-Pérez, V; Castro-Diez, P; Valladares, F (Plant Biology, 2009)
Effects of temperature and photoperiod and their interactions on budburst and on the use of carbon reserves were examined in two Mediterranean oaks differing in wood anatomy and leaf habit. Seedlings of Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (evergreen and diffuse-porous wood) and Q. faginea (semi-deciduous and ring-porous wood) were grown under two temperatures (12 and 19 °C) and two photoperiods (10 and 16 h) in a factorial experiment. In the 16 h photoperiod at 19 °C, photosynthesis was suppressed in half of the seedlings by covering leaves with aluminium foil. The concentration of soluble sugars, starch and lipids in leaves, stems and roots was assessed before and after budburst. Under the 12 °C treatment (mean current temperature in early spring in the Iberian Peninsula), budburst in Q. faginea occurred earlier than in Q. ilex. Higher temperature promoted earlier budburst in both species, mostly under the 16 h photoperiod. This response was less pronounced in Q. faginea because its budburst was also controlled by photoperiod, and because this species needs to construct a new ring of xylem before budburst to supply its growth demands. Therefore, dates of budburst of the two species became closer to each other in the warmer treatment, which might alter competitive relations between the species with changing climate. While Q. ilex relied on carbon reserves for budburst, Q. faginea relied on both carbon reserves and current photoassimilates. The different responses of the two Quercus species to temperature and photoperiod related more to xylem structure than to the source of carbon used for budburst.
Keywords: Global warming; Lipids; Phenology; Quercus faginea; Quercus ilex; soluble sugars; starch; wood anatomy

Differential and interactive effects of temperature and photoperiod on budburst and carbon reserves in two co-occurring Mediterranean oaks - Sanz-Pérez, V.; Castro-Díez, P.; Valladares, F. (Plant Biology, 2009)
Effects of temperature and photoperiod and their interactions on budburst and on the use of carbon reserves were examined in two Mediterranean oaks differing in wood anatomy and leaf habit. Seedlings of Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (evergreen and diffuse-porous wood) and Q. faginea (semi-deciduous and ring-porous wood) were grown under two temperatures (12 and 19 °C) and two photoperiods (10 and 16 h) in a factorial experiment. In the 16 h photoperiod at 19 °C, photosynthesis was suppressed in half of the seedlings by covering leaves with aluminium foil. The concentration of soluble sugars, starch and lipids in leaves, stems and roots was assessed before and after budburst. Under the 12 °C treatment (mean current temperature in early spring in the Iberian Peninsula), budburst in Q. faginea occurred earlier than in Q. ilex. Higher temperature promoted earlier budburst in both species, mostly under the 16 h photoperiod. This response was less pronounced in Q. faginea because its budburst was also controlled by photoperiod, and because this species needs to construct a new ring of xylem before budburst to supply its growth demands. Therefore, dates of budburst of the two species became closer to each other in the warmer treatment, which might alter competitive relations between the species with changing climate. While Q. ilex relied on carbon reserves for budburst, Q. faginea relied on both carbon reserves and current photoassimilates. The different responses of the two Quercus species to temperature and photoperiod related more to xylem structure than to the source of carbon used for budburst.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: Global warming; Lipids; Phenology; Quercus faginea; Quercus ilex; soluble sugars; starch; wood anatomy

Differential photosynthetic performance and photoprotection mechanisms of three Mediterranean evergreen oaks under severe drought stress - Javier Peguero-Pina, Jose; Sancho-Knapik, Domingo; Morales, Fermín; Flexas, Jaume; Gil-Pelegrín, Eustaquio (FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY, 2009)
The ability of three Mediterranean oaks (Quercus coccifera L., Quercus ilex ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp and Quercus suber L.) to cope with intense drought was investigated. Water stress reduced stomatal conductance and photosynthesis in these species. Drought-mediated changes in photosynthetic-related parameters allowed the characterisation of the specific photo-protective mechanisms. Specifically, Q. suber downregulated photosynthetic electron transport rates (ETR) closing PSII reaction centres (i.e. decreasing photochemical quenching) and through an antheraxanthin (A) + zeaxanthin (Z)-mediated diminished intrinsic PSII efficiency (Phi(exc.).). These changes were lower in Q. coccifera and Q. ilex ssp. ballota, which decreased further ETR photo-inactivating PSII centres (evidenced by their low predawn F(v)/F(m) ratios at high water stress). The predawn F(v)/F(m) ratio decreased in Q. coccifera largely due to F(m) decreases, whereas in Q. ilex ssp. ballota F(v)/F(m) decreases were due to F(0) increases, below -4 MPa. These F(v)/F(m) decreases were well correlated with increases in the A + Z photo-protective pigments. An analysis of dark respiration and photorespiration as alternative electron sinks under intense drought stress also revealed interspecific differences. The largest imbalance between electrons generated and consumed increased potentially oxidative damage in Q. suber. Subsequently, only Q. suber showed loss of chlorophyll, which is one of the main targets of oxidative damage. Data suggest that Q. coccifera and Q. ilex ssp. ballota seem more able than Q. suber to withstand highly xeric conditions. Therefore, our results question the consideration of Mediterranean evergreen oaks as a homogeneous physiological group.
Keywords: morphological convergence; photoprotection; physiological performance; Quercus; Summer aridity; water stress

Diversité floristique des suberaies du Parc National de Tlemcen (Algerie - Letreuch-Belarouci, A. (Acta botánica malacitana, 2009)
The analysis of the ﬂoristic diversity of forest massif “Haﬁr-Zariffet” in the Tlemcen National Park has revealed the existence of 211 taxa which belong to 65 families and 164 genera. The number of taxa endemic and/or rare includes: 1 endemic algerian, 7 algero-moroccan, 11 ibero-algero-moroccan, 7 are endemic in North Africa and 11 are endemic in Iberian Peninsula and North Africa. The number of rare taxa is 26, 9 are at the same time threatened. Urgent efforts are required to preserve the cork oak as well as endemic species conﬁned to it.
Keywords: Algeria; Cork Oak Forest; diversity; Inventory; national park of tlemcen

Diversity and fruiting patterns of ectomycorrhizal and saprobic fungi as indicators of land-use severity in managed woodlands dominated by Quercus suber — a case study from southern Portugal - Azul, Anabela Marisa; Castro, Paula; Sousa, José Paulo; Freitas, Helena (Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2009)
We assessed the impacts of current management practices used to control shrub strata in Portuguese oak woodlands dominated by Quercus suber L. (montado) on fruiting diversity and abundance of ectomycorrhizal-forming fungi (ECMF) and saprobic fungi. Fruit bodies were collected over four fruiting seasons in 16 plots (20 m × 20 m) selected in a montado landscape with extensive silvopastoral exploitation. A total of 9484 fruit bodies were found in 171 taxa (74 ECMF, 96 saprobic, and 1 parasitic). Our results show that shrub density control by permanent grazing or by cutting practices followed by soil tillage leads to lower fruiting production and greater changes in taxa composition, particularly for ECMF fruit bodies, than cutting practices without soil tillage. Principal response curve analysis showed that ECMF reacted more sensitively to these practices, in particular Laccaria laccata, Hebeloma cistophilum, Russula cyanoxantha, Cortinarius trivialis, and Lactarius volemus. We also observed that shrub cutting without soil tillage allowed ECMF fruiting to recover to predisturbance levels after 3 years. Our data imply that fruit bodies were useful indicators for assessing the severity of the effects of different land-use practices applied in montado areas on soil fungal populations.
doi: 10.1139/X09-148doi: 10.1139/X09-148The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: NRC Research Press
Keywords: diversity; fruiting patterns; fungi; montado (voyant); shrub management; Tillage

Diversity and fruiting patterns of ectomycorrhizal and saprobic fungi as indicators of land-use severity in managed woodlands dominated by Quercus suber — a case study from southern Portugal - Azul, Anabela Marisa; Castro, Paula; Sousa, José Paulo; Freitas, Helena (Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2009)
We assessed the impacts of current management practices used to control shrub strata in Portuguese oak woodlands dominated by Quercus suber L. (montado) on fruiting diversity and abundance of ectomycorrhizal-forming fungi (ECMF) and saprobic fungi. Fruit bodies were collected over four fruiting seasons in 16 plots (20 m × 20 m) selected in a montado landscape with extensive silvopastoral exploitation. A total of 9484 fruit bodies were found in 171 taxa (74 ECMF, 96 saprobic, and 1 parasitic). Our results show that shrub density control by permanent grazing or by cutting practices followed by soil tillage leads to lower fruiting production and greater changes in taxa composition, particularly for ECMF fruit bodies, than cutting practices without soil tillage. Principal response curve analysis showed that ECMF reacted more sensitively to these practices, in particular Laccaria laccata, Hebeloma cistophilum, Russula cyanoxantha, Cortinarius trivialis, and Lactarius volemus. We also observed that shrub cutting without soil tillage allowed ECMF fruiting to recover to predisturbance levels after 3 years. Our data imply that fruit bodies were useful indicators for assessing the severity of the effects of different land-use practices applied in montado areas on soil fungal populations.
doi: 10.1139/X09-148
Keywords: diversity; fruiting patterns; fungi; montado (voyant); shrub management; Tillage

Does Argentine ant invasion affect prey availability for foliage-gleaning birds? - Estany-Tigerström, David; Bas, Josep Maria; Pons, Pere (Biological Invasions, 2009)
Food availability during the breeding season plays a critical role in reproductive success of insectivorous birds. Given that the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) is known to alter arthropod communities, we predicted that its invasion may affect the availability of food resources for coexisting foliage-gleaning birds. With this aim we studied, for 3 years, foliage arthropods occurring on cork oaks (Quercus suber) and tree heaths (Erica arborea) in invaded and non-invaded secondary forests of the northeastern Iberian Peninsula. Our results show that Argentine ants interact with arboreal foliage arthropods in a different manner than the native ants they displace do. The invasive ant impacted the arthropod community by reducing order diversity and ant species richness and by causing extirpation of most native ant species. Arthropod availability for foliage gleaners’ nestlings diminished in invaded cork oaks, mainly responding to the abundance and biomass depletion of caterpillars. Results suggest that the reproduction of canopyforaging foliage-gleaning species that mostly rely on caterpillars to feed their young could be compromised by the Argentine ant invasion. Thus, the Argentine ant could be promoting bottom-up effects in the trophic web through its effects on the availability of arthropod preys for insectivorous birds.
Keywords: arborea á; Biological invasion; biological invasion á erica; birds á; Erica arborea; Foliage arthropods; foliage arthropods á insectivorous; Insectivorous birds; Linepithema humile; linepithema humile á quercus; Quercus suber; suber

Does Argentine ant invasion affect prey availability for foliage-gleaning birds? - Estany-Tigerström, David; Bas, Josep Maria; Pons, Pere (Biological Invasions, 2009)
Food availability during the breeding season plays a critical role in reproductive success of insectivorous birds. Given that the invasive Argentine ant (Linepithema humile) is known to alter arthropod communities, we predicted that its invasion may affect the availability of food resources for coexisting foliage-gleaning birds. With this aim we studied, for 3 years, foliage arthropods occurring on cork oaks (Quercus suber) and tree heaths (Erica arborea) in invaded and non-invaded secondary forests of the northeastern Iberian Peninsula. Our results show that Argentine ants interact with arboreal foliage arthropods in a different manner than the native ants they displace do. The invasive ant impacted the arthropod community by reducing order diversity and ant species richness and by causing extirpation of most native ant species. Arthropod availability for foliage gleaners’ nestlings diminished in invaded cork oaks, mainly responding to the abundance and biomass depletion of caterpillars. Results suggest that the reproduction of canopyforaging foliage-gleaning species that mostly rely on caterpillars to feed their young could be compromised by the Argentine ant invasion. Thus, the Argentine ant could be promoting bottom-up effects in the trophic web through its effects on the availability of arthropod preys for insectivorous birds.
Keywords: arborea á; Biological invasion; biological invasion á erica; birds á; Erica arborea; Foliage arthropods; foliage arthropods á insectivorous; Insectivorous birds; Linepithema humile; linepithema humile á quercus; Quercus suber; suber

Drought reduced monoterpene emissions from the evergreen Mediterranean oak Quercus ilex: results from a throughfall displacement experiment - a.-V. Lavoir; Staudt, M; Schnitzler, J P; Landais, D; Massol, F; Rocheteau, A; Rodriguez, R; Zimmer, I; Rambal, S (Biogeosciences, 2009)
The effects of water limitations on the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds are not well understood. Experimental approaches studying drought effects in natural conditions are still missing. To address this question, a throughfall displacement experiment was set up in a natural forest of Quercus ilex, an evergreen Mediterranean oak emitting monoterpenes. Mature trees were exposed in 2005 and 2006 either to an additional drought, to irrigation or to natural drought (untreated control). In both years, absolute monoterpene emission rates as well as the respective standard factors of the trees exposed to normal and additional drought strongly declined during the drought periods. Monoterpene emissions were lower in year 2006 than in year 2005 (factor 2) due to a more pronounced summer drought period in this respective year. We observed a signiﬁcant difference between the irrigation and additional drought or control treatment: irrigated trees emitted 82% more monoterpenes during the drought period 2006 than the trees of the other treatments. However, no signiﬁcant effect on monoterpene emission was observed between normal and additional drought treatments, despite a signiﬁcant effect on leaf water potential and photochemical efﬁciency. During the development of drought, monoterpene emissions responded exponentially rather than linearly to decreasing leaf water potential. Emissions rapidly declined when the water potential dropped below −2 MPa and photosynthesis was persistently inhibited. Monoterpene synthase activities measured in vitro showed no clear reduction during the same period. From our results we conclude that drought signiﬁcantly reduces monoterpene ﬂuxes of Mediterranean Holm oak forest into the atmosphere due to a lack of primary substrates coming from photosynthetic processes
Keywords: BVOC emission; Drought; Quercus ilex (voyant); Water availability

Drought reduced monoterpene emissions from the evergreen Mediterranean oak Quercus ilex: results from a throughfall displacement experiment - a. -V. Lavoir; Staudt, M.; Schnitzler, J. P.; Landais, D.; Massol, F.; Rocheteau, A.; Rodriguez, R.; Zimmer, I.; Rambal, S. (Biogeosciences, 2009)
The effects of water limitations on the emission of biogenic volatile organic compounds are not well understood. Experimental approaches studying drought effects in natural conditions are still missing. To address this question, a throughfall displacement experiment was set up in a natural forest of Quercus ilex, an evergreen Mediterranean oak emitting monoterpenes. Mature trees were exposed in 2005 and 2006 either to an additional drought, to irrigation or to natural drought (untreated control). In both years, absolute monoterpene emission rates as well as the respective standard factors of the trees exposed to normal and additional drought strongly declined during the drought periods. Monoterpene emissions were lower in year 2006 than in year 2005 (factor 2) due to a more pronounced summer drought period in this respective year. We observed a signiﬁcant difference between the irrigation and additional drought or control treatment: irrigated trees emitted 82% more monoterpenes during the drought period 2006 than the trees of the other treatments. However, no signiﬁcant effect on monoterpene emission was observed between normal and additional drought treatments, despite a signiﬁcant effect on leaf water potential and photochemical efﬁciency. During the development of drought, monoterpene emissions responded exponentially rather than linearly to decreasing leaf water potential. Emissions rapidly declined when the water potential dropped below −2 MPa and photosynthesis was persistently inhibited. Monoterpene synthase activities measured in vitro showed no clear reduction during the same period. From our results we conclude that drought signiﬁcantly reduces monoterpene ﬂuxes of Mediterranean Holm oak forest into the atmosphere due to a lack of primary substrates coming from photosynthetic processes
Keywords: BVOC emission; Drought; Quercus ilex (voyant); Water availability

Dynamics in the trophic structure of the macroinvertebrate community in a Mediterranean, temporary stream - Alvarez, Maruxa; Pardo, Isabel (AQUATIC SCIENCES, 2009)
Studies on the ecology of resource availability and its relation to hydrological regime are essential for aiding the understanding of stream functioning. This paper assesses the intrinsic role of potential food resources and hydrological variables in determining the functional structure of the macroinvertebrate community in a temporary, spring-fed stream. Quantitative estimates of food resources and aquatic macroinvertebrates, together with estimates of the hydrological variables, were collected during an annual surficial flow period. Standing stocks of benthic organic matter were moderately high (annual mean of 157.7 g AFDM m(-2)) and remained relatively constant over time. Moreover, allochthonous material was dominated by coarse material, reflecting the high retention but slow decomposition rates of Holm oak leaves, the major constituent of allochthonous inputs. Mean levels of periphyton biomass were high and decreased over the flow period (annual mean of 17 mg chl a m(-2)). The functional structure of the benthic macroinvertebrate community varied little over the study period and was consistently dominated by grazers and collectors. Conversely, predators and shredders were poorly represented and increased over the flow period. These observations were attributed to the impoverished invertebrate community that frequently characterizes temporary streams and the poor food quality associated with sclerophyllous leaf inputs at the beginning of the flow period. The small amplitude in discharge during most of the annual flow period and the high temperatures that distinguish the Mediterranean climate might allow algal food to be always available for consumers. This result may explain why autochthonous material was the most important food resource controlling food web dynamics in the studied temporary stream.
Keywords: detritus; flow; functional feeding group; Mediterranean stream; periphyton

Dynamics in the trophic structure of the macroinvertebrate community in a Mediterranean, temporary stream - Alvarez, Maruxa; Pardo, Isabel (AQUATIC SCIENCES, 2009)
Studies on the ecology of resource availability and its relation to hydrological regime are essential for aiding the understanding of stream functioning. This paper assesses the intrinsic role of potential food resources and hydrological variables in determining the functional structure of the macroinvertebrate community in a temporary, spring-fed stream. Quantitative estimates of food resources and aquatic macroinvertebrates, together with estimates of the hydrological variables, were collected during an annual surficial flow period. Standing stocks of benthic organic matter were moderately high (annual mean of 157.7 g AFDM m(-2)) and remained relatively constant over time. Moreover, allochthonous material was dominated by coarse material, reflecting the high retention but slow decomposition rates of Holm oak leaves, the major constituent of allochthonous inputs. Mean levels of periphyton biomass were high and decreased over the flow period (annual mean of 17 mg chl a m(-2)). The functional structure of the benthic macroinvertebrate community varied little over the study period and was consistently dominated by grazers and collectors. Conversely, predators and shredders were poorly represented and increased over the flow period. These observations were attributed to the impoverished invertebrate community that frequently characterizes temporary streams and the poor food quality associated with sclerophyllous leaf inputs at the beginning of the flow period. The small amplitude in discharge during most of the annual flow period and the high temperatures that distinguish the Mediterranean climate might allow algal food to be always available for consumers. This result may explain why autochthonous material was the most important food resource controlling food web dynamics in the studied temporary stream.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: PICASSOPLATZ 4, BASEL, 4052, SWITZERLAND publisher: SPRINGER BASEL AG
Keywords: detritus; flow; functional feeding group; Mediterranean stream; periphyton

Efecto de la compactación del suelo y de la disponibilidad de agua sobre la regeneración sexual de la encina en diferentes ambientes lumínicos - MANCILLA-LEYTÓN, J M; LEIVA MORALES, M J; MARTÍN VICENTE, A (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
La encina, por su distribución mediterránea, debe afrontar hábitats altamente heterogéneos tanto en el espacio como en el tiempo. Esta heterogeneidad está muy marcada por el conjunto de factores abióticos y bióticos que definen la calidad de un micrositio. Dos factores muy estudiados son la disponibilidad hídrica y la radiación fotosintéticamente activa (PAR), pero son muy pocos los trabajos que además tienen en cuenta el medio de sustentación principal de la planta, el suelo. El suelo es un factor muy heterogéneo (varia en escala desde milímetros a metros) además de ser determinante en los primeros estadios de reclutamiento. Por ello se ha estudiado el efecto de la compactación del suelo junto a la disponibilidad hídrica y la radiación PAR sobre la germinación, supervivencia y crecimiento de las plántulas de encina, en las instalaciones experimentales de la Facultad de Biología (Sevilla). La tasa de emergencia y la supervivencia se vieron afectadas significativamente por los tres factores. Por lo que respecta a la biomasa total, aérea y radical de las plántulas, se vieron significativamente afectadas por radiación lumínica y grado de compactación del suelo. Estos resultados apoyan la necesidad de estudiar la variabilidad ambiental de los hábitats a escalas más pequeñas, pudiendo resultar una herramienta muy eficaz de cara a la restauración y gestión de los ecosistemas mediterráneos.
Keywords: compactación del suelo; encina; regeneración sexual

Efecto de la compactación del suelo y de la disponibilidad de agua sobre la regeneración sexual de la encina en diferentes ambientes lumínicos - MANCILLA-LEYTÓN, J. M.; LEIVA MORALES, M. J.; MARTÍN VICENTE, A. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
La encina, por su distribución mediterránea, debe afrontar hábitats altamente heterogéneos tanto en el espacio como en el tiempo. Esta heterogeneidad está muy marcada por el conjunto de factores abióticos y bióticos que definen la calidad de un micrositio. Dos factores muy estudiados son la disponibilidad hídrica y la radiación fotosintéticamente activa (PAR), pero son muy pocos los trabajos que además tienen en cuenta el medio de sustentación principal de la planta, el suelo. El suelo es un factor muy heterogéneo (varia en escala desde milímetros a metros) además de ser determinante en los primeros estadios de reclutamiento. Por ello se ha estudiado el efecto de la compactación del suelo junto a la disponibilidad hídrica y la radiación PAR sobre la germinación, supervivencia y crecimiento de las plántulas de encina, en las instalaciones experimentales de la Facultad de Biología (Sevilla). La tasa de emergencia y la supervivencia se vieron afectadas significativamente por los tres factores. Por lo que respecta a la biomasa total, aérea y radical de las plántulas, se vieron significativamente afectadas por radiación lumínica y grado de compactación del suelo. Estos resultados apoyan la necesidad de estudiar la variabilidad ambiental de los hábitats a escalas más pequeñas, pudiendo resultar una herramienta muy eficaz de cara a la restauración y gestión de los ecosistemas mediterráneos.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español
Keywords: compactación del suelo; encina; regeneración sexual

Efecto de las características del biorreactor y de su manejo sobre el desarrollo de cultivos embriogénicos de alcornoque - JIMENEZ, J; ALONSO BLÁZQUEZ, N; HERNÁNDEZ, I; CARNEROS, E; CUENCA, B; OCAÑA, L; RUIZ, M; CELESTINO, C; TORIBIO, M; J., ALEGRE (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
En el marco del proyecto SEFEAL-2, liderado por TRAGSA, se aplican protocolos de embriogénesis somática (ES) para desarrollar variedades de alcornoque de alta calidad y productividad. Al mismo tiempo se mejora la técnica de ES para abaratar los costes y permitir su aplicación a escala comercial. En el alcornoque, como en otras especies, el desarrollo comercial de la embriogénesis como técnica de multiplicación masiva se basa en el uso de biorreactores y medios líquidos agitados. El diseño del biorreactor, su sistema de cierre y el nivel de agitación determinan el grado de mezclado, el estrés hidrodinámico y el intercambio gaseoso, y por ello afectan tanto al crecimiento como al desarrollo de los cultivos embriogénicos. Mediante un ensayo factorial se testaron 3 tipos de envase y tres niveles de agitación. Los efectos sobre el intercambio gaseoso se estimaron a través de la tasa de transferencia de O2 (OTR) y su coeficiente volumétrico de transferencia de masa (KLa), y los efectos sobre el nivel de mezclado mediante el “shear force index” (SFI), un indicador de estrés hidrodinámico. El tipo de envase afectó básicamente al número total de agregados embriogénicos y a la frecuencia de formación de los agregados de mayor tamaño. El nivel de agitación tuvo mayores efectos que el tipo de envase tanto sobre el número como sobre el tamaño de los agregados. Para las condiciones ensayadas, que dieron lugar a valores de KLa comprendidos entre 0,11 h-1 y 1,47 h-1, la disponibilidad de oxígeno no pareció limitante. En cualquier caso, los efectos del tipo de envase y del nivel de agitación sobre los procesos de crecimiento y desarrollo de los materiales embriogénicos de alcornoque fueron complejos resultando muy significativa la interacción tipo de envase por nivel de agitación
Keywords: Biotecnología forestal; embriogénesis somática; medio líquido; Quercus suber L.

Efectos combinados de la fertilización con nitrógeno y fósforo en vivero sobre la respuesta post-trasplante de Quercus ilex L. - OLIET PALÁ, JUAN A.; TORRES SÁNCHEZ, JORGE; CUADROS TAVIRA, SIMÓN; ABELLANAS OAR, BEGOÑA (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Con objeto de profundizar en las relaciones entre fertilización en vivero y resultados de plantación, en este trabajo se contrasta la aplicación factorial de 3 niveles de nitrógeno (50, 150 y 250 mg por planta) y 2 de fósforo (10 y 50 mg por planta) más un control no fertilizado, mediante una plantación experimental en la que se evalúa el crecimiento, la supervivencia y la conductancia estomática de plantas de encina durante el primer año. Las plantas respondieron significativamente en sus atributos de vivero a la fertilización, siendo las encinas más fertilizadas con N y P las de mayor parte aérea y concentración de nutrientes. En plantación, las medidas de conductancia realizadas durante el verano indican una respuesta positiva y significativa de la misma a la fertilización nitrogenada, pero no a la fosfórica. Los datos de supervivencia indican que no existen diferencias significativas entre tratamientos, siendo muy baja la mortalidad en todos ellos. El crecimiento en altura post-trasplante sólo se vio afectado por la fertilización nitrogenada. En biomasa sólo se ha detectado un efecto significativo de la fertilización en general (comparada con el testigo no fertilizado) sobre el crecimiento de tallos nuevos y raíces, si bien el patrón del efecto del N es muy similar al correspondiente al de la altura.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: calidad de planta; forestación; métodos de repoblación; restauración de la diversidad y del paisaje; Viveros

Efectos combinados de la fertilización con nitrógeno y fósforo en vivero sobre la respuesta post-trasplante de Quercus ilex L. - OLIET PALÁ, JUAN A; TORRES SÁNCHEZ, JORGE; CUADROS TAVIRA, SIMÓN; ABELLANAS OAR, BEGOÑA (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Con objeto de profundizar en las relaciones entre fertilización en vivero y resultados de plantación, en este trabajo se contrasta la aplicación factorial de 3 niveles de nitrógeno (50, 150 y 250 mg por planta) y 2 de fósforo (10 y 50 mg por planta) más un control no fertilizado, mediante una plantación experimental en la que se evalúa el crecimiento, la supervivencia y la conductancia estomática de plantas de encina durante el primer año. Las plantas respondieron significativamente en sus atributos de vivero a la fertilización, siendo las encinas más fertilizadas con N y P las de mayor parte aérea y concentración de nutrientes. En plantación, las medidas de conductancia realizadas durante el verano indican una respuesta positiva y significativa de la misma a la fertilización nitrogenada, pero no a la fosfórica. Los datos de supervivencia indican que no existen diferencias significativas entre tratamientos, siendo muy baja la mortalidad en todos ellos. El crecimiento en altura post-trasplante sólo se vio afectado por la fertilización nitrogenada. En biomasa sólo se ha detectado un efecto significativo de la fertilización en general (comparada con el testigo no fertilizado) sobre el crecimiento de tallos nuevos y raíces, si bien el patrón del efecto del N es muy similar al correspondiente al de la altura.
Keywords: calidad de planta; forestación; métodos de repoblación; restauración de la diversidad y del paisaje; Viveros

Effect of drying temperatures on chemical and morphological properties of acorn flours - Correia, Paula R.; Leitão, António E.; Beirão-da-Costa, Maria L. (International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 2009)
Drying curves at diﬀerent temperatures were established for Quercus suber and Quercus rotundifolia fruits. Flours produced by milling fruits dried at diﬀerent conditions were evaluated for colour, starch granules morphology, amylose and sugars content. The drying temperature was positively related to the reducing sugar content and negatively to starch content. The amilose content generally increased with drying temperature and the eﬀect was more evident for the Q. rotundifolia. Results showed that ﬂour colour parameters generally decreased with increased drying temperature. However, the drying temperature does not seem to aﬀect starch morphology. It can also be stated that Q. suber produced darker ﬂours, higher amylose and reducing sugar content, and bigger starch granules. Q. rotundifolia showed a lower level of damaged starch and higher fat and disaccharides content. According to the results, it was possible to conclude that drying temperature exerted marked eﬀects on the properties of acorn ﬂours in both studied species.
Keywords: Acorn (Quercus suber and Quercus rotundifolia); chemical properties; drying; morphology

Effect of drying temperatures on chemical and morphological properties of acorn flours - Correia, Paula R.; Leitão, António E.; Beirão-da-Costa, Maria L. (International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 2009)
Drying curves at diﬀerent temperatures were established for Quercus suber and Quercus rotundifolia fruits. Flours produced by milling fruits dried at diﬀerent conditions were evaluated for colour, starch granules morphology, amylose and sugars content. The drying temperature was positively related to the reducing sugar content and negatively to starch content. The amilose content generally increased with drying temperature and the eﬀect was more evident for the Q. rotundifolia. Results showed that ﬂour colour parameters generally decreased with increased drying temperature. However, the drying temperature does not seem to aﬀect starch morphology. It can also be stated that Q. suber produced darker ﬂours, higher amylose and reducing sugar content, and bigger starch granules. Q. rotundifolia showed a lower level of damaged starch and higher fat and disaccharides content. According to the results, it was possible to conclude that drying temperature exerted marked eﬀects on the properties of acorn ﬂours in both studied species.
Keywords: Acorn (Quercus suber and Quercus rotundifolia); chemical properties; drying; morphology

Effect of surface treatment in cork reinforced composites - Ben Abdallah, Faiza; Ben Cheikh, Ridha; Baklouti, Mohamed; Denchev, Zlatan; Cunha, Antonio M. (Journal of Polymer Research, 2009)
This work explores the possibility of using cork for reinforcing of polypropylene (PP). The cork granules were mixed with PP by extrusion and the mixture was then injected. The hydrophilic character of cork and the hydrophobic character of PP influence negatively the adhesion at the interface between the reinforcement and the matrix. In order to improve it, several chemical modifications of the cork reinforcements were used in this work: treatment with silane, with sodium hydroxide and with a compatibilizing agent MAPP. The interface modifications were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Goniometry analysis and infrared spectroscopy analysis (IR). The improvement of the mechanical properties was demonstrated by tensile tests. On their basis it was demonstrated that the best interfacial adhesion between cork and PP is achieved by the silane chemical modification (silanization).
Keywords: composite; Cork; interface adhesion; mechanical properties; silanization

Effect of surface treatment in cork reinforced composites - Ben Abdallah, Faiza; Ben Cheikh, Ridha; Baklouti, Mohamed; Denchev, Zlatan; Cunha, Antonio M. (Journal of Polymer Research, 2009)
This work explores the possibility of using cork for reinforcing of polypropylene (PP). The cork granules were mixed with PP by extrusion and the mixture was then injected. The hydrophilic character of cork and the hydrophobic character of PP influence negatively the adhesion at the interface between the reinforcement and the matrix. In order to improve it, several chemical modifications of the cork reinforcements were used in this work: treatment with silane, with sodium hydroxide and with a compatibilizing agent MAPP. The interface modifications were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Goniometry analysis and infrared spectroscopy analysis (IR). The improvement of the mechanical properties was demonstrated by tensile tests. On their basis it was demonstrated that the best interfacial adhesion between cork and PP is achieved by the silane chemical modification (silanization).
Keywords: composite; Cork; interface adhesion; mechanical properties; silanization

Effects of some ecological variables on carabid communities in native and non native forests in the Ibaizabal basin (Basque Country: Spain) - Martínez, Adoración; Iturrondobeitia Carlos, Juan; Goldarazena, Arturo (Ann. For. Sci., 2009)
• Carabid beetles were investigated at five different forest types in the Ibaizabal basin (northern Spain). The landscape is characterized by the presence of remnants of native forest surrounded by conifer plantations. • Carabids were trapped in 52 stands of mixed forest, beech forest, holm oak forest, mixed pine and Monterey pine plantations in 2005 and 2006. The main objectives of the study were: compare carabid diversity, recognise the characteristic species, and study the effects of ecological variables on carabid assemblages in the different forest types. • No significative differences in species abundance, richness and diversity were found among the studied forests. Most of the trapped beetles were identified as forest generalists, nevertheless some native and non-native forest specialist species were also found. Distribution of carabid communities overlapped and, except for beech forest, no specific communities were distinguished. Altitude, percentage of grass coverage and temperature were the main variables influencing species distribution. • The results suggest high habitat homogeneity, caused by regeneration in pine plantations of the indigenous understorey, and by poor habitat quality in native forest (patchy remnants enclosed in conifer plantations). This situation could explain the similar carabid diversity.
Keywords: Biodiversity; carabid beetles; ecological variables; forest habitats; Forest management

Effects of some ecological variables on carabid communities in native and non native forests in the Ibaizabal basin (Basque Country: Spain) - Martínez, Adoración; Iturrondobeitia Carlos, Juan; Goldarazena, Arturo (Ann. For. Sci., 2009)
• Carabid beetles were investigated at five different forest types in the Ibaizabal basin (northern Spain). The landscape is characterized by the presence of remnants of native forest surrounded by conifer plantations. • Carabids were trapped in 52 stands of mixed forest, beech forest, holm oak forest, mixed pine and Monterey pine plantations in 2005 and 2006. The main objectives of the study were: compare carabid diversity, recognise the characteristic species, and study the effects of ecological variables on carabid assemblages in the different forest types. • No significative differences in species abundance, richness and diversity were found among the studied forests. Most of the trapped beetles were identified as forest generalists, nevertheless some native and non-native forest specialist species were also found. Distribution of carabid communities overlapped and, except for beech forest, no specific communities were distinguished. Altitude, percentage of grass coverage and temperature were the main variables influencing species distribution. • The results suggest high habitat homogeneity, caused by regeneration in pine plantations of the indigenous understorey, and by poor habitat quality in native forest (patchy remnants enclosed in conifer plantations). This situation could explain the similar carabid diversity.
Keywords: Biodiversity; carabid beetles; ecological variables; forest habitats; Forest management

El declive del alcornocal en la Vera del Parque Nacional de Doñana: el papel de las colonias de aves nidificantes - RAMO HERRERO, C.; GARCÍA FERNÁNDEZ, L. V.; DÍAZ DELGADO, R.; MARAÑON, T.; SILJESTRÖM, P.; RODRÍGUEZ OLIVARES, R.; GARRIDO GUIL, H.; URDIALES ALONSO, C.; LAFFITE ALAMINOS, R.; IBÁÑEZ FERNÁNDEZ DE ANGULO, F. CALDERÓN RUBIALES (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Desde principios del siglo XVIII y hasta mediados del siglo pasado el alcornocal de Doñana sufrió la pérdida de gran parte de sus efectivos por la acción humana. La instauración de figuras de protección a partir de 1969 minimizó esta causa de mortalidad y posibilitó la protección integral de los ecosistemas, así como el marcaje y seguimiento de más de 400 alcornoques centenarios. Por otra parte, desde mediados del siglo pasado una importante colonia de aves zancudas viene nidificando en los alcornoques centenarios situados en la Vera (ecotono entre las arenas y las marismas) de la Reserva Biológica, constituyendo la denominada “Pajarera” considerada una figura emblemática del Parque Nacional de Doñana. En este trabajo se analiza el impacto de la colonia sobre el estado de los alcornoques centenarios de la Vera. El análisis conjunto de los datos de mortalidad y de cobertura foliar, apunta a que existe una relación altamente significativa entre la presencia de la colonia y los signos de decaimiento observados en los alcornoques.La amenaza que supone, por un lado, la intensa presión de la fauna herbívora sobre las bellotas y plántulas -que impide la regeneración natural- y, por otro, el efecto deletéreo de la proliferación de las aves nidificantes ha obligado a considerar actuaciones urgentes de gestión e investigación, para garantizar la supervivencia del alcornocal en la Vera de la Reserva Biológica de Doñana.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español
Keywords: decaimiento; interacciones árbol-ave; Quercus suber; regeneración

El rozamiento en el proceso de encorchado como medida del tratamiento de superficie de los tapones de corcho. - GONZÁLEZ HERNÁNDEZ, F.; González Adrados, J. R.; GARCÍA DE CECA VALERO, J. L.; CÁCERES ESTEBAN, M. J.; GONZÁLEZ HERNÁNDEZ, M. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Se han realizado dos tipos de ensayos, uno de fricción tapón-mordaza, con medida de las fuerzas de compresión y expulsión del tapón y un segundo ensayo siguiendo el protocolo de las normas UNE para tapones de corcho, con medida de las fuerzas de introducción y de extracción del tapón de la botella. Para ello se ha partido de tapones aglomerados de 24x44 mm., con cinco tratamientos diferentes; un tratamiento T1 correspondiente a tapones no tratados, dos tratamientos T2 y T3 a base de un polímetro de dimetilsiloxano más pigmento blanco en dosis de 5 y 7,5 g/500 tapones respectivamente y otros dos tratamientos T4 y T5 a base de una mezcla de parafinas más ceras, más siliconas, más disolvente alifático, en dosis de 7,5 y 12,5 g/500 tapones respectivamente. Se han seleccionado un total de diez muestras de 20 tapones para los dos ensayos y los cinco tratamientos, con el criterio, que todas ellas presentaran la misma distribución en cuanto a la densidad. Se han definido cinco índices de fricción y obtenido los correspondientes valores. Finalmente se hace una propuesta de ensayo de fricción para tapones de corcho tratados, para su discusión en el Comité 56 de AENOR
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: Fuerza de compresión; Fuerza de extracción; Fuerza de introducción; Fuerza de relajación; Mordaza; Tapón

Environment and landscape management during the Middle Neolithic in Southern France: Evidence for agro-sylvo-pastoral systems in the Middle Rhone Valley - Delhon, Claire; Thiébault, Stéphanie; Berger, Jean-François (Quaternary International, 2009)
Rescue excavations in the Middle Rhone Valley have provided opportunities to develop innovative strategies for the study of palaeoenvironments. These strategies involve sampling and analysis of botanical remains, recovered not only from archaeological sites but also in ‘‘off-site’’ pedosedimentary sequences thought to be poor in botanical remains. Thus, these remains (phytoliths, pedocharcoal) give access to unexplored depositional contexts, such as alluvial plains. Moreover, off-site data are useful because they minimise the hazard of cultural bias (e.g., selection of species during wood gathering). Comparison of data collected in the alluvial plain with data obtained via anthracological analyses of karstic caves and rock-shelters in the hinterland suggests a complex agro-sylvopastoral management of the landscape during the Middle Neolithic. We propose a pattern that supposes considerable specialization in use of plains vs. slopes in the landscape, and a strong and continuous human pressure on the vegetation and soils between 4500 and 3500 cal BC. Nevertheless, these constraints are not sufﬁcient to explain the persistence of such a system for more than a millennium. Favourable climatic conditions are thought to have been a determining factor in the persistence of an ecologically meta-stable relationship between human societies and their natural environment.
Keywords: CHARCOAL ANALYSIS; Middle Neolithic; Middle Rhone; oak; vegetation dynamics (citation)

Environment and landscape management during the Middle Neolithic in Southern France: Evidence for agro-sylvo-pastoral systems in the Middle Rhone Valley - Delhon, Claire; Thiébault, Stéphanie; Berger, Jean-François (Quaternary International, 2009)
Rescue excavations in the Middle Rhone Valley have provided opportunities to develop innovative strategies for the study of palaeoenvironments. These strategies involve sampling and analysis of botanical remains, recovered not only from archaeological sites but also in ‘‘off-site’’ pedosedimentary sequences thought to be poor in botanical remains. Thus, these remains (phytoliths, pedocharcoal) give access to unexplored depositional contexts, such as alluvial plains. Moreover, off-site data are useful because they minimise the hazard of cultural bias (e.g., selection of species during wood gathering). Comparison of data collected in the alluvial plain with data obtained via anthracological analyses of karstic caves and rock-shelters in the hinterland suggests a complex agro-sylvopastoral management of the landscape during the Middle Neolithic. We propose a pattern that supposes considerable specialization in use of plains vs. slopes in the landscape, and a strong and continuous human pressure on the vegetation and soils between 4500 and 3500 cal BC. Nevertheless, these constraints are not sufﬁcient to explain the persistence of such a system for more than a millennium. Favourable climatic conditions are thought to have been a determining factor in the persistence of an ecologically meta-stable relationship between human societies and their natural environment.
Keywords: CHARCOAL ANALYSIS; Middle Neolithic; Middle Rhone; oak; vegetation dynamics (citation)

Epigeous macrofungi of the Parque de Natureza de Noudar in Alentejo (Portugal) - Louro, R; Calado, M; Pinto, B; Santos-Silva, C (Mycotaxon, 2009)
This inventory represents the first list of the epigeous macrofungi collected in Parque de Natureza de Noudar (Barrancos, Alentejo, Portugal). Throughout 3 years 162 taxa were registered, from which 8 are new species for Portugal and 77 for Alentejo. Some of them are considered rare species whereas others have been suggested to acquire a conservation status.
Keywords: fungi; Holm oak; iberian peninsula; Mediterranean ecosystem; sporocarps

Epigeous macrofungi of the Parque de Natureza de Noudar in Alentejo (Portugal) - Louro, R.; Calado, M.; Pinto, B.; Santos-Silva, C. (Mycotaxon, 2009)
This inventory represents the first list of the epigeous macrofungi collected in Parque de Natureza de Noudar (Barrancos, Alentejo, Portugal). Throughout 3 years 162 taxa were registered, from which 8 are new species for Portugal and 77 for Alentejo. Some of them are considered rare species whereas others have been suggested to acquire a conservation status.
Keywords: fungi; Holm oak; iberian peninsula; Mediterranean ecosystem; sporocarps

Establishment limitation of holm oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) in a Mediterranean savanna — forest ecosystem - Smit, Christian; Díaz, Mario; Jansen, Patrick (Annals of Forest Science, 2009)
• Tree recruitment in Mediterranean savannas is generally hampered, in contrast with the original oak forests where these savannas are derived from. We asked whether this diﬀerence in recruitment success can be explained by diﬀerential post-dispersal survival. For one year we monitored experimentally cached holm oak acorns in a savanna – forest ecosystem in Central Spain, and recorded cache pilferage, type of pilferer, boar rooting, seedling emergence, seedling survival and the cause of mortality. • Cache pilferage was signiﬁcantly lower in savanna (8%) than in forest (21%). However, the higher cache survival was more than oﬀset by lower seedling emergence and, particularly, by nine times higher seedling mortality in savanna, mainly due to desiccation. Wild boar rooting did not diﬀer between experimental caches and controls without acorns, indicating that individual cached acorns do not trigger rooting activity. • Our results indicate that the diﬀerence in post-dispersal survival between savanna and forest is due to lower emergence and, primarily, higher seedling mortality in savanna, not to higher cache pilferage. Absence of safe sites such as shrubs, abundantly present in the forest, may well explain the lack of recruitment in the savanna. Management measures appear necessary for long-term persistence of Mediterranean savannas in general.
Keywords: Dehesa; seed predation; seedling establishment; tree recruitment

Establishment limitation of holm oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) in a Mediterranean savanna — forest ecosystem - Smit, Christian; Díaz, Mario; Jansen, Patrick (Annals of Forest Science, 2009)
• Tree recruitment in Mediterranean savannas is generally hampered, in contrast with the original oak forests where these savannas are derived from. We asked whether this diﬀerence in recruitment success can be explained by diﬀerential post-dispersal survival. For one year we monitored experimentally cached holm oak acorns in a savanna – forest ecosystem in Central Spain, and recorded cache pilferage, type of pilferer, boar rooting, seedling emergence, seedling survival and the cause of mortality. • Cache pilferage was signiﬁcantly lower in savanna (8%) than in forest (21%). However, the higher cache survival was more than oﬀset by lower seedling emergence and, particularly, by nine times higher seedling mortality in savanna, mainly due to desiccation. Wild boar rooting did not diﬀer between experimental caches and controls without acorns, indicating that individual cached acorns do not trigger rooting activity. • Our results indicate that the diﬀerence in post-dispersal survival between savanna and forest is due to lower emergence and, primarily, higher seedling mortality in savanna, not to higher cache pilferage. Absence of safe sites such as shrubs, abundantly present in the forest, may well explain the lack of recruitment in the savanna. Management measures appear necessary for long-term persistence of Mediterranean savannas in general.
Keywords: Dehesa; seed predation; seedling establishment; tree recruitment

Estimación del precio de indiferencia del carbono con la regeneración natural facilitada y la forestación de la encina y el alcornoque en montes mediterráneos - CAMPOS PALACIN, P; CAPARROS GASS, A; OVANDO POL, P (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
En este estudio se comparan los costes de mitigar emisiones de carbono con la regeneración natural facilitada y la reforestación de dos especies típicas del monte mediterráneo: la encina y el alcornoque en cuatro sitios representativos de estos montes en España y Túnez. Se estiman los precios de indiferencia del carbono (en € tCO2 -1), incluyendo en el análisis costes y beneficios comerciales ligados a las dos inversiones forestales analizadas, y de forma adicional las actuales subvenciones a la gestión forestal. Los precios de indiferencia determinan el umbral mínimo de la compensación que requeriría un propietario forestal para aceptar llevar a cabo inversiones en la extensión y renovación del encinar o alcornocal. Los resultados de este análisis aportan nuevos argumentos para justificar un cambio en la actual preeminencia que las ayudas europeas dan al establecimiento de plantaciones forestales por mayores ayudas dirigidas a facilitar la regeneración natural de las masas forestales existentes que se encuentran proceso de degradación por envejecimiento. Palabras
Keywords: España; fijación de carbono; monte mediterráneo; subvenciones netas; Túnez

Estimación del precio de indiferencia del carbono con la regeneración natural facilitada y la forestación de la encina y el alcornoque en montes mediterráneos - Campos Palacín, P.; Caparrós Gass, A.; OVANDO POL, P. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
En este estudio se comparan los costes de mitigar emisiones de carbono con la regeneración natural facilitada y la reforestación de dos especies típicas del monte mediterráneo: la encina y el alcornoque en cuatro sitios representativos de estos montes en España y Túnez. Se estiman los precios de indiferencia del carbono (en € tCO2 -1), incluyendo en el análisis costes y beneficios comerciales ligados a las dos inversiones forestales analizadas, y de forma adicional las actuales subvenciones a la gestión forestal. Los precios de indiferencia determinan el umbral mínimo de la compensación que requeriría un propietario forestal para aceptar llevar a cabo inversiones en la extensión y renovación del encinar o alcornocal. Los resultados de este análisis aportan nuevos argumentos para justificar un cambio en la actual preeminencia que las ayudas europeas dan al establecimiento de plantaciones forestales por mayores ayudas dirigidas a facilitar la regeneración natural de las masas forestales existentes que se encuentran proceso de degradación por envejecimiento. Palabras
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: España; fijación de carbono; monte mediterráneo; subvenciones netas; Túnez

Estimating the ecological status and change of riparian zones in Andalusia assessed by multi-temporal AVHHR datasets - Ivits, Eva; Cherlet, Michael; Mehl, Wolfgang; Sommer, Stefan (Ecological Indicators, 2009)
Following the European Commission’s Water Framework Directive all surface waters in EU’s Member States must reach a good status by 2015. The evaluation of this status will be partly based on ecological criteria, such as the hydro-morphological quality criteria which also evaluate the structure and condition of the riparian zone. Riparian zones with undisturbed or nearly undisturbed condition are given high-ecological status. The agri-environmental measures in the EU promote an extensive use of land to protect the farmed environment and its biodiversity. Recent studies in Andalusia and elsewhere suggest that extensiﬁcation leads to riparian zones with higher ecological status compared to intensively used areas. We suggest that extensiﬁcation and thus better ecological status of the riparian zone can be partly approximated by the amount of vegetation permanently present on the area. For this the so-called permanent vegetation fraction was derived from a multi-temporal advanced very high-resolution radiometer (AVHRR) dataset and was used (1) to classify the ecological status of the riparian zone into two classes, favourable and unfavourable, and (2) to assess the effect of agricultural practices on these areas. The classiﬁcation was validated by ﬁeld observations in the Guadalquivir river basin while detailed information on farming practices helped to assess the effect of agriculture on the riparian zone. The assessment was carried out in olive land cover because erosion control in olive cultivations is the most widely implemented measure in Andalusia. Results suggest that the remotely sensed permanent vegetation fraction is a good indicator of the favourable and unfavourable ecological status of the riparian zone. Furthermore, extensiﬁcation of agricultural practices expressed in terms of increasing permanent vegetation cover was shown to have positive effect on the riparian zone as opposed to areas where no measures were implemented
Keywords: agricultural extensification; changing ecological status; Phenological indicator; Remote sensing; riparian buffer stripe

Estudio del turno óptimo de descorche en alcornocales andaluces - ALAEJOS GUTIÉRREZ, J; Torres Álvarez, E; SÁNCHEZ AUNIÓN, M F (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
El calibre del corcho tiene una gran influencia sobre la calidad final del producto. La selvicultura de alcornocales permite obtener un determinado calibre del corcho alargando o acortando el turno de descorche. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el turno óptimo de descorche para alcanzar la mejor calidad de corcho posible en un alcornocal determinado. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se ha medido el crecimiento anual de corcho en muestras procedentes de la colección de corcho, o suberoteca, del Plan de Calas de la Consejería de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucía. Las muestras fueron seleccionadas aleatoriamente en proporción a los porcentajes de las diferentes calidades y calibres de cada monte descorchado. El espesor de los anillos de crecimiento se realizó mediante análisis de la imagen escaneada del corte transversal de las piezas de corcho. Se realizó un análisis de regresión entre la edad del corcho, como variable independiente, y el calibre como variable dependiente. La ecuación parabólica resultó ser el mejor modelo. Se determinaron los coeficientes del modelo para cada región de procedencia y clase de calibre final del corcho. Estos modelos permiten realizar proyecciones en el tiempo del calibre final del corcho y predicciones de del calibre del corcho a diferentes edades. La proyección del calibre del corcho a los 9, 10, 11 y 12 años permite estimar y comparar la calidad final del corcho en un mismo monte con diferentes turnos de descorche. En tales condiciones, es posible calcular el turno óptimo de descorche utilizando métodos de análisis financiero. En contra de una idea frecuentemente generalizada, en un porcentaje apreciable de montes no es necesario un alargamiento del turno de descorche para obtener un corcho de mayor calidad.
Keywords: Alcornoque; Andalucía; Corcho; crecimiento

Estudio del turno óptimo de descorche en alcornocales andaluces - ALAEJOS GUTIÉRREZ, J.; TORRES ÁLVAREZ, E.; SÁNCHEZ AUNIÓN, M. F. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
El calibre del corcho tiene una gran influencia sobre la calidad final del producto. La selvicultura de alcornocales permite obtener un determinado calibre del corcho alargando o acortando el turno de descorche. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar el turno óptimo de descorche para alcanzar la mejor calidad de corcho posible en un alcornocal determinado. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se ha medido el crecimiento anual de corcho en muestras procedentes de la colección de corcho, o suberoteca, del Plan de Calas de la Consejería de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucía. Las muestras fueron seleccionadas aleatoriamente en proporción a los porcentajes de las diferentes calidades y calibres de cada monte descorchado. El espesor de los anillos de crecimiento se realizó mediante análisis de la imagen escaneada del corte transversal de las piezas de corcho. Se realizó un análisis de regresión entre la edad del corcho, como variable independiente, y el calibre como variable dependiente. La ecuación parabólica resultó ser el mejor modelo. Se determinaron los coeficientes del modelo para cada región de procedencia y clase de calibre final del corcho. Estos modelos permiten realizar proyecciones en el tiempo del calibre final del corcho y predicciones de del calibre del corcho a diferentes edades. La proyección del calibre del corcho a los 9, 10, 11 y 12 años permite estimar y comparar la calidad final del corcho en un mismo monte con diferentes turnos de descorche. En tales condiciones, es posible calcular el turno óptimo de descorche utilizando métodos de análisis financiero. En contra de una idea frecuentemente generalizada, en un porcentaje apreciable de montes no es necesario un alargamiento del turno de descorche para obtener un corcho de mayor calidad.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: Alcornoque; Andalucía; Corcho; crecimiento

Estudio y caracterización de las masas de alcornoque de la provincia de León - FERNÁNDEZ-MANSO, A A; SARMIENTO MAILLO, L A; EZQUERRA BOTICARIO, F J; COBOS MIGUEL, T; GARCÍA FERNÁNDEZ-MIRANDA, M (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
La falta de estudios sobre los alcornocales de la provincia de León hace que se desconozcan aspectos tan relevantes para su gestión sostenible como su distribución espacial, su estructura y dinámica o su estado de regeneración. A pesar de que algunos de los alcornocales leoneses son periódicamente descorchados no podemos hablar de una producción importante en términos económicos. Su importancia radica en sus valores ecológicos y culturales. El presente trabajo inventaría y analiza las 1.945,09 ha de alcornocal presente en la provincia de León localizados en su totalidad entre las comarcas de El Bierzo y la Cabrera. El objetivo del trabajo es obtener la información relevante de cara a la toma de decisiones en relación con las medidas de gestión más adecuadas para la especie. El trabajo presenta la localización geográfica y descripción ecológica de las masas de alcornocal, analiza su estructura y dinámica y estudia los usos actuales para prever su viabilidad futura.
Keywords: el bierzo; estructura y dinámica forestal; Quercus Suber L

Estudio y caracterización de las masas de alcornoque de la provincia de León - FERNÁNDEZ-MANSO, A. A.; SARMIENTO MAILLO, L. A.; EZQUERRA BOTICARIO, F. J.; COBOS MIGUEL, T.; GARCÍA FERNÁNDEZ-MIRANDA, M. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
La falta de estudios sobre los alcornocales de la provincia de León hace que se desconozcan aspectos tan relevantes para su gestión sostenible como su distribución espacial, su estructura y dinámica o su estado de regeneración. A pesar de que algunos de los alcornocales leoneses son periódicamente descorchados no podemos hablar de una producción importante en términos económicos. Su importancia radica en sus valores ecológicos y culturales. El presente trabajo inventaría y analiza las 1.945,09 ha de alcornocal presente en la provincia de León localizados en su totalidad entre las comarcas de El Bierzo y la Cabrera. El objetivo del trabajo es obtener la información relevante de cara a la toma de decisiones en relación con las medidas de gestión más adecuadas para la especie. El trabajo presenta la localización geográfica y descripción ecológica de las masas de alcornocal, analiza su estructura y dinámica y estudia los usos actuales para prever su viabilidad futura.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: el bierzo; estructura y dinámica forestal; Quercus Suber L

Evaluación de diferentes alternativas de forestación y agricultura como sumideros de carbono en Castilla y León - CISNEROS, O; MODREGO, P; RUEDA, J; ÁGREDA, T; ÁGUEDA, B; Alonso, R; J., GORDO; SOMBRERO, A; DE BENITO, A; TENORIO, J L; ZAMBRANA, E; WALTER, I; et al. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
El proyecto SUM2006-00023-C05 plantea el análisis de diferentes alternativas agrícolas y forestales como herramienta para mejorar el efecto de sumidero de carbono en terrenos agrícolas de Castilla y León. Se materializa en una evaluación económica de las distintas alternativas por parte de una empresa afectada por el Plan Nacional de Asignación de Emisiones. Para ello se compara mediante el software CO2FIX el flujo de carbono en fincas de agricultura tradicional frente a diferentes alternativas (populicultura, truficultura, pino piñonero, cerezo y nogal para madera, laboreo mínimo, siembra directa, leguminosas arbustivas silvestres y cultivos agroenergéticos). También se analiza la aceptación de este tipo de proyecto por parte de los propietarios forestales de la región. En este artículo se desarrollan las principales aspectos prácticos que debería incluir un proyecto de “Uso de la Tierra, Cambio de Uso de la Tierra y Selvicultura” como sumidero de carbono (proyecto LULUCF según la terminología del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos Sobre el Cambio Climático –IPCC-); así como los problemas y limitaciones que existen en su aplicación práctica. Como ejemplo se exponen resultados parciales del proyecto, correspondientes a la comparación de fincas de cereal en Zamadueñas (Valladolid) y Valdegeña (Soria) con plantaciones forestales (de chopo y de encina trufera respectivamente) y distintos sistemas de laboreo
Keywords: chopo; CO2FIX; encina trufera; laboreo de conservación; Sumideros agroforestales

Evaluación de diferentes alternativas de forestación y agricultura como sumideros de carbono en Castilla y León - CISNEROS, O.; MODREGO, P.; RUEDA, J.; ÁGREDA, T.; ÁGUEDA, B.; Alonso, R.; J., GORDO; SOMBRERO, A.; DE BENITO, A.; TENORIO, J. L.; ZAMBRANA, E.; WALTER, I.; et al. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
El proyecto SUM2006-00023-C05 plantea el análisis de diferentes alternativas agrícolas y forestales como herramienta para mejorar el efecto de sumidero de carbono en terrenos agrícolas de Castilla y León. Se materializa en una evaluación económica de las distintas alternativas por parte de una empresa afectada por el Plan Nacional de Asignación de Emisiones. Para ello se compara mediante el software CO2FIX el flujo de carbono en fincas de agricultura tradicional frente a diferentes alternativas (populicultura, truficultura, pino piñonero, cerezo y nogal para madera, laboreo mínimo, siembra directa, leguminosas arbustivas silvestres y cultivos agroenergéticos). También se analiza la aceptación de este tipo de proyecto por parte de los propietarios forestales de la región. En este artículo se desarrollan las principales aspectos prácticos que debería incluir un proyecto de “Uso de la Tierra, Cambio de Uso de la Tierra y Selvicultura” como sumidero de carbono (proyecto LULUCF según la terminología del Grupo Intergubernamental de Expertos Sobre el Cambio Climático –IPCC-); así como los problemas y limitaciones que existen en su aplicación práctica. Como ejemplo se exponen resultados parciales del proyecto, correspondientes a la comparación de fincas de cereal en Zamadueñas (Valladolid) y Valdegeña (Soria) con plantaciones forestales (de chopo y de encina trufera respectivamente) y distintos sistemas de laboreo
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: chopo; CO2FIX; encina trufera; laboreo de conservación; Sumideros agroforestales

Evaluación de la capacidad de adaptación al estrés climático en Quercus mediterráneos: ¿plasticidad fenotípica o variación genotípica? - FERNÁNDEZ-MARÍN, B; CAMARERO, J J; OLANO, J M; ESTEBAN, R; S.J., ARROYO; BECERRIL, J M; Garcia-Plazaola, J I (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Los factores de estrés asociados al clima representan el principal factor limitante en el crecimiento de las plantas. Muchos de ellos se traducen en la generación de daños fotooxidativos. Para evitarlos, las plantas presentan un conjunto de mecanismos denominados de fotoprotección que se inducen en respuesta a factores estresantes ambientales. Sin embargo, no está claro si la potencialidad de expresión del sistema fotoprotector depende exclusivamente de la plasticidad fenotípica de cada especie o de su procedencia (genotipo). En el presente trabajo, se estudió la respuesta fotoprotectora en varias poblaciones ibéricas de encina (Quercus ilex L.). Se muestrearon tres localidades con tres tipos de climas mediterráneos muy contrastados: Alcubierre en Huesca (semiárido-continental); Soria (continental) y Tertanga en Álava (oceánico). A lo largo del año 2008 se estimó el crecimiento secundario de 10 árboles adultos por localidad y se muestrearon hojas del año, en primavera, verano e invierno. Estos resultados se compararon con los obtenidos en plántulas de bellotas procedentes de las tres localidades. Se determinaron diversos parámetros indicativos del nivel de fotoprotección y funcionamiento fotosintético: contenidos de pigmentos fotosintéticos y tocoferoles, pubescencia foliar, y eficiencia fotosintética. En el campo, las encinas de Tertanga presentaron el máximo crecimiento secundario y los menores niveles de tocoferoles, pubescencia y reflectancia foliar. El menor crecimiento se registró en Soria, donde se observó un proceso de fotoinhibición invernal que también se dio en Alcubierre en menor medida. En el invernadero, las plántulas de Alcubierre mostraron los mayores niveles en el ratio xantofilas del ciclo VAZ respecto a clorofila (VAZ/cl), pubescencia, y reflectancia foliar. Estos resultados sugieren la coexistencia de mecanismos fotoprotectores fisiológicos de gran plasticidad en Q. ilex, en parte dependientes de la procedencia de las poblaciones, con otros intrínsecos de tipo morfológico determinados genotípicamente. Palabras
Keywords: crecimiento secundario; encina; fotoprotección; plasticidad fenotípica

Evaluación de la capacidad de adaptación al estrés climático en Quercus mediterráneos: ¿plasticidad fenotípica o variación genotípica? - FERNÁNDEZ-MARÍN, B.; Camarero, J. J.; Olano, J. M.; ESTEBAN, R.; S. J., ARROYO; BECERRIL, J. M.; García-Plazaola, J. I. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Los factores de estrés asociados al clima representan el principal factor limitante en el crecimiento de las plantas. Muchos de ellos se traducen en la generación de daños fotooxidativos. Para evitarlos, las plantas presentan un conjunto de mecanismos denominados de fotoprotección que se inducen en respuesta a factores estresantes ambientales. Sin embargo, no está claro si la potencialidad de expresión del sistema fotoprotector depende exclusivamente de la plasticidad fenotípica de cada especie o de su procedencia (genotipo). En el presente trabajo, se estudió la respuesta fotoprotectora en varias poblaciones ibéricas de encina (Quercus ilex L.). Se muestrearon tres localidades con tres tipos de climas mediterráneos muy contrastados: Alcubierre en Huesca (semiárido-continental); Soria (continental) y Tertanga en Álava (oceánico). A lo largo del año 2008 se estimó el crecimiento secundario de 10 árboles adultos por localidad y se muestrearon hojas del año, en primavera, verano e invierno. Estos resultados se compararon con los obtenidos en plántulas de bellotas procedentes de las tres localidades. Se determinaron diversos parámetros indicativos del nivel de fotoprotección y funcionamiento fotosintético: contenidos de pigmentos fotosintéticos y tocoferoles, pubescencia foliar, y eficiencia fotosintética. En el campo, las encinas de Tertanga presentaron el máximo crecimiento secundario y los menores niveles de tocoferoles, pubescencia y reflectancia foliar. El menor crecimiento se registró en Soria, donde se observó un proceso de fotoinhibición invernal que también se dio en Alcubierre en menor medida. En el invernadero, las plántulas de Alcubierre mostraron los mayores niveles en el ratio xantofilas del ciclo VAZ respecto a clorofila (VAZ/cl), pubescencia, y reflectancia foliar. Estos resultados sugieren la coexistencia de mecanismos fotoprotectores fisiológicos de gran plasticidad en Q. ilex, en parte dependientes de la procedencia de las poblaciones, con otros intrínsecos de tipo morfológico determinados genotípicamente. Palabras
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: crecimiento secundario; encina; fotoprotección; plasticidad fenotípica

Evaluación de la sostenibilidad en exploraciones de dehesa en función de su tamaño y orientación ganadera - Gaspar García, P.; Mesías Díaz, Francisco Javier; Escribano Sánchez, Miguel; Pulido, F. (ITEA, información técnica económica agraria, 2009)
Keywords: dehsa; extensive livestock; farm management; Sustainability indicators

Evaluación de la sostenibilidad en exploraciones de dehesa en función de su tamaño y orientación ganadera - Gaspar Garcia, P; Mesías Díaz, Francisco Javier; Escribano Sánchez, Miguel; Pulido, F (ITEA, información técnica económica agraria, 2009)
Keywords: dehsa; extensive livestock; farm management; Sustainability indicators

Evolución del crecimiento radial de Quercus ilex L. ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp) y Quercus suber L.) en la provincia de Huelva. Influencia de parámetros climáticos, selvícolas y humedad de suelo. - MARTIN PEREZ, D; ALEJANO MONGE, R; VAZQUEZ PIQUE, J; TAPIAS, R (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
El objetivo de este estudio es describir la evolución del crecimiento diametral del fuste de Quercus ilex L. ssp ballota (Desf.) Samp y Quercus suber L. a escala inter e intranual, y estudiar la influencia de diferentes tratamientos selvícolas (podas y tratamientos de suelo) y de factores climáticos y edáficos, con el fin de disponer en posteriores estudios de modelos de crecimiento para estas dos especies y prever su comportamiento ante la variación de estos factores, así como para profundizar en la función de estos Quercus mediterráneos como sumideros de carbono atmosférico y predecir los cambios en su distribución futura en función de los posibles escenarios de cambio climático existentes. Para este estudio se han establecido tres parcelas experimentales en diferentes localizaciones de la provincia de Huelva (Hinojos, San Bartolomé de la Torre y Huerto Ramírez), donde se han aplicado tratamientos de poda y suelo y medido los parámetros edafoclimáticos. El crecimiento diametral de fuste se ha estimado usando dendrómetros de banda, realizando mediciones mensuales entre los años 2003 y 2008. Con el volumen de datos recogidos en la fase de campo se ha elaborado una base de datos que se ha utilizado para describir la evolución mensual del crecimiento de Quercus ilex y Quercus suber a lo largo de 6 años, analizando la influencia de parámetros climáticos, humedad del suelo y parámetros selvícolas (tratamientos de poda y suelo) sobre el mismo. Este trabajo es la base para la elaboración de un modelo de crecimiento de esta especie.
Keywords: cambio climático y gestión forestal; Sistemas agrosilvopastorales; sostenibilidad.; tratamientos selvícolas

Evolución del crecimiento radial de Quercus ilex L. ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp) y Quercus suber L.) en la provincia de Huelva. Influencia de parámetros climáticos, selvícolas y humedad de suelo. - MARTIN PEREZ, D.; ALEJANO MONGE, R.; VAZQUEZ PIQUE, J.; Tapias, R. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
El objetivo de este estudio es describir la evolución del crecimiento diametral del fuste de Quercus ilex L. ssp ballota (Desf.) Samp y Quercus suber L. a escala inter e intranual, y estudiar la influencia de diferentes tratamientos selvícolas (podas y tratamientos de suelo) y de factores climáticos y edáficos, con el fin de disponer en posteriores estudios de modelos de crecimiento para estas dos especies y prever su comportamiento ante la variación de estos factores, así como para profundizar en la función de estos Quercus mediterráneos como sumideros de carbono atmosférico y predecir los cambios en su distribución futura en función de los posibles escenarios de cambio climático existentes. Para este estudio se han establecido tres parcelas experimentales en diferentes localizaciones de la provincia de Huelva (Hinojos, San Bartolomé de la Torre y Huerto Ramírez), donde se han aplicado tratamientos de poda y suelo y medido los parámetros edafoclimáticos. El crecimiento diametral de fuste se ha estimado usando dendrómetros de banda, realizando mediciones mensuales entre los años 2003 y 2008. Con el volumen de datos recogidos en la fase de campo se ha elaborado una base de datos que se ha utilizado para describir la evolución mensual del crecimiento de Quercus ilex y Quercus suber a lo largo de 6 años, analizando la influencia de parámetros climáticos, humedad del suelo y parámetros selvícolas (tratamientos de poda y suelo) sobre el mismo. Este trabajo es la base para la elaboración de un modelo de crecimiento de esta especie.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: cambio climático y gestión forestal; Sistemas agrosilvopastorales; sostenibilidad.; tratamientos selvícolas

Ex Vitro Acclimatization of Laelia halbingeriana Plants Grown in Different Media and Fertilization Doses - Heredia-Rendon, A; Enriquez-del Valle, J; Campos, G V; Marini, F; Velasco, V A; Damon, A (INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SOILLESS CULTURE AND HYDROPONICS, 2009)
In vitro plants of the orchid Laelia halbingeriana were obtained from seed germination. The plants were grown and established in different organic substrates mixes. The substrates resulted from the mix of compost and charcoal, land of mount and Holm oak bark, and peat and volcanic tuff. The plants were fertilized with four levels of nitrogen (0, 10, 30 and 50 mg L-1). Six months after the establishment, 64.84% to 80.22% of the plants were adapted to the climate conditions. The highest survival rates in plantlets were obtained in the adaptation conditions using peat-volcanic tuff and nitrogen doses of 30 and 50 mg L-1. These plants had an average of 8.01 cm height, 5.15 leafs, 2.66 pseudo-bulbs, 77 to 89 mg of total accumulated dry matter, and 42 to 45% of C in leaves and pseudo-bulbs. The fertilization had a significant effect (P <= 0.05) on the plants growth and a highly significant effect (P <= 0.01) on number of leaves, width of the major leaf and the number of pseudo-bulbs; The interaction substrates and fertilization had a highly significant effect (P <= 0.01) on the nitrogen content in leaves and pseudo-bulbs.
Keywords: development; in vitro; nitrogen; Orchidacea; Seeds

Exceptional carbon uptake in European forests during the warm spring of 2007: a data–model analysis - DELPIERRE, N.; SOUDANI, K.; François, C.; Köstner, B.; Pontailler, J.-Y.; NIKINMAA, E.; Misson, L.; Aubinet, M.; BERNHOFER, C.; Granier, A.; GRÜNWALD, T.; HEINESCH, B.; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2009)
Temperate and boreal forests undergo drastic functional changes in the springtime, shifting within a few weeks from net carbon (C) sources to net C sinks. Most of these changes are mediated by temperature. The autumn 2006–winter 2007 record warm period was followed by an exceptionally warm spring in Europe, making spring 2007 a good candidate for advances in the onset of the photosynthetically active period. An analysis of a decade of eddy covariance data from six European forests stands, which encompass a wide range of functional types (broadleaf evergreen, broadleaf deciduous, needleleaf evergreen) and a wide latitudinal band (from 44° to 62°N), revealed exceptional fluxes during spring 2007. Gross primary productivity (GPP) of spring 2007 was the maximum recorded in the decade examined for all sites but a Mediterranean evergreen forest (with a +40 to +130 gC m−2 anomaly compared with the decadal mean over the January–May period). Total ecosystem respiration (TER) was also promoted during spring 2007, though less anomalous than GPP (with a +17 to +93 gC m−2 anomaly over 5 months), leading to higher net uptake than the long-term mean at all sites (+12 to +79 gC m−2 anomaly over 5 months). A correlative analysis relating springtime C fluxes to simple phenological indices suggested spring C uptake and temperatures to be related. The CASTANEA process-based model was used to disentangle the seasonality of climatic drivers (incoming radiation, air and soil temperatures) and biological drivers (canopy dynamics, thermal acclimation of photosynthesis to low temperatures) on spring C fluxes along the latitudinal gradient. A sensitivity analysis of model simulations evidenced the roles of (i) an exceptional early budburst combined with elevated air temperature in deciduous sites, and (ii) an early relief of winter thermal acclimation in coniferous sites for the promotion of 2007 spring assimilation.
Keywords: 13 october 2008; august 2008 and accepted; European forests; functional drivers; net carbon uptake; process-based model; received 30 may 2008; revised version received 30; spring

Exceptional carbon uptake in European forests during the warm spring of 2007: a data–model analysis - DELPIERRE, N.; SOUDANI, K.; François, C.; Köstner, B.; Pontailler, J.-Y.; NIKINMAA, E.; Misson, L.; Aubinet, M.; BERNHOFER, C.; GRANIER, a; GRÜNWALD, T.; HEINESCH, B.; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2009)
Temperate and boreal forests undergo drastic functional changes in the springtime, shifting within a few weeks from net carbon (C) sources to net C sinks. Most of these changes are mediated by temperature. The autumn 2006–winter 2007 record warm period was followed by an exceptionally warm spring in Europe, making spring 2007 a good candidate for advances in the onset of the photosynthetically active period. An analysis of a decade of eddy covariance data from six European forests stands, which encompass a wide range of functional types (broadleaf evergreen, broadleaf deciduous, needleleaf evergreen) and a wide latitudinal band (from 44° to 62°N), revealed exceptional fluxes during spring 2007. Gross primary productivity (GPP) of spring 2007 was the maximum recorded in the decade examined for all sites but a Mediterranean evergreen forest (with a +40 to +130 gC m−2 anomaly compared with the decadal mean over the January–May period). Total ecosystem respiration (TER) was also promoted during spring 2007, though less anomalous than GPP (with a +17 to +93 gC m−2 anomaly over 5 months), leading to higher net uptake than the long-term mean at all sites (+12 to +79 gC m−2 anomaly over 5 months). A correlative analysis relating springtime C fluxes to simple phenological indices suggested spring C uptake and temperatures to be related. The CASTANEA process-based model was used to disentangle the seasonality of climatic drivers (incoming radiation, air and soil temperatures) and biological drivers (canopy dynamics, thermal acclimation of photosynthesis to low temperatures) on spring C fluxes along the latitudinal gradient. A sensitivity analysis of model simulations evidenced the roles of (i) an exceptional early budburst combined with elevated air temperature in deciduous sites, and (ii) an early relief of winter thermal acclimation in coniferous sites for the promotion of 2007 spring assimilation.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: 13 october 2008; august 2008 and accepted; European forests; functional drivers; net carbon uptake; process-based model; received 30 may 2008; revised version received 30; spring

Exchange Complex Composition in Mediterranean Ultisols Under Various Types of Vegetation and Soil Uses - Mariscal-Sancho, Ignacio; Peregrina, Fernando; Mendiola, Maria A.; Santano, Jesus; Espejo, Rafael (SOIL SCIENCE, 2009)
We studied the dynamics of texture, bulk density, exchangeable bases, acidity, and aluminum in the uppermost Surface 50 con of Mediterranean Ultisols under natural vegetation at variable degradation stages and tinder different soil uses in the Canamero's rana formation (southwest Spain). The areas studied included a cork oak grove (the climax vegetation in the area), a field densely covered by Cistus ladaniferus L., a field with 55% covered by Cistus crispus L. and C. ladaniferus, a field with 10% covered by bushes of the same type as the previous one, and a field with grass and occasional Cistus bushes. All of these fields with bushes were extensively cultivated with rye (Secale. cereale L.) and then abandoned 45, 35, 12, and 6 years, respectively, before the study. Finally, we selected an olive grove that had been under continuous tillage for the previous 65 years. The total organic matter content decreased, starting from the virgin soil, under cork oaks, to the most heavily degraded soil (that under olive trees), whereas the bulk density increased. The total contents of exchangeable Ca, Mg, Na, and K significantly decreased in the same trend as organic matter. In contrast, the amount of aluminum extracted by 1N KCl, Al(K), remained essentially constant or even increased with increasing soil degradation. This resulted in a markedly decreased Ca/Al(K) ratio in the topmost 5 cm of soil, which had a strong adverse effect on crop productivity and natural plant recovery after the soils were abandoned.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA publisher: LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS
Keywords: organic carbon; Soil degradation; soil quality; storage bases

Exchange Complex Composition in Mediterranean Ultisols Under Various Types of Vegetation and Soil Uses - Mariscal-Sancho, Ignacio; Peregrina, Fernando; Mendiola, Maria A; Santano, Jesus; Espejo, Rafael (SOIL SCIENCE, 2009)
We studied the dynamics of texture, bulk density, exchangeable bases, acidity, and aluminum in the uppermost Surface 50 con of Mediterranean Ultisols under natural vegetation at variable degradation stages and tinder different soil uses in the Canamero's rana formation (southwest Spain). The areas studied included a cork oak grove (the climax vegetation in the area), a field densely covered by Cistus ladaniferus L., a field with 55% covered by Cistus crispus L. and C. ladaniferus, a field with 10% covered by bushes of the same type as the previous one, and a field with grass and occasional Cistus bushes. All of these fields with bushes were extensively cultivated with rye (Secale. cereale L.) and then abandoned 45, 35, 12, and 6 years, respectively, before the study. Finally, we selected an olive grove that had been under continuous tillage for the previous 65 years. The total organic matter content decreased, starting from the virgin soil, under cork oaks, to the most heavily degraded soil (that under olive trees), whereas the bulk density increased. The total contents of exchangeable Ca, Mg, Na, and K significantly decreased in the same trend as organic matter. In contrast, the amount of aluminum extracted by 1N KCl, Al(K), remained essentially constant or even increased with increasing soil degradation. This resulted in a markedly decreased Ca/Al(K) ratio in the topmost 5 cm of soil, which had a strong adverse effect on crop productivity and natural plant recovery after the soils were abandoned.
Keywords: organic carbon; Soil degradation; soil quality; storage bases

Factors affecting bird richness in a fragmented cork oak forest in Morocco - Cherkaoui, Imad; Selmi, Slaheddine; Boukhriss, Jihen; Hamid, Rguibi-Idrissi; Mohammed, Dakki (Acta Oecologica, 2009)
The cork oak forest of Ma’amora in north-western Morocco was the largest cork oak forest in the world until the beginning of the 20th century. Due to growing land use for agriculture and urbanization, however, this forest has become fragmented into relatively small and isolated patches. The effects of this fragmentation on the diversity of wild animal communities have never been investigated despite the importance of such investigations in elaborating longterm conservation plans of the biodiversity of this forest system. In this study of a sample of 44 forest patches we assessed the relationships between species numbers of wintering, breeding and spring migrant birds and patch size, shape, isolation and vegetation structure. We found that species richnesses of the three studied bird assemblages were strongly related to local vegetation structure, namely to the diversity and abundance of trees and bushes. Patches with higher diversity and cover of trees and bushes support higher numbers of bird species. However, patch size, shape and isolation were not signiﬁcant predictors of bird richness. These results suggest that bird communities in the studied forest patches were more likely shaped by local habitat suitability rather than the amount of habitat or patch isolation. The results also demonstrate negative effects of current human pressures, namely logging, grazing and disturbance, on the diversity of bird communities in this forest system. This emphasizes the need for urgent management efforts aiming at reducing the negative impacts of forest use by humans on bird diversity in this forest system
Keywords: birds; Cork Oak Forest; fragmentation; Morocco

Factors affecting bird richness in a fragmented cork oak forest in Morocco - Cherkaoui, Imad; Selmi, Slaheddine; Boukhriss, Jihen; Hamid, Rguibi-Idrissi; Mohammed, Dakki (Acta Oecologica, 2009)
The cork oak forest of Ma’amora in north-western Morocco was the largest cork oak forest in the world until the beginning of the 20th century. Due to growing land use for agriculture and urbanization, however, this forest has become fragmented into relatively small and isolated patches. The effects of this fragmentation on the diversity of wild animal communities have never been investigated despite the importance of such investigations in elaborating longterm conservation plans of the biodiversity of this forest system. In this study of a sample of 44 forest patches we assessed the relationships between species numbers of wintering, breeding and spring migrant birds and patch size, shape, isolation and vegetation structure. We found that species richnesses of the three studied bird assemblages were strongly related to local vegetation structure, namely to the diversity and abundance of trees and bushes. Patches with higher diversity and cover of trees and bushes support higher numbers of bird species. However, patch size, shape and isolation were not signiﬁcant predictors of bird richness. These results suggest that bird communities in the studied forest patches were more likely shaped by local habitat suitability rather than the amount of habitat or patch isolation. The results also demonstrate negative effects of current human pressures, namely logging, grazing and disturbance, on the diversity of bird communities in this forest system. This emphasizes the need for urgent management efforts aiming at reducing the negative impacts of forest use by humans on bird diversity in this forest system
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Elsevier Masson SAS
Keywords: birds; Cork Oak Forest; fragmentation; Morocco

Factors affecting post-fire crown regeneration in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) trees - Catry, Filipe Xavier; Moreira, Francisco; Duarte, Inês; Acácio, Vanda (European Journal of Forest Research, 2009)
Cork oak (Quercus suber) forests are acknowledged for their biodiversity and economic (mainly cork production) values. WildWres are one of the main threats contributing to cork oak decline in the Mediterranean Basin, and one major question that managers face after Wre in cork oak stands is whether the burned trees should be coppiced or not. This decision can be based on the degree of expected crown regeneration assessed immediately after Wre. In this study we carried out a post-Wre assessment of the degree of crown recovery in 858 trees being exploited for cork production in southern Portugal, 1.5 years after a wildWre. Using logistic regression, we modelled good or poor crown recovery probability as a function of tree and stand variables. The main variables inXuencing the likelihood of good or poor crown regeneration were bark thickness, charring height, aspect and tree diameter. We also developed management models, including simpler but easier to measure variables, which had a lower predictive power but can be used to help managers to identify, immediately after Wre, trees that will likely show good crown regeneration, and trees that will likely die or show poor regeneration (and thus, potential candidates for trunk coppicing).
Keywords: Cork oak; crown regeneration; Forest management; wild w res; wildfires

Factors affecting post-fire crown regeneration in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) trees - Catry, Filipe Xavier; Moreira, Francisco; Duarte, Inês; Acácio, Vanda (European Journal of Forest Research, 2009)
Cork oak (Quercus suber) forests are acknowledged for their biodiversity and economic (mainly cork production) values. WildWres are one of the main threats contributing to cork oak decline in the Mediterranean Basin, and one major question that managers face after Wre in cork oak stands is whether the burned trees should be coppiced or not. This decision can be based on the degree of expected crown regeneration assessed immediately after Wre. In this study we carried out a post-Wre assessment of the degree of crown recovery in 858 trees being exploited for cork production in southern Portugal, 1.5 years after a wildWre. Using logistic regression, we modelled good or poor crown recovery probability as a function of tree and stand variables. The main variables inXuencing the likelihood of good or poor crown regeneration were bark thickness, charring height, aspect and tree diameter. We also developed management models, including simpler but easier to measure variables, which had a lower predictive power but can be used to help managers to identify, immediately after Wre, trees that will likely show good crown regeneration, and trees that will likely die or show poor regeneration (and thus, potential candidates for trunk coppicing).
Keywords: Cork oak; crown regeneration; Forest management; wild w res; wildfires

Farmer-specific relationships between land use change and landscape factors: Introducing agents in empirical land use modelling - Bakker, Martha M; van Doorn, Anne M (Land Use Policy, 2009)
Traditional empirical land use change models generally assume one average land use decision-maker. Multi-Agent System (MAS) models, on the other hand, acknowledge existence of different types of agents, but their poor empirical embedding remains a serious handicap. This paper demonstrates how agent information can also be incorporated into empirical, biophysical land use models. Agent (farmer) information was captured in four farmer types by means of cluster analysis. The types were distinguished by age, education, property size, distance from residence, and the number of animals owned. This information was made spatially explicit as each ﬁeld in the study area is related to a farmer, based on cadastral information. Statistical interaction terms between farmer type and landscape factors such as remoteness, soil quality, slope and aspect, were tested for signiﬁcance in describing the observed occurrence of three land use changes: afforestation of arable land, abandonment of arable land, and restoration of the traditional Montado system. Results showed that each farmer type uses different criteria for selecting land for a certain land use change. For example, absentee farmers abandon the most remote areas while other farmer types do not use remoteness as a criterion for abandonment; active farmers select the most accessible ﬁelds for afforestation while other farmer types do not; absentee farmers select their best soils for restoration of the traditional Montado system, while active farmers tend to select poor soils. It is demonstrated that each farmer type shows a different relationship between landscape factors and land use changes. Hence, farmer-speciﬁc relationships between landscape and land use contribute signiﬁcantly to the explanation of land use change.
Keywords: Agent-based modelling; Alentejo; farmers; Land abandonment; Land use change; Marginal areas; Portugal; Regression

Farmer-specific relationships between land use change and landscape factors: Introducing agents in empirical land use modelling - Bakker, Martha M.; van Doorn, Anne M. (Land Use Policy, 2009)
Traditional empirical land use change models generally assume one average land use decision-maker. Multi-Agent System (MAS) models, on the other hand, acknowledge existence of different types of agents, but their poor empirical embedding remains a serious handicap. This paper demonstrates how agent information can also be incorporated into empirical, biophysical land use models. Agent (farmer) information was captured in four farmer types by means of cluster analysis. The types were distinguished by age, education, property size, distance from residence, and the number of animals owned. This information was made spatially explicit as each ﬁeld in the study area is related to a farmer, based on cadastral information. Statistical interaction terms between farmer type and landscape factors such as remoteness, soil quality, slope and aspect, were tested for signiﬁcance in describing the observed occurrence of three land use changes: afforestation of arable land, abandonment of arable land, and restoration of the traditional Montado system. Results showed that each farmer type uses different criteria for selecting land for a certain land use change. For example, absentee farmers abandon the most remote areas while other farmer types do not use remoteness as a criterion for abandonment; active farmers select the most accessible ﬁelds for afforestation while other farmer types do not; absentee farmers select their best soils for restoration of the traditional Montado system, while active farmers tend to select poor soils. It is demonstrated that each farmer type shows a different relationship between landscape factors and land use changes. Hence, farmer-speciﬁc relationships between landscape and land use contribute signiﬁcantly to the explanation of land use change.
Keywords: Agent-based modelling; Alentejo; farmers; Land abandonment; Land use change; Marginal areas; Portugal; Regression

The fate of condensed tannins during litter consumption by soil animals - Coulis, Mathieu; Hättenschwiler, Stephan; Rapior, Sylvie; Coq, Sylvain (Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2009)
Condensed tannins (CT) can strongly affect litter decomposition, but their fate during the decomposition process, in particular as inﬂuenced by detritivore consumption, is not well understood. We tested the hypothesis that litter CT are reduced by the gut passage of two functionally distinct detritivores of Mediterranean forests, the millipede Glomeris marginata, and the land snail Pomatias elegans, as a ﬁxed proportion of initial litter CT, but more so in Pomatias since snails are known to have a more efﬁcient enzymatic capacity. Contrary to our hypothesis, both detritivore species reduced litter CT to near zero in their faecal pellets irrespective of the wide range in initial leaf litter CT concentrations of 9–188 mg g 1 d m among three Mediterranean tree species (Pistacia terebinthus, Quercus ilex, Alnus glutinosa) and different decomposition stages of their litter. The almost complete disappearance of CT even from some litter types highly concentrated in CT, due to either degradation by gut microorganism or complexation of CT into insoluble high molecular weight structures, suggests a high ‘‘de-tanning’’ efﬁciency across functionally distinct detritivore species. The transformation of CT-rich litter into virtually CT-free faecal pellets by detritivores might be highly relevant for the subsequent decomposition process in ecosystems with a high macrofauna abundance and CT-rich plant species such as Mediterranean forests.
Keywords: decomposition; Glomeris marginata; Macrofauna; mediterranean forest; polyphenols; Pomatias elegans; Tree leaf litter

The fate of condensed tannins during litter consumption by soil animals - Coulis, Mathieu; Hättenschwiler, Stephan; Rapior, Sylvie; Coq, Sylvain (Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2009)
Condensed tannins (CT) can strongly affect litter decomposition, but their fate during the decomposition process, in particular as inﬂuenced by detritivore consumption, is not well understood. We tested the hypothesis that litter CT are reduced by the gut passage of two functionally distinct detritivores of Mediterranean forests, the millipede Glomeris marginata, and the land snail Pomatias elegans, as a ﬁxed proportion of initial litter CT, but more so in Pomatias since snails are known to have a more efﬁcient enzymatic capacity. Contrary to our hypothesis, both detritivore species reduced litter CT to near zero in their faecal pellets irrespective of the wide range in initial leaf litter CT concentrations of 9–188 mg g 1 d m among three Mediterranean tree species (Pistacia terebinthus, Quercus ilex, Alnus glutinosa) and different decomposition stages of their litter. The almost complete disappearance of CT even from some litter types highly concentrated in CT, due to either degradation by gut microorganism or complexation of CT into insoluble high molecular weight structures, suggests a high ‘‘de-tanning’’ efﬁciency across functionally distinct detritivore species. The transformation of CT-rich litter into virtually CT-free faecal pellets by detritivores might be highly relevant for the subsequent decomposition process in ecosystems with a high macrofauna abundance and CT-rich plant species such as Mediterranean forests.
Keywords: decomposition; Glomeris marginata; Macrofauna; mediterranean forest; polyphenols; Pomatias elegans; Tree leaf litter

Fertilización tardía y establecimiento de Quercus ilex subsp. ballota 2/11 - CORTINA, J; MONERRIS, J; DISANTE, K; FUENTES, D; Valdecantos, a (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
La restauración de ecosistemas mediterráneos con frecuencia requiere la reintroducción de especies leñosas. Pero existe una gran incertidumbre sobre las características que debe reunir un brinzal para aumentar sus probabilidades de éxito en el campo. Algunos estudios han mostrado que la fertilización en vivero permite una mayor supervivencia y crecimiento en campo. Sin embargo, en estos experimentos, las variaciones en el estado nutricional no se pueden desligar de los cambios morfológicos que promueve la fertilización. Para evaluar la importancia del estado nutricional, frente a las variaciones morfológicas inducidas por éste, hemos evaluado el comportamiento en el campo de brinzales de una savia de Quercus ilex subsp. ballota no fertilizados y brinzales a los que se aplicó fertilización tardía (posterior a la parada otoñal de crecimiento de la parte aérea). Nuestras hipótesis son: (i) la fertilización tardía permite mejorar el estado nutricional de los brinzales sin variar su tamaño y (ii) con ello, se aumenta la supervivencia y el crecimiento de los brinzales en el campo. La fertilización tardía no afectó al tamaño de los brinzales, pero mejoró su estado nutricional. En campo, la supervivencia fue muy elevada antes del primer verano (>98%), disminuyendo después del mismo hasta un rango de valores de 65-100%. En ningún caso la supervivencia estuvo relacionada con la fertilización en vivero. Por el contrario, la tasa de crecimiento antes del verano fue inferior en plantas no fertilizadas, invirtiéndose esta tendencia durante el verano. La tasa anual de crecimiento fue superior en las plantas fertilizadas, confirmando parcialmente nuestra hipótesis. La fertilización tardía representa una técnica sencilla para reducir el uso de fertilizantes en vivero, produciendo brinzales de pequeño tamaño pero elevada capacidad de respuesta en campo. Palabras
Keywords: cultivo en vivero; encinares; estado nutricional; Quercus rotundifolia; restauración forestal

Fertilización tardía y establecimiento de Quercus ilex subsp. ballota 2/11 - CORTINA, J.; MONERRIS, J.; DISANTE, K.; FUENTES, D.; VALDECANTOS, A. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
La restauración de ecosistemas mediterráneos con frecuencia requiere la reintroducción de especies leñosas. Pero existe una gran incertidumbre sobre las características que debe reunir un brinzal para aumentar sus probabilidades de éxito en el campo. Algunos estudios han mostrado que la fertilización en vivero permite una mayor supervivencia y crecimiento en campo. Sin embargo, en estos experimentos, las variaciones en el estado nutricional no se pueden desligar de los cambios morfológicos que promueve la fertilización. Para evaluar la importancia del estado nutricional, frente a las variaciones morfológicas inducidas por éste, hemos evaluado el comportamiento en el campo de brinzales de una savia de Quercus ilex subsp. ballota no fertilizados y brinzales a los que se aplicó fertilización tardía (posterior a la parada otoñal de crecimiento de la parte aérea). Nuestras hipótesis son: (i) la fertilización tardía permite mejorar el estado nutricional de los brinzales sin variar su tamaño y (ii) con ello, se aumenta la supervivencia y el crecimiento de los brinzales en el campo. La fertilización tardía no afectó al tamaño de los brinzales, pero mejoró su estado nutricional. En campo, la supervivencia fue muy elevada antes del primer verano (>98%), disminuyendo después del mismo hasta un rango de valores de 65-100%. En ningún caso la supervivencia estuvo relacionada con la fertilización en vivero. Por el contrario, la tasa de crecimiento antes del verano fue inferior en plantas no fertilizadas, invirtiéndose esta tendencia durante el verano. La tasa anual de crecimiento fue superior en las plantas fertilizadas, confirmando parcialmente nuestra hipótesis. La fertilización tardía representa una técnica sencilla para reducir el uso de fertilizantes en vivero, produciendo brinzales de pequeño tamaño pero elevada capacidad de respuesta en campo. Palabras
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: cultivo en vivero; encinares; estado nutricional; Quercus rotundifolia; restauración forestal

Field sampling of cork value before extraction in Portuguese ‘montados’ - Almeida, Alice M; Tomé, Margarida (Agroforestry Systems, 2009)
The assessment of cork quality and the estimation of cork value are very important to forest landowners, for management purposes and for cork commercialisation. The Forest Producers Associations have been using a sampling scheme with the objective of estimating cork value (price per unit of weight, usually kg) before extraction, based on the sampling of individual trees along a zigzag transect that covers the entire stand. The sampling error is usually too high, but, from a practical standpoint, it is difﬁcult to increase the sampling intensity if it would imply an increase in sampling costs. The aim of this work was to propose, from data collected in six stands representative of the cork oak stands in Portugal, an alternative sampling methodology with a more efﬁcient precision/ cost ratio. Precision and costs of alternative sampling designs based on clusters of different sizes, complemented with analysis of the intracluster correlation coefﬁcient, were studied in order to propose the most adequate sampling strategy. Single-stage cluster sampling with clusters of 5–7 trees guarantees a reasonable sampling error (10–15%) and can be conducted without a large increase in cost.
Keywords: Cork oak; Cork quality; Cork thickness; Cork value; Intracluster correlation coefﬁcient; Single-stage cluster sampling

Field sampling of cork value before extraction in Portuguese ‘montados’ - Almeida, Alice M.; Tomé, Margarida (Agroforestry Systems, 2009)
The assessment of cork quality and the estimation of cork value are very important to forest landowners, for management purposes and for cork commercialisation. The Forest Producers Associations have been using a sampling scheme with the objective of estimating cork value (price per unit of weight, usually kg) before extraction, based on the sampling of individual trees along a zigzag transect that covers the entire stand. The sampling error is usually too high, but, from a practical standpoint, it is difﬁcult to increase the sampling intensity if it would imply an increase in sampling costs. The aim of this work was to propose, from data collected in six stands representative of the cork oak stands in Portugal, an alternative sampling methodology with a more efﬁcient precision/ cost ratio. Precision and costs of alternative sampling designs based on clusters of different sizes, complemented with analysis of the intracluster correlation coefﬁcient, were studied in order to propose the most adequate sampling strategy. Single-stage cluster sampling with clusters of 5–7 trees guarantees a reasonable sampling error (10–15%) and can be conducted without a large increase in cost.
Keywords: Cork oak; Cork quality; Cork thickness; Cork value; Intracluster correlation coefﬁcient; Single-stage cluster sampling

Food supplementation in distinct Corsican oak habitats and the timing of egg laying by Blue Tits - Bourgault, Patrice; Perret, Philippe; Lambrechts, Marcel M (JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY, 2009)
Resource constraints may impose physiological limitations on egg production and influence the timing of breeding in seasonally breeding birds. Food-supplementation experiments have demonstrated that food availability may influence the timing of egg laying, but the moderate response of birds in most studies suggests that the effect of food availability may be apparent only under certain ecological conditions. Experiments conducted in habitats that differ in ecological characteristics and natural availability of food sources are, therefore, needed to effectively examine the possible role of habitat-specific physiological constraints on the timing of breeding. We compared the response of Blue Tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) to supplemental feeding in four oak woodlands that differed in elevation, forest type, and food availability on the island of Corsica. We found that supplemental feeding advanced the date of egg laying (by about 1 week) at only one of four sites; a site dominated by evergreen holm oak where the availability of natural food was likely lower than at the other sites. Our results suggest that the response of Blue Tits to supplemental food depends on the natural level of resource abundance, but, in addition, that the effect of supplemental feeding on the timing of breeding appears to be small compared to the typical and, for our study sites, great (> 1.5 mo) between-population variation in clutch initiation dates. Physiological limitations related to the acquisition of nutrients and energy may exert only a limited effect on the onset of breeding, and behavioral flexibility in the integration of fine-scale environmental signals (e.g., temperature and phenology) that predict future breeding conditions may be more important in explaining variation among populations in the timing of breeding.
Keywords: Blue tit; food constraints; food supplementation; proximate factors; timing of breeding

Food supplementation in distinct Corsican oak habitats and the timing of egg laying by Blue Tits - Bourgault, Patrice; Perret, Philippe; Lambrechts, Marcel M. (JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY, 2009)
Resource constraints may impose physiological limitations on egg production and influence the timing of breeding in seasonally breeding birds. Food-supplementation experiments have demonstrated that food availability may influence the timing of egg laying, but the moderate response of birds in most studies suggests that the effect of food availability may be apparent only under certain ecological conditions. Experiments conducted in habitats that differ in ecological characteristics and natural availability of food sources are, therefore, needed to effectively examine the possible role of habitat-specific physiological constraints on the timing of breeding. We compared the response of Blue Tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) to supplemental feeding in four oak woodlands that differed in elevation, forest type, and food availability on the island of Corsica. We found that supplemental feeding advanced the date of egg laying (by about 1 week) at only one of four sites; a site dominated by evergreen holm oak where the availability of natural food was likely lower than at the other sites. Our results suggest that the response of Blue Tits to supplemental food depends on the natural level of resource abundance, but, in addition, that the effect of supplemental feeding on the timing of breeding appears to be small compared to the typical and, for our study sites, great (> 1.5 mo) between-population variation in clutch initiation dates. Physiological limitations related to the acquisition of nutrients and energy may exert only a limited effect on the onset of breeding, and behavioral flexibility in the integration of fine-scale environmental signals (e.g., temperature and phenology) that predict future breeding conditions may be more important in explaining variation among populations in the timing of breeding.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA publisher: WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC
Keywords: Blue tit; food constraints; food supplementation; proximate factors; timing of breeding

Generation of a Species-Specific Look-Up Table for Fuel Moisture Content Assessment - Yebra, M; Chuvieco, E (Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, IEEE Journal of, 2009)
This study involved the generation of a species-specific Look-Up Table (LUT) for the retrieval of Fuel Moisture Content (FMC) in natural areas dominated by Quercus ilex (Holm oak). Parameter combinations observed in drying Q. ilex samples were used as inputs into the linked PROSPECT and SAILH Radiative Transfer Models (RTM) to avoid unrealistic simulated spectra in the LUT. Terra/MODIS reflectance data, extracted over five plots dominated by Q. ilex, were used to carry out the LUT inversion. This inversion was based on the search for the minimum relative root mean square error (RMSErho*) between observed and simulated reflectance found in the LUT. Different inversion options were tested in order to search for the optimal spectral sampling necessary for accurately estimating FMC. The minimum number of solutions required for the calculation of the estimated FMC was also investigated. The retrieval performance was evaluated with FMC values measured at the five study plots. The most accurate FMC estimation was obtained when using the normalized difference infrared index (NDII6 ) and selecting the ten best cases as the solution (RMSE=26.28%). Finally, a non-oak-specific LUT (generic LUT) was used in the same way to evaluate whether or not the species-specific LUT retrieved FMC more accurately. The results showed that the species-specific LUT provided more accurate FMC estimations than the generic LUT. Only when the number of solutions was higher than 35 was the accuracy of the two LUT similar. Future work will focus on the possibility of generating a LUT adapted to a wider range of species based on data extracted from field measurements and literature.
Keywords: Fuel moisture content (FMC); Holm oak; MODIS; Quercus ilex; Radiative Transfer Models (RTM)

Generation of a Species-Specific Look-Up Table for Fuel Moisture Content Assessment - Yebra, M.; Chuvieco, E. (Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing, IEEE Journal of, 2009)
This study involved the generation of a species-specific Look-Up Table (LUT) for the retrieval of Fuel Moisture Content (FMC) in natural areas dominated by Quercus ilex (Holm oak). Parameter combinations observed in drying Q. ilex samples were used as inputs into the linked PROSPECT and SAILH Radiative Transfer Models (RTM) to avoid unrealistic simulated spectra in the LUT. Terra/MODIS reflectance data, extracted over five plots dominated by Q. ilex, were used to carry out the LUT inversion. This inversion was based on the search for the minimum relative root mean square error (RMSErho*) between observed and simulated reflectance found in the LUT. Different inversion options were tested in order to search for the optimal spectral sampling necessary for accurately estimating FMC. The minimum number of solutions required for the calculation of the estimated FMC was also investigated. The retrieval performance was evaluated with FMC values measured at the five study plots. The most accurate FMC estimation was obtained when using the normalized difference infrared index (NDII6 ) and selecting the ten best cases as the solution (RMSE=26.28%). Finally, a non-oak-specific LUT (generic LUT) was used in the same way to evaluate whether or not the species-specific LUT retrieved FMC more accurately. The results showed that the species-specific LUT provided more accurate FMC estimations than the generic LUT. Only when the number of solutions was higher than 35 was the accuracy of the two LUT similar. Future work will focus on the possibility of generating a LUT adapted to a wider range of species based on data extracted from field measurements and literature.
Keywords: Fuel moisture content (FMC); Holm oak; MODIS; Quercus ilex; Radiative Transfer Models (RTM)

Genetic transformation of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) for herbicide resistance. - Alvarez, Rubén; Alvarez, José M.; Humara, Jaime M.; Revilla, Angeles; Ordás, Ricardo J. (Biotechnology letters, 2009)
The bar gene was introduced into the cork oak genome. Cork oak embryogenic masses were transformed using the Agrobacterium strain AGL1 which carried the plasmid pBINUbiBar. This vector harbours the genes, nptII and bar, the latter under control of the maize ubiquitin promoter. The transgenic embryogenic lines were cryopreserved. Varying activities of phosphinothricin acetyl transferase were detected among the lines, which carried 1-4 copies of the insert. Molecular and biochemical assays confirmed the stability and expression of the transgenes 3 months after thawing the cultures. These results demonstrate genetic engineering of herbicide tolerance in Quercus spp.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 19543858
Keywords: Acetyltransferases; Acetyltransferases: genetics; Acetyltransferases: metabolism; Gene Dosage; Genomic Instability; Herbicide Resistance; Herbicides; Herbicides: toxicity; Plant Proteins; Plant Proteins: genetics; Plant Proteins: metabolism; Plants, Genetically Modified; Plants, Genetically Modified: drug effects; Plants, Genetically Modified: genetics; Plants, Genetically Modified: physiology; Plasmids; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Quercus; Quercus: drug effects; Quercus: genetics; Quercus: physiology; Rhizobium; Rhizobium: genetics; Transformation, Genetic; Zea mays; Zea mays: genetics

Genetic transformation of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) for herbicide resistance. - Alvarez, Rubén; Alvarez, José M; Humara, Jaime M; Revilla, Angeles; Ordás, Ricardo J (Biotechnology letters, 2009)
The bar gene was introduced into the cork oak genome. Cork oak embryogenic masses were transformed using the Agrobacterium strain AGL1 which carried the plasmid pBINUbiBar. This vector harbours the genes, nptII and bar, the latter under control of the maize ubiquitin promoter. The transgenic embryogenic lines were cryopreserved. Varying activities of phosphinothricin acetyl transferase were detected among the lines, which carried 1-4 copies of the insert. Molecular and biochemical assays confirmed the stability and expression of the transgenes 3 months after thawing the cultures. These results demonstrate genetic engineering of herbicide tolerance in Quercus spp.
Keywords: Acetyltransferases; Acetyltransferases: genetics; Acetyltransferases: metabolism; Gene Dosage; Genomic Instability; Herbicide Resistance; Herbicides; Herbicides: toxicity; Plant Proteins; Plant Proteins: genetics; Plant Proteins: metabolism; Plants, Genetically Modified; Plants, Genetically Modified: drug effects; Plants, Genetically Modified: genetics; Plants, Genetically Modified: physiology; Plasmids; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Quercus; Quercus: drug effects; Quercus: genetics; Quercus: physiology; Rhizobium; Rhizobium: genetics; Transformation, Genetic; Zea mays; Zea mays: genetics

Gestión de la competencia para la conservación de una población marginal de alcornoque (Quercus suber L.) en los Montes Obarenes (Burgos) - AVILÉS RODRIGÁLVAREZ, C.; CÓZAR CASTAÑEDA, A.; ALLUÉ CAMACHO, C. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
El objetivo de este trabajo es la caracterización selvícola de una población marginal de alcornoque (Quercus suber L.) en los Montes Obarenes, al norte de la provincia de Burgos (N España), en relación con los tipos de masa a los que aparece asociada en la zona de estudio, generalmente pinares de repoblación con aprovechamiento maderable, de modo que pueda establecerse un modelo de gestión que integre la conservación de un bosque de alcornoque de excepcional valor natural con los aprovechamientos tradicionales. Sobre unidades homogéneas de vegetación que se definieron en función de la presencia de alcornoque, se realizó un muestreo de campo por transectos para comparar la situación del alcornocal ante distintos grados de cobertura y competencia. Se obtuvieron valores dasométricos y cualitativos con el fin de definir el estado actual de conservación del alcornocal, sus perspectivas de futuro y los posibles modelos de gestión a considerar para garantizar su persistencia manteniendo la componente del aprovechamiento maderable. Se constató, a partir de la definición de una tipología de pies de alcornoque en función del grado de dominancia a que se encuentran sometidos, que el modelo de gestión actual de las masas de repoblación pone en grave riesgo la pervivencia del alcornocal que se desarrolla bajo su cubierta, realizándose en base al muestreo una aproximación a los umbrales de ciertas variables selvícolas que garanticen la continuidad del bosque mixto.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: alcornocal; Bosque mixto; competencia; dominancia; pinar

Gestión de la competencia para la conservación de una población marginal de alcornoque (Quercus suber L.) en los Montes Obarenes (Burgos) - AVILES RODRIGÁLVAREZ, C; CÓZAR CASTAÑEDA, A; ALLUÉ CAMACHO, C (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
El objetivo de este trabajo es la caracterización selvícola de una población marginal de alcornoque (Quercus suber L.) en los Montes Obarenes, al norte de la provincia de Burgos (N España), en relación con los tipos de masa a los que aparece asociada en la zona de estudio, generalmente pinares de repoblación con aprovechamiento maderable, de modo que pueda establecerse un modelo de gestión que integre la conservación de un bosque de alcornoque de excepcional valor natural con los aprovechamientos tradicionales. Sobre unidades homogéneas de vegetación que se definieron en función de la presencia de alcornoque, se realizó un muestreo de campo por transectos para comparar la situación del alcornocal ante distintos grados de cobertura y competencia. Se obtuvieron valores dasométricos y cualitativos con el fin de definir el estado actual de conservación del alcornocal, sus perspectivas de futuro y los posibles modelos de gestión a considerar para garantizar su persistencia manteniendo la componente del aprovechamiento maderable. Se constató, a partir de la definición de una tipología de pies de alcornoque en función del grado de dominancia a que se encuentran sometidos, que el modelo de gestión actual de las masas de repoblación pone en grave riesgo la pervivencia del alcornocal que se desarrolla bajo su cubierta, realizándose en base al muestreo una aproximación a los umbrales de ciertas variables selvícolas que garanticen la continuidad del bosque mixto.
Keywords: alcornocal; Bosque mixto; competencia; dominancia; pinar

Growth data from a field trial of Quercus suber plants regenerated from selected trees and from their half-sib progenies by somatic embryogenesis - Celestino, Cristina; Fernández-Guijarro, B; Hernández, Inmaculada; López Vela, Dolores; Carneros, Elena; Jiménez García, Jesús; Cardo, L; Alegre, Jesús; Toribio, Mariano (Acta Horticulturae, 2009)
The development of reliable clonal propagation technologies is a requisite for performing Multi-Varietal Forestry (MVF). Somatic embryogenesis is considered the tissue culture based method more suitable for operational breeding of forest trees. Vegetative propagation is very difficult when tissues are taken from mature donors, making clonal propagation of selected trees almost impossible. We have been able to induce somatic embryogenesis in leaves taken from mature oak trees, including cork oak (Quercus suber). This important species of the Mediterranean ecosystem produces cork regularly, conferring to this species a significant economic value. In a previous paper we reported the establishment of a field trial to compare the growth of plants of somatic origin vs zygotic origin, and somatic plants from mature trees vs somatic plants from juvenile seedlings. For that purpose somatic seedlings were regenerated from five selected cork oak trees and from young plants of their half-sib progenies by somatic embryogenesis. They were planted in the field together with acorn-derived plants of the same families. After the first growth period, seedlings of zygotic origin doubled the height of somatic seedlings, showing somatic plants of adult and juvenile origin similar growth. Here we provide data on height and diameter increases after two additional growth periods. In the second one, growth parameters of zygotic seedlings were also significantly higher than those of somatic ones, but there were not significant differences in height increase between seedlings and somatic plants of mature origin. In the third growth period, height and diameter increases of somatic seedlings cloned from the selected trees did not differ from those of zygotic seedlings, which were still higher than data from plants obtained from somatic embryos from the sexual progeny. Therefore, somatic seedlings from mature origin seem not to be influenced by a possible ageing effect, and plants from somatic embryos tend to minimize the initial advantage of plants from acorns.
Keywords: Cork oak; field establishment; forest improvement; rejuvenation; vegetative propagation; woody plant micropropagation

Growth data from a field trial of Quercus suber plants regenerated from selected trees and from their half-sib progenies by somatic embryogenesis - Celestino, Cristina; Fernandez-Guijarro, B.; Hernández, Inmaculada; López Vela, Dolores; Carneros, Elena; Jiménez García, Jesús; Cardo, L.; Alegre, Jesús; Toribio, Mariano (Acta Horticulturae, 2009)
The development of reliable clonal propagation technologies is a requisite for performing Multi-Varietal Forestry (MVF). Somatic embryogenesis is considered the tissue culture based method more suitable for operational breeding of forest trees. Vegetative propagation is very difficult when tissues are taken from mature donors, making clonal propagation of selected trees almost impossible. We have been able to induce somatic embryogenesis in leaves taken from mature oak trees, including cork oak (Quercus suber). This important species of the Mediterranean ecosystem produces cork regularly, conferring to this species a significant economic value. In a previous paper we reported the establishment of a field trial to compare the growth of plants of somatic origin vs zygotic origin, and somatic plants from mature trees vs somatic plants from juvenile seedlings. For that purpose somatic seedlings were regenerated from five selected cork oak trees and from young plants of their half-sib progenies by somatic embryogenesis. They were planted in the field together with acorn-derived plants of the same families. After the first growth period, seedlings of zygotic origin doubled the height of somatic seedlings, showing somatic plants of adult and juvenile origin similar growth. Here we provide data on height and diameter increases after two additional growth periods. In the second one, growth parameters of zygotic seedlings were also significantly higher than those of somatic ones, but there were not significant differences in height increase between seedlings and somatic plants of mature origin. In the third growth period, height and diameter increases of somatic seedlings cloned from the selected trees did not differ from those of zygotic seedlings, which were still higher than data from plants obtained from somatic embryos from the sexual progeny. Therefore, somatic seedlings from mature origin seem not to be influenced by a possible ageing effect, and plants from somatic embryos tend to minimize the initial advantage of plants from acorns.
Keywords: Cork oak; field establishment; forest improvement; rejuvenation; vegetative propagation; woody plant micropropagation

Growth response of mixed mediterranean oak coppices to rainfall reduction - Cotillas, Miriam; Sabaté, Santi; Gracia, Carlos; Espelta, Josep Mª (Forest Ecology and Management, 2009)
Climate change is one of the major challenges for ecosystem conservation. One of the most vulnerable areas to climate change is the Mediterranean Basin which is expected to suffer important changes in temperature and precipitation in the next few decades, leading to a warmer and dryer climate. Therefore, it is necessary to determine species-speciﬁc responses to increased drought to predict possible future changes in the structure and composition of Mediterranean forests, as well as to identify appropriate management strategies to mitigate these effects. The main aim of this study has been to experimentally simulate the effects of a 15% reduction in annual rainfall on the survival and growth of two co-occurring Mediterranean oaks with contrasting leafhabit (the evergreen Quercus ilex spp. ilex and the winter-deciduous Quercus cerrioides) and, to assess whether traditional selective thinning carried out in these mixed oak coppices (i.e. selection of one to few stems per stump) can modify the consequences of rainfall reduction. Soil moisture decreased under the rainfall reduction level while it increased in the thinned plots. Reduced rainfall did not inﬂuence tree mortality, but did lead to species-speciﬁc effects on height growth: no changes were observed in Q. ilex while height growth rate of Q. cerrioides decreased (c.a. 20%). Selective thinning improved tree growth (c.a. 50%) in stands both under natural and, and to a lesser extent, under reduced rainfall conditions. Nevertheless, the positive effects of thinning rapidly declined during our three years experiment, probably because the vigorous resprouting of thinned stumps. Our results show that the forecasted reduction in annual rainfall for the Western Mediterranean Basin can constrain the growth of some deciduous oaks in mixed oak coppices. Traditional selective thinning can increase soil moisture and encourage tree growth, thus partially mitigating this effect. However, the transient results observed in this experiment suggest the need to reconsider the intensity and the frequency of this traditional management practice in light of new climatic scenarios
Keywords: climate change; Drought; Forest management; Quercus cerrioides; Quercus ilex; resprouting

Growth response of mixed mediterranean oak coppices to rainfall reduction - Cotillas, Miriam; Sabaté, Santi; Gracia, Carlos; Espelta, Josep Mª (Forest Ecology and Management, 2009)
Climate change is one of the major challenges for ecosystem conservation. One of the most vulnerable areas to climate change is the Mediterranean Basin which is expected to suffer important changes in temperature and precipitation in the next few decades, leading to a warmer and dryer climate. Therefore, it is necessary to determine species-speciﬁc responses to increased drought to predict possible future changes in the structure and composition of Mediterranean forests, as well as to identify appropriate management strategies to mitigate these effects. The main aim of this study has been to experimentally simulate the effects of a 15% reduction in annual rainfall on the survival and growth of two co-occurring Mediterranean oaks with contrasting leafhabit (the evergreen Quercus ilex spp. ilex and the winter-deciduous Quercus cerrioides) and, to assess whether traditional selective thinning carried out in these mixed oak coppices (i.e. selection of one to few stems per stump) can modify the consequences of rainfall reduction. Soil moisture decreased under the rainfall reduction level while it increased in the thinned plots. Reduced rainfall did not inﬂuence tree mortality, but did lead to species-speciﬁc effects on height growth: no changes were observed in Q. ilex while height growth rate of Q. cerrioides decreased (c.a. 20%). Selective thinning improved tree growth (c.a. 50%) in stands both under natural and, and to a lesser extent, under reduced rainfall conditions. Nevertheless, the positive effects of thinning rapidly declined during our three years experiment, probably because the vigorous resprouting of thinned stumps. Our results show that the forecasted reduction in annual rainfall for the Western Mediterranean Basin can constrain the growth of some deciduous oaks in mixed oak coppices. Traditional selective thinning can increase soil moisture and encourage tree growth, thus partially mitigating this effect. However, the transient results observed in this experiment suggest the need to reconsider the intensity and the frequency of this traditional management practice in light of new climatic scenarios
Keywords: climate change; Drought; Forest management; Quercus cerrioides; Quercus ilex; resprouting

Gully erosion, land use and topographical thresholds during the last 60 years in a small rangeland catchment in SW Spain - Gutiérrez, Álvaro Gómez; Schnabel, Susanne; Contador, Francisco Lavado (Land Degradation & Development, 2009)
Gully erosion plays an important role in degradation processes of Mediterranean environments. In this paper aerial orthophotographs were used for (i) analysing the evolution of a valley bottom gully and its relation with land use and vegetation cover, (ii) exploring the role of land use and vegetation cover on the coefficients of the equation S = aA−b (where S is slope at the headcut and A is drainage area), which is based on the topographical threshold concept and is commonly used to predict gully initiation. The study was carried out in a small catchment (99·5 ha) located in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula. Gullies and headcuts were mapped together with land use and vegetation cover using aerial photographs for the years 1945, 1956, 1989, 1998, 2002 and 2006, which had to be digitized and orthorectified in advance. The results showed an increase of the area affected by gullying from 695 m2 in 1945–1009 m2 in 2006, reaching a maximum of 1560 m2 in 1956. Gullying was closely related with land use, especially with the amount of cultivated areas within the catchment and also with grazing intensity. No clear relationship was found between the evolution of the gullied area and rainfall amounts. Finally, the values of the exponent b obtained for different headcuts and different dates (close to 0·4) were similar to those proposed by other authors for gully erosion caused by Hortonian overland flow in semiarid environments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: Gully erosion; land use; orthophotographs; Overgrazing; topographical thresholds

Harvester ants (Messor barbarus) as disturbance agents in Mediterranean grasslands - Azcárate, F. M.; Peco, B. (Journal of Vegetation Science, 2009)
Questions: 1. Do disturbances by harvester ants (Messor barbarus L.) affect soil properties? 2. Do they alter seed distribution? 3. Do they show a different species composition? 4 Are these changes related to seed size (length and weight)? Location: Mediterranean grasslands in central Spain, near Madrid. Methods: We recorded autumn seed banks and spring vegetation in middens, trunk trails and controls. Soil properties were also measured in middens and controls. The effect of seed weight and length was analysed after transforming data into phylogenetically independent contrasts. Results: Soil under middens is more silty and higher in potassium, organic matter and pH. Seed density and seed bank species richness increased greatly in middens, while vegetation species richness was signiﬁcantly lower in comparison to control samples. Abundance changes in this disturbance type were positively correlated with seed weight, both in seed bank and vegetation. In contrast, we only detected a slight increase in bare ground on foraging trunk trails, with no clear effects on seed bank and vegetation composition. Conclusions: Midden development is a mechanism that generates heterogeneity which favours the survival of certain large-seeded species mainly predated by ants in Mediterranean grasslands. This effect may partially neutralize the dominance of small seeded species expected from the seed predation process.
Keywords: midden; seed bank; Seed size; soil property; Trunk trail

Harvester ants (Messor barbarus) as disturbance agents in Mediterranean grasslands - Azcárate, F M; Peco, B (Journal of Vegetation Science, 2009)
Questions: 1. Do disturbances by harvester ants (Messor barbarus L.) affect soil properties? 2. Do they alter seed distribution? 3. Do they show a different species composition? 4 Are these changes related to seed size (length and weight)? Location: Mediterranean grasslands in central Spain, near Madrid. Methods: We recorded autumn seed banks and spring vegetation in middens, trunk trails and controls. Soil properties were also measured in middens and controls. The effect of seed weight and length was analysed after transforming data into phylogenetically independent contrasts. Results: Soil under middens is more silty and higher in potassium, organic matter and pH. Seed density and seed bank species richness increased greatly in middens, while vegetation species richness was signiﬁcantly lower in comparison to control samples. Abundance changes in this disturbance type were positively correlated with seed weight, both in seed bank and vegetation. In contrast, we only detected a slight increase in bare ground on foraging trunk trails, with no clear effects on seed bank and vegetation composition. Conclusions: Midden development is a mechanism that generates heterogeneity which favours the survival of certain large-seeded species mainly predated by ants in Mediterranean grasslands. This effect may partially neutralize the dominance of small seeded species expected from the seed predation process.
Keywords: midden; seed bank; Seed size; soil property; Trunk trail

Holocene circum-Mediterranean vegetation changes: Climate forcing and human impact - Jalut, Guy; Dedoubat, Jean Jacques; Fontugne, Michel; Otto, Thierry (Quaternary International, 2009)
The Mediterranean climate and its variability depend on global-scale climate patterns. Close correlations appear when comparing Holocene palaeoenvironmental data (lake levels, ﬂuvial activity, Mediterranean surface temperature and salinity, marine sedimentation) with the main stages of the history of the circum-Mediterranean vegetation. They indicate an evolution of the Mediterranean biome controlled by the climate and emphasize the teleconnections between the climate of the Mediterranean area and the global climatic system. In the circum-Mediterranean area, the Holocene can be divided into three periods: a lower humid Holocene (11 500–7000 cal BP) interrupted by dry episodes; a transition phase (7000–5500 cal BP) during which occurred a decrease in insolation as well as the installation of the present atmosphere circulation in the northern hemisphere; and an upper Holocene (5500 cal BP—present) characterized by an aridiﬁcation process. Throughout the Holocene, humans used and modiﬁed more or less strongly the environment but the climatic changes were the determining factors of the evolution of the Mediterranean biome. Societies had to adapt to natural environmental variations, their impact on the environment increasing the ecological consequences of the global changes.
Keywords: climate; climatic changes; Holocene; Mediterranean area; pollen data; vegetation dynamics (voyant)

Holocene circum-Mediterranean vegetation changes: Climate forcing and human impact - Jalut, Guy; Dedoubat, Jean Jacques; Fontugne, Michel; Otto, Thierry (Quaternary International, 2009)
The Mediterranean climate and its variability depend on global-scale climate patterns. Close correlations appear when comparing Holocene palaeoenvironmental data (lake levels, ﬂuvial activity, Mediterranean surface temperature and salinity, marine sedimentation) with the main stages of the history of the circum-Mediterranean vegetation. They indicate an evolution of the Mediterranean biome controlled by the climate and emphasize the teleconnections between the climate of the Mediterranean area and the global climatic system. In the circum-Mediterranean area, the Holocene can be divided into three periods: a lower humid Holocene (11 500–7000 cal BP) interrupted by dry episodes; a transition phase (7000–5500 cal BP) during which occurred a decrease in insolation as well as the installation of the present atmosphere circulation in the northern hemisphere; and an upper Holocene (5500 cal BP—present) characterized by an aridiﬁcation process. Throughout the Holocene, humans used and modiﬁed more or less strongly the environment but the climatic changes were the determining factors of the evolution of the Mediterranean biome. Societies had to adapt to natural environmental variations, their impact on the environment increasing the ecological consequences of the global changes.
Keywords: climate; climatic changes; Holocene; Mediterranean area; pollen data; vegetation dynamics (voyant)

Identificación y marcaje de alcornoques plus seleccionados por calidad de corcho - CUENCA VALERA, B.; SANTOS MARTÍN, I.; LUQUERO RAMOS, L.; IBÁÑEZ MORENO, B.; OCAÑA BUENO, L.; DÍAZ, A.; ACEDO, A. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Durante el año 2002 TRAGSA, con el apoyo del ICMC, realizó una selección de alcornoques productores de corcho de alta calidad en diferentes rodales selectos de 4 regiones de procedencia extremeñas. Inicialmente, los árboles seleccionados fueron etiquetados colocando un fleje con una etiqueta en una rama por encima de la altura de saca y se registraron las coordenadas de su localización. En visitas posteriores se constató que en muchos casos las etiquetas habían desaparecido e incluso los flejes se habían roto. En estos casos la identificación del árbol tuvo que hacerse aproximándose al mismo con las coordenadas UTM obtenidas con GPS y confirmando con la ayuda de una foto, lo que resultaba un sistema lento y sujeto a las dudas y posibles errores derivadas de cambios en el árbol. Por este motivo, en 2007, tanto los árboles seleccionados en 2002, como las nuevas selecciones de 2007, fueron marcados con un sistema electrónico permanente e inalterable (Identificación por Radio Frecuencia, RFID Transponder (Tag)). Dentro del duramen del árbol, se insertó un RFID Tag chip con un código único que puede ser leído a una distancia corta del árbol (unos 40-50 cm) mediante un lector. La inserción del chip no parece causar daño en el árbol puesto que, para colocarlo, sólo se levanta una pequeña porción de súber (2 x 2 cm) y, en ese espacio, se practica un taladro con una broca de madera de unos 15 cm de profundidad. En el fondo del taladro se deposita el tag (etiqueta) con la antena hacia fuera. El resto del espacio se rellena con silicota neutra y, posteriormente, se vuelve a colocar el trocito de súber retirado. En 2008 se han visitado de nuevo los árboles etiquetados en 2007 con este sistema obteniendo una certeza en la localización de los mismos del 100%. Palabras
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: Alcornoque; árboles plus; calidad de corcho; RFID; selección; tag

Identificación y marcaje de alcornoques plus seleccionados por calidad de corcho - CUENCA VALERA, B; SANTOS MARTÍN, I; LUQUERO RAMOS, L; IBÁÑEZ MORENO, B; OCAÑA BUENO, L; DÍAZ, A; ACEDO, A (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Durante el año 2002 TRAGSA, con el apoyo del ICMC, realizó una selección de alcornoques productores de corcho de alta calidad en diferentes rodales selectos de 4 regiones de procedencia extremeñas. Inicialmente, los árboles seleccionados fueron etiquetados colocando un fleje con una etiqueta en una rama por encima de la altura de saca y se registraron las coordenadas de su localización. En visitas posteriores se constató que en muchos casos las etiquetas habían desaparecido e incluso los flejes se habían roto. En estos casos la identificación del árbol tuvo que hacerse aproximándose al mismo con las coordenadas UTM obtenidas con GPS y confirmando con la ayuda de una foto, lo que resultaba un sistema lento y sujeto a las dudas y posibles errores derivadas de cambios en el árbol. Por este motivo, en 2007, tanto los árboles seleccionados en 2002, como las nuevas selecciones de 2007, fueron marcados con un sistema electrónico permanente e inalterable (Identificación por Radio Frecuencia, RFID Transponder (Tag)). Dentro del duramen del árbol, se insertó un RFID Tag chip con un código único que puede ser leído a una distancia corta del árbol (unos 40-50 cm) mediante un lector. La inserción del chip no parece causar daño en el árbol puesto que, para colocarlo, sólo se levanta una pequeña porción de súber (2 x 2 cm) y, en ese espacio, se practica un taladro con una broca de madera de unos 15 cm de profundidad. En el fondo del taladro se deposita el tag (etiqueta) con la antena hacia fuera. El resto del espacio se rellena con silicota neutra y, posteriormente, se vuelve a colocar el trocito de súber retirado. En 2008 se han visitado de nuevo los árboles etiquetados en 2007 con este sistema obteniendo una certeza en la localización de los mismos del 100%. Palabras
Keywords: Alcornoque; árboles plus; calidad de corcho; RFID; selección; tag

Impact of Instant Controlled Pressure Drop Treatment on Moisture Adsorption Isotherm of Cork Granules - Abdulla, Galal; Belghit, Abdelhamid; Allaf, Karim (Drying Technology, 2009)
Some special thermal and mechanical treatments may completely modify the composition, and the structure of organic material changes its interaction with water. In the case of the instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) technique, the main modification, which is structure expansion and high porosity, allows the product to generally reduce moisture activity. In the special case of cork granules, the impact of DIC in terms of porosity is completely absent and expansion is linked to a tear effect obtained from only the large size granules. In order to characterize this type of treatment, we considered natural and DIC-treated cork granules and determined moisture adsorption isotherms at three different temperatures (25, 40, and 60°C) and different water activity levels ranging from 0.05 to 0.9 using the static gravimetric method. We used three samples of the same cork variety with 0.5?1 mm, 2?4 mm, and 4?6 mm as granule diameter. The adsorption isotherms of both natural untreated and DIC-treated cork whatever granules display a sigmoid form type II isotherm, with equilibrium moisture contents at constant water activity decreasing when temperature increases. The impact of DIC treatment depends of cork shape; the larger the shape, the lower the water activity for the same water content. Such a result is linked to the modification of structure. Thus, for the smallest shape, DIC implying only low thermal effect without any structure modification allows cork to lightly increase its water activity compared to the untreated samples. With higher shape cork granules, as DIC treatment induces a tear effect and some expansion, activity of water is lower for the same water content. For describing the experimental data of adsorption isotherms, we used GAB, BET, and Henderson models. We found the GAB to be the most suitable model with predicted values higher than those obtained using the BET model. We note that monolayer moisture content values increase in the case of big shape cork granules after having been treated by DIC.
doi: 10.1080/07373930802605990doi: 10.1080/07373930802605990The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: Adsorption isotherm; Cork granules; moisture contents; Monolayer; Surface area; Water activity

Impact of Instant Controlled Pressure Drop Treatment on Moisture Adsorption Isotherm of Cork Granules - Abdulla, Galal; Belghit, Abdelhamid; Allaf, Karim (Drying Technology, 2009)
Some special thermal and mechanical treatments may completely modify the composition, and the structure of organic material changes its interaction with water. In the case of the instant controlled pressure drop (DIC) technique, the main modification, which is structure expansion and high porosity, allows the product to generally reduce moisture activity. In the special case of cork granules, the impact of DIC in terms of porosity is completely absent and expansion is linked to a tear effect obtained from only the large size granules. In order to characterize this type of treatment, we considered natural and DIC-treated cork granules and determined moisture adsorption isotherms at three different temperatures (25, 40, and 60°C) and different water activity levels ranging from 0.05 to 0.9 using the static gravimetric method. We used three samples of the same cork variety with 0.5?1 mm, 2?4 mm, and 4?6 mm as granule diameter. The adsorption isotherms of both natural untreated and DIC-treated cork whatever granules display a sigmoid form type II isotherm, with equilibrium moisture contents at constant water activity decreasing when temperature increases. The impact of DIC treatment depends of cork shape; the larger the shape, the lower the water activity for the same water content. Such a result is linked to the modification of structure. Thus, for the smallest shape, DIC implying only low thermal effect without any structure modification allows cork to lightly increase its water activity compared to the untreated samples. With higher shape cork granules, as DIC treatment induces a tear effect and some expansion, activity of water is lower for the same water content. For describing the experimental data of adsorption isotherms, we used GAB, BET, and Henderson models. We found the GAB to be the most suitable model with predicted values higher than those obtained using the BET model. We note that monolayer moisture content values increase in the case of big shape cork granules after having been treated by DIC.
doi: 10.1080/07373930802605990
Keywords: Adsorption isotherm; Cork granules; moisture contents; Monolayer; Surface area; Water activity

Implications of sheep and cattle Teline linifolia bush ingestion behaviour for managing the Maamora cork tree forest (Morocco) - Hracherrass, Ahmed; Berkat, Omar; De Montard, Francois-Xavier (CAHIERS AGRICULTURES, 2009)
The cork tree forest of Maamora near Rabat (Maroc) has suffered deep and increasing grazing pressure for 100 years. Dense understorey stands of Teline linifolia, a native, nitrogen fixing and vigorous legume shrub, would contribute to forest regeneration provided that it be proven to be a resource for sheep and cattle grazing. Autumn is a period with lower resources of grass and with no nitrogen fixing shrubs. In situ monthly measurements of sheep and cattle ingestion rates show a significant contribution of T. linifolia in both sheep (up to 24%) and cattle (up to 12%) total ingestion rates in autumn, due to its peculiar phenology along with the inadequacy of grass and other shrub resources at this time. The opportunity of planting Teline shrubs in the process of cork tree forest regeneration along with multi-purpose uses is described and discussed.
Keywords: Cattle; Cork oak; feeding preferences; Morocco; Regeneration; Sheep; Silvopastoral systems

Improved understanding of drought controls on seasonal variation in Mediterranean forest canopy CO2 and water fluxes through combined in situ measurements and ecosystem modelling - Keenan, T.; Garcia, R.; Friend, A. D.; Zaehle, S.; Gracia, C.; Sabate, S. (BIOGEOSCIENCES, 2009)
Water stress is a defining characteristic of Mediterranean ecosystems, and is likely to become more severe in the coming decades. Simulation models are key tools for making predictions, but our current understanding of how soil moisture controls ecosystem functioning is not sufficient to adequately constrain parameterisations. Canopy-scale flux data from four forest ecosystems with Mediterranean-type climates were used in order to analyse the physiological controls on carbon and water flues through the year. Significant non-stomatal limitations on photosynthesis were detected, along with lesser changes in the conductance-assimilation relationship. New model parameterisations were derived and implemented in two contrasting modelling approaches. The effectiveness of two models, one a dynamic global vegetation model ({''}ORCHIDEE{''}), and the other a forest growth model particularly developed for Mediterranean simulations ({''}GOTILWA+{''}), was assessed and modelled canopy responses to seasonal changes in soil moisture were analysed in comparison with in situ flux measurements. In contrast to commonly held assumptions, we find that changing the ratio of conductance to assimilation under natural, seasonally-developing, soil moisture stress is not sufficient to reproduce forest canopy CO2 and water fluxes. However, accurate predictions of both CO2 and water fluxes under all soil moisture levels encountered in the field are obtained if photosynthetic capacity is assumed to vary with soil moisture. This new parameterisation has important consequences for simulated responses of carbon and water fluxes to seasonal soil moisture stress, and should greatly improve our ability to anticipate future impacts of climate changes on the functioning of ecosystems in Mediterranean-type climates.
APSAPSThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY publisher: COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH
Keywords: ecosystem functioning; forest ecosystems; Mediterranean; water stress

Improved understanding of drought controls on seasonal variation in Mediterranean forest canopy CO2 and water fluxes through combined in situ measurements and ecosystem modelling - Keenan, T; Garcia, R; Friend, A D; Zaehle, S; Gracia, C; Sabate, S (BIOGEOSCIENCES, 2009)
Water stress is a defining characteristic of Mediterranean ecosystems, and is likely to become more severe in the coming decades. Simulation models are key tools for making predictions, but our current understanding of how soil moisture controls ecosystem functioning is not sufficient to adequately constrain parameterisations. Canopy-scale flux data from four forest ecosystems with Mediterranean-type climates were used in order to analyse the physiological controls on carbon and water flues through the year. Significant non-stomatal limitations on photosynthesis were detected, along with lesser changes in the conductance-assimilation relationship. New model parameterisations were derived and implemented in two contrasting modelling approaches. The effectiveness of two models, one a dynamic global vegetation model ({''}ORCHIDEE{''}), and the other a forest growth model particularly developed for Mediterranean simulations ({''}GOTILWA+{''}), was assessed and modelled canopy responses to seasonal changes in soil moisture were analysed in comparison with in situ flux measurements. In contrast to commonly held assumptions, we find that changing the ratio of conductance to assimilation under natural, seasonally-developing, soil moisture stress is not sufficient to reproduce forest canopy CO2 and water fluxes. However, accurate predictions of both CO2 and water fluxes under all soil moisture levels encountered in the field are obtained if photosynthetic capacity is assumed to vary with soil moisture. This new parameterisation has important consequences for simulated responses of carbon and water fluxes to seasonal soil moisture stress, and should greatly improve our ability to anticipate future impacts of climate changes on the functioning of ecosystems in Mediterranean-type climates.
APS
Keywords: ecosystem functioning; forest ecosystems; Mediterranean; water stress

In Situ Investigation of Leaf Water Status by Portable Unilateral Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - Capitani, Donatella; Brilli, Federico; Mannina, Luisa; Proietti, Noemi; Loreto, Francesco (PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, 2009)
A portable unilateral nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument was used to detect in field conditions the water status of leaves of herbaceous crops (Zea mays, Phaseolus vulgaris), mesophyllous trees (Populus nigra), and natural Mediterranean vegetation characterized by water-spending shrubs (Cistus incanus) and water-saving sclerophyllous trees (Quercus ilex). A good relationship was observed between NMR signal, leaf relative water content, and leaf transpiration in herbaceous leaves undergoing fast dehydration or slowly developing a drought stress. A relationship was also observed between NMR signal and water potential of Populus leaves during the development of a water stress and when leaves recovered from the stress. In the natural vegetation, the relationship between NMR signal and water status was found in Cistus, the species characterized by high transpiration rates, when measured during a drought stress period and after a rainfall. In the case of the sclerophyllous Quercus, the NMR signal, the relative water content, and the transpiration rate did not change at different leaf water status, possibly because a large amount of water is compartmentalized in cellular structures and macromolecules. The good association between NMR signal and relative water content was lost in leaves exposed for 24 h to dehydration or to an osmotic stress caused by polyethylene glycol feeding. At this time, the transverse relaxation time became longer than in leaves maintained under optimal water conditions, and two indicators of membrane damage, the ion leakage and the emission of products of membrane lipoxygenation \{[\}(Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol, and (E)-2-hexenol], increased. These results taken all together give information on the physiological state of a leaf under a developing stress and show the usefulness of the NMR instrumentation for screening vegetation health and fitness in natural and cultivated conditions. It is concluded that the portable unilateral NMR instrument may be usefully employed in field conditions to monitor nondestructively the water status of plants and to assist agricultural practices, such as irrigation scheduling, to minimize stomatal closure and the consequent limitation to plant production.
Keywords: Drought stress; Mediterranean vegetation; natural vegetation; nuclear magnetic resonance; Quercus ilex

In Situ Investigation of Leaf Water Status by Portable Unilateral Nuclear Magnetic Resonance - Capitani, Donatella; Brilli, Federico; Mannina, Luisa; Proietti, Noemi; Loreto, Francesco (PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, 2009)
A portable unilateral nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrument was used to detect in field conditions the water status of leaves of herbaceous crops (Zea mays, Phaseolus vulgaris), mesophyllous trees (Populus nigra), and natural Mediterranean vegetation characterized by water-spending shrubs (Cistus incanus) and water-saving sclerophyllous trees (Quercus ilex). A good relationship was observed between NMR signal, leaf relative water content, and leaf transpiration in herbaceous leaves undergoing fast dehydration or slowly developing a drought stress. A relationship was also observed between NMR signal and water potential of Populus leaves during the development of a water stress and when leaves recovered from the stress. In the natural vegetation, the relationship between NMR signal and water status was found in Cistus, the species characterized by high transpiration rates, when measured during a drought stress period and after a rainfall. In the case of the sclerophyllous Quercus, the NMR signal, the relative water content, and the transpiration rate did not change at different leaf water status, possibly because a large amount of water is compartmentalized in cellular structures and macromolecules. The good association between NMR signal and relative water content was lost in leaves exposed for 24 h to dehydration or to an osmotic stress caused by polyethylene glycol feeding. At this time, the transverse relaxation time became longer than in leaves maintained under optimal water conditions, and two indicators of membrane damage, the ion leakage and the emission of products of membrane lipoxygenation \{[\}(Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol, and (E)-2-hexenol], increased. These results taken all together give information on the physiological state of a leaf under a developing stress and show the usefulness of the NMR instrumentation for screening vegetation health and fitness in natural and cultivated conditions. It is concluded that the portable unilateral NMR instrument may be usefully employed in field conditions to monitor nondestructively the water status of plants and to assist agricultural practices, such as irrigation scheduling, to minimize stomatal closure and the consequent limitation to plant production.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA publisher: AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS
Keywords: Drought stress; Mediterranean vegetation; natural vegetation; nuclear magnetic resonance; Quercus ilex

Influence of Climate on Radial Growth of Holm Oaks (Quercus Ilex Subsp. Ballota Desf) from SW Spain - Patón, Daniel; García-Herrera, Ricardo; Cuenca, Javier; Galavis, Mamen; Roig, Fidel (Geochronometria, 2009)
A total of 47 trunk sections from Holm Oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota Desf) trees growing at two different sites at the Extremadura region (SW Spain) were considered in the computation of a regional tree-ring chronology useful to interpret the tree-ring/Mediterranean climate relationships. This is the first dendroclimatological research of Holm Oaks conducted to reveal its potential use as a climatic proxy. The obtained tree-ring chronologies were compared with climatic parameters based on monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall, and monthly maximum, minimum and average temperature. The best correlations were obtained with maximum temperatures during the period between previous winter and early spring. Influence of rainfall was less relevant. Growth of this species indicates a typical bimodal (spring and autumn) strategy that avoids low winter temperatures and summer drought. Despite some technical difficulties recognizing tree rings in Holm Oaks, its good sensitivity to climate variability and its wide distribution and longevity (~800 years), allow us to consider this species as a good candidate for temperature reconstructions in the Mediterranean Basin.
Keywords: climatic change; Dendrochronology; dendroclimatology; Extremadura; maximum temperature; Quercus ilex; Spain; tree rings

Influence of Climate on Radial Growth of Holm Oaks (Quercus Ilex Subsp. Ballota Desf) from SW Spain - Patón, Daniel; García-Herrera, Ricardo; Cuenca, Javier; Galavis, Mamen; Roig, Fidel (Geochronometria, 2009)
A total of 47 trunk sections from Holm Oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota Desf) trees growing at two different sites at the Extremadura region (SW Spain) were considered in the computation of a regional tree-ring chronology useful to interpret the tree-ring/Mediterranean climate relationships. This is the first dendroclimatological research of Holm Oaks conducted to reveal its potential use as a climatic proxy. The obtained tree-ring chronologies were compared with climatic parameters based on monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall, and monthly maximum, minimum and average temperature. The best correlations were obtained with maximum temperatures during the period between previous winter and early spring. Influence of rainfall was less relevant. Growth of this species indicates a typical bimodal (spring and autumn) strategy that avoids low winter temperatures and summer drought. Despite some technical difficulties recognizing tree rings in Holm Oaks, its good sensitivity to climate variability and its wide distribution and longevity (~800 years), allow us to consider this species as a good candidate for temperature reconstructions in the Mediterranean Basin.
Keywords: climatic change; Dendrochronology; dendroclimatology; Extremadura; maximum temperature; Quercus ilex; Spain; tree rings

THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILISATION ON SALT (SODIUM CHLORIDE) DAMAGE IN TRANSPLANTED SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS) AND EVERGREEN OAK (QUERCUS ILEX) - Beis, Vassilios K.; Percival, Glynn C. (Arboricultural Journal, 2009)
Summary The aim of this study was to determine the influence of a range of commercially available fertilisers on tree responses following salt (sodium chloride) damage to foliar tissue of containerized evergreen oak (Quercus ilex) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Evergreen oak proved to be more salt tolerant than Scots pine. Tree responses to fertilisation following 6% foliar salt spray were measured by chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic rates, leaf chlorophyll content, leaf necrosis and leaf sodium and chloride concentrations over a nine week period. Tree responses were 20?300% higher in fertilised compared to nonfertilised trees, irrespective of species. In all cases non-fertilised trees had the least capacity to respond positively following salt damage. In addition leaf area, shoot, root, total plant dry weight was higher in fertilised trees compared to non-fertilised ones at the end of a nineweek period. Results of this investigation indicate applications of commercially available fertilisers would be of benefit to induce positive tree response rates and subsequent growth following sodium chloride damage to foliar tissue. Selection of an appropriate fertiliser, however, is important as effects on growth and vitality varied widely depending on the type of fertiliser applied.
doi: 10.1080/03071375.2009.9747582doi: 10.1080/03071375.2009.9747582The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence; Chlorophylls; photosynthesis; physiogenic stress; plant health care; stress tolerance

The influence of leaf water content and isoprenoids on flammability of some Mediterranean woody species - De Lillis, Manuela; Bianco, Pietro Massimiliano; Loreto, Francesco (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE, 2009)
The impact of water content and isoprenoids on leaf flammability was studied. Field and laboratory experiments were carried out on monoterpene-emitting evergreen broad-leaved species (Quercus ilex, Quercus suber); a needle-leaved species (Pinus halepensis) that emits and stores monoterpenes; an evergreen species (Myrtus communis) that emits isoprene but stores monoterpenes; and a deciduous species (Quercus pubescens) that emits isoprene. Photosynthesis, leaf water content (LWC) and isoprenoid emission were measured. Isoprenoid content was calculated. Temperatures of visible smoke, incandescence and flame appearance were recorded. The LWC significantly correlated with both photosynthesis and isoprenoid emissions. Linear correlation and factorial analysis revealed a positive correlation between temperature of flame appearance and LWC and a negative relationship between temperature of flame appearance and isoprenoid emission. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the temperature of flame appearance was reduced in broadleaved monoterpene-emitting species. In monoterpene emitters, the temperature of flame appearance depended for similar to 65% on LWC, whereas monoterpene emissions explained similar to 35% of the dependency. P. halepensis and M. communis, storing high levels of isoprenoids, ignited at high humidity. The results may be explained if isoprenoids indeed facilitate leaf ignition but, being dissolved in water, isoprenoids are also an indicator of a high water content that decreases flammability.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA publisher: CSIRO PUBLISHING
Keywords: fire; flammability phases; Monoterpenes; photosynthesis

Influence of Quercus ilex trees on herbaceous production and nutrient concentrations in southern Portugal - Cubera, Elena; Manuel Nunes, Jorge; Madeira, Manuel; Gazarini, Luíz (Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2009)
In an open woodland in Portugal, the nature of interactions between Quercus ilex trees and herbaceous plants was assessed during 2 years by studying how manipulation of incident solar radiation, water and nutrient supply affect the herbaceous biomass and N, K, P, Ca, Mg, and Mn concentrations. Measurements were carried out in three environments consisting of (1) open grassland, (2) beneath the tree canopy, and (3) under artificial shade. Each of these environments was subjected to two regimes of fertilization and two water levels in a factorial design. The fertilizer treatment consisted of application of no fertilizer or a combination of 200 kg calcium ammonium nitrate ha–1 (26% N) and 350 kg superphosphate ha–1 (8% P), while the water-supply treatment consisted of either no irrigation or irrigation fortnightly from February 1 to April 30. Grasses showed significantly lower nutrient concentrations than forbs. However, nutrient concentrations of the whole herbaceous community were within the recommended ranges for cattle nutrition. A negative effect of shade on herbaceous biomass production was observed. The effect of watering on herbaceous biomass was less prominent than the effect of fertilization, irrespective of the environment, suggesting that Q. ilex does not compete for soil-water resources with herbaceous biomass in this ecosystem. Fertilization increased total biomass by 106%, 49%, and 97% in the open grassland, beneath the tree canopy, and under artificial shade, respectively. During the first and second year, fertilization increased herbaceous P concentrations by 24% and 83%, respectively, if compared with concentrations obtained at the unfertilized plots. Higher K and Mg concentrations were observed in herbaceous plants beneath the tree canopy than in the open areas, indicating a positive effect of trees on pasture quality. The positive and negative effects of trees on understory forage are discussed.
Keywords: fertilization; herbaceous biomass; irrigation; shade

Influence of Quercus ilex trees on herbaceous production and nutrient concentrations in southern Portugal - Cubera, Elena; Manuel Nunes, Jorge; Madeira, Manuel; Gazarini, Luíz (Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2009)
In an open woodland in Portugal, the nature of interactions between Quercus ilex trees and herbaceous plants was assessed during 2 years by studying how manipulation of incident solar radiation, water and nutrient supply affect the herbaceous biomass and N, K, P, Ca, Mg, and Mn concentrations. Measurements were carried out in three environments consisting of (1) open grassland, (2) beneath the tree canopy, and (3) under artificial shade. Each of these environments was subjected to two regimes of fertilization and two water levels in a factorial design. The fertilizer treatment consisted of application of no fertilizer or a combination of 200 kg calcium ammonium nitrate ha–1 (26% N) and 350 kg superphosphate ha–1 (8% P), while the water-supply treatment consisted of either no irrigation or irrigation fortnightly from February 1 to April 30. Grasses showed significantly lower nutrient concentrations than forbs. However, nutrient concentrations of the whole herbaceous community were within the recommended ranges for cattle nutrition. A negative effect of shade on herbaceous biomass production was observed. The effect of watering on herbaceous biomass was less prominent than the effect of fertilization, irrespective of the environment, suggesting that Q. ilex does not compete for soil-water resources with herbaceous biomass in this ecosystem. Fertilization increased total biomass by 106%, 49%, and 97% in the open grassland, beneath the tree canopy, and under artificial shade, respectively. During the first and second year, fertilization increased herbaceous P concentrations by 24% and 83%, respectively, if compared with concentrations obtained at the unfertilized plots. Higher K and Mg concentrations were observed in herbaceous plants beneath the tree canopy than in the open areas, indicating a positive effect of trees on pasture quality. The positive and negative effects of trees on understory forage are discussed.
Keywords: fertilization; herbaceous biomass; irrigation; shade

Influencia de la fertilización y del régimen térmico durante el cultivo en la aclimatación al frío de Quercus ilex L. - HEREDIA, N; TORRES SANCHEZ, J; OLIET, J; VILLAR-SALVADOR, P; BENITO, L F; PEÑUELAS, J L (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
las reservas de nutrientes de las plantas sin alterar su morfología pero también puede limitar el endurecimiento de la planta. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: i) conocer si la fertilización durante las últimas etapas de cultivo influye en la aclimatación al frío de Quercus ilex; ii) analizar si el efecto de la fertilización sobre la aclimatación al frío depende de la temperatura del lugar de cultivo, y iii) establecer el tiempo que debe transcurrir desde la helada para detectar su daño por fluorescencia. Se cultivaron plantas del mismo lote de bellotas en dos viveros de temperaturas invernales contrastadas, uno en Guadalajara de inviernos severos y otro en Córdoba de inviernos suaves. En cada localidad, las plantas se cultivaron con cuatro regímenes de fertilización: fertilización constante, tanto con alta y baja concentración de N, constante baja con sobrecarga otoñal y fertilización con alta concentración de N exponencial. En tres fechas a lo largo del otoño e invierno, se sometieron las plantas a heladas de -12, -18 y -25oC, y el daño experimentado se evaluó con medidas de fluorescencia, dos y siete días después de la helada. No se observaron en el test, diferencias de resistencia al frío entre los tratamientos de fertilización en ninguna de las fechas. En cambio, en las plantas de Guadalajara que permanecieron al aire libre y sufrieron el régimen de heladas natural sí se observaron diferencias de resistencia al frío entre tratamientos de fertilización. Las plantas fertilizadas exponencialmente y las sobrecargadas en otoño mostraron más daño que las fertilizadas con régimen de fertilización constante. Ello indica que la forma en la que las plantas experimentan la helada puede condicionar las conclusiones del efecto de la fertilización sobre la aclimatación al frío. En todas las fechas, las plantas de Guadalajara mostraron mayor resistencia al frío que las de Córdoba. Finalmente, el daño por frío se detectó ya al segundo día después de realizar el test de helada, tanto en mediciones de fluorescencia al alba como al mediodía
Keywords: encina; Endurecimiento; Fv/Fm; helada; localidad de cultivo; nitrógeno; nutrición; vivero

Influencia de las temperaturas de primavera en la producción de cerdos ibéricos de montanera en la provincia de Badajoz ( Extremadura , España ). - Gonzalo, J; Poblaciones, M J; Olea, L (Actas de la XLVIII RC de la SEEP. Huesca La multifuncionalidad de los pastos: producción ganadera sostenible y gestión de los ecosistemas, 2009)
The dehesa ecosystem in Iberian Peninsule south-western, has its most important management activity, from an economic, ecological and unrepeatable point of view, in the holm oak and cork oak fruits (acorn) use in an extensive way. The use of these fruits, together with herbaceous bio-mass, is mainly done by Iberian pigs in montanera from November to Febru- ary. In this work production levels (Iberian pigs in montanera/year) has been studied during 4 years (2003/04 to 2006/07). It has been also studied the production per “official” dehesa area (declared by Junta de Extremadura) and the production per cover by tree area, in Iberian pig montanera production areas in Badajoz (Extremadura), as well as the influence of the tem- peratures in flowering and productive periods in holm oak and cork oak. There is a significant production increase when minimum temperatures in February, March and April raise; likewise this production falls with a rise of the maxim temperatures in spring
Keywords: extensive pastures; Q. ilex ssp. ballota; Quercus suber; silvopastoral

INFLUENCIA DEL CULTIVO DE LUPINUS LUTEUS L. EN LA DENSIDAD DE INÓCULO DE PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI EN SUELOS DE DEHESA - Serrano, M. S.; Sanchez, M. E.; De Vita, P.; CARBONERO, M. D.; Trapero, A.; FERNÁNDEZ-REBOLLO, P. (Actas de la XLVIII RC de la SEEP. Huesca La multifuncionalidad de los pastos: producción ganadera sostenible y gestión de los ecosistemas, 2009)
Phytophthora cinnamomi is a pathogen causing root rot in oak trees growing in dehesa sys- tems and also in yellow lupine, a common pasture crop in western Andalusia. In dehesas show- ing different situations in terms of tree decline and disease severity in the lupines, isolation and counting of colonies of P. cinnamomi from soil samples has shown the ability of the herbaceous crop to maintain or increase the inoculum density and thus may enhance oak infections. The obtained results discourage the cultivation of this legume in dehesas with known presence of the pathogen in the soil, whether the trees are suffering the root disease or not.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Actas de la XLVIII RC de la SEEP. Huesca La multifuncionalidad de los pastos: producción ganadera sostenible y gestión de los ecosistemas pub-location: Huesca
Keywords: decline; Holm oak; root rot; yellow lupine

INFLUENCIA DEL CULTIVO DE LUPINUS LUTEUS L. EN LA DENSIDAD DE INÓCULO DE PHYTOPHTHORA CINNAMOMI EN SUELOS DE DEHESA - SERRANO, M S; SÁNCHEZ, M E; DE VITA, P; CARBONERO, M D; TRAPERO, A; FERNÁNDEZ-REBOLLO, P (Actas de la XLVIII RC de la SEEP. Huesca La multifuncionalidad de los pastos: producción ganadera sostenible y gestión de los ecosistemas, 2009)
Phytophthora cinnamomi is a pathogen causing root rot in oak trees growing in dehesa sys- tems and also in yellow lupine, a common pasture crop in western Andalusia. In dehesas show- ing different situations in terms of tree decline and disease severity in the lupines, isolation and counting of colonies of P. cinnamomi from soil samples has shown the ability of the herbaceous crop to maintain or increase the inoculum density and thus may enhance oak infections. The obtained results discourage the cultivation of this legume in dehesas with known presence of the pathogen in the soil, whether the trees are suffering the root disease or not.
Keywords: decline; Holm oak; root rot; yellow lupine

Intensity and persistence of water repellency in relation to vegetation types and soil parameters in Mediterranean SW Spain - Zavala, Lorena M.; González, Félix a; Jordán, Antonio (Geoderma, 2009)
The objectives of this research are the following: [1] to study the persistence and intensity of water repellency in soil samples (0–5 cm deep) collected under different plant species, [2] to analyze the relationships between soil water repellency and environmental factors including soil organic matter content, soil acidity, and texture, and [3] to study the variations of soil water repellency measured on soil samples collected in winter (2007) and summer (2008) in the studied area. Soil water repellency has been studied in Mediterranean coniferous and eucalyptus forests, particularly after burning, but the number of studies concerning other Mediterranean forest systems is still very low. In this paper, soil water repellency was measured by using the water drop penetration time test and the ethanol percentage test on samples collected during the winter of 2007 and the summer of 2008 under different land uses (pines, cork oaks, eucalyptus, heathland and olive trees) in a Mediterranean subhumid forested area (Los Alcornocales Natural Park, Cádiz and Málaga, Spain). Most of the soil samples collected under heathland showed extreme water repellency, whereas soils under olive trees showed low or inexistent water repellency. The organic matter content and acidity were highly correlated with water repellency in soils under pines, cork oaks and eucalyptus, while soils under heathland or olive trees showed poorer correlations. The average soil moisture content of samples collected during winter (2007) was 20.7± 7.9%, and it decreased in samples collected during summer (2008) to 1.1± 0.6%. The persistence and intensity of water repellency varied slightly between samples collected in winter and summer in soils under all species except under heathland. Water repellency persisted in most cases during the wet and dry season, and many soils showed strong water repellency even during winter. The patchy patterns of persistence and intensity of soil water repellency are conditioned by the spatial distribution of the studied land uses, which dictate the intensity and persistence of soil water repellency, and modulated by other environmental factors. The vegetation effects on soil hydrology should be considered for afforestation work and ﬂooding control.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Keywords: land use; mediterranean forest soils; Soil acidity; Soil organic carbon; soil water repellency; water content

Intensity and persistence of water repellency in relation to vegetation types and soil parameters in Mediterranean SW Spain - Zavala, Lorena M; González, Félix a.; Jordán, Antonio (Geoderma, 2009)
The objectives of this research are the following: [1] to study the persistence and intensity of water repellency in soil samples (0–5 cm deep) collected under different plant species, [2] to analyze the relationships between soil water repellency and environmental factors including soil organic matter content, soil acidity, and texture, and [3] to study the variations of soil water repellency measured on soil samples collected in winter (2007) and summer (2008) in the studied area. Soil water repellency has been studied in Mediterranean coniferous and eucalyptus forests, particularly after burning, but the number of studies concerning other Mediterranean forest systems is still very low. In this paper, soil water repellency was measured by using the water drop penetration time test and the ethanol percentage test on samples collected during the winter of 2007 and the summer of 2008 under different land uses (pines, cork oaks, eucalyptus, heathland and olive trees) in a Mediterranean subhumid forested area (Los Alcornocales Natural Park, Cádiz and Málaga, Spain). Most of the soil samples collected under heathland showed extreme water repellency, whereas soils under olive trees showed low or inexistent water repellency. The organic matter content and acidity were highly correlated with water repellency in soils under pines, cork oaks and eucalyptus, while soils under heathland or olive trees showed poorer correlations. The average soil moisture content of samples collected during winter (2007) was 20.7± 7.9%, and it decreased in samples collected during summer (2008) to 1.1± 0.6%. The persistence and intensity of water repellency varied slightly between samples collected in winter and summer in soils under all species except under heathland. Water repellency persisted in most cases during the wet and dry season, and many soils showed strong water repellency even during winter. The patchy patterns of persistence and intensity of soil water repellency are conditioned by the spatial distribution of the studied land uses, which dictate the intensity and persistence of soil water repellency, and modulated by other environmental factors. The vegetation effects on soil hydrology should be considered for afforestation work and ﬂooding control.
Keywords: land use; mediterranean forest soils; Soil acidity; Soil organic carbon; soil water repellency; water content

Intra- and inter-annual variability of VOC emissions from natural and semi-natural vegetation in Europe and neighbouring countries - Steinbrecher, Rainer; Smiatek, Gerhard; Köble, Renate; Seufert, Günther; Theloke, Jochen; Hauff, Karin; Ciccioli, Paolo; Vautard, Robert; Curci, Gabriele (Atmospheric Environment, 2009)
Biogenic VOC emission estimates from the earth’s surface are crucial input parameters in air quality models. Knowledge accumulated in the last years about BVOC source distributions and chemical compound species emission proﬁles in Europe as well as the demand of air quality modellers for a ﬁner resolution in space and time of BVOC estimates have led to the set-up of new emission modelling systems. An updated fast BVOC emission modelling platform explicitly considering the seasonality of emission potentials and leaf temperature gradients in forest canopies by the semi-empirical emission module (seBVOC) will be proposed and used for estimating hourly values of chemical compound-speciﬁc emissions in Europe (33–68 north; 10 west to 40 east) in the years 1997, 2000, 2001, and 2003. Spatial resolution will be 10 km by 10 km. The database used contains latest land and forest distributions, updated foliar biomass densities, leaf area indices (LAI), and plant as well as chemical compound-speciﬁc emission potentials, if available. Meteorological input parameters for the respective years will be generated using the non-hydrostatic meteorological model MM5. Highest BVOC emissions occur in daytime hours around noon from the end of May to mid-August in the Mediterranean area and from the mid of June to the end of July in the boreal forests. Comparison of 3 BVOC model approaches will reveal that for July 2003, the European isoprene and monoterpene totals range from 1124 Gg to 1446 Gg and from 338 Gg to 1112 Gg, respectively. Small-scale deviations may be as high as 0.6 Mg km2 for July 2003, reﬂecting the current uncertainty range for BVOC estimates. Key sources of errors in inventories are still insufﬁciently detailed land use data for some areas and lacking chemically speciated plantspeciﬁc emission potentials in particular in boreal, south-eastern, and northern African landscapes. The hourly emissions of isoprene, speciated terpenes, and oxyVOC have been made available by the NatAir database.
Keywords: BVOC; Emission modelling; Inventory; Isoprenoids; oxyVOC; Sequiterpenes

Intra- and inter-annual variability of VOC emissions from natural and semi-natural vegetation in Europe and neighbouring countries - Steinbrecher, Rainer; Smiatek, Gerhard; Köble, Renate; Seufert, Günther; Theloke, Jochen; Hauff, Karin; Ciccioli, Paolo; Vautard, Robert; Curci, Gabriele (Atmospheric Environment, 2009)
Biogenic VOC emission estimates from the earth’s surface are crucial input parameters in air quality models. Knowledge accumulated in the last years about BVOC source distributions and chemical compound species emission proﬁles in Europe as well as the demand of air quality modellers for a ﬁner resolution in space and time of BVOC estimates have led to the set-up of new emission modelling systems. An updated fast BVOC emission modelling platform explicitly considering the seasonality of emission potentials and leaf temperature gradients in forest canopies by the semi-empirical emission module (seBVOC) will be proposed and used for estimating hourly values of chemical compound-speciﬁc emissions in Europe (33–68 north; 10 west to 40 east) in the years 1997, 2000, 2001, and 2003. Spatial resolution will be 10 km by 10 km. The database used contains latest land and forest distributions, updated foliar biomass densities, leaf area indices (LAI), and plant as well as chemical compound-speciﬁc emission potentials, if available. Meteorological input parameters for the respective years will be generated using the non-hydrostatic meteorological model MM5. Highest BVOC emissions occur in daytime hours around noon from the end of May to mid-August in the Mediterranean area and from the mid of June to the end of July in the boreal forests. Comparison of 3 BVOC model approaches will reveal that for July 2003, the European isoprene and monoterpene totals range from 1124 Gg to 1446 Gg and from 338 Gg to 1112 Gg, respectively. Small-scale deviations may be as high as 0.6 Mg km2 for July 2003, reﬂecting the current uncertainty range for BVOC estimates. Key sources of errors in inventories are still insufﬁciently detailed land use data for some areas and lacking chemically speciated plantspeciﬁc emission potentials in particular in boreal, south-eastern, and northern African landscapes. The hourly emissions of isoprene, speciated terpenes, and oxyVOC have been made available by the NatAir database.
Keywords: BVOC; Emission modelling; Inventory; Isoprenoids; oxyVOC; Sequiterpenes

La productividad de bellota en la dehesa y su relación con parámetros meteorológicos - CARBONERO, M. D.; GARCÍA-MORENO, A.; Calzado, C.; FERNÁNDEZ-REBOLLO, P. (Actas de la XLVIII RC de la SEEP. Huesca La multifuncionalidad de los pastos: producción ganadera sostenible y gestión de los ecosistemas, 2009)
Economically, holm-oak acorn crop is the major component in Iberian Mediterranean eco- systems. As in most Quercus species, the chief feature of holm-oak acorn production is its high variability among individuals and years, because of variables as masting, weather, etc. From 2001 to 2006 we studied fruit production and meteorology in a holm-oak natural area of South Spain. The results obtained, indicated that weather conditions at spring and autumn beginning had a marked influence on acorn production. Flowering survival and production improved by mild temperature in March and crop acorn was stronger because of rainfall in September
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Actas de la XLVIII RC de la SEEP. Huesca La multifuncionalidad de los pastos: producción ganadera sostenible y gestión de los ecosistemas pub-location: Huesca
Keywords: crop; Quercus; seed

La productividad de bellota en la dehesa y su relación con parámetros meteorológicos - CARBONERO, M D; GARCÍA-MORENO, A; Calzado, C; FERNÁNDEZ-REBOLLO, P (Actas de la XLVIII RC de la SEEP. Huesca La multifuncionalidad de los pastos: producción ganadera sostenible y gestión de los ecosistemas, 2009)
Economically, holm-oak acorn crop is the major component in Iberian Mediterranean eco- systems. As in most Quercus species, the chief feature of holm-oak acorn production is its high variability among individuals and years, because of variables as masting, weather, etc. From 2001 to 2006 we studied fruit production and meteorology in a holm-oak natural area of South Spain. The results obtained, indicated that weather conditions at spring and autumn beginning had a marked influence on acorn production. Flowering survival and production improved by mild temperature in March and crop acorn was stronger because of rainfall in September
Keywords: crop; Quercus; seed

Leaf traits variation during leaf expansion in Quercus ilex L. - GRATANI, L.; Bonito, A. (Photosynthetica, 2009)
The morphological, anatomical and physiological variations of leaf traits were analysed during Quercus ilex L. leaf expansion. The leaf water content (LWC), leaf area relative growth rate (RGRl ) and leaf dry mass relative growth rate (RGRm) were the highest (76±2 %, 0.413 cm 2 cm –2 d –1 , 0.709 mg mg –1 d –1 , respectively) at the beginning of the leaf expansion process (7 days after bud break). Leaf expansion lasted 84±2 days when air temperature ranged from 13.3±0.8 to 27.6±0.9 °C. The net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs ), and chlorophyll content per fresh mass (Chl) increased during leaf expansion, having the highest values [12.62±1.64 µmol (CO2) m –2 s –1 , 0.090 mol (H2O) m –2 s –1 , and 1.03±0.08 mg g –1 ,respectively] 56 days after bud break. Chl was directly correlated with leaf dry mass (DM) and PN. The thickness of palisade parenchyma contributed to the total leaf thickness (263.1±1.5 μm) by 47 %, spongy layer thickness 38 %, adaxial epidermis and cuticle thickness 9 %, and abaxial epidermis and cuticle thickness 6 %. Variation in leaf size during leaf expansion might be attributed to a combination of cells density and length, and it is confirmed by the significant (p<0.001) correlations among these traits. Q. ilex leaves reached 90 % of their definitive structure before the most severe drought period (beginning of June – end of August). The high leaf mass area (LMA, 15.1±0.6 mg cm –2 ) at full leaf expansion was indicative of compact leaves (2028±100 cells mm –2 ). Air temperature increasing might shorten the favourable period for leaf expansion, thus changing the final amount of biomass per unit leaf area of Q. ilex.
Keywords: leaf anatomy; leaf expansion; leaf morphology; net photosynthetic rate; Quercus ilex

Leaf traits variation during leaf expansion in Quercus ilex L. - Gratani, L; Bonito, A (Photosynthetica, 2009)
The morphological, anatomical and physiological variations of leaf traits were analysed during Quercus ilex L. leaf expansion. The leaf water content (LWC), leaf area relative growth rate (RGRl ) and leaf dry mass relative growth rate (RGRm) were the highest (76±2 %, 0.413 cm 2 cm –2 d –1 , 0.709 mg mg –1 d –1 , respectively) at the beginning of the leaf expansion process (7 days after bud break). Leaf expansion lasted 84±2 days when air temperature ranged from 13.3±0.8 to 27.6±0.9 °C. The net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gs ), and chlorophyll content per fresh mass (Chl) increased during leaf expansion, having the highest values [12.62±1.64 µmol (CO2) m –2 s –1 , 0.090 mol (H2O) m –2 s –1 , and 1.03±0.08 mg g –1 ,respectively] 56 days after bud break. Chl was directly correlated with leaf dry mass (DM) and PN. The thickness of palisade parenchyma contributed to the total leaf thickness (263.1±1.5 μm) by 47 %, spongy layer thickness 38 %, adaxial epidermis and cuticle thickness 9 %, and abaxial epidermis and cuticle thickness 6 %. Variation in leaf size during leaf expansion might be attributed to a combination of cells density and length, and it is confirmed by the significant (p<0.001) correlations among these traits. Q. ilex leaves reached 90 % of their definitive structure before the most severe drought period (beginning of June – end of August). The high leaf mass area (LMA, 15.1±0.6 mg cm –2 ) at full leaf expansion was indicative of compact leaves (2028±100 cells mm –2 ). Air temperature increasing might shorten the favourable period for leaf expansion, thus changing the final amount of biomass per unit leaf area of Q. ilex.
Keywords: leaf anatomy; leaf expansion; leaf morphology; net photosynthetic rate; Quercus ilex

Leaf-Litter Mixtures Affect Breakdown and Macroinvertebrate Colonization Rates in a Stream Ecosystem - Abelho, Manuela (International Review of Hydrobiology, 2009)
Previous work in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has suggested that the relationship between breakdown rates of leaf litter and plant species richness may change unpredictability due to non-additive effects mediated by the presence of key-species. By using single- and mixed-species leaf bags (7 possible combinations of three litter species differing in toughness; common alder [Alnus glutinosa ], sweet chestnut [Castanea sativa ], and Spanish oak [Quercus ilex ilex ]), I tested whether leaf species diversity, measured as richness and composition, affects breakdown dynamics and macroinvertebrate colonization (abundance, richness and composition) during 90 days incubation in a stream. Decomposition rates were additive, i.e., observed decomposition rates were not different from expected ones. However, decomposition rates of individual leaf species were affected by the mixture, i.e., there were species-specific responses to mixing litter. The invertebrate communities colonizing the mixtures were not richer and more diverse in mixtures than in single-species leaf bags. On the opposite, mixing leaf species had a negative, non-additive effect on rates of shredder and taxa colonization and on macroinvertebrate diversity. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: WILEY-VCH Verlag
Keywords: Biodiversity; decomposition; FOREST; richness; shredders

Leaf-Litter Mixtures Affect Breakdown and Macroinvertebrate Colonization Rates in a Stream Ecosystem - Abelho, Manuela (International Review of Hydrobiology, 2009)
Previous work in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has suggested that the relationship between breakdown rates of leaf litter and plant species richness may change unpredictability due to non-additive effects mediated by the presence of key-species. By using single- and mixed-species leaf bags (7 possible combinations of three litter species differing in toughness; common alder [Alnus glutinosa ], sweet chestnut [Castanea sativa ], and Spanish oak [Quercus ilex ilex ]), I tested whether leaf species diversity, measured as richness and composition, affects breakdown dynamics and macroinvertebrate colonization (abundance, richness and composition) during 90 days incubation in a stream. Decomposition rates were additive, i.e., observed decomposition rates were not different from expected ones. However, decomposition rates of individual leaf species were affected by the mixture, i.e., there were species-specific responses to mixing litter. The invertebrate communities colonizing the mixtures were not richer and more diverse in mixtures than in single-species leaf bags. On the opposite, mixing leaf species had a negative, non-additive effect on rates of shredder and taxa colonization and on macroinvertebrate diversity. (© 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Keywords: Biodiversity; decomposition; FOREST; richness; shredders

Long-term transpiration change with rainfall decline in a Mediterranean Quercus ilex forest - LIMOUSIN, J. M.; Rambal, S.; OURCIVAL, J. M.; Rocheteau, A.; JOFFRE, R.; RODRIGUEZ-CORTINA, R. (Global Change Biology, 2009)
In the Mediterranean basin, precipitation is expected to decline as a consequence of climate change. The response of a Quercus ilex forest in southern France to such a decline in water availability was studied using a 4-year throughfall exclusion experiment. Seasonal courses of sap flow and leaf water potential were obtained from 2004 to 2007 and used to characterize tree water relations in a control and a dry treatment. The experiment reduced the average precipitation input to the soil by 29%, and resulted in a 23% reduction in annual transpiration. Soil water potential was significantly lower in the dry treatment only during summer drought, but transpiration was reduced all year round even during well-watered periods. Despite a tight stomatal control over transpiration, whole-tree hydraulic conductance was found to be lower in the trees growing in the driest conditions. This reduction in water transport capacity was observed jointly with a reduction in leaf transpiring area. Canopy leaf area decreased by 18% in the dry treatment as a consequence of the throughfall exclusion, which was found to validate the ecohydrological equilibrium theory.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: Drought; ecohydrology; Hydraulic conductance; leaf area index; leaf water potential; Mediterranean evergreen forest; Quercus ilex; throughfall exclusion; Transpiration

Los sistemas de dehesa en la península ibérica: reflexiones acerca de su génesis, historia, dinámica y gestión - EZQUERRA BOTICARIO, F J (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Los encinares adehesados tan abundantes en el cuadrante suroccidental de la península ibérica constituyen uno de sus paisajes más característicos y poseen un destacado valor socioeconómico cuya explotación está ligada a razas autóctonas de gran valor, desde la vaca retinta al cerdo ibérico. Su valor cultural y ecológico ha sido realzado durante décadas, llegándose a idealizar los ecosistemas adehesados por la complejidad y la biodiversidad que albergan. En realidad, la ecología de las dehesas puede bosquejarse si analizamos su evolución desde una perspectiva histórica. En este trabajo se plantean hipótesis acerca de los procesos que dieron lugar desde hace milenios a la génesis de los sistemas adehesados en España, efectuando un seguimiento histórico de los mismos y de las transformaciones sufridas durante los últimos siglos. El uso predominantemente ganadero del territorio ibérico, asociado a las particularidades del devenir histórico y con la eterna lucha con la ganadería como telón de fondo, ha modelado los procesos de aclarado, arboricultura, frutalización, selección, empobrecimiento específico del dosel y creación y mantenimiento de pastizales que caracterizan a las dehesas de nuestros días. Entender estos procesos es esencial para poder abordar con garantías su gestión.
Keywords: bellota; encina; ganadería; Quercus ilex; regeneración

Los sistemas de dehesa en la península ibérica: reflexiones acerca de su génesis, historia, dinámica y gestión - EZQUERRA BOTICARIO, F. J. (V Congreso Forestal Español, 2009)
Los encinares adehesados tan abundantes en el cuadrante suroccidental de la península ibérica constituyen uno de sus paisajes más característicos y poseen un destacado valor socioeconómico cuya explotación está ligada a razas autóctonas de gran valor, desde la vaca retinta al cerdo ibérico. Su valor cultural y ecológico ha sido realzado durante décadas, llegándose a idealizar los ecosistemas adehesados por la complejidad y la biodiversidad que albergan. En realidad, la ecología de las dehesas puede bosquejarse si analizamos su evolución desde una perspectiva histórica. En este trabajo se plantean hipótesis acerca de los procesos que dieron lugar desde hace milenios a la génesis de los sistemas adehesados en España, efectuando un seguimiento histórico de los mismos y de las transformaciones sufridas durante los últimos siglos. El uso predominantemente ganadero del territorio ibérico, asociado a las particularidades del devenir histórico y con la eterna lucha con la ganadería como telón de fondo, ha modelado los procesos de aclarado, arboricultura, frutalización, selección, empobrecimiento específico del dosel y creación y mantenimiento de pastizales que caracterizan a las dehesas de nuestros días. Entender estos procesos es esencial para poder abordar con garantías su gestión.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Avila
Keywords: bellota; encina; ganadería; Quercus ilex; regeneración

A map of autumn precipitation for the third millennium BP in the Eastern Iberian Peninsula from charcoal carbon isotopes - Aguilera, M.; Espinar, C.; Ferrio, J. P.; Pérez, G.; Voltas, J. (Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2009)
Carbon isotope composition (δ 13 C) in tree-rings has become routinely used in palaeoclimatic research for the assessment of changes in plant water availability in seasonally dry climates. However, the distribution of long tree-ring records around the world is very limited. Alternatively, the original climate signal of wood δ 13 C is well preserved in fossil charcoal and, accordingly, charcoal δ 13 C can be used to quantify past changes in water availability (e.g. precipitation). We report a case study on spatial palaeoclimate reconstruction which aims to characterize the transition between Bronze and Iron Ages, the so-called Iron Age Cold Epoch (ca. 900– 300 BCE), using charcoals of Quercus ilex/coccifera from a set of 11 contemporary archaeological sites of eastern Spain. Climatic inferences were obtained after calibrating a linear model predicting seasonal precipitation from δ 13 C of Q. ilex wood samples obtained across a rainfall gradient. The best regression model corresponded to September–December (autumn) precipitation (Paut ), in agreement with the fact that Q. ilex is able to exploit previous-year water reserves thanks to very effective water uptake. Subsequently, we estimated Paut from the δ 13 C of fossil charcoal to infer spatial patterns in water availability. Overall, estimated past Paut was about 19% higher (296 mm) than present-time values averaged across archaeological sites (249 mm). However, a clear geographic pattern of differences in precipitation could be observed in which the inner continental regions of eastern Spain were characterized by more humid conditions in the past, whereas the coastal strip of the Mediterranean Sea barely differed in past and present Paut values. The quite uniform distribution of archaeological sites over eastern Spain allowed development of contour maps of absolute and relative (to present) past Paut using gridded interpolation methods implemented in a GIS, highlighting the potential of this approach for reconstructing high-resolution spatial patterns of past climate
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Elsevier B.V.
Keywords: Drought; GIS; Iron Age Cold Epoch; Isoscape; Late Holocene; Mediterranean climate; Quercus ilex

Measuring the postfire resilience of a bird-vegetation system: a 28-year study in a Mediterranean oak woodland. - Jacquet, Karine; Prodon, Roger (Oecologia, 2009)
Despite numerous studies on the response of Mediterranean ecosystems to fire, few have measured the respective resilience of vegetation and fauna compartments. For 28 years, we conducted an annual monitoring of avifauna composition and vegetation structure (cover profile)following a severe wildfire in a holm oak (Quercus ilex) stand in southern France. Our aim was to estimate the time necessary for this bird-vegetation system to return to a state analogous to its pre-fire state. In the burned plots, low herbaceous and shrub layers were gradually replaced by higher, woody layers of vegetation. Neither bird species richness nor inter-annual bird species turnover showed significant differences from one year to the next over the study period. In contrast, bird species composition did change steadily, leading to an almost complete replacement of early-successional species by late-successional ones. Using the first axes of multivariate analyses as 'proxy variables' of vegetation or avifauna recoveries, we estimated by extrapolation the recovery times of these two ecosystem components at ca. 50 and 35 years, respectively. Towards the end of the study period, the rate of change in avifauna composition decreased comparatively to that of vegetation structure. Our results show that holm oak woodlands are highly resilient and seem to tolerate an approximately 50-year fire interval, even if it remains to be assessed how resilient they would be in the case of increased fire frequency. More generally, our multivariate approach, which allows comparative estimations of resilience in different components of an ecosystem using qualitative as wellas quantitative criteria, could be applied to various case studies in disturbance and restoration ecology.
Keywords: Avifauna; long-term; Quercus ilex; Restoration; succession; Wildfire

A method for climate and vegetation reconstruction through the inversion of a dynamic vegetation model - Garreta, Vincent; Miller, Paul a.; Guiot, Joël; Hély, Christelle; Brewer, Simon; Sykes, Martin T; Litt, Thomas (Climate Dynamics, 2009)
Climate reconstructions from data sensitive to past climates provide estimates of what these climates were like. Comparing these reconstructions with simulations from climate models allows to validate the models used for future climate prediction. It has been shown that for fossil pollen data, gaining estimates by inverting a vegetation model allows inclusion of past changes in carbon dioxide values. As a new generation of dynamic vegetation model is available we have developed an inversion method for one model, LPJ-GUESS. When this novel method is used with high-resolution sediment it allows us to bypass the classic assumptions of (1) climate and pollen independence between samples and (2) equilibrium between the vegetation, represented as pollen, and climate. Our dynamic inversion method is based on a statistical model to describe the links among climate, simulated vegetation and pollen samples. The inversion is realised thanks to a particle ﬁlter algorithm. We perform a validation on 30 modern European sites and then apply the method to the sediment core of Meerfelder Maar (Germany), which covers the Holocene at a temporal resolution of approximately one sample per 30 years. We demonstrate that reconstructed temperatures are constrained. The reconstructed precipitation is less well constrained, due to the dimension considered (one precipitation by season), and the low sensitivity of LPJ-GUESS to precipitation changes.
Keywords: Dynamic vegetation model; LPJ-GUESS; Model inversion; Palaeoclimate reconstruction; Particle ﬁlter; Pollen sample

Microbial activities in soils of a Mediterranean ecosystem in different successional stages - Fioretto, A.; Papa, S.; Pellegrino, A.; Ferrigno, a. (Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2009)
This study reports a comparative analysis of soil enzyme activities (b-glucosidase, protease, urease, arylsulphatase, phosphatase and ﬂuorescein diacetate hydrolase), ATP, total N and organic matter contents in three vegetal successional stages (meadow, low shrubland and high maquis) of a Mediterranean ecosystem in the Natural Reserve of Castel Volturno (Campania, Italy). Because water availability is a major limiting factor of soil microbial activity in Mediterranean ecosystems, the analysis was performed in late spring (May), after the rainy period, and in early autumn (October), after the long dry summer. A signiﬁcant decrease in protease, arylsulphatase, urease and b-glucosidase activities was observed in meadow soil in the autumn sampling, probably due to the prolonged summer drought. Combining the values measured in the two sampling dates, the high maquis tended to have higher levels of enzymes activities than shrubland and meadow. Notably, high maquis had signiﬁcantly higher phosphatase and arylsulphatase activities than shrubland and meadow and, in addition, a higher ATP content compared to meadow. Drastic changes were observed in EA/ATP ratios between the sampling periods in the meadow and shrubland, suggesting changes in the efﬁciency of microbial community more likely linked to climatic ﬂuctuations than to the successional stage. The more stable EA/ATP ratio in the maquis probably reﬂects a constant contribution of microbial biomass to enzyme secretion. In conclusion, our results point to an increase in soil microbial activity accompanying the succession from meadow to high maquis that probably reﬂects a parallel increase in soil functions. Nevertheless, spatial heterogeneity and, more important, temporal variations in soil activities often may obscure differences related to the plant cover type.
Keywords: ATP; High maquis; Meadow; Mediterranean ecosystem; Shrubland; Soil enzyme activities; Successional stages

Microbial activities in soils of a Mediterranean ecosystem in different successional stages - Fioretto, a; Papa, S.; Pellegrino, a; Ferrigno, a (Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2009)
This study reports a comparative analysis of soil enzyme activities (b-glucosidase, protease, urease, arylsulphatase, phosphatase and ﬂuorescein diacetate hydrolase), ATP, total N and organic matter contents in three vegetal successional stages (meadow, low shrubland and high maquis) of a Mediterranean ecosystem in the Natural Reserve of Castel Volturno (Campania, Italy). Because water availability is a major limiting factor of soil microbial activity in Mediterranean ecosystems, the analysis was performed in late spring (May), after the rainy period, and in early autumn (October), after the long dry summer. A signiﬁcant decrease in protease, arylsulphatase, urease and b-glucosidase activities was observed in meadow soil in the autumn sampling, probably due to the prolonged summer drought. Combining the values measured in the two sampling dates, the high maquis tended to have higher levels of enzymes activities than shrubland and meadow. Notably, high maquis had signiﬁcantly higher phosphatase and arylsulphatase activities than shrubland and meadow and, in addition, a higher ATP content compared to meadow. Drastic changes were observed in EA/ATP ratios between the sampling periods in the meadow and shrubland, suggesting changes in the efﬁciency of microbial community more likely linked to climatic ﬂuctuations than to the successional stage. The more stable EA/ATP ratio in the maquis probably reﬂects a constant contribution of microbial biomass to enzyme secretion. In conclusion, our results point to an increase in soil microbial activity accompanying the succession from meadow to high maquis that probably reﬂects a parallel increase in soil functions. Nevertheless, spatial heterogeneity and, more important, temporal variations in soil activities often may obscure differences related to the plant cover type.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Keywords: ATP; High maquis; Meadow; Mediterranean ecosystem; Shrubland; Soil enzyme activities; Successional stages

Microbiological parameters as indicators of soil organic carbon dynamics in relation to different land use management - Llorente, Mireia; Turrión, M Belén (European Journal of Forest Research, 2009)
Labile C fractions: microbial biomass C (MBC), K2SO4 extractable C (CK2SO4 ) and the cumulated mineralized C in 21 days incubation at 28C (C–CO2(21d) ), were compared as land use indicators in a calcareous soil under three different management systems: native Querqus ilex forest (under and outside tree cover), a Pinus halepensis plantation, and cropped land (with cereals). Microbial biomass and activity were found to be low and coincided with high carbonate contents. As indicators of land use, CK2SO4 and C–CO2(21d) showed the same sensitivity as MBC. C–CO2 emissions were measured in an incubation experiment in order to study C mineralization kinetics. The data for cumulative amounts of C–CO2 released showed a good ﬁt (R 2 [0.94) to the ﬁrst-order kinetic model Cm = Co(1 - e -kt ). The kinetic parameters Co and Cok were affected by land use and especially by tree cover. Principal components analysis was applied to the data and the relationship among microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2), labile C pools, and MBC revealed a decrease in efﬁciency of organic substrate utilization with an increase in availability and lability of the organic matter.
Keywords: Calcareous soil; Metabolic quotient; Microbial biomass; Soil respiration

Microbiological parameters as indicators of soil organic carbon dynamics in relation to different land use management - Llorente, Mireia; Turrión, M. Belén (European Journal of Forest Research, 2009)
Labile C fractions: microbial biomass C (MBC), K2SO4 extractable C (CK2SO4 ) and the cumulated mineralized C in 21 days incubation at 28C (C–CO2(21d) ), were compared as land use indicators in a calcareous soil under three different management systems: native Querqus ilex forest (under and outside tree cover), a Pinus halepensis plantation, and cropped land (with cereals). Microbial biomass and activity were found to be low and coincided with high carbonate contents. As indicators of land use, CK2SO4 and C–CO2(21d) showed the same sensitivity as MBC. C–CO2 emissions were measured in an incubation experiment in order to study C mineralization kinetics. The data for cumulative amounts of C–CO2 released showed a good ﬁt (R 2 [0.94) to the ﬁrst-order kinetic model Cm = Co(1 - e -kt ). The kinetic parameters Co and Cok were affected by land use and especially by tree cover. Principal components analysis was applied to the data and the relationship among microbial metabolic quotient (qCO2), labile C pools, and MBC revealed a decrease in efﬁciency of organic substrate utilization with an increase in availability and lability of the organic matter.
Keywords: Calcareous soil; Metabolic quotient; Microbial biomass; Soil respiration

Modelling interception loss from evergreen oak Mediterranean savannas: Application of a tree-based modelling approach - Pereira, F L; Gash, J H C; David, J S; David, T S; Monteiro, P R; Valente, F (Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2009)
In a previous study, it was shown that an isolated, fully saturated tree-crown behaves like a wet bulb, allowing evaporation of intercepted rainfall to be estimated by a simple diffusion equation for water vapour. This observation was taken as the basis for a new approach in modelling interception loss from savanna-type woodland, whereby the ecosystem evaporation is derived by scaling up the evaporation from individual trees, rather than by considering a homogeneous forest cover. Interception loss from isolated trees was estimated by combining the aforementioned equation for water vapour ﬂux with Gash’s analytical model. A new methodology, which avoids the subjectivity inherent in the Leyton method, was used for estimating the crown storage capacity. Modelling performance was evaluated against data from two Mediterranean savanna-type oak woodlands (montados) in southern Portugal. Interception loss estimates were in good agreement with observations in both sites. The proposed modelling approach is physically based, requires only a limited amount of data and should be suitable for the modelling of interception loss in isolated trees and savannatype ecosystems
Keywords: Gash analytical model; Isolated trees; Quercus ilex; rainfall interception; Savannas; Wet bulb temperature

Modelling interception loss from evergreen oak Mediterranean savannas: Application of a tree-based modelling approach - Pereira, F. L.; Gash, J. H. C.; David, J. S.; David, T. S.; Monteiro, P. R.; Valente, F. (Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2009)
In a previous study, it was shown that an isolated, fully saturated tree-crown behaves like a wet bulb, allowing evaporation of intercepted rainfall to be estimated by a simple diffusion equation for water vapour. This observation was taken as the basis for a new approach in modelling interception loss from savanna-type woodland, whereby the ecosystem evaporation is derived by scaling up the evaporation from individual trees, rather than by considering a homogeneous forest cover. Interception loss from isolated trees was estimated by combining the aforementioned equation for water vapour ﬂux with Gash’s analytical model. A new methodology, which avoids the subjectivity inherent in the Leyton method, was used for estimating the crown storage capacity. Modelling performance was evaluated against data from two Mediterranean savanna-type oak woodlands (montados) in southern Portugal. Interception loss estimates were in good agreement with observations in both sites. The proposed modelling approach is physically based, requires only a limited amount of data and should be suitable for the modelling of interception loss in isolated trees and savannatype ecosystems
Keywords: Gash analytical model; Isolated trees; Quercus ilex; rainfall interception; Savannas; Wet bulb temperature

Modelling the drought impact on monoterpene fluxes from an evergreen Mediterranean forest canopy. - Grote, Rüdiger; LAVOIR, ANNE-VIOLETTE; Rambal, Serge; Staudt, Michael; Zimmer, Ina; Schnitzler, Jörg-Peter (Oecologia, 2009)
In many ecosystems drought cycles are common during the growing season but their impact on volatile monoterpene emissions is unclear. Therefore, we aimed to develop and evaluate a process-based modelling approach to explore the explanatory power of likely mechanisms. The biochemically based isoprene and monoterpene emission model SIM-BIM2 has been modified and linked to a canopy model and a soil water balance model. Simulations are carried out for Quercus ilex forest sites and results are compared to measured soil water, photosynthesis, terpene-synthase activity, and monoterpene emission rates. Finally, the coupled model system is used to estimate the annual drought impact on photosynthesis and emission. The combined and adjusted vegetation model was able to simulate photosynthesis and monoterpene emission under dry and irrigated conditions with an R(2) of 0.74 and 0.52, respectively. We estimated an annual reduction of monoterpene emission of 67% for the extended and severe drought period in 2006 in the investigated Mediterranean ecosystem. It is concluded that process-based ecosystem models can provide a useful tool to investigate the involved mechanisms and to quantify the importance of specific environmental constraints.
Keywords: Biological; Carbon dioxide; Carbon Dioxide: metabolism; Computer Simulation; Drought impact; Droughts; France; Model coupling; Models; monoterpene emission; Monoterpenes; Monoterpenes: metabolism; photosynthesis; Photosynthesis: physiology; Plant Leaves; Plant Leaves: metabolism; Quercus; Quercus ilex (holm oak); Quercus: metabolism; Scaling; Trees; Trees: metabolism; water; Water: metabolism

Modelling the occurrence of gullies in rangelands of southwest Spain - Gómez Gutiérrez, Álvaro; Schnabel, Susanne; Felicísimo, Ángel M (Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2009)
Gully erosion has been recognized as an important soil degradation process in rangelands of southwest Spain. In this paper, a relatively new data mining technique called Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) was applied to construct a model capable of predicting the location of gullies. A large database was used to support the model composed of a target variable (presence or absence of gullies) and 36 independent variables related to topography, lithology, soils, rainfall, land use and vegetation cover. The performance of the model was evaluated using the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve for ﬁ ve external datasets. The model had high predictive power, with values for the area under the ROC curve of the external validation datasets varying from 0·75 to 0·98 (1·0 being perfect prediction). The most important variables explaining the spatial distribution of gullies were lithology and soil type. Finally the model was compiled and implemented into a geographical information system to obtain maps of susceptible areas for gully erosion. These maps show that approximately 7% of the study area presents favourable conditions for the development of gullies. The results demonstrate that MARS constitutes a valuable model in geomorphic research and could also be a useful tool for assessing the impacts of changing climate and land use on gully erosion.
Keywords: Gully erosion; MARS; predictive modelling; Rangelands

Moderate soil compaction: Implications on growth and architecture in seedlings of 17 woody plant species - Alameda, David; Villar, Rafael (Soil and Tillage Research, 2009)
Generally, soil compaction is a stress factor affecting negatively the plant growth, but its effects vary between species and with the soil compaction range. The objective of this study is to know the different growth responses of 17 woody species subjected to moderate soil compaction, because most of the studies about this subject compare the effects in treatments with a wide and discrete compaction range. We explore the effects of moderate soil compaction on a continuous scale (0.1–1.0 MPa) on seedling growth. Seedlings of 17 woody species (deciduous and evergreens) mainly from Mediterranean ecosystems were grown in near optimal conditions (light, temperature and water) in a greenhouse with a sandy substrate. In general, there was a great variability of the responses depending on the species and the studied variable. About 53% of the species showed a higher total biomass with a moderate increase in soil compaction possibly being due to a greater root–soil contact. In the same way, 41% of species increase the relative growth rate and 35% the total area. Nevertheless, in spite of these positive effects on growth, for some species (23%) there was a decrease in the root proportion with soil resistance, as result of soil strength. These effects of moderate soil compaction could sum up in two general responses of woody plants: growth increment and architecture distortion. This might be relevant as a lower root investment may be a disadvantage under drought conditions. Finally, a simple conceptual model is proposed to understand the general effects of soil compaction on growth and biomass allocation
Keywords: biomass allocation; Mediterranean ecosystem; Penetration resistance; Relative growth rate

Moderate soil compaction: Implications on growth and architecture in seedlings of 17 woody plant species - Alameda, David; Villar, Rafael (Soil and Tillage Research, 2009)
Generally, soil compaction is a stress factor affecting negatively the plant growth, but its effects vary between species and with the soil compaction range. The objective of this study is to know the different growth responses of 17 woody species subjected to moderate soil compaction, because most of the studies about this subject compare the effects in treatments with a wide and discrete compaction range. We explore the effects of moderate soil compaction on a continuous scale (0.1–1.0 MPa) on seedling growth. Seedlings of 17 woody species (deciduous and evergreens) mainly from Mediterranean ecosystems were grown in near optimal conditions (light, temperature and water) in a greenhouse with a sandy substrate. In general, there was a great variability of the responses depending on the species and the studied variable. About 53% of the species showed a higher total biomass with a moderate increase in soil compaction possibly being due to a greater root–soil contact. In the same way, 41% of species increase the relative growth rate and 35% the total area. Nevertheless, in spite of these positive effects on growth, for some species (23%) there was a decrease in the root proportion with soil resistance, as result of soil strength. These effects of moderate soil compaction could sum up in two general responses of woody plants: growth increment and architecture distortion. This might be relevant as a lower root investment may be a disadvantage under drought conditions. Finally, a simple conceptual model is proposed to understand the general effects of soil compaction on growth and biomass allocation
Keywords: biomass allocation; Mediterranean ecosystem; Penetration resistance; Relative growth rate

A new European plant-specific emission inventory of biogenic volatile organic compounds for use in atmospheric transport models - Karl, M; Guenther, A; Koble, R; Leip, A; Seufert, G (BIOGEOSCIENCES, 2009)
We present a new European plant-specific emission inventory for isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated VOC (OVOC), on a spatial resolution of 0.089x0.089 degrees, for implementation in atmospheric transport models. The inventory incorporates more accurate data on foliar biomass densities from several litterfall databases that became available in the last years for the main tree species in Europe. A bioclimatic correction factor was introduced to correct the foliar biomass densities of trees and crops for the different plant growth conditions that can be found in Pan-Europe. Long-term seasonal variability of agriculture and forest emissions was taken into account by implementing a new growing season concept. The 2004-2005 averaged annual total biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions for the Pan-European domain are estimated to be about 12 Tg with a large contribution from the OVOC class of about 4.5 Tg and from monoterpenes of about 4 Tg. Annual isoprene emissions are found to be about 3.5 Tg, insensitive to the chosen emission algorithm. Emissions of OVOC were found to originate to a large extent from agriculture. Further experiments on crop emissions should be carried out to check the validity of the applied standard emission factors. The new inventory aims at a fully transparent and verifiable aggregation of detailed land use information and at the inclusion of plant-specific emission data. Though plant-specific land use data is available with relatively high accuracy, a lack of experimental biomass densities and emission data on terpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenated VOC, in particular for agricultural plants, currently limits the setup of a highly accurate plant-specific emission inventory.
APS
Keywords: Emissions; isoprene; Monoterpenes; VOC