DESERTIFICATION IN NORTHERN MOROCCO DUE TO EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GROUNDWATER RECHARGE - Dijck, Simone J E Van; Laouina, Abdellah; Carvalho, Anabela V; Antari, Mostafa; Rocha, Alfredo; Borrego, Carlos; Coen, J (Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue, 2006)
Groundwater resources in Morocco are expected to shrink in the next decades due to an increasing withdrawal for rural and urban development, and a decreasing internal recharge by precipitation under the influence of climate change. The objective of this work is to analyse the recharge of groundwater systems in a region with traditional agriculture and current transformations in northern Morocco (Sehoul region) in response to future climate change and land degradation. Models were used to simulate climate change and effects on surface runoff and groundwater recharge. The climate models indicated increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation in all seasons in 2050 compared to 1990, and an increasing variability of autumn precipitation. Because most cultivated fields are freshly ploughed and sown in autumn, this will increase the risk of desertification due to declining groundwater recharge and increased surface runoff and erosion. This is confirmed by the results of the event-based surface runoff simulation for the 2050 climate. Surface runoff is mainly produced in ancient grazing fields and fallow fields. In view of the current transformation of collective grazing fields into cultivated land, problems with loss of rainfall in surface runoff and soil erosion could be mitigated by 1. early tillage of cultivated fields along the slope contour, followed by leveling, 2. locating cultivated fields downslope of grazing fields to enable the capturing of diffuse surface runoff coming from the grazing fields, and 3. leaving fallow fields untilled and covered with crop remnants. The groundwater modeling results indicate a decrease of the annual groundwater recharge by rainfall of 40-68% from the climate centered in 1990 to the climate centered in 2050. As a result, groundwater levels are predicted to fall up till 2005, but the results are unreliable due to model errors. However, the decreases in precipitation, infiltration and groundwater recharge predicted in this study may be expected to add to the observed trend of groundwater level decrease in the study area, and to continuing desertification.
Keywords: climate change; Grazing; groundwater; land degradation (voyant); Morocco; Precipitation; surface runoff

DESERTIFICATION–A NEW SECURITY CHALLENGE FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN? Policy agenda for recognising and coping with fatal outcomes of global - Brauch, H. G. (Desertification in the Mediterranean Region. A Security …, 2006)
Desertification (representing soil degradation) is one of the three nature-induced (climate change, hydrological cycle) and of three primarily human-induced challenges (population growth, urbanisation and food) of global environmental change. These six components closely interact and contribute to fatal outcomes: primarily to extreme weather events and hydro-meteorological disasters (drought, flash floods, storms) and environmentally-induced migrations. These two fatal outcomes may have – in some cases – societal repercussions that may trigger or contribute to domestic, regional and international crisis and conflicts and thus they may become an issue of both human, societal, national and international security. To illustrate the causal linkages: for example in Morocco in the 1980s and 1990s, the following chain of events could be observed: severe drought, increase in food prices, hunger riots, general strikes, the police and armed forces interfered to repress these violent upheavals and subsequently hundreds of casualties could be deplored. These cases were not listed as a conflict in the relevant conflict data bases. The paper is organised in three parts: In the first part, the complex casual interactions among six factors of global environment change, two fatal outcomes and three societal repercussions: crises, conflicts and conflict avoidance, prevention and resolution will be discussed. In the second part, different security concepts will be reviewed that may be of relevance for dealing with desertification as a security issue. In the third part, possible security relevance pro-active political strategies will be considered, to avoid, and prevent that desertification issues can pose security challenges, and to contribute to a resolution of the desertification driven violence. 11
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Desertification in the Mediterranean Region. A Security …
Keywords: conflict; desertification; Drought; environmental degradation; environmental security; food security; Global change; human security; Land degradation; migration; natural disasters (voyant)

DESERTIFICATION–A NEW SECURITY CHALLENGE FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN? Policy agenda for recognising and coping with fatal outcomes of global - Brauch, H G (Desertification in the Mediterranean Region. A Security …, 2006)
Desertification (representing soil degradation) is one of the three nature-induced (climate change, hydrological cycle) and of three primarily human-induced challenges (population growth, urbanisation and food) of global environmental change. These six components closely interact and contribute to fatal outcomes: primarily to extreme weather events and hydro-meteorological disasters (drought, flash floods, storms) and environmentally-induced migrations. These two fatal outcomes may have – in some cases – societal repercussions that may trigger or contribute to domestic, regional and international crisis and conflicts and thus they may become an issue of both human, societal, national and international security. To illustrate the causal linkages: for example in Morocco in the 1980s and 1990s, the following chain of events could be observed: severe drought, increase in food prices, hunger riots, general strikes, the police and armed forces interfered to repress these violent upheavals and subsequently hundreds of casualties could be deplored. These cases were not listed as a conflict in the relevant conflict data bases. The paper is organised in three parts: In the first part, the complex casual interactions among six factors of global environment change, two fatal outcomes and three societal repercussions: crises, conflicts and conflict avoidance, prevention and resolution will be discussed. In the second part, different security concepts will be reviewed that may be of relevance for dealing with desertification as a security issue. In the third part, possible security relevance pro-active political strategies will be considered, to avoid, and prevent that desertification issues can pose security challenges, and to contribute to a resolution of the desertification driven violence. 11
Keywords: conflict; desertification; Drought; environmental degradation; environmental security; food security; Global change; human security; Land degradation; migration; natural disasters (voyant)

Detection of Forest Decline Using IKONOS Sensor for Cork Oak (Quercus suber L.) Woods in South Spain - Cano, Francisco; Cerrillo, Rafael Ma Navarro; Ferrer, Alfonso Garcia; de la Orden, Manuel Sanchéz (Geocarto International, 2006)
Abstract Assessment of forest decline is severely hampered by the limited information on tree death on short temporal and broad spatial scales. In order to evaluate forest decline rates in cork oak of Southern Spain, an analysis was made of statistical correlation between the 4 IKONOS sensor original bands acquired in 2000, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Infrared/Red Index (IR/R) and defoliation information obtained from the ground study. IKONOS near infrared band was negative correlated with defoliation (Pearson Correlation ? 0.762). The correlation between defoliation and IR/R ratio (Pearson Correlation ?0.506) and NDVI (Pearson Correlation ?0.449) was also significantly correlated. The dispersion of data presents in each category of defoliation justifies the use of the median value as the representative variable value for each intervals of defoliation. The Statistical Index of Defoliation (SID), generated from a lineal combination of IKONOS sensor bands, shows a correlation rate of 0.85 with the deforestation ground estimate. This study shows that high?spatial?resolution satellite data can now be used to measure forest decline processes, suggesting many new alternatives to evaluate the impact of forest decline in Mediterranean forests.
doi: 10.1080/10106040608542388doi: 10.1080/10106040608542388The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: defoliation; Forest decline; IKONOS (PG); Infrared/RedIndex (IR/R); NDVI; Statistical Index of Defoliation (SID)

Detection of Forest Decline Using IKONOS Sensor for Cork Oak (Quercus suber L.) Woods in South Spain - Cano, Francisco; Cerrillo, Rafael Ma Navarro; Ferrer, Alfonso Garcia; de la Orden, Manuel Sanchéz (Geocarto International, 2006)
Abstract Assessment of forest decline is severely hampered by the limited information on tree death on short temporal and broad spatial scales. In order to evaluate forest decline rates in cork oak of Southern Spain, an analysis was made of statistical correlation between the 4 IKONOS sensor original bands acquired in 2000, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Infrared/Red Index (IR/R) and defoliation information obtained from the ground study. IKONOS near infrared band was negative correlated with defoliation (Pearson Correlation ? 0.762). The correlation between defoliation and IR/R ratio (Pearson Correlation ?0.506) and NDVI (Pearson Correlation ?0.449) was also significantly correlated. The dispersion of data presents in each category of defoliation justifies the use of the median value as the representative variable value for each intervals of defoliation. The Statistical Index of Defoliation (SID), generated from a lineal combination of IKONOS sensor bands, shows a correlation rate of 0.85 with the deforestation ground estimate. This study shows that high?spatial?resolution satellite data can now be used to measure forest decline processes, suggesting many new alternatives to evaluate the impact of forest decline in Mediterranean forests.
doi: 10.1080/10106040608542388
Keywords: defoliation; Forest decline; IKONOS (PG); Infrared/RedIndex (IR/R); NDVI; Statistical Index of Defoliation (SID)

Determination of genetic stability in long-term somatic embryogenic cultures and derived plantlets of cork oak using microsatellite markers - Lopes, Tina; Pinto, Glória; Loureiro, João; Costa, Armando; Santos, Conceição (Tree Physiology, 2006)
Microsatellites were used to test genetic stability in somatic embryos (SE) of Quercus suber L. The SE were obtained by a simple somatic embryogenesis protocol: leaf explants from two adult plants (QsG0, QsG5) and from two juvenile plants (QsGM1, QsGM2) were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and zeatin. Calluses with primary embryogenic structures were transferred to MSWH (MS medium without growth regulators) and SE proliferated by secondary somatic embryogenesis. High morphological heterogeneity was found among cotyledonary SE. However, converted plants looked morphologically normal with well-developed rooting systems and shoots. The genetic stability of the plant material during the somatic embryogenesis process was evaluated by using six to eight nuclear microsatellites transferred from Q. myrsinifolia Blume, Q. petraea (Matts.) Liebl. and Q. robur L. Five of eight microsatellites distinguished among the genotypes analyzed, and for QsG0, QsGM1 and QsGM2, uniform microsatellite patterns were generally observed within and between SE and the respective donor genotypes. For genotype QsG5, the same pattern was observed in all samples analyzed except one, where the mutation percentage was 2.5%. We conclude that microsatellite markers can be used to assess genetic stability of clonal materials and to determine genetic stability throughout the process of somatic embryogenesis. The simple somatic embryogenesis protocol described has potential for the commercial propagation of Q. suber because it results in a low percentage of mutations.
10.1093/treephys/26.9.114510.1093/treephys/26.9.1145
Keywords: Genetic variability; Quercus suber; Somatic embryogenesis; SSR markers

Dictyostelids from Mediterranean forests of the south of Europe - Romeralo, María; Lado, Carlos (Mycological Progress, 2006)
The first results of a study of dictyostelid diversity in soils of Mediterranean vegetation are presented. Surface soil samples were collected during 2003–2004 from different Mediterranean forests in Spain and Portugal and were plated out for cellular slime moulds. Isolated during this study were 14 species of dictyostelids. One species, Dictyostelium firmibasis is reported for the first time from Europe, and nine (Dictyostelium aureo-stipes, Dictyostelium sp. 1, Dictyostelium fasciculatum, Dictyostelium giganteum, Dictyostelium implicatum, Dictyostelium leptosomum, Dictyostelium sphaerocephalum, Polysphondylium candidum, Polysphondylium pallidum) are new records for the Mediterranean region. Members of the three genera Dictyostelium (ten species), Polysphondylium (three species) and Acytostelium (one species) are present in this region of the world. Comments on their diversity and distribution are included.
Keywords: Dictyostelids; distribution (PG); diversity; mediterranean forest soils

Dictyostelids from Mediterranean forests of the south of Europe - Romeralo, María; Lado, Carlos (Mycological Progress, 2006)
The first results of a study of dictyostelid diversity in soils of Mediterranean vegetation are presented. Surface soil samples were collected during 2003–2004 from different Mediterranean forests in Spain and Portugal and were plated out for cellular slime moulds. Isolated during this study were 14 species of dictyostelids. One species, Dictyostelium firmibasis is reported for the first time from Europe, and nine (Dictyostelium aureo-stipes, Dictyostelium sp. 1, Dictyostelium fasciculatum, Dictyostelium giganteum, Dictyostelium implicatum, Dictyostelium leptosomum, Dictyostelium sphaerocephalum, Polysphondylium candidum, Polysphondylium pallidum) are new records for the Mediterranean region. Members of the three genera Dictyostelium (ten species), Polysphondylium (three species) and Acytostelium (one species) are present in this region of the world. Comments on their diversity and distribution are included.
Keywords: Dictyostelids; distribution (PG); diversity; mediterranean forest soils

Differential light responses of Mediterranean tree saplings: linking ecophysiology with regeneration niche in four co-occurring species - Gómez-Aparicio, LORENA; Valladares, Fernando; Zamora, Regino (Tree Physiology, 2006)
The ecophysiological mechanisms underlying plant–plant interactions and forest regeneration processes in Mediterranean ecosystems are poorly understood, and the experimental evidence for the role of light availability in these processes is particularly scant. We analyzed the effects of high and low irradiances on 31 ecological, morphological and physiological variables in saplings of four late-successional Mediterranean trees, two deciduous (Acer opalus subsp. granatense (Boiss.) Font Quer & Rothm. and Quercus pyrenaica Willd.) and two evergreen (Pinus nigra Arnold subsp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco and Quercus ilex L.), which coexist in mature montane forests. Species differed in both their capacity to withstand high radiation and in their shade tolerance. The two deciduous species were the least tolerant to high radiation, exhibiting both dynamic and chronic photoinhibition in full sunlight, with severe implications for gas exchange and photosynthetic performance. Excess light severely limited the survival of A. opalus subsp. granatense, even minor reductions of excessive radiation (from full sunlight to 80% sunlight) being crucial for sapling survival. Among species, P. nigra was the most tolerant of high irradiances but showed the poorest shade acclimation. Interspecific differences in the mechanisms of response to light provide a partial explanation of the differential regeneration patterns previously reported for these species, with shade-tolerant plants (i.e., deciduous broadleaf species) benefiting the most from associations with nurse plants. We conclude that light availability is an important environmental factor defining the regeneration niche of Mediterranean woody species.
10.1093/treephys/26.7.947
Keywords: Acer opalus subsp. granatense; photoinhibition; photosynthetic light response; Pinus nigra; Quercus ilex; Quercus pyrenaica; shade tolerance

Diplobifuranylones A and B, 5‘-Monosubstituted Tetrahydro-2H-bifuranyl-5-ones Produced by Diplodia corticola, a Fungus Pathogen of Cork Oak - Evidente, Antonio; Andolfi, Anna; Fiore, Michele; Spanu, Emanuela; Maddau, Lucia; Franceschini, Antonio; Marras, Francesco; Motta, Andrea (Journal of Natural Products, 2006)
Two new 5?-monosubstituted tetrahydro-2H-bifuranyl-5-ones, named diplobifuranylones A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from the culture filtrates of Diplodia corticola, the causal agent of a canker of cork oak (Quercus suber). The same fungus also produced eight known metabolites, namely, the diplopyrone, (3S,4R)-trans- and (3R,4R)-cis-4-hydroxymellein, sapinofuranone B and its (S,S)-enantiomer, and sphaeropsidins A?C. Diplobifuranylones A and B (1 and 2) were characterized, using spectroscopic and chemical methods, as two diastereomeric 5?-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3,4,2?,5?-tetrahydro-2H-[2,2?]bifuranyl-5-ones. While the relative stereochemistry of the two metabolites (1 and 2) was deduced by NOESY and ROESY experiments, the absolute stereochemistry of the chiral carbon of the hydroxyethyl side chain at C-5?, determined by application of Mosher's method, proved to be S and R in 1 and 2, respectively. Assayed on a nonhost plant, diplobifuranylones A and B did not show phytotoxic activity. In an Artemia salina larvae lethality bioassay neither 1 nor 2 was toxic at the highest concentration tested (300 ?g/mL).
doi: 10.1021/np050393l
Keywords: Chemical characterization; Diplobifuranylones; Diplodia corticola; metabolites; Phytotoxicity (voyant)

Diplobifuranylones A and B, 5‘-Monosubstituted Tetrahydro-2H-bifuranyl-5-ones Produced by Diplodia corticola, a Fungus Pathogen of Cork Oak - Evidente, Antonio; Andolfi, Anna; Fiore, Michele; Spanu, Emanuela; Maddau, Lucia; Franceschini, Antonio; Marras, Francesco; Motta, Andrea (Journal of Natural Products, 2006)
Two new 5?-monosubstituted tetrahydro-2H-bifuranyl-5-ones, named diplobifuranylones A and B (1 and 2), were isolated from the culture filtrates of Diplodia corticola, the causal agent of a canker of cork oak (Quercus suber). The same fungus also produced eight known metabolites, namely, the diplopyrone, (3S,4R)-trans- and (3R,4R)-cis-4-hydroxymellein, sapinofuranone B and its (S,S)-enantiomer, and sphaeropsidins A?C. Diplobifuranylones A and B (1 and 2) were characterized, using spectroscopic and chemical methods, as two diastereomeric 5?-(1-hydroxyethyl)-3,4,2?,5?-tetrahydro-2H-[2,2?]bifuranyl-5-ones. While the relative stereochemistry of the two metabolites (1 and 2) was deduced by NOESY and ROESY experiments, the absolute stereochemistry of the chiral carbon of the hydroxyethyl side chain at C-5?, determined by application of Mosher's method, proved to be S and R in 1 and 2, respectively. Assayed on a nonhost plant, diplobifuranylones A and B did not show phytotoxic activity. In an Artemia salina larvae lethality bioassay neither 1 nor 2 was toxic at the highest concentration tested (300 ?g/mL).
doi: 10.1021/np050393ldoi: 10.1021/np050393lThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: American Chemical Society
Keywords: Chemical characterization; Diplobifuranylones; Diplodia corticola; metabolites; Phytotoxicity (voyant)

Downfall of pollen carriage by ants after Argentine ant invasion in two Mediterranean Euphorbia species - Blancafort, X.; Gómez, C. (VIE ET MILIEU-LIFE AND ENVIRONMENT, 2006)
We have studied the influence of Argentine ant invasion on the level of pollen grain carriage by ants in Euphorbia characias and E. biumbellata, two deciduous shrubs visited by ants. The observations were made in two contiguous areas, invaded and non-invaded by the Argentine ant Linepithema humile, in a Mediterranean cork-oak forest. In the invaded area L. humile displaced all native ants that climb to the cyathia of the inflorescences, except Plagiolepis pygmaea, a tiny ant species. Eight native ant species were detected in non-invaded areas. Camponotus cruentatus (52.06 +/- 5.57 pollen grains carried per ant worker of E. characias and 38.84 +/- 6.82 pollen grains of E. biumbellata, mean se) and Camponotus piceus (42.80 +/- 21.57 pollen grains of E. biumbellata) carried much more pollen than L. humile worker ants (0.37 +/- 0.06 pollen grains of E. characias and 0.44 +/- 0.21 pollen grains of E. biumbellata). The Argentine ant and the native ants collected nectar, but C. cruentatus, the visiting ant species most abundant in the non-invaded area, touched the anthers or the stigma of the flowers three times more frequently than the Argentine ant. These results suggest the Argentine ant displace the native ants and that the invasion could interfere with natural visitors or potential pollinators in several plants.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: LABORATOIRE ARAGO, BP 44, 66651 BANYULS-SUR-MER CEDEX, FRANCE publisher: OBSERVATOIRE OCEANOLOGIQUE BANYULS
Keywords: Biological invasion; pollen carriage; pollination

Downfall of pollen carriage by ants after Argentine ant invasion in two Mediterranean Euphorbia species - Blancafort, X; Gómez, C (VIE ET MILIEU-LIFE AND ENVIRONMENT, 2006)
We have studied the influence of Argentine ant invasion on the level of pollen grain carriage by ants in Euphorbia characias and E. biumbellata, two deciduous shrubs visited by ants. The observations were made in two contiguous areas, invaded and non-invaded by the Argentine ant Linepithema humile, in a Mediterranean cork-oak forest. In the invaded area L. humile displaced all native ants that climb to the cyathia of the inflorescences, except Plagiolepis pygmaea, a tiny ant species. Eight native ant species were detected in non-invaded areas. Camponotus cruentatus (52.06 +/- 5.57 pollen grains carried per ant worker of E. characias and 38.84 +/- 6.82 pollen grains of E. biumbellata, mean se) and Camponotus piceus (42.80 +/- 21.57 pollen grains of E. biumbellata) carried much more pollen than L. humile worker ants (0.37 +/- 0.06 pollen grains of E. characias and 0.44 +/- 0.21 pollen grains of E. biumbellata). The Argentine ant and the native ants collected nectar, but C. cruentatus, the visiting ant species most abundant in the non-invaded area, touched the anthers or the stigma of the flowers three times more frequently than the Argentine ant. These results suggest the Argentine ant displace the native ants and that the invasion could interfere with natural visitors or potential pollinators in several plants.
Keywords: Biological invasion; pollen carriage; pollination

DRYLAND DEVELOPMENT , DESERTIFICATION AND SECURITY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN - Safriel, Uriel N (Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue, 2006)
Bioclimatically, The Mediterranean basin comprises a transition between southern desert (Saharian-Arabian deserts) and northern non-desert (European woodlands). Using UNEP´s aridity classification, the political boundaries of all Mediterranean countries include the whole range of dryland types: from south to north, southern Mediterranean countries which are closer to the Sahara-Arabian deserts than the northern Mediterranean countries, have hyper-arid drylands (true deserts), semi-arid drylands, and dry-subhumid drylands; north Mediterranean countries have semi-arid drylands, dry subhumids drylands, and non- drylands regions – humid areas. The UNCCD does not regard hyper-arid drylands as prone to desertification, hence all Mediterranean countries have within their boundaries areas prone to desertification and areas not prone to desertification; in southern Mediterranean countries not prone to desertification are the southern-most and driest regions, and in the northern Mediterranean countries – these are the northern-most and driest region, and in the northern Mediterranean countries – these are the northern-most and least dry regions. The eastern Mediterranean countries – Israel, Lebanon and Syria combined, present the full south- northen gradients of the global drylands. The southernmost of the three, Israel comprises all four dryland types within its boundaries with more than half of its territory prone to desertification, and the analysis of its development, desertification and security can serve as a case study with lessons to the Mediterranean region as a whole. From the dawn history the country has been under intensive land use by humans, including pastoralism and cropping. The new Israel viewed its semi-arid areas, most prone to desertification, as a security risk, and set out to settle them mainly through agricultural development, extensive afforestation projects, rehabilitation of vegetation and restoration of water-related ecosystem services. Exploitation and grazing pressure on the dry subhumid scrublands have been reduced, with fast transition of the vegetation to woodland formation, with restoration of water and soil related ecosystem services. The sustainability if this agricultural development and its potential to avert salinization were driven by transportation of high-quality irrigation water from dry subhumid-generated resources to drier regions. This has been augmented by water conservation hinged on drip irrigation, and by research and extension services. Dry subhumid areas, arid and hyperarid areas have benefited from the agricultural experience gained in the semi-arid region and the infrastructure established to supor tit. Afforestation practices developed for the dry subhumid areas have “migrated” to semi-arid and arid regions. The discovery of geothermal, brackish fossil groundwater and the adaptation of greenhouses to growth houses in dry and hot regions provided farmers with options of intensive cash-crop agriculture and aquaculture – practices that are economic on land use and hence of little if any desertification impact. During its first decades, Israel rehabilitated many previously desertified areas and prevented further desertification. But in recent decades desertification has reemerged. In the dry subhumid areas there is soil salinization, and increasing impenetrability of dry sughumid woodland and “bush encroachment” leading to degraded range quality and woodland fires leading to soil erosion. In the semi-arid areas there is soil erosion of irrigated fields and intensified gully erosion in croplands and rangelands. Salinization of a large scale is expected due to expanding areas of agriculture irrigated with non-desalinated treated wastewater. Thus, rather than generating security problems due to desertification, the attempt to avert security problems by intensified development, eventually lead to desertification.
Keywords: aridity index; biological productivity; desertification; development; drylands; mediterranean countries; Security (voyant); Soil moisture; vulnerability; water use effciency

DRYLAND DEVELOPMENT , DESERTIFICATION AND SECURITY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN - Safriel, Uriel N. (Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue, 2006)
Bioclimatically, The Mediterranean basin comprises a transition between southern desert (Saharian-Arabian deserts) and northern non-desert (European woodlands). Using UNEP´s aridity classification, the political boundaries of all Mediterranean countries include the whole range of dryland types: from south to north, southern Mediterranean countries which are closer to the Sahara-Arabian deserts than the northern Mediterranean countries, have hyper-arid drylands (true deserts), semi-arid drylands, and dry-subhumid drylands; north Mediterranean countries have semi-arid drylands, dry subhumids drylands, and non- drylands regions – humid areas. The UNCCD does not regard hyper-arid drylands as prone to desertification, hence all Mediterranean countries have within their boundaries areas prone to desertification and areas not prone to desertification; in southern Mediterranean countries not prone to desertification are the southern-most and driest regions, and in the northern Mediterranean countries – these are the northern-most and driest region, and in the northern Mediterranean countries – these are the northern-most and least dry regions. The eastern Mediterranean countries – Israel, Lebanon and Syria combined, present the full south- northen gradients of the global drylands. The southernmost of the three, Israel comprises all four dryland types within its boundaries with more than half of its territory prone to desertification, and the analysis of its development, desertification and security can serve as a case study with lessons to the Mediterranean region as a whole. From the dawn history the country has been under intensive land use by humans, including pastoralism and cropping. The new Israel viewed its semi-arid areas, most prone to desertification, as a security risk, and set out to settle them mainly through agricultural development, extensive afforestation projects, rehabilitation of vegetation and restoration of water-related ecosystem services. Exploitation and grazing pressure on the dry subhumid scrublands have been reduced, with fast transition of the vegetation to woodland formation, with restoration of water and soil related ecosystem services. The sustainability if this agricultural development and its potential to avert salinization were driven by transportation of high-quality irrigation water from dry subhumid-generated resources to drier regions. This has been augmented by water conservation hinged on drip irrigation, and by research and extension services. Dry subhumid areas, arid and hyperarid areas have benefited from the agricultural experience gained in the semi-arid region and the infrastructure established to supor tit. Afforestation practices developed for the dry subhumid areas have “migrated” to semi-arid and arid regions. The discovery of geothermal, brackish fossil groundwater and the adaptation of greenhouses to growth houses in dry and hot regions provided farmers with options of intensive cash-crop agriculture and aquaculture – practices that are economic on land use and hence of little if any desertification impact. During its first decades, Israel rehabilitated many previously desertified areas and prevented further desertification. But in recent decades desertification has reemerged. In the dry subhumid areas there is soil salinization, and increasing impenetrability of dry sughumid woodland and “bush encroachment” leading to degraded range quality and woodland fires leading to soil erosion. In the semi-arid areas there is soil erosion of irrigated fields and intensified gully erosion in croplands and rangelands. Salinization of a large scale is expected due to expanding areas of agriculture irrigated with non-desalinated treated wastewater. Thus, rather than generating security problems due to desertification, the attempt to avert security problems by intensified development, eventually lead to desertification.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue
Keywords: aridity index; biological productivity; desertification; development; drylands; mediterranean countries; Security (voyant); Soil moisture; vulnerability; water use effciency

Dynamic Modelling of Nickel Complexation in Xylem Sap of Quercus ilex: A Voltammetric Study - dos Santos, Margarida Maria Correia; Alves, Sheila; de Lurdes SimõesGonçalves, Maria; Nabais, Cristina (Electroanalysis, 2006)
Holm oak (Quercus ilex) is the dominant tree growing on serpentine soils of northeast Portugal, characterized by elevated soil concentrations of Ni and Mg, combined with low Ca concentrations. Apparently Q. ilex does not suffer from excessive concentrations of Ni in the soil. In this work we report a complexation study of nickel by the relevant ligands present in xylem sap: histidine, aspartic acid, oxalic and citric acids, at 0.10 M ionic strength and pH 5.5. Single and mixed complexes were characterized. To validate the proposed complexation model, diluted solutions of Q. ilex xylem sap were titrated with nickel. All studies were done using square-wave voltammetry (SWV) at a hanging mercury drop electrode. Due to the dynamic nature of SWV, it is possible to obtain the conditional stability constants of the complexes formed but also to have knowledge on the kinetics of the interconversion of the species present.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: WILEY-VCH Verlag
Keywords: Inert complexes; Mixed complexes; Nickel; Quercus ilex; Semidynamic complexes; Voltammetry; Xylem sap

Dynamic Modelling of Nickel Complexation in Xylem Sap of Quercus ilex: A Voltammetric Study - dos Santos, Margarida Maria Correia; Alves, Sheila; de Lurdes SimõesGonçalves, Maria; Nabais, Cristina (Electroanalysis, 2006)
Holm oak (Quercus ilex) is the dominant tree growing on serpentine soils of northeast Portugal, characterized by elevated soil concentrations of Ni and Mg, combined with low Ca concentrations. Apparently Q. ilex does not suffer from excessive concentrations of Ni in the soil. In this work we report a complexation study of nickel by the relevant ligands present in xylem sap: histidine, aspartic acid, oxalic and citric acids, at 0.10 M ionic strength and pH 5.5. Single and mixed complexes were characterized. To validate the proposed complexation model, diluted solutions of Q. ilex xylem sap were titrated with nickel. All studies were done using square-wave voltammetry (SWV) at a hanging mercury drop electrode. Due to the dynamic nature of SWV, it is possible to obtain the conditional stability constants of the complexes formed but also to have knowledge on the kinetics of the interconversion of the species present.
Keywords: Inert complexes; Mixed complexes; Nickel; Quercus ilex; Semidynamic complexes; Voltammetry; Xylem sap

Dynamics of the enhanced emissions of monoterpenes and methyl salicylate, and decreased uptake of formaldehyde, by Quercus ilex leaves after application of jasmonic acid - Filella, Iolanda; Penuelas, Josep; Llusia, Joan (New Phytologist, 2006)
* • Jasmonic acid (JA) is a signalling compound with a key role in both stress and development in plants, and is reported to elicit the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here we studied the dynamics of such emissions and the linkage with photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance. * • We sprayed JA on leaves of the Mediterranean tree species Quercus ilex and measured the photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductances, and emissions and uptake of VOCs using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry and gas chromatography after a dark–light transition. * • Jasmonic acid treatment delayed the induction of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance by approx. 20 min, and decreased them 24 h after spraying. Indications were found of both stomatal and nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesis. Monoterpene emissions were enhanced (20–30%) after JA spraying. Jasmonic acid also increased methyl salicylate (MeSa) emissions (more than twofold) 1 h after treatment, although after 24 h this effect had disappeared. Formaldehyde foliar uptake decreased significantly 24 h after JA treatment. * • Both biotic and abiotic stresses can thus affect plant VOC emissions through their strong impact on JA levels. Jasmonic acid-mediated increases in monoterpene and MeSa emissions might have a protective role when confronting biotic and abiotic stresses.
Keywords: Carbon dioxide; Carbon Dioxide: metabolism; Cyclopentanes; Cyclopentanes: pharmacology; Dehydration; Formaldehyde; Formaldehyde: metabolism; jasmonic acid (JA); light; methyl salicylate; Monoterpenes; Monoterpenes: metabolism; net photosynthetic rates; Oxylipins; photosynthesis; Plant Leaves; Plant Leaves: drug effects; Plant Leaves: metabolism; Quercus; Quercus ilex (holm oak); Quercus: drug effects; Quercus: metabolism; Salicylates; Salicylates: metabolism; Stomatal conductance; Temperature; VOC (volatile organic compound)

Dynamics of the enhanced emissions of monoterpenes and methyl salicylate, and decreased uptake of formaldehyde, by Quercus ilex leaves after application of jasmonic acid - Filella, Iolanda; Penuelas, Josep; Llusia, Joan (New Phytologist, 2006)
* • Jasmonic acid (JA) is a signalling compound with a key role in both stress and development in plants, and is reported to elicit the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Here we studied the dynamics of such emissions and the linkage with photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance. * • We sprayed JA on leaves of the Mediterranean tree species Quercus ilex and measured the photosynthetic rates, stomatal conductances, and emissions and uptake of VOCs using proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry and gas chromatography after a dark–light transition. * • Jasmonic acid treatment delayed the induction of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance by approx. 20 min, and decreased them 24 h after spraying. Indications were found of both stomatal and nonstomatal limitations of photosynthesis. Monoterpene emissions were enhanced (20–30%) after JA spraying. Jasmonic acid also increased methyl salicylate (MeSa) emissions (more than twofold) 1 h after treatment, although after 24 h this effect had disappeared. Formaldehyde foliar uptake decreased significantly 24 h after JA treatment. * • Both biotic and abiotic stresses can thus affect plant VOC emissions through their strong impact on JA levels. Jasmonic acid-mediated increases in monoterpene and MeSa emissions might have a protective role when confronting biotic and abiotic stresses.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd accession-num: 16390425
Keywords: Carbon dioxide; Carbon Dioxide: metabolism; Cyclopentanes; Cyclopentanes: pharmacology; Dehydration; Formaldehyde; Formaldehyde: metabolism; jasmonic acid (JA); light; methyl salicylate; Monoterpenes; Monoterpenes: metabolism; net photosynthetic rates; Oxylipins; photosynthesis; Plant Leaves; Plant Leaves: drug effects; Plant Leaves: metabolism; Quercus; Quercus ilex (holm oak); Quercus: drug effects; Quercus: metabolism; Salicylates; Salicylates: metabolism; Stomatal conductance; Temperature; VOC (volatile organic compound)

Ecophysiological Traits Associated with Drought in Mediterranean Tree Seedlings: Individual Responses versus Interspecific Trends in Eleven Species - Valladares, F; Sánchez-Gómez, D (Plant Biology, 2006)
Abstract: Species differ regarding their drought tolerance and individuals of a given species can modify their morphology and physiology in response to drought. However, since evolutionary and ecological selective pressures differ, individual and interspecific responses to drought might not match. We determined summer survival and a number of ecophysiological variables in two factorial experiments with seedlings of eleven tree species present in Mediterranean ecosystems, grown under slowly imposed water stress and control conditions. Plants experiencing drought exhibited reduced growth, low specific leaf area, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic rate when compared to the controls, and species-specific drought tolerance was associated with an analogous set of trait values. However, while species with high leaf area ratio and shoot-root ratio exhibited greater drought tolerance, drought induced the reversed response within species. Contrary to expectations, water use efficiency was lower in drought-tolerant species and decreased in water-stressed individuals compared to the control plants. There was a distinctive phylogenetic signal in the functional grouping of species, with oaks, pines, and other genera being clearly different from each other in their drought tolerance and in their functional responses to drought. However, all relationships between ecophysiological variables and drought tolerance were significant after accounting for phylogenetic effects, with the exception of the relationship between drought tolerance and photochemical efficiency. Our results show that drought tolerance is not achieved by a single combination of trait values, and that even though evolutionary processes and individual responses tend to render similar results in terms of functional traits associated with drought, they do not necessarily match.
Keywords: Drought tolerance; functional traits; Mediterranean plants; phylogeny; water use efficiency; woody seedlings

Ecophysiological Traits Associated with Drought in Mediterranean Tree Seedlings: Individual Responses versus Interspecific Trends in Eleven Species - Valladares, F.; Sánchez-Gómez, D. (Plant Biology, 2006)
Abstract: Species differ regarding their drought tolerance and individuals of a given species can modify their morphology and physiology in response to drought. However, since evolutionary and ecological selective pressures differ, individual and interspecific responses to drought might not match. We determined summer survival and a number of ecophysiological variables in two factorial experiments with seedlings of eleven tree species present in Mediterranean ecosystems, grown under slowly imposed water stress and control conditions. Plants experiencing drought exhibited reduced growth, low specific leaf area, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic rate when compared to the controls, and species-specific drought tolerance was associated with an analogous set of trait values. However, while species with high leaf area ratio and shoot-root ratio exhibited greater drought tolerance, drought induced the reversed response within species. Contrary to expectations, water use efficiency was lower in drought-tolerant species and decreased in water-stressed individuals compared to the control plants. There was a distinctive phylogenetic signal in the functional grouping of species, with oaks, pines, and other genera being clearly different from each other in their drought tolerance and in their functional responses to drought. However, all relationships between ecophysiological variables and drought tolerance were significant after accounting for phylogenetic effects, with the exception of the relationship between drought tolerance and photochemical efficiency. Our results show that drought tolerance is not achieved by a single combination of trait values, and that even though evolutionary processes and individual responses tend to render similar results in terms of functional traits associated with drought, they do not necessarily match.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: Drought tolerance; functional traits; Mediterranean plants; phylogeny; water use efficiency; woody seedlings

Efeitos do fogo na sobrevivência e regeneração das árvores num ecossistema mediterrânico - Catry, F X; Rego, F C; Bugalho, M N; Lopes, T (V International Conference on Forest Fire Research, 2006)
Portugal é o único país da Europa Mediterrânica onde a média anual de área ardida aumentou nas últimas duas décadas. Embora os fogos florestais representem anualmente perdas muito importantes a um nível nacional, existem poucos estudos que avaliem a mortalidade e a capacidade de auto-regeneração das diferentes espécies de árvores nas áreas ardidas. Depois de um incêndio ocorrido em Setembro de 2003, iniciámos um projecto de investigação numa área pública no Centro-Oeste de Portugal. O objectivo principal deste estudo, ainda a decorrer, é avaliar a capacidade de regeneração pós-fogo de diferentes espécies de árvores presentes no país. Esperamos quantificar as taxas de sobrevivência/mortalidade das espécies seleccionadas em relação a determinadas variáveis, como é o caso da severidade do fogo, altura e diâmetro das árvores, e avaliar as estratégias de regeneração das árvores assim como as suas taxas de crescimento depois da perturbação do fogo. Neste estudo foram seleccionadas para monitorização 667 árvores de 11 espécies diferentes, nomeadamente: Castanea sativa, Crataegus monogyna, Eucalyptus globulus, Fraxinus angustifolia, Olea europaea var. sylvestris, Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea, Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus coccifera, Quercus faginea e Quercus suber. Os resultados obtidos duas Primaveras depois do fogo mostram que quase todas as espécies de folhosas (9 espécies) sobreviveram ao fogo. Contrariamente, a maior parte das coníferas morreram depois do fogo. Apesar da baixa mortalidade observada nas folhosas, a maior parte não regenerou de copa mas apenas de toiça (base do tronco), tronco ou raízes, o que significa que o processo de recuperação será muito mais lento. As únicas excepções foram o sobreiro e o eucalipto. Entre as espécies nativas a Quercus suber foi de longe a mais resiliente ao fogo. Das espécies que rebentaram de toiça, o Eucalyptus globulus foi o que recuperou mais depressa, seguido pelo Fraxinus angustifolia e Quercus faginea.
Keywords: espécie de árvore; mortalidade; Recuperação pós-fogo; regeneração natural

Efeitos do fogo na sobrevivência e regeneração das árvores num ecossistema mediterrânico - Catry, F. X.; Rego, F. C.; Bugalho, M. N.; Lopes, T. (V International Conference on Forest Fire Research, 2006)
Portugal é o único país da Europa Mediterrânica onde a média anual de área ardida aumentou nas últimas duas décadas. Embora os fogos florestais representem anualmente perdas muito importantes a um nível nacional, existem poucos estudos que avaliem a mortalidade e a capacidade de auto-regeneração das diferentes espécies de árvores nas áreas ardidas. Depois de um incêndio ocorrido em Setembro de 2003, iniciámos um projecto de investigação numa área pública no Centro-Oeste de Portugal. O objectivo principal deste estudo, ainda a decorrer, é avaliar a capacidade de regeneração pós-fogo de diferentes espécies de árvores presentes no país. Esperamos quantificar as taxas de sobrevivência/mortalidade das espécies seleccionadas em relação a determinadas variáveis, como é o caso da severidade do fogo, altura e diâmetro das árvores, e avaliar as estratégias de regeneração das árvores assim como as suas taxas de crescimento depois da perturbação do fogo. Neste estudo foram seleccionadas para monitorização 667 árvores de 11 espécies diferentes, nomeadamente: Castanea sativa, Crataegus monogyna, Eucalyptus globulus, Fraxinus angustifolia, Olea europaea var. sylvestris, Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea, Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus coccifera, Quercus faginea e Quercus suber. Os resultados obtidos duas Primaveras depois do fogo mostram que quase todas as espécies de folhosas (9 espécies) sobreviveram ao fogo. Contrariamente, a maior parte das coníferas morreram depois do fogo. Apesar da baixa mortalidade observada nas folhosas, a maior parte não regenerou de copa mas apenas de toiça (base do tronco), tronco ou raízes, o que significa que o processo de recuperação será muito mais lento. As únicas excepções foram o sobreiro e o eucalipto. Entre as espécies nativas a Quercus suber foi de longe a mais resiliente ao fogo. Das espécies que rebentaram de toiça, o Eucalyptus globulus foi o que recuperou mais depressa, seguido pelo Fraxinus angustifolia e Quercus faginea.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: V International Conference on Forest Fire Research
Keywords: espécie de árvore; mortalidade; Recuperação pós-fogo; regeneração natural

Effect of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period on growth and carcass and fat quality in Iberian pigs - Daza, Argimiro; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana; Olivares, Álvaro; Olivares, Álvaro (Archives of Animal Nutrition, 2006)
Abstract This experiment was carried out to study the influence of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period (traditional pigs, TP, age 12 months vs. young pigs, YP, age 8 months) on the performance of Iberian pigs. During 152 days prior to the fattening period, TP and YP pigs received 1.7 and 2.6 kg feed per day, respectively. During fattening, TP pigs had a higher average daily gain (p < 0.05) than YP pigs. The proportions of PUFA and n-3 fatty acids of the outer and inner layers of subcutaneous backfat were higher in TP than in YP pigs (p < 0.05), while the proportions of C16:0 and SFA in the inner layer of subcutaneous backfat were greater in YP than in TP pigs (p < 0.05). The ratio of n-6/n-3 in subcutaneous backfat was lower in TP than in YP pigs (p < 0.05). The percentage of intramuscular fat in longissimus dorsi muscle was higher in TP than in YP pigs (p < 0.05). The relationship between the percentage of intramuscular fat in longissimus dorsi muscle and average daily gain during the free-range fattening period adjusted to a quadratic function (p < 0.05). The concentration of α- and ?-tocopherol in subcutaneous backfat at slaughter was significantly higher in TP than in YP pigs (p < 0.05). It is concluded that Iberian pigs that have 8 months of age at the beginning of free-range feeding have adequate commercial quality.
From Duplicate 2 (Effect of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period on growth and carcass and fat quality in Iberian pigs - Daza, Argimiro; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana; Olivares, Álvaro)From Duplicate 2 (Effect of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period on growth and carcass and fat quality in Iberian pigs - Daza, Argimiro; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana; Olivares, Álvaro)The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis accession-num: 16921928
Keywords: a and g tocopherols; Adipose Tissue; Adipose Tissue: metabolism; Age Factors; alpha-Tocopherol; alpha-Tocopherol: analysis; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Composition; Body Composition: physiology; carcass quality; fatty acid proﬁle; fatty acids; Fatty Acids: analysis; free-range fattening; gamma-Tocopherol; gamma-Tocopherol: analysis; Growth; Male; Muscle; Pig age; Skeletal; Skeletal: anatomy & histology; Skeletal: chemistry; Swine; Swine: growth & development; Weight Gain

Effect of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period on growth and carcass and fat quality in Iberian pigs - Daza, Argimiro; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana; Olivares, Álvaro; Olivares, Álvaro (Archives of Animal Nutrition, 2006)
Abstract This experiment was carried out to study the influence of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period (traditional pigs, TP, age 12 months vs. young pigs, YP, age 8 months) on the performance of Iberian pigs. During 152 days prior to the fattening period, TP and YP pigs received 1.7 and 2.6 kg feed per day, respectively. During fattening, TP pigs had a higher average daily gain (p < 0.05) than YP pigs. The proportions of PUFA and n-3 fatty acids of the outer and inner layers of subcutaneous backfat were higher in TP than in YP pigs (p < 0.05), while the proportions of C16:0 and SFA in the inner layer of subcutaneous backfat were greater in YP than in TP pigs (p < 0.05). The ratio of n-6/n-3 in subcutaneous backfat was lower in TP than in YP pigs (p < 0.05). The percentage of intramuscular fat in longissimus dorsi muscle was higher in TP than in YP pigs (p < 0.05). The relationship between the percentage of intramuscular fat in longissimus dorsi muscle and average daily gain during the free-range fattening period adjusted to a quadratic function (p < 0.05). The concentration of α- and ?-tocopherol in subcutaneous backfat at slaughter was significantly higher in TP than in YP pigs (p < 0.05). It is concluded that Iberian pigs that have 8 months of age at the beginning of free-range feeding have adequate commercial quality.
From Duplicate 2 (Effect of age at the beginning of the free-range fattening period on growth and carcass and fat quality in Iberian pigs - Daza, Argimiro; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana; Olivares, Álvaro)
Keywords: a and g tocopherols; Adipose Tissue; Adipose Tissue: metabolism; Age Factors; alpha-Tocopherol; alpha-Tocopherol: analysis; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Body Composition; Body Composition: physiology; carcass quality; fatty acid proﬁle; fatty acids; Fatty Acids: analysis; free-range fattening; gamma-Tocopherol; gamma-Tocopherol: analysis; Growth; Male; Muscle; Pig age; Skeletal; Skeletal: anatomy & histology; Skeletal: chemistry; Swine; Swine: growth & development; Weight Gain

Effect of feeding system on the growth and carcass characteristics of Iberian pigs, and the use of ultrasound to estimate yields of joints. - Daza, a; Mateos, A; López Carrasco, C; Rey, A; Ovejero, I; López-Bote, C J (Meat science, 2006)
Forty three-castrated male Iberian pigs of the Torbiscal line with an average initial weight of 102.27kg were used. A group of 22 pigs was fed according to the traditional way in free-range conditions with acorn and grass from November to January. Another group of 21 animals was fed 3.72kg/day of a conventional feed that contained 12.53MJME/kg, 16.21% crude protein, 4.94% fat and 6.64% of crude fiber, during the same period. Measurements of backfat thickness and Longissimus dorsi muscle area at the last rib were taken by means of a real-time ultrasound device (Kretz Technick Inc., 600 V-V2.32, Sonovet, Austria) in all pigs before slaughter. After slaughter, carcass, ham and foreleg weights and backfat and muscle area measurement from the last rib chop were recorded. The average daily gain, carcass yield, fat thickness, loin area, ham weight and proportion of hams were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the pigs fed in confinement than in those fed extensively (653.36g, 77.97%, 56.46mm, 3031mm(2), 22.26kg and 14.32% vs 501.48g, 76.94%, 51.74mm, 2673mm(2), 21.52kg and 13.79%, respectively). This paper shows the prediction equations for hams, forelegs and total hams and forelegs weights and proportions with respect to slaughter weight and live ultrasound measurements in pigs fed either extensively or in confinement. The ultrasound measurements better predicted the carcass cuts absolute amounts (R(2)=0.591-0.875) than the carcass cuts proportions (R(2)=0.23-0.40). The use of real-time ultrasound should be used with caution to predict the absolute quantities of hams and forelegs from Iberian pigs since the ultrasound measurements are only moderately accurate.
Keywords: carcass; feeding; Growth; iberian pig; ultrasounds

Effect of feeding system on the growth and carcass characteristics of Iberian pigs, and the use of ultrasound to estimate yields of joints. - Daza, a; Mateos, A.; López Carrasco, C.; Rey, A.; Ovejero, I.; López-Bote, C. J. (Meat science, 2006)
Forty three-castrated male Iberian pigs of the Torbiscal line with an average initial weight of 102.27kg were used. A group of 22 pigs was fed according to the traditional way in free-range conditions with acorn and grass from November to January. Another group of 21 animals was fed 3.72kg/day of a conventional feed that contained 12.53MJME/kg, 16.21% crude protein, 4.94% fat and 6.64% of crude fiber, during the same period. Measurements of backfat thickness and Longissimus dorsi muscle area at the last rib were taken by means of a real-time ultrasound device (Kretz Technick Inc., 600 V-V2.32, Sonovet, Austria) in all pigs before slaughter. After slaughter, carcass, ham and foreleg weights and backfat and muscle area measurement from the last rib chop were recorded. The average daily gain, carcass yield, fat thickness, loin area, ham weight and proportion of hams were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the pigs fed in confinement than in those fed extensively (653.36g, 77.97%, 56.46mm, 3031mm(2), 22.26kg and 14.32% vs 501.48g, 76.94%, 51.74mm, 2673mm(2), 21.52kg and 13.79%, respectively). This paper shows the prediction equations for hams, forelegs and total hams and forelegs weights and proportions with respect to slaughter weight and live ultrasound measurements in pigs fed either extensively or in confinement. The ultrasound measurements better predicted the carcass cuts absolute amounts (R(2)=0.591-0.875) than the carcass cuts proportions (R(2)=0.23-0.40). The use of real-time ultrasound should be used with caution to predict the absolute quantities of hams and forelegs from Iberian pigs since the ultrasound measurements are only moderately accurate.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 22061368
Keywords: carcass; feeding; Growth; iberian pig; ultrasounds

Effect of replacing barley grain with cork oak acorn (Quercus Suber L.) on digestibility, nitrogen balance and growth of goat kids. - Aziza, G. B.; Hedi, A.; Hajer, K.; Rabia, M. (JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, 2006)
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the replacement of barley grain with cork oak acorn (Quercus suber L.) on performance, nutrients intakes, apparent digestibility coefficient and nitrogen balance with growing goats. Ten Boer kids (26.5±2 kg) were individually housed in metabolism cages and were randomly divided into a control (n = 5) and an experimental (n = 5) group. Kids in both groups received (on the basis of crude matter) 500 g/day per head of chopped oat hay and 600 g of concentrate containing barley grain (control group) or oak acorn (experimental group). Digestibility coefficients of dietary components were reduced as a result of acorn substitution for barley. Nitrogen retention (g/day) was positive for experimental group (6.18) but lower than for control group (8.72). The average consumption of digestible components, expressed in g kg-1 LW 0.75 for the control and experimental groups was, respectively, 51.5 and 41.5 (OM) and 7.9 and 6.0 (CP), resulting in weight gains of 80 and 43 g/day.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA publisher: AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE
Keywords: digestibility; kids; oak acorn

Effect of replacing barley grain with cork oak acorn (Quercus Suber L.) on digestibility, nitrogen balance and growth of goat kids. - Aziza, G B; Hedi, A; Hajer, K; Rabia, M (JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE, 2006)
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the replacement of barley grain with cork oak acorn (Quercus suber L.) on performance, nutrients intakes, apparent digestibility coefficient and nitrogen balance with growing goats. Ten Boer kids (26.5±2 kg) were individually housed in metabolism cages and were randomly divided into a control (n = 5) and an experimental (n = 5) group. Kids in both groups received (on the basis of crude matter) 500 g/day per head of chopped oat hay and 600 g of concentrate containing barley grain (control group) or oak acorn (experimental group). Digestibility coefficients of dietary components were reduced as a result of acorn substitution for barley. Nitrogen retention (g/day) was positive for experimental group (6.18) but lower than for control group (8.72). The average consumption of digestible components, expressed in g kg-1 LW 0.75 for the control and experimental groups was, respectively, 51.5 and 41.5 (OM) and 7.9 and 6.0 (CP), resulting in weight gains of 80 and 43 g/day.
Keywords: digestibility; kids; oak acorn

Effects of an introduced crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, on the distribution of southâ€western Iberian amphibians in their breeding habitats - Cruz, M J; Rebelo, Rui; Crespo, E G (Ecography, 2006)
The introduction of exotic species in aquatic habitats is one of the causes for the amphibian declines observed worldwide. In the 1970s, the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii was introduced in the southwest Iberian Peninsula, where no native crayfish occur. In this study we assess the effect of P. clarkii presence in the breeding site distribution of each of the 13 southwest Iberian amphibians, while simultaneously accounting for the effects of potentially confounding habitat variables, as well as for the effects of the other large aquatic predators in the study area predatory fish. Amphibian species richness was lower in places where P. clarkii was present than in places without P. clarkii, regardless of fish presence. After accounting for habitat variables and fish, crayfish presence was a negative predictor of the breeding probability for all urodeles (Pleurodeles waltl, Salamandra salamandra , Triturus boscai and T. marmoratus) and for two anurans (Pelobates cultripes and Bufo bufo). The majority of the species affected usually breed in temporary ponds without fish, but that may be colonized by the crayfish. The ongoing expansion of P. clarkii may eventually lead to a growing isolation of amphibian populations and ultimately to local extinctions and a permanent alteration of the amphibian communities in southwest Iberian Peninsula.
Keywords: amphibians; breeding habitat (voyant); crayfish; Invasive species; temporary ponds; water bodies

Effects of an introduced crayfish, Procambarus clarkii, on the distribution of southâ€western Iberian amphibians in their breeding habitats - Cruz, M. J.; Rebelo, Rui; Crespo, E. G. (Ecography, 2006)
The introduction of exotic species in aquatic habitats is one of the causes for the amphibian declines observed worldwide. In the 1970s, the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii was introduced in the southwest Iberian Peninsula, where no native crayfish occur. In this study we assess the effect of P. clarkii presence in the breeding site distribution of each of the 13 southwest Iberian amphibians, while simultaneously accounting for the effects of potentially confounding habitat variables, as well as for the effects of the other large aquatic predators in the study area predatory fish. Amphibian species richness was lower in places where P. clarkii was present than in places without P. clarkii, regardless of fish presence. After accounting for habitat variables and fish, crayfish presence was a negative predictor of the breeding probability for all urodeles (Pleurodeles waltl, Salamandra salamandra , Triturus boscai and T. marmoratus) and for two anurans (Pelobates cultripes and Bufo bufo). The majority of the species affected usually breed in temporary ponds without fish, but that may be colonized by the crayfish. The ongoing expansion of P. clarkii may eventually lead to a growing isolation of amphibian populations and ultimately to local extinctions and a permanent alteration of the amphibian communities in southwest Iberian Peninsula.
Keywords: amphibians; breeding habitat (voyant); crayfish; Invasive species; temporary ponds; water bodies

Effects of fire on tree survival and regeneration in a Mediterranean ecosystem - Catry, Filipe Xavier; Rego, Francisco Castro; Bugalho, Miguel Nuno; Lopes, Tito; Silva, Joaquim Sande; Moreira, Francisco (Forest Ecology and Management, 2006)
Portugal is the only European Mediterranean country where the annual average burnt area has increased in the last two decades. Although forest ﬁres at national level annually represent very important losses, few studies evaluated the mortality and the capacity of auto-regeneration of the different tree species in burnt areas. After a wildﬁre that occurred in September 2003, we started a research project in a public protected area in central west Portugal. The main goal of this study, still ongoing, is to evaluate the post-ﬁre regeneration capacity of different tree species occurring in the country. We expect to quantify the survival/mortality rates of selected tree species in relation to variables such as ﬁre severity, tree height and diameter, and evaluate species regeneration strategies as well as their growth rates after ﬁre disturbance. In this study 667 trees from 11 species were selected for monitoring, namely: Castanea sativa, Crataegus monogyna, Eucalyptus globulus, Fraxinus angustifolia, Olea europaea var. sylvestris, Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea, Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus coccifera, Quercus faginea and Quercus suber. Results obtained two springs after ﬁre, show that almost all broadleaved trees (9 species) survived to the ﬁre. Contrarily, the majority of coniferous trees died after the ﬁre. Despite the very low mortality observed in broadleaved trees, most of them did not regenerate from the crown, but only from the base, trunk or roots, which means that the recovering process will be much slower. Exceptions to this were cork oak and eucalyptus. Within native species, Quercus suber is by far the most resilient to ﬁre. For most part of the monitored tree species, which resprouted from the base of the trunk, Eucalyptus globulus was the one that recovered faster, followed by Fraxinus angustifolia and Quercus faginea.
Keywords: mortality; natural regeneration; post-ﬁre recovery; Tree species

Effects of fire on tree survival and regeneration in a Mediterranean ecosystem - Catry, Filipe Xavier; Rego, Francisco Castro; Bugalho, Miguel Nuno; Lopes, Tito; Silva, Joaquim Sande; Moreira, Francisco (Forest Ecology and Management, 2006)
Portugal is the only European Mediterranean country where the annual average burnt area has increased in the last two decades. Although forest ﬁres at national level annually represent very important losses, few studies evaluated the mortality and the capacity of auto-regeneration of the different tree species in burnt areas. After a wildﬁre that occurred in September 2003, we started a research project in a public protected area in central west Portugal. The main goal of this study, still ongoing, is to evaluate the post-ﬁre regeneration capacity of different tree species occurring in the country. We expect to quantify the survival/mortality rates of selected tree species in relation to variables such as ﬁre severity, tree height and diameter, and evaluate species regeneration strategies as well as their growth rates after ﬁre disturbance. In this study 667 trees from 11 species were selected for monitoring, namely: Castanea sativa, Crataegus monogyna, Eucalyptus globulus, Fraxinus angustifolia, Olea europaea var. sylvestris, Pinus pinaster, Pinus pinea, Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus coccifera, Quercus faginea and Quercus suber. Results obtained two springs after ﬁre, show that almost all broadleaved trees (9 species) survived to the ﬁre. Contrarily, the majority of coniferous trees died after the ﬁre. Despite the very low mortality observed in broadleaved trees, most of them did not regenerate from the crown, but only from the base, trunk or roots, which means that the recovering process will be much slower. Exceptions to this were cork oak and eucalyptus. Within native species, Quercus suber is by far the most resilient to ﬁre. For most part of the monitored tree species, which resprouted from the base of the trunk, Eucalyptus globulus was the one that recovered faster, followed by Fraxinus angustifolia and Quercus faginea.
Keywords: mortality; natural regeneration; post-ﬁre recovery; Tree species

Eficiencia técnica de la producción de vacuno de carne en la dehesa - Castillo Quero, M (Revista Española de estudios agrosociales y pesqueros, 2006)
{The purpose of the paper is to estimate the technical efficiency in cattle farms of the region of Pedroches, in the north of the province of Cordoba where the deiaesa is the normal exten- sive production system. The analysis of the causes of the efficienc}' allows us to demonstrate if the breeding farms which are integrated in a feeding and marketing co-operative which sells the meat with a qualitv label (Covap) are more efficient. The used methodology con- sists of the estimation of a non parametric frontier function DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) from a survey of 50 cattle farms made in that region in 2002. The results show that the farms that arrange a more efficiency level are more intensive (livestock density and mechanization), that breed but also feed the calves, have less subsidies in their incomes, and their farmers are younger and have higher education. In other way, significative efficiency differences were not found between integrated beef farms and not integrated.
Keywords: Beef production; Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA); mechanisms to differentiate production.; Technical efficiency; «dehesa system»

Elección de fincas piloto para el desarrollo del proyecto interreg-iiia dehesa-montado sp4.e13 - Espejo Díaz, Manuel; Espejo Gutiérrez de Tena, Ana; Matos, Claudino; Pereira, P M (Gestión ambiental y económica del ecosistema dehesa en la Península Ibérica, 2006)
La primera fase para poner en marcha el desarrollo del proyecto INTERREG-III Dehesa-Montado SP4.E13, llevado a cabo por equipos de investigación de España y de Portugal, fue la elección de fi ncas piloto en las regiones objeto del proyecto en ambos países. Para seleccionarlas, de modo que fuesen representativas de las dehesas existentes, se defi nieron las características que debían cumplir dichas fi ncas y se determinaron las zonas de localización de los distintos tipos de dehesa y montado. En Extremadura (España), se utilizaron los datos del Plan Forestal referentes a Fracción de Cabida Cu- bierta y a Especie Forestal Principal, a los que se añadieron datos de tamaño de explotación, sustrato y tipo de ganado. En Alentejo (Portugal), las variables utilizadas fueron: tipo de montado, uso del suelo, temperatura y precipitación, producción animal, economía y litología

Environmental implications of pollen spectra in bat droppings from southeastern Spain and potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions - Carrión, José S.; Scott, Louis; Marais, Eugène (Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2006)
Pollen was analysed from bat guano from nine caves in southeastern Spain and surface soils in their immediate surroundings. We compare the pollen spectra of 34 modern dung samples from the nine caves with one modern surface pollen sample from each cave. The contents suggest reasonable pollen diversity and richness, including anemophilous and zoophilous pollen types. Since the latter is usually under-represented in atmospheric pollen, the guano spectra therefore appear to reflect the vegetation more effectively than normal surface soil samples. Despite health hazards such as histoplasmosis, the difficulties of obtaining bat guano in deep caves and possible interpretational concerns relating to behaviour and feeding habits of different bat species, this material can be very useful in palaeoecological research provided that the dung was fossilized under favourable environmental conditions that allowed the preservation of pollen.
Keywords: bats; cave sediments; climate reconstruction; fossil dung; guano; pollen

Environmental implications of pollen spectra in bat droppings from southeastern Spain and potential for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions - Carrión, José S; Scott, Louis; Marais, Eugène (Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2006)
Pollen was analysed from bat guano from nine caves in southeastern Spain and surface soils in their immediate surroundings. We compare the pollen spectra of 34 modern dung samples from the nine caves with one modern surface pollen sample from each cave. The contents suggest reasonable pollen diversity and richness, including anemophilous and zoophilous pollen types. Since the latter is usually under-represented in atmospheric pollen, the guano spectra therefore appear to reflect the vegetation more effectively than normal surface soil samples. Despite health hazards such as histoplasmosis, the difficulties of obtaining bat guano in deep caves and possible interpretational concerns relating to behaviour and feeding habits of different bat species, this material can be very useful in palaeoecological research provided that the dung was fossilized under favourable environmental conditions that allowed the preservation of pollen.
Keywords: bats; cave sediments; climate reconstruction; fossil dung; guano; pollen

Epiphytic bryoflora of the Atlas and Antiatlas Mountains, including a synthesis of the distribution of epiphytic bryophytes in Morocco. - Draper, I; Lara, F; Albertos, B; Garilleti, R; Mazimpaka, V (Journal of Bryology, 2006)
The epiphytic bryoflora of the Atlas and Antiatlas Mountains is catalogued, resulting in a list of 65 taxa (63 mosses and 2 liverworts). Twenty-eight new records are reported: four are new to northern Africa, one is new to Morocco and 23 are regional novelties. In addition, a synthesis of the distribution of epiphytes in Morocco is presented, with distributional maps for the main taxa. Five groups of taxa have been established on the basis of their distribution: widely distributed taxa, Rif taxa, Rif and Middle Atlas taxa, Atlas taxa and taxa with localized occurrences. From these distributional patterns, it can be inferred that the occurrence of epiphytic bryophytes is mostly influenced by climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Keywords: Bryophyte flora; distribution; distributional maps; epiphytes; northern Africa

Epiphytic bryoflora of the Atlas and Antiatlas Mountains, including a synthesis of the distribution of epiphytic bryophytes in Morocco. - Draper, I.; Lara, F.; Albertos, B.; Garilleti, R.; Mazimpaka, V. (Journal of Bryology, 2006)
The epiphytic bryoflora of the Atlas and Antiatlas Mountains is catalogued, resulting in a list of 65 taxa (63 mosses and 2 liverworts). Twenty-eight new records are reported: four are new to northern Africa, one is new to Morocco and 23 are regional novelties. In addition, a synthesis of the distribution of epiphytes in Morocco is presented, with distributional maps for the main taxa. Five groups of taxa have been established on the basis of their distribution: widely distributed taxa, Rif taxa, Rif and Middle Atlas taxa, Atlas taxa and taxa with localized occurrences. From these distributional patterns, it can be inferred that the occurrence of epiphytic bryophytes is mostly influenced by climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Keywords: Bryophyte flora; distribution; distributional maps; epiphytes; northern Africa

Estimation of tree canopy cover in evergreen oak woodlands using remote sensing - Carreiras, João M B; Pereira, José M C; Pereira, João S (Forest Ecology and Management, 2006)
The montado/dehesa landscapes of the Iberian Peninsula are savannah-type open woodlands dominated by evergreen oak species (Quercus suber L. and Q. ilex ssp. rotundifolia). Scattered trees stand over an undergrowth of shrubs or herbaceous plants. To partition leaf area index between trees and the herbaceous/shrubby understorey requires good estimates of tree canopy cover and is of key importance to understand the ecology and the changes in land cover. The two vegetation components differ in phenology as well as in radiation and rainfall interception, water and CO2 ﬂuxes. The main goal of this study was to estimate tree canopy cover in a montado/dehesa region of southern Portugal (Alentejo) using remote sensed data. For this purpose we developed empirical models combining measurements obtained through the analysis of aerial photos and reﬂectance from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) individual channels, vegetation indices, and the components of the Kauth–Thomas (K–T) transformation. A set of 142 plots was designed, both in the aerial photos and in the satellite data. Several simple and multiple linear regression models were adjusted and validated. A subset of 75% of the data (n = 106) was used for model ﬁtting, and the remainder (n = 36) was used for model assessment. The best linear equation includes Landsat TM channels 3, 4, 5 and 7 (r 2 = 0.74), but the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the components of the K–T transformation, and the Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI) also performed well (r 2 = 0.72, 0.70, and 0.69, respectively). The statistics of prediction residuals and tests of model validation indicates that these were also the models with better predictive capability. These results show that detection of low/medium tree canopy cover in this type of land cover (i.e. evergreen oak woodlands) can be accomplished with the help of high and medium spatial resolution satellite imagery.
Keywords: aerial photo; evergreen oak woodlands; landsat thematic mapper (TM); linear regression; tree canopy cover

Estimation of tree canopy cover in evergreen oak woodlands using remote sensing - Carreiras, João M. B.; Pereira, José M. C.; Pereira, João S. (Forest Ecology and Management, 2006)
The montado/dehesa landscapes of the Iberian Peninsula are savannah-type open woodlands dominated by evergreen oak species (Quercus suber L. and Q. ilex ssp. rotundifolia). Scattered trees stand over an undergrowth of shrubs or herbaceous plants. To partition leaf area index between trees and the herbaceous/shrubby understorey requires good estimates of tree canopy cover and is of key importance to understand the ecology and the changes in land cover. The two vegetation components differ in phenology as well as in radiation and rainfall interception, water and CO2 ﬂuxes. The main goal of this study was to estimate tree canopy cover in a montado/dehesa region of southern Portugal (Alentejo) using remote sensed data. For this purpose we developed empirical models combining measurements obtained through the analysis of aerial photos and reﬂectance from Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) individual channels, vegetation indices, and the components of the Kauth–Thomas (K–T) transformation. A set of 142 plots was designed, both in the aerial photos and in the satellite data. Several simple and multiple linear regression models were adjusted and validated. A subset of 75% of the data (n = 106) was used for model ﬁtting, and the remainder (n = 36) was used for model assessment. The best linear equation includes Landsat TM channels 3, 4, 5 and 7 (r 2 = 0.74), but the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the components of the K–T transformation, and the Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index (ARVI) also performed well (r 2 = 0.72, 0.70, and 0.69, respectively). The statistics of prediction residuals and tests of model validation indicates that these were also the models with better predictive capability. These results show that detection of low/medium tree canopy cover in this type of land cover (i.e. evergreen oak woodlands) can be accomplished with the help of high and medium spatial resolution satellite imagery.
Keywords: aerial photo; evergreen oak woodlands; landsat thematic mapper (TM); linear regression; tree canopy cover

Evaluation of arbuscular mycorrhiza with symbiotic and nonsymbiotic pea isolines at three sites in the Alentejo, Portugal - Kleikamp, Bernd; Joergensen, Rainer Georg (Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2006)
Providing an appropriate negative control for the experimental factor arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) is a fundamental methodological problem. Therefore, the nonmycorrhizal (myc – ) and nonnodulating (nod – ) pea (Pisum sativum L.) mutant P2 was studied together with the parental symbiotic isogenetic variety FRISSON in three experiments: (1) growth response to water supply in a climate chamber under nonsymbiotic growth conditions, (2) field evaluation at three sites in the Alentejo, South Portugal, and (3) growth response to P supply in a soil low in available P in a greenhouse-chamber experiment. In the climate chamber at high NPK levels, mutant P2 achieved the same biomass as FRISSON at 80% and 40% water-holding capacity, respectively. For the field evaluation, three sites were chosen with normal arable use (Évora), extensive use as Montado (Portel), and intensive horticultural use (Mitra). The colonization of pea roots with AM fungi ranged from 4% (Mitra) to more than 90% (Portel), probably caused by differences in P availability. The plant density of mutant P2 was generally 25% lower than that of FRISSON. Yield indices were all lowest at Portel, despite the same NPK fertilization. Grain and shoot yield of mutant P2 did not reach the level of FRISSON at any site. Differences in N and P concentrations between the two isolines were insignificant in most cases. Differences in the amount of shoot P per plant consistently mirrored the mycorrhizal status of the three sites. Roughly 50% of the yield depression per m2 could be attributed to the lower plant density of mutant P2, the remaining 50% must be caused by AM-fungal colonization or other factors. In the final pot experiment using the soil with low P availability from Portel, the main benefit of AM for peas was enhanced P uptake. Central questions could not be answered using a nonmycorrhizal control. However, mutants remain one interesting tool, best be used in combination with other approaches to estimate the effects of mycorrhization.
Keywords: amf; arbuscular mycorrhiza; growth response; mediterranean dryland farming; myc-mutant; p and n nutrition; pea

Evaluation of holm oak (Quercus ilex) wood as alternative source for cellulose pulp - Eugenio, M E; Alaejos, J; Diaz, M J; Lopez, F; Vidal, T (CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY, 2006)
Preservation of forests and increasing environmental awareness have focused research on the exploration of alternative resources for papermaking, a possible source being holm oak wood. The paper reports on the influence of some independent variables in the soda pulping of holm, oak wood \{[\}viz., temperature (135-195 degrees C), operation time (30-90 min) and active alkali concentration (10-20\%)] on the yield, hollocelulose, alpha-cellulose and lignin content, brightness, viscosity and kappa index of the pulps considered. By using a central, composite, factorial design, equations relating each dependent variable to different independent variables were derived, reproducing the experimental results for the dependent variables with errors below 10%. High pulp yield values were obtained under low operating variable conditions. To obtain the best results in brightness, viscosity and kappa index, operation under high values of the independent variables, the kappa index excepted, is necessary. To obtain a suitable value for this parameter, operation at low temperature is recommended. By applying TCF bleaching (A(1)OA(2)ZRP) in pulps obtained under extreme and central conditions of the pulping process, better values for kappa index (3.4) and brightness (83.8 ISO) result for the pulp obtained under maximum operating conditions. Nevertheless, considerable viscosity losses occur under Such conditions.
Keywords: Forestry residues; pulp; Quercus; soda pulp; Wood

Evaluation of holm oak (Quercus ilex) wood as alternative source for cellulose pulp - Eugenio, M. E.; Alaejos, J.; Diaz, M. J.; López, F.; Vidal, T. (CELLULOSE CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY, 2006)
Preservation of forests and increasing environmental awareness have focused research on the exploration of alternative resources for papermaking, a possible source being holm oak wood. The paper reports on the influence of some independent variables in the soda pulping of holm, oak wood \{[\}viz., temperature (135-195 degrees C), operation time (30-90 min) and active alkali concentration (10-20\%)] on the yield, hollocelulose, alpha-cellulose and lignin content, brightness, viscosity and kappa index of the pulps considered. By using a central, composite, factorial design, equations relating each dependent variable to different independent variables were derived, reproducing the experimental results for the dependent variables with errors below 10%. High pulp yield values were obtained under low operating variable conditions. To obtain the best results in brightness, viscosity and kappa index, operation under high values of the independent variables, the kappa index excepted, is necessary. To obtain a suitable value for this parameter, operation at low temperature is recommended. By applying TCF bleaching (A(1)OA(2)ZRP) in pulps obtained under extreme and central conditions of the pulping process, better values for kappa index (3.4) and brightness (83.8 ISO) result for the pulp obtained under maximum operating conditions. Nevertheless, considerable viscosity losses occur under Such conditions.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: CALEA 13 SEPTEMBRIE NR 13, SECTOR 5, BUCHAREST RO-76117, ROMANIA publisher: EDITURA ACADEMIEI ROMANE
Keywords: Forestry residues; pulp; Quercus; soda pulp; Wood

Fatty acid composition, conjugated linoleic acid isomers and cholesterol in beef from crossbred bullocks intensively produced and from Alentejana purebred bullocks reared according to Carnalentejana-PDO specifications. - Alfaia, C M M; Ribeiro, V S S; Lourenço, M R a; Quaresma, M a G; Martins, S I V; Portugal, a P V; Fontes, C M G a; Bessa, R J B; Castro, M L F; Prates, J a M (Meat science, 2006)
The purpose of this study was to characterise and compare the nutritional value of Portuguese Carnalentejana-PDO beef, obtained from Alentejana purebred bullocks reared in a semi-extensive system, with the meat from Alentejana×Charolais crossbred bullocks produced in a conventional intensive concentrate-based system. In addition, seasonal changes in Carnalentejana-PDO beef quality were assessed, by analysing meat samples from animals slaughtered in early autumn and late spring. The results showed that beef-PDO has different intramuscular fat characteristics in comparison with meat from crossbred bullocks fed intensively with concentrate. However, the finishing period of Alentejana purebred bullocks with concentrate seems to attenuate most of the typical grass-fed characteristics of meat fat. Nevertheless, from a human nutrition perspective, Carnalentejana-PDO beef seems to be healthier than that from intensively reared animals since it has a lower n-6/n-3 ratio, although always above the recommended guidelines for human diet, and higher proportions of c9,t11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer and total CLA relative to saturated fatty acids plus total cholesterol (CLA/SFA+CHR). Furthermore, no seasonal variation in the nutritional quality of beef-PDO was apparent. Taken together, the data indicate that Carnalentejana-PDO beef is of greater nutritional value than intensively produced beef from crossbred bullocks throughout the year.
Keywords: Beef; Cholesterol; CLA isomers; fatty acids; meat quality; Production systems

Fatty acid composition, conjugated linoleic acid isomers and cholesterol in beef from crossbred bullocks intensively produced and from Alentejana purebred bullocks reared according to Carnalentejana-PDO specifications. - Alfaia, C. M. M.; Ribeiro, V. S. S.; Lourenço, M. R. a; Quaresma, M. a G.; Martins, S. I. V.; Portugal, a P. V.; Fontes, C. M. G. a; Bessa, R. J. B.; Castro, M. L. F.; Prates, J. a M. (Meat science, 2006)
The purpose of this study was to characterise and compare the nutritional value of Portuguese Carnalentejana-PDO beef, obtained from Alentejana purebred bullocks reared in a semi-extensive system, with the meat from Alentejana×Charolais crossbred bullocks produced in a conventional intensive concentrate-based system. In addition, seasonal changes in Carnalentejana-PDO beef quality were assessed, by analysing meat samples from animals slaughtered in early autumn and late spring. The results showed that beef-PDO has different intramuscular fat characteristics in comparison with meat from crossbred bullocks fed intensively with concentrate. However, the finishing period of Alentejana purebred bullocks with concentrate seems to attenuate most of the typical grass-fed characteristics of meat fat. Nevertheless, from a human nutrition perspective, Carnalentejana-PDO beef seems to be healthier than that from intensively reared animals since it has a lower n-6/n-3 ratio, although always above the recommended guidelines for human diet, and higher proportions of c9,t11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomer and total CLA relative to saturated fatty acids plus total cholesterol (CLA/SFA+CHR). Furthermore, no seasonal variation in the nutritional quality of beef-PDO was apparent. Taken together, the data indicate that Carnalentejana-PDO beef is of greater nutritional value than intensively produced beef from crossbred bullocks throughout the year.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 22061726
Keywords: Beef; Cholesterol; CLA isomers; fatty acids; meat quality; Production systems

Fatty acid composition, including isomeric profile of conjugated linoleic acid, and cholesterol in Mertolenga-PDO beef - Alfaia, Cristina M M; Quaresma, Mário A G; Castro, Matilde L F; Martins, Susana I V; Portugal, Ana P V; Fontes, Carlos M G A; Bessa, Rui J B; Prates, José A M (Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2006)
This paper describes the fatty acid composition, including the isomeric distribution of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), total lipids and cholesterol in longissimus dorsi (LD) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles of Mertolenga beef from young bulls reared according to Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) specifications. Mertolenga purebred young bulls (n = 30) were raised in a semi-extensive production system, including a finishing period on concentrate feeds for the last 5 or 3 months (October and June samplings, respectively). Mertolenga-PDO beef showed seasonal changes in the levels of some fatty acids (including the predominant 18:2n-6), sums of trans fatty acids and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, some CLA isomers (t11,t13, t11,c13 and t10,c12), sums of geometric groups of CLA isomers and total cholesterol. In addition, significant differences were obtained between LD and ST muscles for most of the analysed parameters. From a nutritional perspective, beef-PDO from June seems to be more healthful than that from October as a consequence of its lower n-6/n-3 ratio. Moreover, the results suggest that the polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio in the ST muscle is consistently above the recommended guideline for human diets, although the values were below that guideline for the LD muscle. Taken together, the data indicate that, although the finishing period of Mertolengo young bulls on concentrate attenuates most of the beneficial grass effects on meat fat throughout the year, beef-PDO from late spring is of greater nutritional value than that from early autumn. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Keywords: CLA isomers; fatty acids; meat quality; Mertolenga-PDO; total cholesterol; total lipids

Fatty acid composition, including isomeric profile of conjugated linoleic acid, and cholesterol in Mertolenga-PDO beef - Alfaia, Cristina M. M.; Quaresma, Mário A. G.; Castro, Matilde L. F.; Martins, Susana I. V.; Portugal, Ana P. V.; Fontes, Carlos M. G. A.; Bessa, Rui J. B.; Prates, José A. M. (Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2006)
This paper describes the fatty acid composition, including the isomeric distribution of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), total lipids and cholesterol in longissimus dorsi (LD) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles of Mertolenga beef from young bulls reared according to Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) specifications. Mertolenga purebred young bulls (n = 30) were raised in a semi-extensive production system, including a finishing period on concentrate feeds for the last 5 or 3 months (October and June samplings, respectively). Mertolenga-PDO beef showed seasonal changes in the levels of some fatty acids (including the predominant 18:2n-6), sums of trans fatty acids and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, some CLA isomers (t11,t13, t11,c13 and t10,c12), sums of geometric groups of CLA isomers and total cholesterol. In addition, significant differences were obtained between LD and ST muscles for most of the analysed parameters. From a nutritional perspective, beef-PDO from June seems to be more healthful than that from October as a consequence of its lower n-6/n-3 ratio. Moreover, the results suggest that the polyunsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid ratio in the ST muscle is consistently above the recommended guideline for human diets, although the values were below that guideline for the LD muscle. Taken together, the data indicate that, although the finishing period of Mertolengo young bulls on concentrate attenuates most of the beneficial grass effects on meat fat throughout the year, beef-PDO from late spring is of greater nutritional value than that from early autumn. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: CLA isomers; fatty acids; meat quality; Mertolenga-PDO; total cholesterol; total lipids

Feed blocks as a supplement for goat kids grazing natural Tunisian rangeland during the dry season - Gasmi-Boubaker, A; Kayouli, C; Buldgen, A (ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2006)
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of PEG and feed blocks on digestion of shrub species consumed by goats (experiment 1) and kid growth while browsing during the dry season (experiment 2). In experiment 1, in vitro gas production was determined using a rumen fermenter. Six shrub species were incubated separately (Erica arborea, Phillyrea angustifolia, Pistacia lentiscus, Myrtus communis, Quercus suber, and Viburnum tinus). Effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) and feed block supply were investigated. In experiment 2, 21 local kids, 18.75 (+/- 1.4) kg body weight (BW) were allowed to browse in shrub-lands and allocated to three treatments in a production trial lasting 147 days (July-December). Control group receive no supplement, whereas the two other groups received either PEG-free (13) or PEG-containing feed blocks (B-PEG). All shrubs were low in crude protein (59-91 g kg(-1) dry matter) but high in total condensed tannins; mean content was 43 g kg(-1) DM (8.8-65) for bound condensed tannin and 205 g kg(-1) DM (10.8-363) for free condensed tannin. Gas volume produced after 24 h differed among shrub species (P < 0.05). V tinus produced the highest volume (77.8 ml g(-1) organic matter) and Q. suber the lowest (35 ml g-1 OM). The mean rate of fermentation was 0.135h(-1) (0.121-0.150 h(-1)). PEG addition increased gas production by 48.5%, volatile fatty acid by 38.4% and organic matter fermented by 41.7% of the mixture of shrubs (P < 0.05). In the practical trial, the use of blocks with and without PEG avoided BW loss of the goats under dry season. While the control group lost 19 g day(-1), the bloc supplemented groups grew at 12 g day(-1) (-PEG) and 24 (+PEG) g day(-1). (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: feed blocks; Gas production; Goat; PEG; Shrubs

Feed blocks as a supplement for goat kids grazing natural Tunisian rangeland during the dry season - Gasmi-Boubaker, A.; Kayouli, C.; Buldgen, A. (ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2006)
Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of PEG and feed blocks on digestion of shrub species consumed by goats (experiment 1) and kid growth while browsing during the dry season (experiment 2). In experiment 1, in vitro gas production was determined using a rumen fermenter. Six shrub species were incubated separately (Erica arborea, Phillyrea angustifolia, Pistacia lentiscus, Myrtus communis, Quercus suber, and Viburnum tinus). Effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG 4000) and feed block supply were investigated. In experiment 2, 21 local kids, 18.75 (+/- 1.4) kg body weight (BW) were allowed to browse in shrub-lands and allocated to three treatments in a production trial lasting 147 days (July-December). Control group receive no supplement, whereas the two other groups received either PEG-free (13) or PEG-containing feed blocks (B-PEG). All shrubs were low in crude protein (59-91 g kg(-1) dry matter) but high in total condensed tannins; mean content was 43 g kg(-1) DM (8.8-65) for bound condensed tannin and 205 g kg(-1) DM (10.8-363) for free condensed tannin. Gas volume produced after 24 h differed among shrub species (P < 0.05). V tinus produced the highest volume (77.8 ml g(-1) organic matter) and Q. suber the lowest (35 ml g-1 OM). The mean rate of fermentation was 0.135h(-1) (0.121-0.150 h(-1)). PEG addition increased gas production by 48.5%, volatile fatty acid by 38.4% and organic matter fermented by 41.7% of the mixture of shrubs (P < 0.05). In the practical trial, the use of blocks with and without PEG avoided BW loss of the goats under dry season. While the control group lost 19 g day(-1), the bloc supplemented groups grew at 12 g day(-1) (-PEG) and 24 (+PEG) g day(-1). (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
Keywords: feed blocks; Gas production; Goat; PEG; Shrubs

Fire disturbance disrupts co-occurrence patterns of terrestrial vertebrates in Mediterranean woodlands - Sarà, Maurizio; Bellia, Enrico; Milazzo, Andrea (Journal of Biogeography, 2006)
Aim This paper uses null model analysis to explore the pattern of species co-occurrence of terrestrial vertebrate fauna in fire-prone, mixed evergreen oak woodlands. Location The Erico–Quercion ilicis of the Mediterranean belt (50–800 m a.s.l.) in the Madonie mountain range, a regional park in northern Sicily (37°50′ N, 14°05′ E), Italy. Methods The stratified sampling of vertebrates in a secondary succession of recent burned areas (BA, 1–2 years old), intermediate burned areas (INT, 4–10 years old) and ancient burned areas (CNB, > 50 years old), plus forest fragments left within burned areas (FF, 1–2 years old) permitted the comparison of patterns of species co-occurrence using a set of separate presence/absence matrices. First, the breeding avifauna derived from standardized point counts was analysed using Stone & Roberts’C-score, and by a null model algorithm (fixed/equiprobable). Secondly, the analysis was repeated using all vertebrate species recorded in the succession. Results Sixty-five species were recorded in the 2-year study period in the four sample treatments. Birds were found to make up the largest component (63%) of the recorded assemblage. The BA treatment had the lowest species richness, followed in order by the small, medium and large FFs, and then by the CNBs. For both analyses (birds and total vertebrates), the C-scores were quite small and not significantly different from those that could be expected by chance in the BA and INT burned areas; this indicates a random co-occurrence among vertebrates of those assemblages. Contrariwise, for both analyses in the CNBs, the C-scores were large and significantly different from the simulated indices, thereby indicating a non-random co-occurrence pattern (segregation) of vertebrates in the undisturbed woodlands. In addition, C-score values for the surviving FFs show a significant aggregation of species. Main conclusions The null model analyses highlighted a new aspect of fire disturbance in Mediterranean woodland ecosystems: the disruption in patterns of co-occurrence in the terrestrial vertebrate community. Wildfire alters community organization, inducing, for at least 10 years, a random aggregate of species. Communities re-assemble themselves, showing the occurrence of species segregation at least 50 years after fire.
Keywords: Community disruption; Madonie Park; Mediterranean belt; null models; perturbation; Sicily; species co-occurrence; terrestrial vertebrates; wildfires

Fire disturbance disrupts co-occurrence patterns of terrestrial vertebrates in Mediterranean woodlands - Sarà, Maurizio; Bellia, Enrico; Milazzo, Andrea (Journal of Biogeography, 2006)
Aim This paper uses null model analysis to explore the pattern of species co-occurrence of terrestrial vertebrate fauna in fire-prone, mixed evergreen oak woodlands. Location The Erico–Quercion ilicis of the Mediterranean belt (50–800 m a.s.l.) in the Madonie mountain range, a regional park in northern Sicily (37°50′ N, 14°05′ E), Italy. Methods The stratified sampling of vertebrates in a secondary succession of recent burned areas (BA, 1–2 years old), intermediate burned areas (INT, 4–10 years old) and ancient burned areas (CNB, > 50 years old), plus forest fragments left within burned areas (FF, 1–2 years old) permitted the comparison of patterns of species co-occurrence using a set of separate presence/absence matrices. First, the breeding avifauna derived from standardized point counts was analysed using Stone & Roberts’C-score, and by a null model algorithm (fixed/equiprobable). Secondly, the analysis was repeated using all vertebrate species recorded in the succession. Results Sixty-five species were recorded in the 2-year study period in the four sample treatments. Birds were found to make up the largest component (63%) of the recorded assemblage. The BA treatment had the lowest species richness, followed in order by the small, medium and large FFs, and then by the CNBs. For both analyses (birds and total vertebrates), the C-scores were quite small and not significantly different from those that could be expected by chance in the BA and INT burned areas; this indicates a random co-occurrence among vertebrates of those assemblages. Contrariwise, for both analyses in the CNBs, the C-scores were large and significantly different from the simulated indices, thereby indicating a non-random co-occurrence pattern (segregation) of vertebrates in the undisturbed woodlands. In addition, C-score values for the surviving FFs show a significant aggregation of species. Main conclusions The null model analyses highlighted a new aspect of fire disturbance in Mediterranean woodland ecosystems: the disruption in patterns of co-occurrence in the terrestrial vertebrate community. Wildfire alters community organization, inducing, for at least 10 years, a random aggregate of species. Communities re-assemble themselves, showing the occurrence of species segregation at least 50 years after fire.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: Community disruption; Madonie Park; Mediterranean belt; null models; perturbation; Sicily; species co-occurrence; terrestrial vertebrates; wildfires

Fire effects on the composition of Pinus halepensis and Quercus rotundifolia communities in the Bou-Taleb Forest, Algeria, with application of a multivariable analysis - Madoui, Amar; Goldammer, Johann G. (Forest Ecology and Management, 2006)
The effect of forest ﬁre on the ﬂora of Bou-Taleb’s forest was studied using a Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA). This analysis, implemented by using the Braun-Blanquet method, was applied on ﬂoristic releves investigated on Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) and on Holm oak (Quercus rotundifolia) communities which burned at different dates. Other ones represent the non-burnt communities and were used as control. Two analyses were used with all releves (160) and all the species which f > 1 (323). The ﬁrst analysis is applied with a presence-absence coefﬁcient and the second one with an abundance-dominance coefﬁcient. The third analysis involved only releves of burned communities (98) and all species (361). The results of all analyses show the time elapsed since ﬁre (ﬂoristic age) is a discrimination factor. We found a clear separation of young communities on the one side, which appeared immediately after ﬁre, and older communities on the other side. Also, ﬁre effects were linked to the type of communities. There is a distinct difference between Aleppo pine and Holm oak communities. There is invasion of therophytes on the parcels recently burned. Few years after ﬁre, the ﬂoristic composition and structure of communities will be the same as on unburned sites.
Keywords: Aleppo pine; Algeria; FCA; Forest ﬁres; Holm oak; Pinus halepensis; Quercus rotundifolia

Fire effects on the composition of Pinus halepensis and Quercus rotundifolia communities in the Bou-Taleb Forest, Algeria, with application of a multivariable analysis - Madoui, Amar; Goldammer, Johann G (Forest Ecology and Management, 2006)
The effect of forest ﬁre on the ﬂora of Bou-Taleb’s forest was studied using a Factorial Correspondence Analysis (FCA). This analysis, implemented by using the Braun-Blanquet method, was applied on ﬂoristic releves investigated on Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) and on Holm oak (Quercus rotundifolia) communities which burned at different dates. Other ones represent the non-burnt communities and were used as control. Two analyses were used with all releves (160) and all the species which f > 1 (323). The ﬁrst analysis is applied with a presence-absence coefﬁcient and the second one with an abundance-dominance coefﬁcient. The third analysis involved only releves of burned communities (98) and all species (361). The results of all analyses show the time elapsed since ﬁre (ﬂoristic age) is a discrimination factor. We found a clear separation of young communities on the one side, which appeared immediately after ﬁre, and older communities on the other side. Also, ﬁre effects were linked to the type of communities. There is a distinct difference between Aleppo pine and Holm oak communities. There is invasion of therophytes on the parcels recently burned. Few years after ﬁre, the ﬂoristic composition and structure of communities will be the same as on unburned sites.
Keywords: Aleppo pine; Algeria; FCA; Forest ﬁres; Holm oak; Pinus halepensis; Quercus rotundifolia

Foliage moisture content estimation from one-dimensional and two-dimensional spectroradiometry for fire danger assessment - De Santis, A.; Vaughan, P.; Chuvieco, E. (Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 2006)
Moisture content in live fuels is a critical variable in fire ignition and fire behavior assessment, but it is very difficult to estimate using traditional methods. Remote sensing measurements provide adequate temporal and spatial coverage to be used operationally in fire danger estimation. Before such applications can be routinely undertaken, reflectance changes caused by water content variations must be clearly separable from other factors in reflectance variation (leaf area index, chlorophyll content, dry matter, observation-illumination angles, etc.). This paper analyzes the effect of these variables in a controlled experiment using young Holm oak (Quercus Ilex) plants, a common Mediterranean species. Spectro-radiometric measurements were performed systematically in laboratory conditions using a GER 2600 spectroradiometer (point measurements, one-dimensional (1-D)) and a Specim hyperspectral camera system (matrix measurements, 2-D). Leaf and canopy biophysical parameters were sampled to control their influence on reflectance as water stress increased. Equivalent water thickness (EWT) and fuel moisture content (FMC) were correlated against several variations of a new index: the Normalized Difference Spectral Index, (NDSI(λ1,λ2)). Results indicate that the choice of suitable spectral bands is critical to control plant physiological effects on reflectance. Strong correlations were obtained between NDSI and both EWT and FMC by applying operational bands at 1108 and 1242 nm (NDSI(1108,1242): r > 0.93), while the shorter near infrared bands (1000 and 860 nm) show a stronger influence of external factors. A combination of 2-D pixel selection techniques and first derivative spectroscopy successfully solved absolute reflectance inconsistencies between 2-D and 1-D measurements, which may prove to be a helpful means of scaling up from leaf to canopy level, and from the ground to airborne observation.
Keywords: fire danger estimation; hyperspectral camera; spectral indices; spectroradiometry

Foliage moisture content estimation from one-dimensional and two-dimensional spectroradiometry for fire danger assessment - De Santis, A; Vaughan, P; Chuvieco, E (Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 2006)
Moisture content in live fuels is a critical variable in fire ignition and fire behavior assessment, but it is very difficult to estimate using traditional methods. Remote sensing measurements provide adequate temporal and spatial coverage to be used operationally in fire danger estimation. Before such applications can be routinely undertaken, reflectance changes caused by water content variations must be clearly separable from other factors in reflectance variation (leaf area index, chlorophyll content, dry matter, observation-illumination angles, etc.). This paper analyzes the effect of these variables in a controlled experiment using young Holm oak (Quercus Ilex) plants, a common Mediterranean species. Spectro-radiometric measurements were performed systematically in laboratory conditions using a GER 2600 spectroradiometer (point measurements, one-dimensional (1-D)) and a Specim hyperspectral camera system (matrix measurements, 2-D). Leaf and canopy biophysical parameters were sampled to control their influence on reflectance as water stress increased. Equivalent water thickness (EWT) and fuel moisture content (FMC) were correlated against several variations of a new index: the Normalized Difference Spectral Index, (NDSI(λ1,λ2)). Results indicate that the choice of suitable spectral bands is critical to control plant physiological effects on reflectance. Strong correlations were obtained between NDSI and both EWT and FMC by applying operational bands at 1108 and 1242 nm (NDSI(1108,1242): r > 0.93), while the shorter near infrared bands (1000 and 860 nm) show a stronger influence of external factors. A combination of 2-D pixel selection techniques and first derivative spectroscopy successfully solved absolute reflectance inconsistencies between 2-D and 1-D measurements, which may prove to be a helpful means of scaling up from leaf to canopy level, and from the ground to airborne observation.
Keywords: fire danger estimation; hyperspectral camera; spectral indices; spectroradiometry

Food selection of wintering common cranes (Grus grus) in holm oak (Quercus ilex) dehesas in south-west Spain in a rainy season - Avilés, Jesús M; Sánchez, Juan M; Parejo, Deseada (Journal of Zoology, 2006)
In the holm oak Quercus ilex dehesas of the Iberian Peninsula, several food types occur that can be selected by birds through the winter. In this framework, diet composition and diet selection of common cranes Grus grus was studied during a rainy wintering season. The winter diet of the common crane is mostly herbivorous in the holm oak dehesas of south-west Spain with < 10% of items being of animal origin. Leaves and stems of sown cereal, bulbs, acorns and cereal grain are the most common vegetable food types. The diversity of the overall winter diet was similar among juveniles and among adults with and without juveniles in attendance. However, there were differences in diet composition between juvenile birds and their parents. Furthermore, the diet composition of adult cranes with juveniles in attendance was different from that of adult cranes without juveniles in attendance. Foraging abilities of juvenile cranes did not vary signi®cantly through the winter, suggesting a low effect of experience on diet differences between age classes. Our results point toward the existence of diet differences among the three considered crane categories related with differential habitat selection by family groups. The monthly pattern of choice of each food type differed from those expected according to the monthly pattern of food availability in the study area. Cereal grain was the most preferred food type when it was available. When cereal seed germinated, cranes shifted to acorns and bulbs which were then more pro®table
Keywords: age differences; Common Crane; food selection; Grus grus; holm oak dehesas; Quercus ilex

Food selection of wintering common cranes (Grus grus) in holm oak (Quercus ilex) dehesas in south-west Spain in a rainy season - Avilés, Jesus M.; Sánchez, Juan M.; Parejo, Deseada (Journal of Zoology, 2006)
In the holm oak Quercus ilex dehesas of the Iberian Peninsula, several food types occur that can be selected by birds through the winter. In this framework, diet composition and diet selection of common cranes Grus grus was studied during a rainy wintering season. The winter diet of the common crane is mostly herbivorous in the holm oak dehesas of south-west Spain with < 10% of items being of animal origin. Leaves and stems of sown cereal, bulbs, acorns and cereal grain are the most common vegetable food types. The diversity of the overall winter diet was similar among juveniles and among adults with and without juveniles in attendance. However, there were differences in diet composition between juvenile birds and their parents. Furthermore, the diet composition of adult cranes with juveniles in attendance was different from that of adult cranes without juveniles in attendance. Foraging abilities of juvenile cranes did not vary signi®cantly through the winter, suggesting a low effect of experience on diet differences between age classes. Our results point toward the existence of diet differences among the three considered crane categories related with differential habitat selection by family groups. The monthly pattern of choice of each food type differed from those expected according to the monthly pattern of food availability in the study area. Cereal grain was the most preferred food type when it was available. When cereal seed germinated, cranes shifted to acorns and bulbs which were then more pro®table
Keywords: age differences; Common Crane; food selection; Grus grus; holm oak dehesas; Quercus ilex

Forest structure and understory diversity in Quercus pyrenaica communities with different human uses and disturbances - Tárrega, Reyes; Calvo, Leonor; Marcos, Elena; Taboada, Ángela (Forest Ecology and Management, 2006)
The aim is to compare the diversity of the understory in Quercus pyrenaica communities according to the type of human intervention (grazing, obtaining wood or ﬁrewood, forest ﬁres). This interaction results in a modiﬁcation of the characteristics of the arboreal layer and shrub cover. Four types of oak communities were selected, each with ﬁve replicates: communities with a high density of shrubby oak (oak shrublands), open woodlands (‘‘dehesas’’), mature oak woods with abundant woody biomass in the understory and mature oak woods with little woody biomass in the understory. In each study site, we quantiﬁed the size of the trees (height, trunk perimeter and crown diameter) and their density, woody cover in the understory and species richness as well as diversity using the Shannon index, on both a small scale (per m 2 ) and for the total of each community. A clear difference was observed between the dehesas and the oak shrublands, the two community types with higher human intervention (the dehesas, with sustainable use for grazing and the oak shrublands, the most degraded due to repeated ﬁres), in the principal components analysis carried out with these variables. The other two community types, considered more mature forests, presented an intermediate location on the principal components analysis. However, there was no clear relationship between the different community types and the diversity values. No differences were observed in total species richness, except that the number of annuals being signiﬁcantly higher in the dehesas. Nor was it possible to detect any differences using the Shannon index, except for the oak shrublands which, although with a great variability among them, had a lower mean diversity than the other community types. The distance between trees was positively correlated to diversity, measured using the Shannon index, and to annual species richness and negatively correlated to woody cover in the understory. The variability in the distance between trees (associated with clumped distributions) was positively correlated to spatial heterogeneity, measured as Sb. The size of the trees had very little correlation to species diversity. As a whole, the results obtained show the difﬁculty involved in making generalised conclusions on the effects of disturbances on plant diversity
Keywords: annuals; Density; diversity; human intervention; land-use history; Oak trees; perennial herbs; Quercus pyrenaica; size; woody species

Forest structure and understory diversity in Quercus pyrenaica communities with different human uses and disturbances - Tárrega, Reyes; Calvo, Leonor; Marcos, Elena; Taboada, Ángela (Forest Ecology and Management, 2006)
The aim is to compare the diversity of the understory in Quercus pyrenaica communities according to the type of human intervention (grazing, obtaining wood or ﬁrewood, forest ﬁres). This interaction results in a modiﬁcation of the characteristics of the arboreal layer and shrub cover. Four types of oak communities were selected, each with ﬁve replicates: communities with a high density of shrubby oak (oak shrublands), open woodlands (‘‘dehesas’’), mature oak woods with abundant woody biomass in the understory and mature oak woods with little woody biomass in the understory. In each study site, we quantiﬁed the size of the trees (height, trunk perimeter and crown diameter) and their density, woody cover in the understory and species richness as well as diversity using the Shannon index, on both a small scale (per m 2 ) and for the total of each community. A clear difference was observed between the dehesas and the oak shrublands, the two community types with higher human intervention (the dehesas, with sustainable use for grazing and the oak shrublands, the most degraded due to repeated ﬁres), in the principal components analysis carried out with these variables. The other two community types, considered more mature forests, presented an intermediate location on the principal components analysis. However, there was no clear relationship between the different community types and the diversity values. No differences were observed in total species richness, except that the number of annuals being signiﬁcantly higher in the dehesas. Nor was it possible to detect any differences using the Shannon index, except for the oak shrublands which, although with a great variability among them, had a lower mean diversity than the other community types. The distance between trees was positively correlated to diversity, measured using the Shannon index, and to annual species richness and negatively correlated to woody cover in the understory. The variability in the distance between trees (associated with clumped distributions) was positively correlated to spatial heterogeneity, measured as Sb. The size of the trees had very little correlation to species diversity. As a whole, the results obtained show the difﬁculty involved in making generalised conclusions on the effects of disturbances on plant diversity
Keywords: annuals; Density; diversity; human intervention; land-use history; Oak trees; perennial herbs; Quercus pyrenaica; size; woody species

Formation of Acutissimin A in red wine through the contact with cork - Gil, L.; Pereira, C.; Branco, P.; Teixeira, A. (JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL DES SCIENCES DE LA VIGNE ET DU VIN, 2006)
This study shows that when cork material gets in contact with wine, the elagitannins which exist in the cork material (namely one called vescalagin) react with the catechins present in the wine, producing, among others, Acutissimin A, which is an anti-tumoural agent about 250 times more potent than one of the most common anti-cancer drugs clinically used (VP-16). So, the contact of wine samples without the barrel winemaking stage (oak contact) was carried out with cork in order to determine the presence of Acutissimin A. After a contact time of about 30 min, 150 min and 6 days, Acutissimin A was detected in all samples containing cork. In the samples in which the contact was with oak wood, in our conditions, it was not possible to detect Acutissimin A.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 42 RUE MARSAN, 33300 BORDEAUX, FRANCE publisher: VIGNE ET VIN PUBLICATIONS INT
Keywords: acutissimin A; Cork; HPLC/MS; identification; oak; wine

Formation of Acutissimin A in red wine through the contact with cork - Gil, L; Pereira, C; Branco, P; Teixeira, A (JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL DES SCIENCES DE LA VIGNE ET DU VIN, 2006)
This study shows that when cork material gets in contact with wine, the elagitannins which exist in the cork material (namely one called vescalagin) react with the catechins present in the wine, producing, among others, Acutissimin A, which is an anti-tumoural agent about 250 times more potent than one of the most common anti-cancer drugs clinically used (VP-16). So, the contact of wine samples without the barrel winemaking stage (oak contact) was carried out with cork in order to determine the presence of Acutissimin A. After a contact time of about 30 min, 150 min and 6 days, Acutissimin A was detected in all samples containing cork. In the samples in which the contact was with oak wood, in our conditions, it was not possible to detect Acutissimin A.
Keywords: acutissimin A; Cork; HPLC/MS; identification; oak; wine

Glycerol-derived ester oligomers from cork suberin. - Graça, José; Santos, Sara (Chemistry and physics of lipids, 2006)
The cork suberin polyester was partially depolymerized by a methanolysis reaction catalyzed by calcium hydroxide. The methanolisate was analysed by ESI-MS/MS in the form of [M+Li](+) adduct-ions. This reaction solubilized a mixture of monomers and oligomers, including a set of glycerol-derived dimeric and trimeric esters. Four types of glycerol esters were identified: monoacylglycerols of alpha,omega-diacids, of omega-hydroxyacids and of monoacids; diglycerol diesters of alpha,omega-diacids; diacylglycerols of alpha,omega-diacids; monoacylglycerols of linear dimeric esters of alpha,omega-diacids and omega-hydroxyacids. The alpha,omega-diacids and omega-hydroxyacids found as monomer residues in the glycerol esters are the main ones found as cork suberin monomers. It is concluded that suberin is a glycerol-derived lipid of polymeric dimensions. Due to the protective and insulating role that it plays in plants, suberin should be considered together with the other known glycerolipids that build up biological membranes.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 16979606
Keywords: a-o-Diacids; Cork; ESI-MS/MS analysis; Glycerolipids; o-Hydroxyacids; suberin

Glycerol-derived ester oligomers from cork suberin. - Graça, José; Santos, Sara (Chemistry and physics of lipids, 2006)
The cork suberin polyester was partially depolymerized by a methanolysis reaction catalyzed by calcium hydroxide. The methanolisate was analysed by ESI-MS/MS in the form of [M+Li](+) adduct-ions. This reaction solubilized a mixture of monomers and oligomers, including a set of glycerol-derived dimeric and trimeric esters. Four types of glycerol esters were identified: monoacylglycerols of alpha,omega-diacids, of omega-hydroxyacids and of monoacids; diglycerol diesters of alpha,omega-diacids; diacylglycerols of alpha,omega-diacids; monoacylglycerols of linear dimeric esters of alpha,omega-diacids and omega-hydroxyacids. The alpha,omega-diacids and omega-hydroxyacids found as monomer residues in the glycerol esters are the main ones found as cork suberin monomers. It is concluded that suberin is a glycerol-derived lipid of polymeric dimensions. Due to the protective and insulating role that it plays in plants, suberin should be considered together with the other known glycerolipids that build up biological membranes.
Keywords: a-o-Diacids; Cork; ESI-MS/MS analysis; Glycerolipids; o-Hydroxyacids; suberin

Human-scale structural heterogeneity induced by grazing in a Mediterranean woodland landscape - Henkin, Zalmen; Hadar, Liat; Noy-Meir, Imanuel (Landscape Ecology, 2006)
A set of structural criteria to differentiate among types of a heterogeneous woodland landscape that are shaped by goat and cattle grazing was studied in northern Israel. The landscape was described with relation to the ‘‘human scale’’ of the observer, by mapping the dimensions, basic shapes, and distribution of gaps between individual plants on sites with various grazing management systems. The shapes of the trees and the bushes were drawn in situ and the ratio between plant height and the width of the adjacent open space was measured in order to deﬁne the various structural proﬁles of the vegetation. All the structural criteria clearly and signiﬁcantly differentiated among grazing systems that created closed (no grazing), half-open (cattle and modern goat grazing) and open (traditional goat grazing) landscapes. The diversity of plant shapes was highest under the cattle and modern goat grazing management systems. In the ungrazed treatment, more than 60% of the gaps were deﬁned as ‘inaccessible’ compared with only 10–15% under cattle grazing and modern goat grazing. The diversity of gap proportions was high, but their absolute number was low. Under traditional heavy goat grazing, there were only wide and open gaps. Under cattle grazing and modern goat-grazing management systems, a relatively large number of wide and open gaps were found, with small numbers of narrow and closed gaps. Overall, the various grazing systems were differentiated most clearly according to their transparency, accessibility, height of Quercus calliprinos, and gap distribution. We conclude that structural criteria provide an efﬁcient and objective methodology for evaluating the effects of grazing on different components of Mediterranean woodland mosaic landscapes.
Keywords: Amenity value; Landscape visual qualities; Plant shapes; Structural proﬁle; Vegetation gaps; Visibility

Hydraulic Lift in Cork Oak Trees in a Savannah-Type Mediterranean Ecosystem and its Contribution to the Local Water Balance - Kurz-Besson, Cathy; Otieno, Dennis; Lobo do Vale, Raquel; Siegwolf, Rolf; Schmidt, Markus; Herd, Alastair; Nogueira, Carla; David, Teresa Soares; David, Jorge Soares; Tenhunen, John; Pereira, João Santos; Chaves, Manuela (Plant and Soil, 2006)
The aim of this study was to identify the sources and depth of water uptake by 15-years old Quercus suber L. trees in southern Portugal under a Mediterranean climate, measuring d 18 O and dD in the soil–plantatmosphere continuum. Evidence for hydraulic lift was substantiated by the daily ﬂuctuations observed in Ys at 0.4 and 1 m depth and supported by similar d 18 O values found in tree xylem sap, soil water in the rhizosphere and groundwater. From 0.25 m down to a depth of 1 m, dD trends diﬀered according to vegetation type, showing a more depleted value in soil water collected under the evergreen trees ()47&) than under dead grasses ()35&). The hypothesis of a fractionation process occurring in the soil due to diﬀusion of water vapour in the dry soil is proposed to explain the more depleted soil dD signature observed under trees. Hydraulically lifted water was estimated to account for 17–81% of the water used during the following day by tree transpiration at the peak of the drought season, i.e., 0.1–14 L tree )1 day )1 . Signiﬁ- cant relationships found between xylem sap isotopic composition and leaf water potential in early September emphasized the positive impact of the redistribution of groundwater in the rhizosphere on tree water status.
Keywords: d 18 o; hydraulic lift; Quercus suber; root biomass; soil dd fractionation; soil water potential

IMPACT OF FOREST FIRES ON HYDROLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A TYPICAL MEDITERRANEAN FOREST SOIL - González, O; Andreu, V; Rubio, J L (Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue, 2006)
Fire is one of the most important determining factors in the evolution of Mediterranean ecosystems. Its effects on soil are plural and diverse, acting on structure, chemical and physical properties, biota etc. Among them, the induced variations on soil water dynamics are of key importance for the recovery of the entire ecosystem and in the soil response to erosion processes. Forest fires are also a factor, triggering the risk of desertification. The aim of this study is to assess the impact effect of different fire intensities on soil hydrology and on runoff generation. This work was developed in the Permanent Experimental Field Station of La Concordia with nine plots (4 x 20 m), installed in a calcareous hillside, representative of Mediterranean shrubland areas. Experimental fires, of two intensity levels were carried out. Three plots were burned reaching high fire intensity and three other plots were burned with moderate intensity and the remaining plots were left undisturbed as control. Soil water content, water retention capacity and pF curves were measured together with runoff generation dynamics, in the different plots. The intrinsic characteristics of each rain event occurred up until a year after the fires and runoff generated on them was monitored. The data obtained was compared with the state of the plots after seven years, during the 2000-2002 period. In this period 24 rain events with runoff generation occurred, with average rainfall intensities (I30) around 10mm h-1. Both fire treatments show significant differences with respect to the Control plots, which are reflected in a value of runoff production of 76.84% as an average, less than the burned plots. Between fire treatments, the plots that burned with high intensity, show the highest values of runoff yield. However, infiltration rates do not give significant differences between fire treatments. In the same way, plots that suffer a high intensity fire show greater values (22.50 cm3 cm-3) on water retention capacity than the other treatments, giving significant differences with the Moderate intensity plots and Control plots. Differences on this parameter between plots burned with Moderate intensity and the Control plots were observed but they were not statistically significant. The obtained pF curves show the same tendencies, being the greatest water content retained at pF of 2 in the burned plots and in the Control plots at pF of 4.2. The effect of fire degrading the vegetation cover and by means of the temperature impact on soil, produce changes in its structural characteristics and porosity, affecting soil water distribution and the effective response on water erosion processes.
Keywords: desertification; experimental fire; hydrology; Mediterranean; pF curve; water retention capacity

Improving satellite images classification using remote and ground data integration by means of stochastic simulation - Carvalho, Julia; Soares, Amilcar; Bio, Ana (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2006)
A methodology is proposed, to assess land surface cover classification using a geostatistical methodology of stochastic simulation, direct sequential cosimulation, to combine field observations with remotely sensed data classified with the classical algorithm of maximum likelihood classification. This procedure has two main advantages: (1) incorporation of a spatial continuity statistics; and (2) integration of different scales of information, contained in polygons (training areas) and point information (field observations), which also involves different qualities of information that is less reliable and more reliable, respectively. Moreover, this methodology allows production not only of a classified map, but also of maps of occupation proportions and of uncertainty for each thematic class. Local co-regionalization models are applied to account for local differences in both field data availability and distribution, and the correlation between these hard data and the classified satellite images as soft data. The methodology is based on two criteria: the influence of the hard data dependent on their availability and proportional to their proximity; and the influence of the soft data dependent on their local correlation to the hard data. The method is applied to a study of four economically important forest tree species on the Setu´bal Peninsula (south of Lisbon, Portugal). The results show more contiguous forest covers, i.e. more spatial contiguity, than the classical classification. In comparison to a contemporary field inventory, the proposed method improved forest cover estimations, showing a difference of only 3%.
Keywords: CODSS (voyant); forest cover; land cover classification; Maximum likelihood classification; stochastic simulation

Improving satellite images classification using remote and ground data integration by means of stochastic simulation - Carvalho, Julia; Soares, Amilcar; Bio, Ana (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2006)
A methodology is proposed, to assess land surface cover classification using a geostatistical methodology of stochastic simulation, direct sequential cosimulation, to combine field observations with remotely sensed data classified with the classical algorithm of maximum likelihood classification. This procedure has two main advantages: (1) incorporation of a spatial continuity statistics; and (2) integration of different scales of information, contained in polygons (training areas) and point information (field observations), which also involves different qualities of information that is less reliable and more reliable, respectively. Moreover, this methodology allows production not only of a classified map, but also of maps of occupation proportions and of uncertainty for each thematic class. Local co-regionalization models are applied to account for local differences in both field data availability and distribution, and the correlation between these hard data and the classified satellite images as soft data. The methodology is based on two criteria: the influence of the hard data dependent on their availability and proportional to their proximity; and the influence of the soft data dependent on their local correlation to the hard data. The method is applied to a study of four economically important forest tree species on the Setu´bal Peninsula (south of Lisbon, Portugal). The results show more contiguous forest covers, i.e. more spatial contiguity, than the classical classification. In comparison to a contemporary field inventory, the proposed method improved forest cover estimations, showing a difference of only 3%.
Keywords: CODSS (voyant); forest cover; land cover classification; Maximum likelihood classification; stochastic simulation

Influence of granule properties and concentration on cork-cement compatibility - Karade, Sukhdeo R; Irle, Mark; Maher, Kevin (Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 2006)
Cork granules are produced as by-products and waste by the cork processing industries that make ‘bottle stoppers’ as a main product. These granules are of low density and could be used as lightweight aggregates for making concrete. This paper describes an investigation carried out to assess the compatibility of cork granules with cement for the manufacture of lightweight cementitious composites. Five different grades of cork granules varying in terms of size and density were investigated. The effects of extractives, particle size and density of the cork granules were studied. The results indicate that these parameters affect cement hydration in a complex way. At lower concentrations of cork (10%), only the extractives have an inﬂuence on hydration behaviour. At higher cork concentrations (20% and 30%), however, particle size and density also affect the compatibility. Nevertheless, cork granules are found to be compatible with cement.
Keywords: cement; composites; Cork granules; Density; hydration (voyant)

Influence of granule properties and concentration on cork-cement compatibility - Karade, Sukhdeo R.; Irle, Mark; Maher, Kevin (Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 2006)
Cork granules are produced as by-products and waste by the cork processing industries that make ‘bottle stoppers’ as a main product. These granules are of low density and could be used as lightweight aggregates for making concrete. This paper describes an investigation carried out to assess the compatibility of cork granules with cement for the manufacture of lightweight cementitious composites. Five different grades of cork granules varying in terms of size and density were investigated. The effects of extractives, particle size and density of the cork granules were studied. The results indicate that these parameters affect cement hydration in a complex way. At lower concentrations of cork (10%), only the extractives have an inﬂuence on hydration behaviour. At higher cork concentrations (20% and 30%), however, particle size and density also affect the compatibility. Nevertheless, cork granules are found to be compatible with cement.
Keywords: cement; composites; Cork granules; Density; hydration (voyant)

The influence of linear elements on plant species diversity of Mediterranean rural landscapes: assessment of different indices and statistical approaches. - García del Barrio, J M; Ortega, M; Vázquez De la Cueva, A; Elena-Rosselló, R (Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2006)
This paper mainly aims to study the linear element influence on the estimation of vascular plant species diversity in five Mediterranean landscapes modeled as land cover patch mosaics. These landscapes have several core habitats and a different set of linear elements--habitat edges or ecotones, roads or railways, rivers, streams and hedgerows on farm land--whose plant composition were examined. Secondly, it aims to check plant diversity estimation in Mediterranean landscapes using parametric and non-parametric procedures, with two indices: Species richness and Shannon index. Land cover types and landscape linear elements were identified from aerial photographs. Their spatial information was processed using GIS techniques. Field plots were selected using a stratified sampling design according to relieve and tree density of each habitat type. A 50x20 m2 multi-scale sampling plot was designed for the core habitats and across the main landscape linear elements. Richness and diversity of plant species were estimated by comparing the observed field data to ICE (Incidence-based Coverage Estimator) and ACE (Abundance-based Coverage Estimator) non-parametric estimators. The species density, percentage of unique species, and alpha diversity per plot were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in linear elements than in core habitats. ICE estimate of number of species was 32% higher than of ACE estimate, which did not differ significantly from the observed values. Accumulated species richness in core habitats together with linear elements, were significantly higher than those recorded only in the core habitats in all the landscapes. Conversely, Shannon diversity index did not show significant differences.
Keywords: Biodiversity; Conservation of Natural Resources; Conservation of Natural Resources: statistics & nu; core habitat; diversity; Ecosystem; ecotones; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Monitoring: methods; Geography; landscape; linear elements; Mediterranean; Mediterranean Region; Plant Development; Poaceae; Poaceae: growth & development; Shannon index; Species richness; Species Specificity; Trees; Trees: growth & development

The influence of mycorrhization with Tuber melanosporum in the afforestation of a Mediterranean site with Quercus ilex and Quercus faginea - Domínguez Núñez, José Alfonso; Serrano, Jesús Selva; Barreal, José Antonio Rodríguez; González, José Antonio Saiz De Omeñaca (Forest Ecology and Management, 2006)
A Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) and Lusitanian oak (Quercus faginea) stand establishment, mycorrhizated with black trufﬂe (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.), situated in the north of Alicante, south-eastern Spain, was analyzed during the second year of plantation. The mycorrhization improved seedling growth, especially that of the shoots, encouraged water uptake of the seedlings during the summer drought, and improved total phosphorus absorption. Tuber melanosporum was found to colonize the roots of the seedlings very successfully
Keywords: ectomycorrhiza; Nutrients; quercus faginea lamk; Quercus ilex L; Reforestation; tuber melanosporum vitt; water stress

Integrating hyperspectral imagery at different scales to estimate component surface temperatures - Archer, N A L; Jones, H G (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2006)
Different methods for classifying land cover and extracting temperatures of surface components from hyperspectral images at different scales were compared using airborne imagery (Reflective Optics System Imaging Spectrometer (ROSIS) at 1.2 m spatial resolution and Digital Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (DAIS 7915) at 3.3 m spatial resolution) for a ?montado/dehesa? landscape in the Alentejo, Portugal. For calibration purposes, surface temperatures and stomatal conductance of component vegetation types were also measured at ground level. Manual classification was compared with a range of automated classification methods to determine the most accurate method for the study area. The ?scale? for each cover type was characterized by analysing the frequency distribution of contiguous pixels of each cover type at 1.2 m. Temperatures of different surface components were estimated using different combinations of 1.2 m and 3.3 m data (using spectral angle mapper classification) as well as linear spectral unmixing and disaggregation approaches for extracting thermal information at sub?pixel resolution. The relative advantages of the different methods are discussed and a recommended strategy for integrating hyperspectral imagery at different scales to extract component surface temperatures in montado/dehesa?type systems is proposed.
doi: 10.1080/01431160500396485
Keywords: Image classiﬁcation; Land cover classification (voyant); Spatial resolution; Surface temperature

Integrating hyperspectral imagery at different scales to estimate component surface temperatures - Archer, N. A. L.; Jones, H. G. (International Journal of Remote Sensing, 2006)
Different methods for classifying land cover and extracting temperatures of surface components from hyperspectral images at different scales were compared using airborne imagery (Reflective Optics System Imaging Spectrometer (ROSIS) at 1.2 m spatial resolution and Digital Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (DAIS 7915) at 3.3 m spatial resolution) for a ?montado/dehesa? landscape in the Alentejo, Portugal. For calibration purposes, surface temperatures and stomatal conductance of component vegetation types were also measured at ground level. Manual classification was compared with a range of automated classification methods to determine the most accurate method for the study area. The ?scale? for each cover type was characterized by analysing the frequency distribution of contiguous pixels of each cover type at 1.2 m. Temperatures of different surface components were estimated using different combinations of 1.2 m and 3.3 m data (using spectral angle mapper classification) as well as linear spectral unmixing and disaggregation approaches for extracting thermal information at sub?pixel resolution. The relative advantages of the different methods are discussed and a recommended strategy for integrating hyperspectral imagery at different scales to extract component surface temperatures in montado/dehesa?type systems is proposed.
doi: 10.1080/01431160500396485doi: 10.1080/01431160500396485The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: Image classiﬁcation; Land cover classification (voyant); Spatial resolution; Surface temperature

Interactive effects of shade and irrigation on the performance of seedlings of three Mediterranean Quercus species - Castro-Díez, Pilar; Navarro, Javier; Pintado, Ana; Sancho, Leopoldo G; Maestro, Melchor (Tree Physiology, 2006)
Shade and irrigation are frequently used to increase the success of Mediterranean Quercus spp. plantations. However, there is controversy about the combined effects of these treatments on plant performance. We assessed the effects of two irradiances (full sunlight and moderate shade) and two summer watering regimes (high (daily) and low (alternate days)) on leaf and whole-plant traits of 1-year-old seedlings of Quercus coccifera, Q. ilex subsp. ballota and Q. faginea grown outdoors for 8.5 months. Leaf traits included measures of morphology, nitrogen concentration, gas exchange and photochemical efficiency, and measures of whole-plant traits included biomass allocation patterns, growth phenology, across-summer leaf area change and relative growth rate (RGR).Moderate shade reduced leaf mass per area, increased photochemical efficiency, maximum carbon assimilation rate (Amax) and allocation to leaves, and prolonged the growing period in one or more of the species. Daily watering in summer increased Amax of Q. ilex and prolonged the growing period of Q. ilex and Q. faginea. Both treatments tended to increase RGR. The effect of shade was greater in the low-watering regime than in the high-watering regime for two of the 15 studied traits, with treatment effects being independent for the remaining 13 traits. Leaf nitrogen and the ability to maintain leaf area after the arid period, rather than biomass allocation traits, explained the variation in seedling RGR. Trait responsiveness to the treatments was low and similar among species and between study scales, being unexpectedly low in Q. faginea leaves. This may be because selective pressures on leaf plasticity act differently in deciduous and evergreen species. We conclude that moderate shade and daily summer watering enhance the performance of Mediterranean Quercus seedlings through species-specific mechanisms.
From Duplicate 2 (Interactive effects of shade and irrigation on the performance of seedlings of three Mediterranean Quercus species - Castro-Díez, Pilar; Navarro, Javier; Pintado, Ana; Sancho, Leopoldo G; Maestro, Melchor)
Keywords: Agriculture; Agriculture: methods; Analysis of Variance; biomass allocation; carbon assimilation rate; fluorescence; Mediterranean Region; Phenology; Phenotype; Plant Leaves; Plant Leaves: growth & development; Plant Shoots; Plant Shoots: physiology; Quercus; Quercus: drug effects; Quercus: growth & development; Quercus: physiology; Relative growth rate; Seedling; Seedling: drug effects; Seedling: physiology; water; Water: metabolism; Water: pharmacology

Interactive effects of shade and irrigation on the performance of seedlings of three Mediterranean Quercus species - Castro-Díez, Pilar; Navarro, Javier; Pintado, Ana; Sancho, Leopoldo G.; Maestro, Melchor (Tree Physiology, 2006)
Shade and irrigation are frequently used to increase the success of Mediterranean Quercus spp. plantations. However, there is controversy about the combined effects of these treatments on plant performance. We assessed the effects of two irradiances (full sunlight and moderate shade) and two summer watering regimes (high (daily) and low (alternate days)) on leaf and whole-plant traits of 1-year-old seedlings of Quercus coccifera, Q. ilex subsp. ballota and Q. faginea grown outdoors for 8.5 months. Leaf traits included measures of morphology, nitrogen concentration, gas exchange and photochemical efficiency, and measures of whole-plant traits included biomass allocation patterns, growth phenology, across-summer leaf area change and relative growth rate (RGR).Moderate shade reduced leaf mass per area, increased photochemical efficiency, maximum carbon assimilation rate (Amax) and allocation to leaves, and prolonged the growing period in one or more of the species. Daily watering in summer increased Amax of Q. ilex and prolonged the growing period of Q. ilex and Q. faginea. Both treatments tended to increase RGR. The effect of shade was greater in the low-watering regime than in the high-watering regime for two of the 15 studied traits, with treatment effects being independent for the remaining 13 traits. Leaf nitrogen and the ability to maintain leaf area after the arid period, rather than biomass allocation traits, explained the variation in seedling RGR. Trait responsiveness to the treatments was low and similar among species and between study scales, being unexpectedly low in Q. faginea leaves. This may be because selective pressures on leaf plasticity act differently in deciduous and evergreen species. We conclude that moderate shade and daily summer watering enhance the performance of Mediterranean Quercus seedlings through species-specific mechanisms.
From Duplicate 2 (Interactive effects of shade and irrigation on the performance of seedlings of three Mediterranean Quercus species - Castro-Díez, Pilar; Navarro, Javier; Pintado, Ana; Sancho, Leopoldo G; Maestro, Melchor)From Duplicate 2 (Interactive effects of shade and irrigation on the performance of seedlings of three Mediterranean Quercus species - Castro-Díez, Pilar; Navarro, Javier; Pintado, Ana; Sancho, Leopoldo G; Maestro, Melchor)The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 16356909
Keywords: Agriculture; Agriculture: methods; Analysis of Variance; biomass allocation; carbon assimilation rate; fluorescence; Mediterranean Region; Phenology; Phenotype; Plant Leaves; Plant Leaves: growth & development; Plant Shoots; Plant Shoots: physiology; Quercus; Quercus: drug effects; Quercus: growth & development; Quercus: physiology; Relative growth rate; Seedling; Seedling: drug effects; Seedling: physiology; water; Water: metabolism; Water: pharmacology

Introduction of the factor of partitioning in the lithogenic enrichment factors of trace element bioaccumulation in plant tissues. - Sardans, Jordi; Penuelas, Josep (Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2006)
Bioindicators are widely used in the study of trace elements inputs into the environment and great efforts have been conducted to separate atmospheric from soil borne inputs on biomass accumulation. Many monitoring studies of trace element pollution take into account the dust particles located in the plant surface plus the contents of the plant tissues. However, it is usually only the trace element content in the plant tissues that is relevant on plant health. Enrichment factor equations take into account the trace element enrichment of biomasses with respect soil or bedrocks by comparing the ratios of the trace element in question to a lithogenic element, usually Al. However, the enrichment equations currently in use are inadequate because they do not take into account the fact that Al (or whichever reference element) and the element in question may have different solubility-absorption-retention levels depending on the rock and soil types involved. This constrain will become critical when results from different sites are compared and so in this article we propose that the solubility factors of each element are taken into account in order to overcome this constrain. We analysed Sb, Co, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn, V, Zn, Cu, As, Hg, and Al concentration in different zones of Catalonia (NE Spain) using the evergreen oak Quercus ilex and the moss Hypnum cupressiforme as target species. We compared the results obtained in rural and non industrial areas with those from the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. We observed differences in Al concentrations of soils and bedrocks at each different site, together with the differences in solubility between Al and the element in question, and a weak correlation between total soil content and water extract content through different sites for most trace elements. All these findings show the unsuitability of the current enrichment factors for calculating lithospheric and atmospheric contributions to trace element concentrations in biomass tissues. The trace element enrichment factors were calculated by subtracting the part predicted by substrate composition (deduced from water extracts from soils and bedrock) from total concentrations. Results showed that for most of the trace elements analysed, trace elements enrichment factors were higher inside the Barcelona Metropolitan Area than outside, a finding that indicates that greater atmospheric inputs occur in urban areas. The results show that the most useful and correct way of establishing a reference for lithospheric and atmospheric inputs into the plant tissues is, first, to analyse samples of the same plant species collected from a number of sites possessing similar environmental conditions (climate, vegetation type, soil type) and, second, to use this new enrichment factor obtained by subtracting from the total concentration in plant tissue the predicted contribution of soil or bedrock extracts instead of that of total soil or bedrock concentrations.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 16648953
Keywords: biomass; Bryopsida; Bryopsida: chemistry; Bryopsida: growth & development; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Monitoring: methods; Plant Leaves; Plant Leaves: chemistry; Plant Leaves: growth & development; Quercus; Quercus: chemistry; Quercus: growth & development; Soil Pollutants; Soil Pollutants: analysis; Spain; Trace Elements; Trace Elements: analysis

Introduction of the factor of partitioning in the lithogenic enrichment factors of trace element bioaccumulation in plant tissues. - Sardans, Jordi; Penuelas, Josep (Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2006)
Bioindicators are widely used in the study of trace elements inputs into the environment and great efforts have been conducted to separate atmospheric from soil borne inputs on biomass accumulation. Many monitoring studies of trace element pollution take into account the dust particles located in the plant surface plus the contents of the plant tissues. However, it is usually only the trace element content in the plant tissues that is relevant on plant health. Enrichment factor equations take into account the trace element enrichment of biomasses with respect soil or bedrocks by comparing the ratios of the trace element in question to a lithogenic element, usually Al. However, the enrichment equations currently in use are inadequate because they do not take into account the fact that Al (or whichever reference element) and the element in question may have different solubility-absorption-retention levels depending on the rock and soil types involved. This constrain will become critical when results from different sites are compared and so in this article we propose that the solubility factors of each element are taken into account in order to overcome this constrain. We analysed Sb, Co, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Mn, V, Zn, Cu, As, Hg, and Al concentration in different zones of Catalonia (NE Spain) using the evergreen oak Quercus ilex and the moss Hypnum cupressiforme as target species. We compared the results obtained in rural and non industrial areas with those from the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. We observed differences in Al concentrations of soils and bedrocks at each different site, together with the differences in solubility between Al and the element in question, and a weak correlation between total soil content and water extract content through different sites for most trace elements. All these findings show the unsuitability of the current enrichment factors for calculating lithospheric and atmospheric contributions to trace element concentrations in biomass tissues. The trace element enrichment factors were calculated by subtracting the part predicted by substrate composition (deduced from water extracts from soils and bedrock) from total concentrations. Results showed that for most of the trace elements analysed, trace elements enrichment factors were higher inside the Barcelona Metropolitan Area than outside, a finding that indicates that greater atmospheric inputs occur in urban areas. The results show that the most useful and correct way of establishing a reference for lithospheric and atmospheric inputs into the plant tissues is, first, to analyse samples of the same plant species collected from a number of sites possessing similar environmental conditions (climate, vegetation type, soil type) and, second, to use this new enrichment factor obtained by subtracting from the total concentration in plant tissue the predicted contribution of soil or bedrock extracts instead of that of total soil or bedrock concentrations.
Keywords: biomass; Bryopsida; Bryopsida: chemistry; Bryopsida: growth & development; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Monitoring: methods; Plant Leaves; Plant Leaves: chemistry; Plant Leaves: growth & development; Quercus; Quercus: chemistry; Quercus: growth & development; Soil Pollutants; Soil Pollutants: analysis; Spain; Trace Elements; Trace Elements: analysis

Involvement of a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase of Quercus suber in the defence response to infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi - Coelho, A. C.; Horta, M.; Neves, D.; Cravador, A. (Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 2006)
A gene encoding a potential NADPH-dependent cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (QsCAD1) (GenBank accession no: AY362455) was identiﬁed in Quercus suber (cork oak). Its complete cDNA sequence was obtained by RACE-PCR, starting from total RNA extracted from roots of seedlings of Q. suber, infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi, the causal agent of the decline and sudden death of Q. suber and Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia in the Iberian Peninsula. Sequence information to perform the RACE-PCR was acquired from a polymorphic fragment (C9), speciﬁcally identiﬁed by cDNA-AFLP, in leaves of epicormic shoots of a cork oak tree that suffered sudden death. RT-PCR and hybridization analysis showed that the QsCAD1 gene is up-regulated in root seedlings of Q. suber infected with P. cinnamomi. QsCAD1 has a high structural homology with VR-ERE (Vigna radiata), an enzyme that detoxiﬁes eutypine (produced by Eutypa lata, the causal agent of eutypa dieback of grapevines), to eutypinol, and with QrCAD1 (Q. ilex subsp. rotundifolia), EgCAD1 (Eucalyptus gunnii), MdCAD1 (Malus x domestica). Taken together, these results suggest that these enzymes, and namely QsCAD1 belong to a new group of CAD potentially involved in deactivation of toxins produced by phytopathogens.
Keywords: cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; defence response; oak tree; phytophthora cinnamomi

Involvement of a cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase of Quercus suber in the defence response to infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi - Coelho, A C; Horta, M; Neves, D; Cravador, A (Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 2006)
A gene encoding a potential NADPH-dependent cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (QsCAD1) (GenBank accession no: AY362455) was identiﬁed in Quercus suber (cork oak). Its complete cDNA sequence was obtained by RACE-PCR, starting from total RNA extracted from roots of seedlings of Q. suber, infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi, the causal agent of the decline and sudden death of Q. suber and Quercus ilex subsp. rotundifolia in the Iberian Peninsula. Sequence information to perform the RACE-PCR was acquired from a polymorphic fragment (C9), speciﬁcally identiﬁed by cDNA-AFLP, in leaves of epicormic shoots of a cork oak tree that suffered sudden death. RT-PCR and hybridization analysis showed that the QsCAD1 gene is up-regulated in root seedlings of Q. suber infected with P. cinnamomi. QsCAD1 has a high structural homology with VR-ERE (Vigna radiata), an enzyme that detoxiﬁes eutypine (produced by Eutypa lata, the causal agent of eutypa dieback of grapevines), to eutypinol, and with QrCAD1 (Q. ilex subsp. rotundifolia), EgCAD1 (Eucalyptus gunnii), MdCAD1 (Malus x domestica). Taken together, these results suggest that these enzymes, and namely QsCAD1 belong to a new group of CAD potentially involved in deactivation of toxins produced by phytopathogens.
Keywords: cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase; defence response; oak tree; phytophthora cinnamomi

La diversidad en las especies forestales: un cambio de escala. El ejemplo del alcornoque - Gil, L; Heredia, U López De (Ecosistemas, 2006)
Diversity in forest tree species: a change in the scale. The case study of cork oak. The strategies for conservation of biodiversity have a major lack in widespread tree species. While the rule in herbaceous/shrublike taxa is ensure the maintenance of interspecific diversity, the changing ability of tree species relies on intraspecific diversity. Cork oak is an example of long-lived, widespread species not considered as threatened. However, cork oak inhabits several sites, with different population histories and ecological constraints frequently unknown. Thus, menaces are more cryptic, allowing cork oak?s regional or local extinction. Conservation strategies should focus in maintaining cork oak?s intraspecific diversity and the processes that generate it, as it is the introgression with other Quercus species
Keywords: conservation; hybridisation; intraspecific diversity; Quercus suber

LAND USE CHANGE DETECTION AS A BASIS FOR ANALYSING DESERTIFICATION PROCESSES : A CASE STUDY IN TABERNAS - Alemayehu, Taye; Recatalá, Luis; Fabbri, Andrea G; Sánchez, Juan (Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue, 2006)
This contribution proposes an integrated approach to detect and quantify land-use and land-cover changes as a basis for studying and predicting changes in environmental processes leading to desertification. The approach has been applied in Tabernas (Almería, Southeast Spain), a representative area of the Mediterranean region where a combination of extreme environmental conditions and modifications of the land-use pattern that occurred in the last decades have led to increase the risk of desertification. The approach is based on multi temporal records of remotely sensed data and field survey. Sets of aerial photographs taken in the fifties (1956), the eighties (1981) and the nineties (1995) were used to map land use and cover in the three different periods of the last fifty years. The results indicate that from 1956 to 2000, a total area of 5218 hectares of land was subjected to change in land use. The main land cover type that was subjected to change was dry farming. Throughout the past four and half decades 2507 hectares (32%) of dry farming has changed into different land use types, of which 1447.7 (57.7%) hectares changed to irrigated farmland, 857 (34%) became abandoned and about 202 (8.3%) were subjected to various activities (infrastructures, industries, etc.) that have left the area without a vegetation cover. The abandoned areas have evolved to areas with a weed type non-permanent bush cover, which is totally different from the natural cover in the region. The land abandonment and the change from dry farming to irrigation seem to exert pressure on the environment, that can lead to an increase in desertification processes such as soil erosion, salinisation and pollution. Most of the recent irrigated farms are on slopes ranging in inclination from 2 to 8%. Important erosion processes can occur both on these slopes and on abandoned areas depending on other influencing factors (e.g., soil erodibility).
Keywords: desertification; Land use change; Mediterranean Region; Tabernas

LAND USE CHANGE DETECTION AS A BASIS FOR ANALYSING DESERTIFICATION PROCESSES : A CASE STUDY IN TABERNAS - Alemayehu, Taye; Recatalá, Luis; Fabbri, Andrea G.; Sánchez, Juan (Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue, 2006)
This contribution proposes an integrated approach to detect and quantify land-use and land-cover changes as a basis for studying and predicting changes in environmental processes leading to desertification. The approach has been applied in Tabernas (Almería, Southeast Spain), a representative area of the Mediterranean region where a combination of extreme environmental conditions and modifications of the land-use pattern that occurred in the last decades have led to increase the risk of desertification. The approach is based on multi temporal records of remotely sensed data and field survey. Sets of aerial photographs taken in the fifties (1956), the eighties (1981) and the nineties (1995) were used to map land use and cover in the three different periods of the last fifty years. The results indicate that from 1956 to 2000, a total area of 5218 hectares of land was subjected to change in land use. The main land cover type that was subjected to change was dry farming. Throughout the past four and half decades 2507 hectares (32%) of dry farming has changed into different land use types, of which 1447.7 (57.7%) hectares changed to irrigated farmland, 857 (34%) became abandoned and about 202 (8.3%) were subjected to various activities (infrastructures, industries, etc.) that have left the area without a vegetation cover. The abandoned areas have evolved to areas with a weed type non-permanent bush cover, which is totally different from the natural cover in the region. The land abandonment and the change from dry farming to irrigation seem to exert pressure on the environment, that can lead to an increase in desertification processes such as soil erosion, salinisation and pollution. Most of the recent irrigated farms are on slopes ranging in inclination from 2 to 8%. Important erosion processes can occur both on these slopes and on abandoned areas depending on other influencing factors (e.g., soil erodibility).
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue
Keywords: desertification; Land use change; Mediterranean Region; Tabernas

Lichen diversity from Cazorla, Segura and Las Villas Biosphere Reserve (SE Spain) - Aragón V.J. Belinchón, R., G Rico (Nova Hedwigia, 2006)
The lichen flora from "Cazorla, Segura and Las Villas" mountains (SE Spain)" was investigated. A total number of 125 genera and 497 species were reported. Involucropyrenium waltheri, Placynthium asperellum, Strangospora deplanata, Verrucaria cinereoviridescens and V. polysticha are new cites for Spain and 267 taxa are new to the lichen flora of Jaén province. Other taxa (Agonimia allobata, A. octospora, Aspicilia lignicola, Bacidia absistens, B. subincompta, Bryoria capillaris, Calicium montanum, Caloplaca adriatica, Caloplaca assigena, Catapyrenium daedaleum, Lecanora coniferarum, L. densa, Lecidea hypopta, Leptogium burnetiae, Leptogium cretaceum, L. imbricatum, L. microphylloides, L. subaridum, Macentina dictyospora, Melaspilea urceolata, Placynthium hungaricum, Psora globifera, Psoroglaena stigonemoides, Protoparmelia oleagina, Psorotrichia frustulosa, Rinodina castanomela, R. dalmatica, R. furfuracea, Verrucaria canella, V. sorbinea and V. transiliensis) were specially considered due to their chorological and ecological implications within southern Europe regions. Valleys and ravines with dense forests stands (Quercus faginea, Q. rotundifolia) contain the highest lichen diversity (240 to 290 per km2) and the highest number of cyanophyllous species (45 to 65 per km2). Epiphytic lichen flora is different in humid and drier Pinus nigra forests. The major epiphytic diversity was located on bark of Q. faginea and Q. rotundifolia in well-preserved forests. Most terricolous species grew upper 1650 m altitude. Finally the majority of saxicolous lichens were found on vertical exposed rocks, in humid conditions, at altitudes from 1550 up to 1750 m. The lichen flora of the survey area is characterized by the high incidence of boreal-montane and temperate-oceanic element in epiphytic lichens and temperate-continental element in saxicolous and terricolous lichens.
Keywords: Epiphytic; Lichen diversity; Saxicolous; Terricolous (voyant)

Lichen diversity from Cazorla, Segura and Las Villas Biosphere Reserve (SE Spain) - Aragón V. J. Belinchón, R. (Nova Hedwigia, 2006)
The lichen flora from "Cazorla, Segura and Las Villas" mountains (SE Spain)" was investigated. A total number of 125 genera and 497 species were reported. Involucropyrenium waltheri, Placynthium asperellum, Strangospora deplanata, Verrucaria cinereoviridescens and V. polysticha are new cites for Spain and 267 taxa are new to the lichen flora of Jaén province. Other taxa (Agonimia allobata, A. octospora, Aspicilia lignicola, Bacidia absistens, B. subincompta, Bryoria capillaris, Calicium montanum, Caloplaca adriatica, Caloplaca assigena, Catapyrenium daedaleum, Lecanora coniferarum, L. densa, Lecidea hypopta, Leptogium burnetiae, Leptogium cretaceum, L. imbricatum, L. microphylloides, L. subaridum, Macentina dictyospora, Melaspilea urceolata, Placynthium hungaricum, Psora globifera, Psoroglaena stigonemoides, Protoparmelia oleagina, Psorotrichia frustulosa, Rinodina castanomela, R. dalmatica, R. furfuracea, Verrucaria canella, V. sorbinea and V. transiliensis) were specially considered due to their chorological and ecological implications within southern Europe regions. Valleys and ravines with dense forests stands (Quercus faginea, Q. rotundifolia) contain the highest lichen diversity (240 to 290 per km2) and the highest number of cyanophyllous species (45 to 65 per km2). Epiphytic lichen flora is different in humid and drier Pinus nigra forests. The major epiphytic diversity was located on bark of Q. faginea and Q. rotundifolia in well-preserved forests. Most terricolous species grew upper 1650 m altitude. Finally the majority of saxicolous lichens were found on vertical exposed rocks, in humid conditions, at altitudes from 1550 up to 1750 m. The lichen flora of the survey area is characterized by the high incidence of boreal-montane and temperate-oceanic element in epiphytic lichens and temperate-continental element in saxicolous and terricolous lichens.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: Stuttgart publisher: Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung
Keywords: Epiphytic; Lichen diversity; Saxicolous; Terricolous (voyant)

Linear Aliphatic Dimeric Esters from Cork Suberin - Graça, José; Santos, Sara (Biomacromolecules, 2006)
Cork suberin was partially depolymerized by methanolysis catalyzed by calcium hydroxide. Analysis by GC-MS of the methanolysate showed suberin monomers, including glycerol and long-chain α,?-diacids and ?-hydroxyacids. ESI-MS analysis of the methanolysate showed, besides the aliphatic monomers, suberin oligomers, including linear dimeric esters of α,?-diacids and ?-hydroxyacids. Two types of dimeric esters were identified:? a α,?-diacid linked to a ?-hydroxyacid and two inter-linked ?-hydroxyacids. The α,?-diacids and ?-hydroxyacids found as monomer residues in the dimeric esters were mainly the C18 monomers with midchain substituents. The identification of these dimeric esters was based in their CID-MS/MS spectra and confirmed after synthesis of model compounds. The occurrence of inter-esterified long-chain monomers in suberin brings a new insight in the understanding of the polyester structure of this biopolymer.
From Duplicate 1 (Linear Aliphatic Dimeric Esters from Cork Suberin - Graça, José; Santos, Sara)
Keywords: cork suberin; dimeric esters; Dimerization; Electrospray Ionization; Electrospray Ionization: metho; Esters; Esters: chemistry; GC-MS (voyant); Lipids; Mass; Membrane Lipids; Membrane Lipids: chemistry; Molecular Structure; Sensitivity and Specificity; Spectrometry; Trees; Trees: chemistry

Litter production in a Quercus suber forest of Montseny (NE Spain) and its relationship to meteorological conditions - Caritat, Antònia; García-Berthou, Emili; Lapeña, Roger; Vilar, Lluís (Ann. For. Sci., 2006)
From 1996 to 2002 the monthly litterfall in a Quercus suber forest ecosystem of Montseny (NE Spain) was recorded and its relationship to meteorological variables was statistically analysed. The average annual production (477 g m-2 yr-1) was similar to those found in other Mediterranean evergreen forests with relatively high rainfall. The main components were the leaves (55% of the total biomass), followed by acorns (22%) and twigs (16%). Litter production was highest during May and June, when the majority of the old leaves fell. When the meteorological conditions were favourable, a second leaf fall collection was observed. Acorn production in 2001 was about nine times that of the previous years, indicating a mast year. In general, the different litterfall components were highly correlated in time except for the acorns. Interannual covariation was significant for leaves/twigs and leaves/catkins. Catkins were the most variable component with also strong seasonality, acorns were also very variable with low seasonality, while leaves were less variable and with the strongest seasonality. After accounting for seasonal covariation, there were significant effects of rainfall on twig litterfall and of temperature on leaf litterfall, the years with highest leaf litterfall being the hottest.
Keywords: coark oak; iberian peninsula; litterfall; Mediterranean climate; Weather

Litter production in a Quercus suber forest of Montseny (NE Spain) and its relationship to meteorological conditions - Caritat, Antònia; García-Berthou, Emili; Lapeña, Roger; Vilar, Lluís (Ann. For. Sci., 2006)
From 1996 to 2002 the monthly litterfall in a Quercus suber forest ecosystem of Montseny (NE Spain) was recorded and its relationship to meteorological variables was statistically analysed. The average annual production (477 g m-2 yr-1) was similar to those found in other Mediterranean evergreen forests with relatively high rainfall. The main components were the leaves (55% of the total biomass), followed by acorns (22%) and twigs (16%). Litter production was highest during May and June, when the majority of the old leaves fell. When the meteorological conditions were favourable, a second leaf fall collection was observed. Acorn production in 2001 was about nine times that of the previous years, indicating a mast year. In general, the different litterfall components were highly correlated in time except for the acorns. Interannual covariation was significant for leaves/twigs and leaves/catkins. Catkins were the most variable component with also strong seasonality, acorns were also very variable with low seasonality, while leaves were less variable and with the strongest seasonality. After accounting for seasonal covariation, there were significant effects of rainfall on twig litterfall and of temperature on leaf litterfall, the years with highest leaf litterfall being the hottest.
Keywords: coark oak; iberian peninsula; litterfall; Mediterranean climate; Weather

Long-time variations in leaf mass and area of Mediterranean evergreen broad-leaf and narrow-leaf maquis species - Gratani, L; Varone, L (Photosynthetica, 2006)
Morphological (dry mass, DM; surface area, LA; leaf mass per area, LMA), anatomical (leaf thickness, L), phenological (leaf life span, LL), and physiological (net photosynthetic rate, PN) leaf traits of the evergreen species co-occurring in the Mediterranean maquis developing at Castelporziano (Rome) were tested. The correlation analysis indicated that LMA variation was tightly associated with LL variations: Cistus incanus and Arbutus unedo had a short LL (4±1, summer leaves, and 11±1 months, respectively) and low LMA (153±19 g m –2 ) values, Quercus ilex, Phillyrea latifolia, and Pistacia lentiscus high LMA (204±7 g m –2 ) and long LL (22±3 months), Erica arborea, Erica multiflora, and Rosmarinus officinalis a short LL (9±2 months) and an either high (213±29 g m –2 , R. officinalis and E. multiflora) or low (115±17 g m –2 , E. arborea) LMA. LMA values were significantly (p≤0.05) correlated with PN (r≥0.68). In the tested species, LMA increased in response to the decrease of the total rainfall during the leaf expansion period. LMA variation was due to the unequal variation of DM and LA in the considered species. LMA is thus a good indicator of evergreen maquis species capability to respond to climate change, in particular to total rainfall decrease in the Mediterranean basin.
Keywords: dry mass; Erica; leaf life span; Leaf mass per area; Phillyrea; Pistacia; Quercus; RAINFALL; Rosmarinus.

Mediterranean sheep and goats production: An uncertain future - de Rancourt, M; Fois, N; Lavín, M P; Tchakérian, E; Vallerand, F (Small Ruminant Research, 2006)
European sheep and goat production, in the Mediterranean areas represent important economic, environmental and sociological issues. Our article aims at comparing the situation of the main small ruminant systems in South European regions (Spain, France, Italy and Greece), and their possible future evolution. On the average, the income of milk systems tends to be higher than meat systems thanks to a good market price. Moreover, the dependence on subsidies is greater in meat systems and in extensive systems. However, milk systems seem more sensitive to the market situation for example, Italian products in the USA and products from Greece with respect to certain foreign companies. Sheep and goat production, being frequently the only possible enterprises in less favoured areas, are often fundamental to maintaining social activities and to keep the vegetation out of danger from fire. However, in Greece and Spain some intensive systems are becoming established in the more fertile plain areas. The roads to success are rather uncertain considering the new CAP reform as nearly all these systems seem to be dependent on the important European subsidies. Nevertheless, we have identified different ways to progress according to systems and regions. Such an uncertain future could be easier to forecast if those involved in the sheep and goat sectors worked more collectively in Europe.
Keywords: EUROPE; Goat; mediterranean countries; production; Sheep

Mediterranean sheep and goats production: An uncertain future - de Rancourt, M.; Fois, N.; Lavín, M. P.; Tchakérian, E.; Vallerand, F. (Small Ruminant Research, 2006)
European sheep and goat production, in the Mediterranean areas represent important economic, environmental and sociological issues. Our article aims at comparing the situation of the main small ruminant systems in South European regions (Spain, France, Italy and Greece), and their possible future evolution. On the average, the income of milk systems tends to be higher than meat systems thanks to a good market price. Moreover, the dependence on subsidies is greater in meat systems and in extensive systems. However, milk systems seem more sensitive to the market situation for example, Italian products in the USA and products from Greece with respect to certain foreign companies. Sheep and goat production, being frequently the only possible enterprises in less favoured areas, are often fundamental to maintaining social activities and to keep the vegetation out of danger from fire. However, in Greece and Spain some intensive systems are becoming established in the more fertile plain areas. The roads to success are rather uncertain considering the new CAP reform as nearly all these systems seem to be dependent on the important European subsidies. Nevertheless, we have identified different ways to progress according to systems and regions. Such an uncertain future could be easier to forecast if those involved in the sheep and goat sectors worked more collectively in Europe.
Keywords: EUROPE; Goat; mediterranean countries; production; Sheep

MIGRATION : AN IRREVERSIBLE IMPACT OF LAND DEGRADATION IN TURKEY - Kapur, S; Akça, E; Kapur, B; Öztürk, A (Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue, 2006)
The total arable land in Turkey is 28.054.000 ha. However, the prime soils cover only 17.5% of the total land surface and the productivity of the remaining soils is mainly limited by topography, depleted organic matter and high clay contents. The long standing deforestation, unsuitable tillage and irrigation management have induced the rate of erosion since historical periods. The majority of the country’s soil (76.5%) are prone to erosion risk due to the dominant steep slopes (>6%), and 72% of the soils are more or less affected from water and wind erosion (CCD-Turkey, 2003). Soil sealing and extraction of raw material together with overuse of fertilizers and irrigation have led to the improper use of traditional environmental friendly agroscape (agroecosystem), thus constantly degrading the soils of the country. Secondary salinity builds up in the primary saline zones as well as the fertile alluvial planes of Turkey, which are actually the gene zones of many crops particularly cereals, legumes and halophytes, pointing out to the reality that irrigation management plans should not only be based on the concept of conventional cash crop production but also for the crop present on the indigenous agroescapes. This necessitates the incorporation of the halophyte production in the central Anatolian steppes and the olive/carod/vine production in the semi-arid Mediterranean karstic region together with the south east Anatolians calcrete agroscapes. This paradigm is sustainable land use management aims to increase the welfare of the urban people and decrease the threat of excess water use in fragile steppe, karstic and calcrete topographies, which are also the carbon pools of the world. Hence, the concept of agroscapes based on landuse assessment should primarily be considered in the development of sustainable land management strategies particularly with the incorporation of indigenous environmental friendly technical knowledge to combat land degradation and desertification. The high population increase in the urban regions and conversely the decrease in the rural, cause the intensive use of arable land around the former inducing desertification. According to the census of 2000, 40%of the country’s population live in rural area (23.797.653 out of the total 67.803.927) with an average of 1.21 ha/man arable land, mostly allocated for cereal production (country average ~2000Kg/ha.). This is equivalent to a low net income rate, which results to migration from the rural areas to urban, particularly from the east of the country to the west. The Government Statistics Institute (2003)date reveals that from 1990 to 2000, the urban population increased by 30%, ie from 33.656.275 to 44.006.274, whereas the rural increased at much lower rate (4.3%). This data reveals the pressure of both natural and human induced factors on soils and land urgently in need of sustainable land management policies along the legislations, since, the rate of quality loss of land and soil, ie desertification in the coming decades will ultimately be the common jeopardy in the country.
Keywords: Land degradation; land management; Migration (voyant); Soil sealing; Turkey

Morphological response and growth of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings at different shade levels - Cardillo, E; Bernal, C J (Forest Ecology and Management, 2006)
In spite of the importance of shade tolerance in silviculture, some species such as cork oak (Quercus suber L.) have not been well characterized. This work aims to describe the response of cork oak seedlings to a light gradient in their ﬁrst growing period. The seedlings were grown under different mesh ﬁlters and were watered to full ﬁeld capacity of the soil. The response to different light levels was studied in terms of morphology and growth, measuring heights, diameters, photosynthetic apparatus dimensions and shoot and root biomass. There were three plant extractions in April, June and October. The greatest morphological plasticity was noticed in the size of the leaves, which changed from 1.8 cm 2 under full sunlight to 5.8 cm 2 in maximum shade. The cork oak seedlings endured light levels of 20% at relative growth rates (RGR) similar to those under full sunlight. However, light intensities under 50% produced a smaller accumulation of root biomass. Plants under 5% of light showed clear symptoms of etiolation and their net assimilation rate was practically zero. These results will prove useful in silviculture, for instance, when determining the grade of protection in cork oak reforestations, as well as when deciding the system and period of regeneration and when regulating the liberation cuts of parent trees in stands of cork oak.
Keywords: Cork oak; growth analysis; Quercus suber; shading; tolerance

Morphological response and growth of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings at different shade levels - Cardillo, E.; Bernal, C. J. (Forest Ecology and Management, 2006)
In spite of the importance of shade tolerance in silviculture, some species such as cork oak (Quercus suber L.) have not been well characterized. This work aims to describe the response of cork oak seedlings to a light gradient in their ﬁrst growing period. The seedlings were grown under different mesh ﬁlters and were watered to full ﬁeld capacity of the soil. The response to different light levels was studied in terms of morphology and growth, measuring heights, diameters, photosynthetic apparatus dimensions and shoot and root biomass. There were three plant extractions in April, June and October. The greatest morphological plasticity was noticed in the size of the leaves, which changed from 1.8 cm 2 under full sunlight to 5.8 cm 2 in maximum shade. The cork oak seedlings endured light levels of 20% at relative growth rates (RGR) similar to those under full sunlight. However, light intensities under 50% produced a smaller accumulation of root biomass. Plants under 5% of light showed clear symptoms of etiolation and their net assimilation rate was practically zero. These results will prove useful in silviculture, for instance, when determining the grade of protection in cork oak reforestations, as well as when deciding the system and period of regeneration and when regulating the liberation cuts of parent trees in stands of cork oak.
Keywords: Cork oak; growth analysis; Quercus suber; shading; tolerance

O geo-processamento da informação e seu tratamento estatístico no âmbito do projecto Montado - Pereira, Miguel (Jornadas técnicas sobre a gestão ambiental e económica do ecossistema Montado / Dehesa, 2006)
O Montado é um sistema agro-silvo-pastoril que constitui simultaneamente um ecossistema natural de grande diversidade e uma fonte de recursos e riqueza para o homem. A sua compreensão requer cada vez mais uma abordagem mutidisciplinar capaz de abarcar todas as dimensões deste complexo ecossistema. A informação geográfica é cada vez mais um utensílio indispensável para a planificação e gestão do território. A correcta estruturação dos dados representa um desafio crescente nomeadamente no domínio do conhecimento georreferenciado. A combinação de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) com ferramentas estatísticas adequadas permite tratar e visualizar grandes quantidades de informação, filtrando-a e simplificando-a para a sua posterior utilização; posteriormente, a aquisição de informação, o seu processamento e tratamento estatístico permite gerar nova informação, crucial para a boa gestão do Montado. A metodologia desenvolvida para o Montado demonstrou ser eficaz para obter uma classificação do Alentejo baseada em 6 grupos de variáveis (climatologia, usos de solo, tipo de floresta, economia, gado e litologia), permitindo a estratificação da escolha das herdades e garantindo assim que estas fossem representativas dos diferentes tipos de Montado existentes no Alentejo. A ferramenta de tratamento e visualização de dados (SIG e estatística) permite por sua vez extrapolar os dados recolhidos nas herdades para toda a região Alentejana.
Keywords: classificação; gestão (PG); montado; SIG

O geo-processamento da informação e seu tratamento estatístico no âmbito do projecto Montado - Pereira, Miguel (Jornadas técnicas sobre a gestão ambiental e económica do ecossistema Montado / Dehesa, 2006)
O Montado é um sistema agro-silvo-pastoril que constitui simultaneamente um ecossistema natural de grande diversidade e uma fonte de recursos e riqueza para o homem. A sua compreensão requer cada vez mais uma abordagem mutidisciplinar capaz de abarcar todas as dimensões deste complexo ecossistema. A informação geográfica é cada vez mais um utensílio indispensável para a planificação e gestão do território. A correcta estruturação dos dados representa um desafio crescente nomeadamente no domínio do conhecimento georreferenciado. A combinação de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG) com ferramentas estatísticas adequadas permite tratar e visualizar grandes quantidades de informação, filtrando-a e simplificando-a para a sua posterior utilização; posteriormente, a aquisição de informação, o seu processamento e tratamento estatístico permite gerar nova informação, crucial para a boa gestão do Montado. A metodologia desenvolvida para o Montado demonstrou ser eficaz para obter uma classificação do Alentejo baseada em 6 grupos de variáveis (climatologia, usos de solo, tipo de floresta, economia, gado e litologia), permitindo a estratificação da escolha das herdades e garantindo assim que estas fossem representativas dos diferentes tipos de Montado existentes no Alentejo. A ferramenta de tratamento e visualização de dados (SIG e estatística) permite por sua vez extrapolar os dados recolhidos nas herdades para toda a região Alentejana.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Jornadas técnicas sobre a gestão ambiental e económica do ecossistema Montado / Dehesa
Keywords: classificação; gestão (PG); montado; SIG

PART . VI Desertification Indicators and Forecasting Techniques ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS AND INDICATORS OF DESERTIFICATION - Kosmas, C; Tsara, M; Moustakas, N; Kosma, D; Yassoglou, N (Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue, 2006)
Desertification is the consequence of a series of important processes in the Mediterranean environments, especially in semi-arid and arid regions, where water is the main limiting factor of land use performance on ecosystems. Among the most important processes of desertification are soil erosion and salinization particularly affecting hilly areas and lowlands, respectively. Various methodologies have been developed in identifying and mapping environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) to desertification. Studies have shown that the various types of ESAs have different behavior on crop production, plant growth, grazing capacity, and soil erosion rates. For example, olive oil and cereal production decreased as the type of ESA changes from non-threatened to critical areas. Soil erosion measures have shown that soil erosion rates increased as the sensitivity of land to desertification increased. Loss in land productivity greatly affects farmer’s income and measures applied for protecting the land from further degradation and desertification. The necessity of elaborating indicators is one of the priorities identified by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The use of indicators can generally simplify complex processes and provide appropriate tools for combating desertification. Indicators can be classified to those related a) to the physical environment (soil, vegetation, climate), b) to the land management (tillage operations, irrigation practices, animal density grazing the land, forest fire protection, erosion measures, etc), and c) to the socio-economic characteristics (farmer age, family size, farm size, subsidies, farmer income, etc). Indicators can be better used for defining land desertification risk if they are classified according to the land use type. For example important indicators for defining desertification risk for vineyards are related to land management as well as to land characteristics such as tillage operations, tillage direction, slope gradient, parent material, plant cover, etc. Studies, conducted in areas in which the main process of desertification was salinization, showed that important indicators for defining desertification risk were ground water depth, drainage, water quality, frequency of flooding, distance from the seashore, type of land use, rainfall, etc.
Keywords: desertification indicators; land management; land use type; soil erosion; water quality (voyant)

PART . VI Desertification Indicators and Forecasting Techniques ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS AND INDICATORS OF DESERTIFICATION - Kosmas, C.; Tsara, M.; Moustakas, N.; Kosma, D.; Yassoglou, N. (Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue, 2006)
Desertification is the consequence of a series of important processes in the Mediterranean environments, especially in semi-arid and arid regions, where water is the main limiting factor of land use performance on ecosystems. Among the most important processes of desertification are soil erosion and salinization particularly affecting hilly areas and lowlands, respectively. Various methodologies have been developed in identifying and mapping environmentally sensitive areas (ESAs) to desertification. Studies have shown that the various types of ESAs have different behavior on crop production, plant growth, grazing capacity, and soil erosion rates. For example, olive oil and cereal production decreased as the type of ESA changes from non-threatened to critical areas. Soil erosion measures have shown that soil erosion rates increased as the sensitivity of land to desertification increased. Loss in land productivity greatly affects farmer’s income and measures applied for protecting the land from further degradation and desertification. The necessity of elaborating indicators is one of the priorities identified by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The use of indicators can generally simplify complex processes and provide appropriate tools for combating desertification. Indicators can be classified to those related a) to the physical environment (soil, vegetation, climate), b) to the land management (tillage operations, irrigation practices, animal density grazing the land, forest fire protection, erosion measures, etc), and c) to the socio-economic characteristics (farmer age, family size, farm size, subsidies, farmer income, etc). Indicators can be better used for defining land desertification risk if they are classified according to the land use type. For example important indicators for defining desertification risk for vineyards are related to land management as well as to land characteristics such as tillage operations, tillage direction, slope gradient, parent material, plant cover, etc. Studies, conducted in areas in which the main process of desertification was salinization, showed that important indicators for defining desertification risk were ground water depth, drainage, water quality, frequency of flooding, distance from the seashore, type of land use, rainfall, etc.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue
Keywords: desertification indicators; land management; land use type; soil erosion; water quality (voyant)

Penicillium glabrum cork colonising isolates-preliminary analysis of their genomic similarity - Basílio, M. C.; Gaspar, R. (Revista iberoamericana Micologia, 2006)
The cork stopper manufacturing process includes an operation, known as stabilisation, by which humid cork slabs are extensively colonised by fungi. The effects of fungal growth on cork are not completely understood although they are considered to be involved in the so-called "cork taint" of wine. It is essential to (a) identify environmental constraints which define the appearance of the colonising fungal species and (b) trace their origin to the forest and/or the manufacturing space. The present article correlates two sets of data, from consecutive years and the same season, of systematic sampling of two manufacturing units, located in the North and South of Portugal.Chrysonilis sitophila dominance was confirmed, followed by a high diversity of Oenicillium species. Penicillium glabrum, which was found in all samples, was the most frequently isolated species. P. glabrum intra-species variability was investigated using DNA fingerprinting techniques revealing highly discriminative polymorphic markers in the genome. Cluster analysis of P. glabrum data was discussed in relation to the geographical location of strains, and results suggest that P. glabrum arise from predominantly the manufacturing space, although cork specific fungi can contribute.
Keywords: Cork; DNA fingerprinting; fungal genomic similarity; Penicillium glabrum

Penicillium glabrum cork colonising isolates-preliminary analysis of their genomic similarity - Basílio, M C; Gaspar, R (Revista iberoamericana Micologia, 2006)
The cork stopper manufacturing process includes an operation, known as stabilisation, by which humid cork slabs are extensively colonised by fungi. The effects of fungal growth on cork are not completely understood although they are considered to be involved in the so-called "cork taint" of wine. It is essential to (a) identify environmental constraints which define the appearance of the colonising fungal species and (b) trace their origin to the forest and/or the manufacturing space. The present article correlates two sets of data, from consecutive years and the same season, of systematic sampling of two manufacturing units, located in the North and South of Portugal.Chrysonilis sitophila dominance was confirmed, followed by a high diversity of Oenicillium species. Penicillium glabrum, which was found in all samples, was the most frequently isolated species. P. glabrum intra-species variability was investigated using DNA fingerprinting techniques revealing highly discriminative polymorphic markers in the genome. Cluster analysis of P. glabrum data was discussed in relation to the geographical location of strains, and results suggest that P. glabrum arise from predominantly the manufacturing space, although cork specific fungi can contribute.
Keywords: Cork; DNA fingerprinting; fungal genomic similarity; Penicillium glabrum

Performance di recenti imboschimenti con quercia da sughero in ex-coltivi - Dettori, S; Falqui, A; Filigheddu, M R; Sedda, L (iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, 2006)
Recently, significant forestry activities have taken place in Sardinia thanks to EU Regulation 2080/92 funds. Some 80% of the afforestated surface has been planted with holm oak and cork oak. The latter also characterizes 89% of the reforestation area. Given the funding source, plantations have been established on farmlands. Growth performances of these recent cork oak stands have been quantitatively evaluated and compared with the performances of two experimental plots. In Gallura (north-east of Sardinia), that is the traditional cork production area and still is economically the most important cork district of the island, these new cork oak plantations have an average size of 28 ha. They have been established on lands that, before plantation, were either pastures (30%) or arable lands (70%). Plantation failures are limited to 8.8% of the total (in term of mass) and seem independent of environmental factors or plantations species composition (conifers have been frequently used as secondary species). Average growth of the stem, measured above cork at collar height, is in the range 4 to 8mm/year with a mean value of 5.5mm/year. No correlation appears with either environmental conditions or species composition of the plantations. In the first experimental plot, soil management practices (natural vegetation removal vs its cutting and mulching) does not differentiate young plants growth trends. In the control subplots (no removal) stem collar diameter is 20% smaller. Localized manual hoeing around trunk base increased the diameters by 13% but reduced cork thickness by 21%. The second experimental plot allows comparisons among 27 Mediterranean proveniences of cork oak. The trial exhibits reduced genetic influence: diameters and heights growth are significantly different only among extreme groups. In conclusion, reduced growth performances of the plantations established in farmlands is due, to some extent, to the limitations inherent with private land management (constrained to costs minimization) and, on the other hand, to the generally very limited thickness of Gallura soils. Demand for good quality commercial cork is steadily raising. To sustain the request, in the short term, it would be necessary to extend financial support for plantations care, from 5 to 10 years, or even up to the first stripping (virgin cork).
Keywords: Afforestation; Cork oak; Growth; Performance; Reg EEC 2080/92; Sardinia

Performance di recenti imboschimenti con quercia da sughero in ex-coltivi - Dettori, S.; Falqui, A.; Filigheddu, M. R.; Sedda, L. (iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, 2006)
Recently, significant forestry activities have taken place in Sardinia thanks to EU Regulation 2080/92 funds. Some 80% of the afforestated surface has been planted with holm oak and cork oak. The latter also characterizes 89% of the reforestation area. Given the funding source, plantations have been established on farmlands. Growth performances of these recent cork oak stands have been quantitatively evaluated and compared with the performances of two experimental plots. In Gallura (north-east of Sardinia), that is the traditional cork production area and still is economically the most important cork district of the island, these new cork oak plantations have an average size of 28 ha. They have been established on lands that, before plantation, were either pastures (30%) or arable lands (70%). Plantation failures are limited to 8.8% of the total (in term of mass) and seem independent of environmental factors or plantations species composition (conifers have been frequently used as secondary species). Average growth of the stem, measured above cork at collar height, is in the range 4 to 8mm/year with a mean value of 5.5mm/year. No correlation appears with either environmental conditions or species composition of the plantations. In the first experimental plot, soil management practices (natural vegetation removal vs its cutting and mulching) does not differentiate young plants growth trends. In the control subplots (no removal) stem collar diameter is 20% smaller. Localized manual hoeing around trunk base increased the diameters by 13% but reduced cork thickness by 21%. The second experimental plot allows comparisons among 27 Mediterranean proveniences of cork oak. The trial exhibits reduced genetic influence: diameters and heights growth are significantly different only among extreme groups. In conclusion, reduced growth performances of the plantations established in farmlands is due, to some extent, to the limitations inherent with private land management (constrained to costs minimization) and, on the other hand, to the generally very limited thickness of Gallura soils. Demand for good quality commercial cork is steadily raising. To sustain the request, in the short term, it would be necessary to extend financial support for plantations care, from 5 to 10 years, or even up to the first stripping (virgin cork).
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: Dipartimento di Economia e Sistemi arborei Universit di Sassari, via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari. publisher: SISEF - Italian Society of Silviculture and Forest Ecology
Keywords: Afforestation; Cork oak; Growth; Performance; Reg EEC 2080/92; Sardinia

Photosynthesis, growth and structural characteristics of holm oak resprouts originated from plants grown under elevated CO2 - Aranda, Xavier; Agustí, Cristina; Joffre, Richard; Fleck, Isabel (Physiologia Plantarum, 2006)
The physiological characteristics of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) resprouts originated from plants grown under current CO2 concentration (350 μl l−1) (A-resprouts) were compared with those of resprouts originated from plants grown under elevated CO2 (750 μl l−1) (E-resprouts). At their respective CO2 growth concentration, no differences were observed in photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters between the two kinds of resprout. E-resprouts appeared earlier and showed lower stomatal conductance, higher water-use efficiency and increased growth (higher leaf, stem and root biomass and increased height). Analyses of leaf chemical composition showed the effect of elevated [CO2] on structural polysaccharide (higher cellulose content), but no accumulation of total non-structural carbohydrate on area or dry weight basis was seen. Four months after appearance, downregulation of photosynthesis and electron transport components was observed in E-resprouts: lower photosynthetic capacity, photosystem II quantum efficiency, photochemical quenching of fluorescence and relative electron transport rate. Reduction in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) activity, deduced from the maximum carboxylation velocity of RuBisCo, accounts for the observed acclimation. Increased susceptibility of photosynthetic apparatus to increasing irradiance was detected in E-resprouts.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: CO2; Elevated CO2; Fluorescence (voyant); Growth; photosynthesis; Resprouts

Photosynthesis, growth and structural characteristics of holm oak resprouts originated from plants grown under elevated CO2 - Aranda, Xavier; Agustí, Cristina; Joffre, Richard; Fleck, Isabel (Physiologia Plantarum, 2006)
The physiological characteristics of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) resprouts originated from plants grown under current CO2 concentration (350 μl l−1) (A-resprouts) were compared with those of resprouts originated from plants grown under elevated CO2 (750 μl l−1) (E-resprouts). At their respective CO2 growth concentration, no differences were observed in photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters between the two kinds of resprout. E-resprouts appeared earlier and showed lower stomatal conductance, higher water-use efficiency and increased growth (higher leaf, stem and root biomass and increased height). Analyses of leaf chemical composition showed the effect of elevated [CO2] on structural polysaccharide (higher cellulose content), but no accumulation of total non-structural carbohydrate on area or dry weight basis was seen. Four months after appearance, downregulation of photosynthesis and electron transport components was observed in E-resprouts: lower photosynthetic capacity, photosystem II quantum efficiency, photochemical quenching of fluorescence and relative electron transport rate. Reduction in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) activity, deduced from the maximum carboxylation velocity of RuBisCo, accounts for the observed acclimation. Increased susceptibility of photosynthetic apparatus to increasing irradiance was detected in E-resprouts.
Keywords: CO2; Elevated CO2; Fluorescence (voyant); Growth; photosynthesis; Resprouts

Phytophthora kernoviae and P. ramorum: host susceptibility and sporulation potential on foliage of susceptible trees1 - Denman, S.; Kirk, S.; Whybrow, A.; Orton, E.; Webber, J. F. (EPPO Bulletin, 2006)
Phytophthora kernoviae and P. ramorum are introduced, invasive pathogens in the UK. Both species are adapted for aerial dispersion and have a wide host range, many of which are common to both pathogens. The diseases they cause are foliar necrosis and shoot tip dieback on both tree and ornamental hosts, and bleeding cankers on tree hosts. Inoculum is produced on infected foliage but not on bleeding cankers in both cases. Proactive measures to prevent disease spread and to evaluate the risks posed by these pathogens are being undertaken. Amongst others, these include using the detached leaf assay to get an indication of tree foliage susceptibility, and inoculating wounded stems of saplings to get an idea of under-canopy sapling and nursery tree susceptibility. The sporulation potential on selected susceptible hosts was assessed, and finally, surveys which are still ongoing were carried out in south-west England. Results of this work are presented and discussed.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: host tree; Phytophthora kernoviae; Phytophthora ramorum; resistance; sporulation potential (voyant); susceptibility

Phytophthora kernoviae and P. ramorum: host susceptibility and sporulation potential on foliage of susceptible trees1 - Denman, S; Kirk, S; Whybrow, A; Orton, E; Webber, J F (EPPO Bulletin, 2006)
Phytophthora kernoviae and P. ramorum are introduced, invasive pathogens in the UK. Both species are adapted for aerial dispersion and have a wide host range, many of which are common to both pathogens. The diseases they cause are foliar necrosis and shoot tip dieback on both tree and ornamental hosts, and bleeding cankers on tree hosts. Inoculum is produced on infected foliage but not on bleeding cankers in both cases. Proactive measures to prevent disease spread and to evaluate the risks posed by these pathogens are being undertaken. Amongst others, these include using the detached leaf assay to get an indication of tree foliage susceptibility, and inoculating wounded stems of saplings to get an idea of under-canopy sapling and nursery tree susceptibility. The sporulation potential on selected susceptible hosts was assessed, and finally, surveys which are still ongoing were carried out in south-west England. Results of this work are presented and discussed.
Keywords: host tree; Phytophthora kernoviae; Phytophthora ramorum; resistance; sporulation potential (voyant); susceptibility

Plant metallothionein domains: functional insight into physiological metal binding and protein folding - Domenech, Jordi; Mir, Gisela; Huguet, Gemma; Capdevila, Merce; Molinas, Marisa; Atrian, Silvia (BIOCHIMIE, 2006)
Plant metallothioneins (MTs) differ from animal MTs by a peculiar sequence organization consisting of two short cysteine-rich terminal domains linked by a long cysteine-devoid spacer. The role of the plant NIT domains in the protein structure and functionality is largely unknown. Here, we investigate the separate domain contribution to the in vivo binding of Zn and Cu and to confer metal tolerance to CUP1-null yeast cells of a plant type 2 NIT (QsMT). For this purpose, we obtained three recombinant peptides that, respectively, correspond to the single N-terminal (N25) and C-terminal (C18) cysteine-rich domains of QsMT, and a chimera in which the spacer is replaced with a four-glycine bridge (N25-C18). The metal-peptide preparations recovered from Zn- or Cu-enriched cultures were characterized by ESI-MS, ICP-OES and CD and UV-vis spectroscopy and data compared to full length QsMT. Results are consistent with QsMT giving rise to homometallic Zn- or Cu-MT complexes according to a hairpin model in which the two Cys-rich domains interact to form a cluster. In this model the spacer region does not contribute to the metal coordination. However, our data from Zn-QsMT (but not from Cu-QsMT) support a fold of the spacer involving some interaction with the metal core. On the other hand, results from functional complementation assays in endogenous MT-defective yeast cells suggest that the spacer region may play a role in Cu-QsMT stability or subcellular localization. As a whole, our results provide the first insight into the structure/function relationship of plant MTs using the analysis of the separate domain abilities to bind physiological metals. (c) 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Cu-aggregates; metallothionein; MT dimers; Quercus suber; separate Cys-rich domains; spacer region; yeast complementation; Zn-aggregates

Plant metallothionein domains: functional insight into physiological metal binding and protein folding - Domenech, Jordi; Mir, Gisela; Huguet, Gemma; Capdevila, Merce; Molinas, Marisa; Atrian, Silvia (BIOCHIMIE, 2006)
Plant metallothioneins (MTs) differ from animal MTs by a peculiar sequence organization consisting of two short cysteine-rich terminal domains linked by a long cysteine-devoid spacer. The role of the plant NIT domains in the protein structure and functionality is largely unknown. Here, we investigate the separate domain contribution to the in vivo binding of Zn and Cu and to confer metal tolerance to CUP1-null yeast cells of a plant type 2 NIT (QsMT). For this purpose, we obtained three recombinant peptides that, respectively, correspond to the single N-terminal (N25) and C-terminal (C18) cysteine-rich domains of QsMT, and a chimera in which the spacer is replaced with a four-glycine bridge (N25-C18). The metal-peptide preparations recovered from Zn- or Cu-enriched cultures were characterized by ESI-MS, ICP-OES and CD and UV-vis spectroscopy and data compared to full length QsMT. Results are consistent with QsMT giving rise to homometallic Zn- or Cu-MT complexes according to a hairpin model in which the two Cys-rich domains interact to form a cluster. In this model the spacer region does not contribute to the metal coordination. However, our data from Zn-QsMT (but not from Cu-QsMT) support a fold of the spacer involving some interaction with the metal core. On the other hand, results from functional complementation assays in endogenous MT-defective yeast cells suggest that the spacer region may play a role in Cu-QsMT stability or subcellular localization. As a whole, our results provide the first insight into the structure/function relationship of plant MTs using the analysis of the separate domain abilities to bind physiological metals. (c) 2005 Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE publisher: ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER
Keywords: Cu-aggregates; metallothionein; MT dimers; Quercus suber; separate Cys-rich domains; spacer region; yeast complementation; Zn-aggregates

Pore size control in activated carbons obtained by pyrolysis under different conditions of chemically impregnated cork - Carrott, P. J. M.; Ribeiro Carrott, M. M. L.; Mourão, P. a M. (Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2006)
Activated carbons were prepared by the pyrolysis of cork impregnated with potassium and sodium hydroxides and carbonates as well as phosphoric acid and the effect of ﬁve experimental parameters, namely method of impregnation, impregnant concentration, mass ratio, precursor particle size and pyrolysis temperature, were studied. It is shown that cork is a versatile precursor and allows us to prepare a wide variety of materials with quite different pore structural characteristics by precise control of the impregnation and pyrolysis conditions. Even under relatively mild conditions, it was possible to produce cork based carbons with high pore volumes, in the range 0.5–0.7 cm 3 g 1 , and to simultaneously control the mean pore width over a three-fold range from a value as low as 0.7 nm up to a value as high as 2.2 nm. The best materials produced present pore structural characteristics which are signiﬁcantly different to the vast majority of commercial activated carbons. In particular, the possibility of obtaining such high pore volumes in essentially microporous materials, containing virtually no mesoporosity in most cases, is noteworthy. Furthermore, the fact that it was possible with some samples to combine high pore volume and very narrow micropore size is a particularly notable achievement.
Keywords: activated carbon; chemical activation; Cork; microporosity

Pore size control in activated carbons obtained by pyrolysis under different conditions of chemically impregnated cork - Carrott, P J M; Ribeiro Carrott, M M L; Mourão, P.a.M. (Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2006)
Activated carbons were prepared by the pyrolysis of cork impregnated with potassium and sodium hydroxides and carbonates as well as phosphoric acid and the effect of ﬁve experimental parameters, namely method of impregnation, impregnant concentration, mass ratio, precursor particle size and pyrolysis temperature, were studied. It is shown that cork is a versatile precursor and allows us to prepare a wide variety of materials with quite different pore structural characteristics by precise control of the impregnation and pyrolysis conditions. Even under relatively mild conditions, it was possible to produce cork based carbons with high pore volumes, in the range 0.5–0.7 cm 3 g 1 , and to simultaneously control the mean pore width over a three-fold range from a value as low as 0.7 nm up to a value as high as 2.2 nm. The best materials produced present pore structural characteristics which are signiﬁcantly different to the vast majority of commercial activated carbons. In particular, the possibility of obtaining such high pore volumes in essentially microporous materials, containing virtually no mesoporosity in most cases, is noteworthy. Furthermore, the fact that it was possible with some samples to combine high pore volume and very narrow micropore size is a particularly notable achievement.
Keywords: activated carbon; chemical activation; Cork; microporosity

THE POSEIDON PRAIRIE Desertification, Environmental Stress, and the Euro-Mediterranean Space - Liotta, P. H. (Desertification in the Mediterranean Region. A Security issue, 2006)
This chapter assesses the implications of desertification in the Euro-Mediterranean space. In doing so, assessments of environmental and human security aspects significant to this geographic space help broaden the geostrategic significance of the region. The chapter argues that there are crucial differences between threats and vulnerabilities, distinguishes between the two, and suggests relevant policy applications for Euro-Mediterranean states. Some of these vulnerability aspects, including desertification, present long-term challenges to stability and security. The analysis includes a review of theoretical models that have been proposed in research. Specifically, this review addresses what have been argued as ‘‘trigger mechanisms’’ that can unleash violent conflict, create socio-economic disparity, and induce long-term insecurity. In lieu of an overarching conclusion, a number of suggestions are included for both future research and possible policy solutions.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Desertification in the Mediterranean Region. A Security issue

Post-fire recovery of Mediterranean ground ant communities follows vegetation and dryness gradients - Arnan, Xavier; Rodrigo, Anselm; Retana, Javier (Journal of Biogeography, 2006)
Aim In the Mediterranean Basin, the main forest communities vary in their ability to recover after ﬁre. In this study we analyse the effects of ﬁre on ant communities occurring in various vegetation types distributed along a geographical gradient in the western Mediterranean region. Location The study was carried out in burned and unburned habitats of 22 sites corresponding to eight vegetation types distributed along a gradient of dryness throughout Catalonia (north-east Spain). Methods We placed ﬁve pairs of plots (one plot located in the burned area and the second one placed in the unburned margin) per site. We compared ant communities in these unburned and burned plot types 8 years after ﬁre using pitfall traps. Traps were set out in mid-May and mid-July. We analysed the structure and composition of ant communities in the burned and unburned areas of these vegetation types using anova tests, correspondence analysis (CA) and linear regression. Results The resilience of ant communities varies with vegetation type. Ant communities in forests with high resilience also recover rapidly after ﬁre, while those in forests that do not recover after ﬁre show the lowest resilience. Species richness does not depend on burning or vegetation type. The resilience of these Mediterranean ant communities to ﬁre is related to the environmental characteristics of the region where they live. Accordingly, differences between burned and unburned habitats are smaller for ant communities in areas with higher water deﬁcit in summer than for those in moister ones. Main conclusions The structure and composition of ant communities after ﬁre depends on the level of direct mortality caused by the ﬁre. It affects ant species differently, as determined by the habitats used for nesting and foraging. The reestablishment of vegetation cover depends on forest composition before the ﬁre. As vegetation cover determines resource and microhabitat availability and competitive relationships among species, forest composition before the ﬁre also affects post-ﬁre recovery of ant communities to the medium-term. Finally, ant communities living in drier areas recover more quickly after ﬁre than those living in moister ones. This pattern might be because in areas with higher water deﬁcit there are more species characteristic of open environments, which are habitats similar to those generated after ﬁre.
Keywords: Ants; diversity; dryness gradient; forest type; Mediterranean communities; post-ﬁre recovery; resilience; Species richness; ﬁre

Post-fire recovery of Mediterranean ground ant communities follows vegetation and dryness gradients - Arnan, Xavier; Rodrigo, Anselm; Retana, Javier (Journal of Biogeography, 2006)
Aim In the Mediterranean Basin, the main forest communities vary in their ability to recover after ﬁre. In this study we analyse the effects of ﬁre on ant communities occurring in various vegetation types distributed along a geographical gradient in the western Mediterranean region. Location The study was carried out in burned and unburned habitats of 22 sites corresponding to eight vegetation types distributed along a gradient of dryness throughout Catalonia (north-east Spain). Methods We placed ﬁve pairs of plots (one plot located in the burned area and the second one placed in the unburned margin) per site. We compared ant communities in these unburned and burned plot types 8 years after ﬁre using pitfall traps. Traps were set out in mid-May and mid-July. We analysed the structure and composition of ant communities in the burned and unburned areas of these vegetation types using anova tests, correspondence analysis (CA) and linear regression. Results The resilience of ant communities varies with vegetation type. Ant communities in forests with high resilience also recover rapidly after ﬁre, while those in forests that do not recover after ﬁre show the lowest resilience. Species richness does not depend on burning or vegetation type. The resilience of these Mediterranean ant communities to ﬁre is related to the environmental characteristics of the region where they live. Accordingly, differences between burned and unburned habitats are smaller for ant communities in areas with higher water deﬁcit in summer than for those in moister ones. Main conclusions The structure and composition of ant communities after ﬁre depends on the level of direct mortality caused by the ﬁre. It affects ant species differently, as determined by the habitats used for nesting and foraging. The reestablishment of vegetation cover depends on forest composition before the ﬁre. As vegetation cover determines resource and microhabitat availability and competitive relationships among species, forest composition before the ﬁre also affects post-ﬁre recovery of ant communities to the medium-term. Finally, ant communities living in drier areas recover more quickly after ﬁre than those living in moister ones. This pattern might be because in areas with higher water deﬁcit there are more species characteristic of open environments, which are habitats similar to those generated after ﬁre.
Keywords: Ants; diversity; dryness gradient; forest type; Mediterranean communities; post-ﬁre recovery; resilience; Species richness; ﬁre

Potential areas of evergreen forests in Castile and Leon (Spain) according to future climate change - Del Río, Sara; ngel Penas, Á (Phytocoenologia, 2006)
Areas that may potentially be occupied by evergreen forests represent approximately 47% of the total area of the Castile and Leon region. This type of vegetation includes holm-oak (Quercus rotundifolia) and white juniper (Juniperus thurifera) forests. Both of them belong to eight different vegetation series.Considering the observed trends in annual mean temperature and precipitation in Castile and Leon for a thirty-seven-year period (1961?1997), three different hypotheses are put forward in this work to account for climate variations over periods of 25, 50 and 75 years and thus determine the changes that might occur in the areas suited to occupation by evergreen forests.This study also emphasizes the relevance of bioclimatic models for anticipating possible changes in the potential natural vegetation of a territory because of the influence of these changes on land use, conservation and management.Overall, our data support the concept that a decrease in Quercus rotundifolia and Juniperus thurifera forests could occur in Castile and Leon in the near future if the temperature and precipitation trends observed during recent years would remain constant. The main trends indicate an increase in the temperature of winter and decreases in summer. As far as precipitation is concerned, there is an increase in summer and decreases in winter. We conclude that these types of forest may be replaced by deciduous formations.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: Stuttgart publisher: Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung
Keywords: bioclimatology; climactic dominion; climate change; evergreen forests

Potential areas of evergreen forests in Castile and Leon (Spain) according to future climate change - Del Río, Sara; ngel Penas, Á (Phytocoenologia, 2006)
Areas that may potentially be occupied by evergreen forests represent approximately 47% of the total area of the Castile and Leon region. This type of vegetation includes holm-oak (Quercus rotundifolia) and white juniper (Juniperus thurifera) forests. Both of them belong to eight different vegetation series.Considering the observed trends in annual mean temperature and precipitation in Castile and Leon for a thirty-seven-year period (1961?1997), three different hypotheses are put forward in this work to account for climate variations over periods of 25, 50 and 75 years and thus determine the changes that might occur in the areas suited to occupation by evergreen forests.This study also emphasizes the relevance of bioclimatic models for anticipating possible changes in the potential natural vegetation of a territory because of the influence of these changes on land use, conservation and management.Overall, our data support the concept that a decrease in Quercus rotundifolia and Juniperus thurifera forests could occur in Castile and Leon in the near future if the temperature and precipitation trends observed during recent years would remain constant. The main trends indicate an increase in the temperature of winter and decreases in summer. As far as precipitation is concerned, there is an increase in summer and decreases in winter. We conclude that these types of forest may be replaced by deciduous formations.
Keywords: bioclimatology; climactic dominion; climate change; evergreen forests

Potential host plants of Corythucha arcuata (Het., Tingidae) in Europe: a laboratory study - Bernardinelli, I. (Journal of Applied Entomology, 2006)
Abstract: The oak lace bug Corythucha arcuata (Say) (Het., Tingidae), native to North America, was found in Europe on Quercus robur L. and other oaks in the spring of 2000. The potential host plant range of this species in Europe and its development time were investigated in a laboratory study. An assay was performed on leaf cuts of different plant species. On the deciduous European oaks (Q. robur, Quercus pubescens Willd, Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl., Quercus cerris L.), as well as Rubus ulmifolius Schott. and Rubus idaeus L., most of the lace bugs (>50%) reached the adult stage; on Castanea sativa Mill., Rubus caesius L. and Rosa canina L., a reduced number of individuals (<25%) reached the adult stage. No nymphs survived on Quercus rubra L. (mentioned in literature as a host plant), on the evergreen oaks Quercus suber L. and Quercus ilex L., on Malus domestica Borkh. and four tested maple species. On plant species where the lace bug reached the adult stage, the development time varied from 13 to 27 days. On European deciduous oak species, the development time was longer on leaves taken in late summer (September) than on those of late spring (June); on the contrary, such differences were not observed on Rubus species, and Castanea sativa.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: development time; exotic pest; laboratory assay; northern Italy; oak; oak lace bug

Potential host plants of Corythucha arcuata (Het., Tingidae) in Europe: a laboratory study - Bernardinelli, I (Journal of Applied Entomology, 2006)
Abstract: The oak lace bug Corythucha arcuata (Say) (Het., Tingidae), native to North America, was found in Europe on Quercus robur L. and other oaks in the spring of 2000. The potential host plant range of this species in Europe and its development time were investigated in a laboratory study. An assay was performed on leaf cuts of different plant species. On the deciduous European oaks (Q. robur, Quercus pubescens Willd, Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl., Quercus cerris L.), as well as Rubus ulmifolius Schott. and Rubus idaeus L., most of the lace bugs (>50%) reached the adult stage; on Castanea sativa Mill., Rubus caesius L. and Rosa canina L., a reduced number of individuals (<25%) reached the adult stage. No nymphs survived on Quercus rubra L. (mentioned in literature as a host plant), on the evergreen oaks Quercus suber L. and Quercus ilex L., on Malus domestica Borkh. and four tested maple species. On plant species where the lace bug reached the adult stage, the development time varied from 13 to 27 days. On European deciduous oak species, the development time was longer on leaves taken in late summer (September) than on those of late spring (June); on the contrary, such differences were not observed on Rubus species, and Castanea sativa.
Keywords: development time; exotic pest; laboratory assay; northern Italy; oak; oak lace bug

Prediction of near-surface soil moisture at large scale by digital terrain modeling and neural networks. - Lavado Contador, J F; Maneta, M; Schnabel, S (Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2006)
The capability of Artificial Neural Network models to forecast near-surface soil moisture at fine spatial scale resolution has been tested for a 99.5 ha watershed located in SW Spain using several easy to achieve digital models of topographic and land cover variables as inputs and a series of soil moisture measurements as training data set. The study methods were designed in order to determining the potentials of the neural network model as a tool to gain insight into soil moisture distribution factors and also in order to optimize the data sampling scheme finding the optimum size of the training data set. Results suggest the efficiency of the methods in forecasting soil moisture, as a tool to assess the optimum number of field samples, and the importance of the variables selected in explaining the final map obtained.
Keywords: Biological; Dehesa; forecasting soil moisture; humidity; Models; Neural Networks (Computer); sampling; Soil; topographic variables

Process-based modelling of isoprenoid emissions from evergreen leaves of Quercus ilex (L.) - Grote, R; Mayrhofer, S; Fischbach, R J; Steinbrecher, R; Staudt, M; Schnitzler, J.-P. (Atmospheric Environment, 2006)
Monoterpenes play an important role in regulating the trace gas composition of the lower troposphere. Therefore, realistic estimates of the daily as well as seasonal variations of monoterpene emission source strength on the Earth surface are required. Monoterpenes are emitted by Holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) and other species lacking speciﬁc foliar terpene storage structures and their development is dependent on light and temperature. In the present work we describe a process-based emission model taking into account the physiological/phenological state of Holm oak leaves and biochemical processes leading to the formation of monoterpenes. The model ‘seasonal isoprenoid synthase model–biochemical isoprenoid biosynthesis model’ (SIM–BIM2) is developed based on a previous version which was used to simulate isoprene emissions from deciduous oaks. The current model considers additional enzymatic reactions in Holm oak chloroplasts that lead to the formation of monoterpenes. The comparison of simulated and measured biochemical properties as well as emission rates displayed that the ability of the model to dynamically adjust monoterpene biosynthesis capacity by modulating the amount of monoterpene synthase activities in dependence of the weather pattern led to realistic simulations of light-dependent monoterpene emission rates. Differences to simulation results obtained by a widely used alternative model [Guenther, A.B., Zimmerman, P.R., Harley, P.C., Monson, R.K., Fall, R., 1993. Isoprene and monoterpene emission rate variability—model evaluations and sensitivity analyses. Journal of Geophysical Research 98, 12609–12617] are discussed.
Keywords: model development; monoterpene emission rates; monoterpene synthases; Quercus ilex; Seasonality; sim-bim2

Quantifying components of risk for European woody species under climate change - OHLEMÜLLER, RALF; GRITTI, EMMANUEL S.; SYKES, MARTIN T.; THOMAS, CHRIS D. (Global Change Biology, 2006)
Estimates of species extinction risk under climate change are generally based on differences in present and future climatically suitable areas. However, the locations of potentially suitable future environments (affecting establishment success), and the degree of climatic suitability in already occupied and new locations (affecting population viability) may be equally important determinants of risk. A species considered to be at low risk because its future distribution is predicted to be large, may actually be at high risk if these areas are out of reach, given the species' dispersal and migration rates or if all future suitable locations are only marginally suitable and the species is unlikely to build viable populations in competition with other species. Using bioclimatic models of 17 representative European woody species, we expand on current ways of risk assessment and suggest additional measures based on (a) the distance between presently occupied areas and areas predicted to be climatically suitable in the future and (b) the degree of change in climatic suitability in presently occupied and unoccupied locations. Species of boreal and temperate deciduous forests are predicted to face higher risk from loss of climatically suitable area than species from warmer and drier parts of Europe by 2095 using both the moderate B1 and the severe A1FI emission scenario. However, the average distance from currently occupied locations to areas predicted suitable in the future is generally shorter for boreal species than for southern species. Areas currently occupied will become more suitable for boreal and temperate species than for Mediterranean species whereas new suitable areas outside a species' current range are expected to show greater increases in suitability for Mediterranean species than for boreal and temperate species. Such additional risk measures can be easily derived and should give a more comprehensive picture of the risk species are likely to face under climate change.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: dispersal; distance; distribution; distribution modelling; extinction risk; Forests; migration; range shifts

Quantifying components of risk for European woody species under climate change - OHLEMÜLLER, RALF; GRITTI, EMMANUEL S; Sykes, Martin T; THOMAS, CHRIS D (Global Change Biology, 2006)
Estimates of species extinction risk under climate change are generally based on differences in present and future climatically suitable areas. However, the locations of potentially suitable future environments (affecting establishment success), and the degree of climatic suitability in already occupied and new locations (affecting population viability) may be equally important determinants of risk. A species considered to be at low risk because its future distribution is predicted to be large, may actually be at high risk if these areas are out of reach, given the species' dispersal and migration rates or if all future suitable locations are only marginally suitable and the species is unlikely to build viable populations in competition with other species. Using bioclimatic models of 17 representative European woody species, we expand on current ways of risk assessment and suggest additional measures based on (a) the distance between presently occupied areas and areas predicted to be climatically suitable in the future and (b) the degree of change in climatic suitability in presently occupied and unoccupied locations. Species of boreal and temperate deciduous forests are predicted to face higher risk from loss of climatically suitable area than species from warmer and drier parts of Europe by 2095 using both the moderate B1 and the severe A1FI emission scenario. However, the average distance from currently occupied locations to areas predicted suitable in the future is generally shorter for boreal species than for southern species. Areas currently occupied will become more suitable for boreal and temperate species than for Mediterranean species whereas new suitable areas outside a species' current range are expected to show greater increases in suitability for Mediterranean species than for boreal and temperate species. Such additional risk measures can be easily derived and should give a more comprehensive picture of the risk species are likely to face under climate change.
Keywords: dispersal; distance; distribution; distribution modelling; extinction risk; Forests; migration; range shifts

Rainfall interception by an isolated evergreen oak tree in a Mediterranean savannah - David, T S; Gash, J H C; Valente, F; Pereira, J S; Ferreira, M I; David, J S (Hydrological Processes, 2006)
Redistribution of ground-level rainfall and interception loss by an isolated Quercus ilex tree were measured over 2 years in a Mediterranean oak savannah. Stemﬂow, meteorological variables and sap ﬂow were also monitored. Rainfall at ground level was measured by a set of rain-gauges located in a radial layout centred on the tree trunk and extending beyond the crown limits. Interception loss was computed as the difference between the volume of rainwater that would reach the ground in the absence of the tree and the volume of water that actually fell on the ground sampling area (stemﬂow included). This procedure provided correct interception loss estimates, irrespective of rainfall inclination. Results have shown a clear non-random spatial distribution of ground-level rainfall, with rainwater concentrations upwind beneath the crown and rain-shadows downwind. Interception loss amounted to 22% of gross rainfall, per unit of crown-projected area. Stand interception loss, per unit of ground area, was only 8% of gross rainfall and 28% of tree evapotranspiration. These values reﬂect the low crown cover fraction of the stand (0Ð39) and the speciﬁc features of the Mediterranean rainfall regime (predominantly with few large storms). Nevertheless, it still is an important component of the water balance of these Mediterranean ecosystems
Keywords: interception loss; Isolated trees; Quercus ilex; rainfall interception; rainfall redistribution

Rainfall interception by an isolated evergreen oak tree in a Mediterranean savannah - David, T. S.; Gash, J. H. C.; Valente, F.; Pereira, J. S.; Ferreira, M. I.; David, J. S. (Hydrological Processes, 2006)
Redistribution of ground-level rainfall and interception loss by an isolated Quercus ilex tree were measured over 2 years in a Mediterranean oak savannah. Stemﬂow, meteorological variables and sap ﬂow were also monitored. Rainfall at ground level was measured by a set of rain-gauges located in a radial layout centred on the tree trunk and extending beyond the crown limits. Interception loss was computed as the difference between the volume of rainwater that would reach the ground in the absence of the tree and the volume of water that actually fell on the ground sampling area (stemﬂow included). This procedure provided correct interception loss estimates, irrespective of rainfall inclination. Results have shown a clear non-random spatial distribution of ground-level rainfall, with rainwater concentrations upwind beneath the crown and rain-shadows downwind. Interception loss amounted to 22% of gross rainfall, per unit of crown-projected area. Stand interception loss, per unit of ground area, was only 8% of gross rainfall and 28% of tree evapotranspiration. These values reﬂect the low crown cover fraction of the stand (0Ð39) and the speciﬁc features of the Mediterranean rainfall regime (predominantly with few large storms). Nevertheless, it still is an important component of the water balance of these Mediterranean ecosystems
Keywords: interception loss; Isolated trees; Quercus ilex; rainfall interception; rainfall redistribution

Réponse des coléoptères saproxyliques à l’hétérogénéité des subéraies dans le massif des maures (France) - Brin, A. ; Brustel H. (Revue d'Ecologie la Terre et la Vie, 2006)
Saproxylic beetles’ response to cork-oak forests heterogeneity in the Massif des Maures (France). — Cork-oak stands are a major component of the “Massif des Maures” forests (France, Var). Depending on fi re frequency, soil conditions and human uses, these forests present different forms. Even if Mediterranean landscapes have been shaped for a long time by fi re, such recurrent perturbation may affect several functional groups of organisms associated with old forests, such as saproxylics insects. Our aims were (i) to investigate species richness and composition of saproxylic beetle assemblages in different cork-oak stands, (ii) to estimate between stand complementarity and (iii) identify indicator species of each habitat. Three different types of cork-oak stands common in the “Massif des Maures”, representing an increasing gradient of canopy closing and ecosystem maturing, were investigated : a senescent stand associated with mature maquis, an adult stand with high maquis and an open adult stand with low maquis. Beetles were sampled from April to August in 2003 and 2004 using baited window traps. Our results showed that : (i) the three studied cork-oak stands can be considered as three different habitats regarding saproxylic beetle assemblages, (ii) the closed cork-oak stands support the highest cumulative species richness, (iii) abundances of ecological groups show signifi cant between stands differences, (iv) each habitat supports remarkable species from a patrimonial point of view.
APSAPS
Keywords: Cork oak; France; saproxylic beetles

Réponse des coléoptères saproxyliques à l’hétérogénéité des subéraies dans le massif des maures (France) - Brin, A ; Brustel H (Revue d'Ecologie la Terre et la Vie, 2006)
Saproxylic beetles’ response to cork-oak forests heterogeneity in the Massif des Maures (France). — Cork-oak stands are a major component of the “Massif des Maures” forests (France, Var). Depending on fi re frequency, soil conditions and human uses, these forests present different forms. Even if Mediterranean landscapes have been shaped for a long time by fi re, such recurrent perturbation may affect several functional groups of organisms associated with old forests, such as saproxylics insects. Our aims were (i) to investigate species richness and composition of saproxylic beetle assemblages in different cork-oak stands, (ii) to estimate between stand complementarity and (iii) identify indicator species of each habitat. Three different types of cork-oak stands common in the “Massif des Maures”, representing an increasing gradient of canopy closing and ecosystem maturing, were investigated : a senescent stand associated with mature maquis, an adult stand with high maquis and an open adult stand with low maquis. Beetles were sampled from April to August in 2003 and 2004 using baited window traps. Our results showed that : (i) the three studied cork-oak stands can be considered as three different habitats regarding saproxylic beetle assemblages, (ii) the closed cork-oak stands support the highest cumulative species richness, (iii) abundances of ecological groups show signifi cant between stands differences, (iv) each habitat supports remarkable species from a patrimonial point of view.
APS
Keywords: Cork oak; France; saproxylic beetles

Restoration of burned areas in forest management plans - Alloza, J. A.; Vallejo, R. (Desertification in the Mediterranean Region. A …, 2006)
Wildland fire is a major disturbance promoting landscape changes and triggering desertification processes in the Northern Mediterranean basin. Addressing that issue in the long term requires both fire prevention and pot-fire restoration measures. Post-fire restoration should mitigate ecosystem degradation, and improve ecosystem regeneration rate and quality. The impact of wildfires is especially acute in the transition between semi-arid and dry subhumid climates, where dry vegetation fuels facilitate fire spread and water shortage limits post-fire regeneration. In addition, the occurrence of torrential rains produces a high risk of post-fire flash-floods, especially in autumn after summer fires. The major objectives of post-fire restoration are soil and water conservation and increasing ecosystem resistance and resilience in front of fire. Post-fire restoration strategies are defined according to the degradation stage of the ecosystems and the recovery capacity of vegetation. Plant cover regeneration rate highly influence post-fire soil erosion and flooding risk. The abundance of woody resprouters is recognized in eastern Spain as a critical factor to ensure an efficient recovery of plant cover after fire. Post-fire restoration planning is addressed taking into account vegetation fragility to wildfires, together with soil erosion risk and soil moisture availability (physical features). Vegetation fragility is defined both in relation to spontaneous regeneration capacity of plant cover and in relation to the ability of keystone woody species topersist after fire. A synthetic indicator to asses wildland protection and restoration priorities in relation to wildland fires is developed by combining vegetation fragility and physical layers in a GIS. William G. Kepner, Jose L. Rubio, David A. Mouat & Fausto Pedrazzini, eds. Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue, : 475 © 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands. 475–488.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Desertification in the Mediterranean Region. A …
Keywords: degradation (voyant); desertification; erosion; fire; FOREST; Mediterranean; Regeneration; Restoration; Soil

Restoration of burned areas in forest management plans - Alloza, J A; Vallejo, R (Desertification in the Mediterranean Region. A …, 2006)
Wildland fire is a major disturbance promoting landscape changes and triggering desertification processes in the Northern Mediterranean basin. Addressing that issue in the long term requires both fire prevention and pot-fire restoration measures. Post-fire restoration should mitigate ecosystem degradation, and improve ecosystem regeneration rate and quality. The impact of wildfires is especially acute in the transition between semi-arid and dry subhumid climates, where dry vegetation fuels facilitate fire spread and water shortage limits post-fire regeneration. In addition, the occurrence of torrential rains produces a high risk of post-fire flash-floods, especially in autumn after summer fires. The major objectives of post-fire restoration are soil and water conservation and increasing ecosystem resistance and resilience in front of fire. Post-fire restoration strategies are defined according to the degradation stage of the ecosystems and the recovery capacity of vegetation. Plant cover regeneration rate highly influence post-fire soil erosion and flooding risk. The abundance of woody resprouters is recognized in eastern Spain as a critical factor to ensure an efficient recovery of plant cover after fire. Post-fire restoration planning is addressed taking into account vegetation fragility to wildfires, together with soil erosion risk and soil moisture availability (physical features). Vegetation fragility is defined both in relation to spontaneous regeneration capacity of plant cover and in relation to the ability of keystone woody species topersist after fire. A synthetic indicator to asses wildland protection and restoration priorities in relation to wildland fires is developed by combining vegetation fragility and physical layers in a GIS. William G. Kepner, Jose L. Rubio, David A. Mouat & Fausto Pedrazzini, eds. Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue, : 475 © 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands. 475–488.
Keywords: degradation (voyant); desertification; erosion; fire; FOREST; Mediterranean; Regeneration; Restoration; Soil

Rodent acorn selection in a Mediterranean oak landscape - Pons, Josep; Pausas, Juli G (Ecological Research, 2006)
Quercus suber, Quercus ilex and Quercus coccifera (Cork, Holm and Kermes oaks, respectively) are common evergreen oak species that coexist in the landscapes of the western part of the Mediterranean basin. Rodents are the main acorn predators and thus one of the main factors for understanding recruitment patterns in oaks. In this paper we analyse to what extent mice prefer acorns from one oak species over another in three oak species studied using acorn removal experiments and video tape recordings. Twenty labelled acorns from each of the three Quercus species (60 acorns) were placed in 40 cm·40 cm quadrats on each plot. Because selection might vary as a result of the vegetation context, we performed the trials in the ﬁve main vegetation types within the study area (four replicates in each vegetation type) in order to control for habitat inﬂuences on rodent acorn preferences (a total of 20 plots). The removal of 1,200 acorns occurred within 68 days. Mice removed 98.7% of the acorns. Q. ilex acorns were preferred over Q. suber and Q. coccifera in all vegetation types except in pine forest, where no acorn preferences were detected. Acorn removal rates diﬀered with vegetation type, correlating positively with shrub cover. The distance at which acorns were displaced by rodents (mean =4.6 m±5.1 SD) did not diﬀer between acorn species, but varied among vegetation types. Bigger acorns of Q. coccifera were selected only after Q. ilex and Q. suber acorns were depleted, while no size selection was detected for the latter two species. Thus, we conclude that rodents show preference for some oak acorns and that landscape context contributes signiﬁcantly to rodent activities and decisions.
Keywords: Apodemus sylvaticus; Quercus coccifera; Quercus ilex; Quercus suber; Removal rates; Retrieval distances; Size selection

Rodent acorn selection in a Mediterranean oak landscape - Pons, Josep; Pausas, Juli G. (Ecological Research, 2006)
Quercus suber, Quercus ilex and Quercus coccifera (Cork, Holm and Kermes oaks, respectively) are common evergreen oak species that coexist in the landscapes of the western part of the Mediterranean basin. Rodents are the main acorn predators and thus one of the main factors for understanding recruitment patterns in oaks. In this paper we analyse to what extent mice prefer acorns from one oak species over another in three oak species studied using acorn removal experiments and video tape recordings. Twenty labelled acorns from each of the three Quercus species (60 acorns) were placed in 40 cm·40 cm quadrats on each plot. Because selection might vary as a result of the vegetation context, we performed the trials in the ﬁve main vegetation types within the study area (four replicates in each vegetation type) in order to control for habitat inﬂuences on rodent acorn preferences (a total of 20 plots). The removal of 1,200 acorns occurred within 68 days. Mice removed 98.7% of the acorns. Q. ilex acorns were preferred over Q. suber and Q. coccifera in all vegetation types except in pine forest, where no acorn preferences were detected. Acorn removal rates diﬀered with vegetation type, correlating positively with shrub cover. The distance at which acorns were displaced by rodents (mean =4.6 m±5.1 SD) did not diﬀer between acorn species, but varied among vegetation types. Bigger acorns of Q. coccifera were selected only after Q. ilex and Q. suber acorns were depleted, while no size selection was detected for the latter two species. Thus, we conclude that rodents show preference for some oak acorns and that landscape context contributes signiﬁcantly to rodent activities and decisions.
Keywords: Apodemus sylvaticus; Quercus coccifera; Quercus ilex; Quercus suber; Removal rates; Retrieval distances; Size selection

Role of species diversity and secondary compound complementarity on diet selection of Mediterranean shrubs by goats. - Rogosic, Jozo; Estell, Richard E.; Skobic, Dragan; Martinovic, Anita; Maric, Stanislava (Journal of chemical ecology, 2006)
Goats foraging on Mediterranean shrubs containing secondary compounds (toxins) may consume a variety of shrubs that contain different phytotoxins, thereby increasing shrub intake and avoiding toxicosis. We conducted eight experiments to examine whether goats offered different mixtures of shrubs containing different phytotoxins (tannins and saponins) would consume more shrub biomass than goats offered one shrub a single phytotoxin (tannin or saponin). In the first three experiments, goats fed a mixture of three tannin-rich shrubs (Quercus ilex, Arbutus unedo, and Pistacia lentiscus) ate more foliage than goats offered only one shrub (23.2 vs. 10.7 g/kg BW; 25.2 vs. 13.4 g/kg BW, and 27.9 vs. 7.9 g/kg BW), regardless of tannin concentration in individual shrub species. Goats also consumed more foliage when offered the same three tannin-rich shrubs than when offered the saponin-rich shrub Hedera helix (25.4 vs. 8.0 g/kg BW). However, goats offered a mixture of the same three tannin-rich shrubs consumed less foliage than goats offered a mixture of two shrubs containing tannins and saponins: Quercus and Hedera (21.6 vs. 27.1 g/kg BW), Arbutus and Hedera (21.8 vs. 27.1 g/kg BW), and Pistacia and Hedera (19.7 vs. 22.0 g/kg BW). Comparison of intake of shrubs containing only tannins or saponins to intake of shrubs containing both tannins and saponins indicated that goats consumed more total biomass when fed with shrubs with both classes of compounds than with either tannins or saponins alone. Our results suggest that goats can increase intake of Mediterranean shrubs high in secondary compounds by selecting those with different classes of phytotoxins. Simultaneous ingestion of shrubs containing tannins and saponins may promote chemical interactions that inhibit toxic effects of these phytotoxins in the intestinal tract. In addition to complementary interactions between tannins and saponins, biological diversity within Mediterranean maquis vegetation also plays a positive role in increasing shrub intake by goats.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 16770718
Keywords: Biodiversity; Goats; Maquis; Mediterranean shrubs; Saponins; Secondary compounds; Tannins

Role of species diversity and secondary compound complementarity on diet selection of Mediterranean shrubs by goats. - Rogosic, Jozo; Estell, Richard E; Skobic, Dragan; Martinovic, Anita; Maric, Stanislava (Journal of chemical ecology, 2006)
Goats foraging on Mediterranean shrubs containing secondary compounds (toxins) may consume a variety of shrubs that contain different phytotoxins, thereby increasing shrub intake and avoiding toxicosis. We conducted eight experiments to examine whether goats offered different mixtures of shrubs containing different phytotoxins (tannins and saponins) would consume more shrub biomass than goats offered one shrub a single phytotoxin (tannin or saponin). In the first three experiments, goats fed a mixture of three tannin-rich shrubs (Quercus ilex, Arbutus unedo, and Pistacia lentiscus) ate more foliage than goats offered only one shrub (23.2 vs. 10.7 g/kg BW; 25.2 vs. 13.4 g/kg BW, and 27.9 vs. 7.9 g/kg BW), regardless of tannin concentration in individual shrub species. Goats also consumed more foliage when offered the same three tannin-rich shrubs than when offered the saponin-rich shrub Hedera helix (25.4 vs. 8.0 g/kg BW). However, goats offered a mixture of the same three tannin-rich shrubs consumed less foliage than goats offered a mixture of two shrubs containing tannins and saponins: Quercus and Hedera (21.6 vs. 27.1 g/kg BW), Arbutus and Hedera (21.8 vs. 27.1 g/kg BW), and Pistacia and Hedera (19.7 vs. 22.0 g/kg BW). Comparison of intake of shrubs containing only tannins or saponins to intake of shrubs containing both tannins and saponins indicated that goats consumed more total biomass when fed with shrubs with both classes of compounds than with either tannins or saponins alone. Our results suggest that goats can increase intake of Mediterranean shrubs high in secondary compounds by selecting those with different classes of phytotoxins. Simultaneous ingestion of shrubs containing tannins and saponins may promote chemical interactions that inhibit toxic effects of these phytotoxins in the intestinal tract. In addition to complementary interactions between tannins and saponins, biological diversity within Mediterranean maquis vegetation also plays a positive role in increasing shrub intake by goats.
Keywords: Biodiversity; Goats; Maquis; Mediterranean shrubs; Saponins; Secondary compounds; Tannins

Satiation of predispersal seed predators: the importance of considering both plant and seed levels - Bonal, Raul; Muñoz, Alberto; Díaz, Mario (Evolutionary Ecology, 2006)
Plants can reduce the ﬁtness costs of granivory by satiating seed predators. The most common satiation mechanism is the production of large crops, which ensures that a proportion of the seeds survive predation. Nevertheless, satiation of small granivores at the seed level may also exist. Larger seeds would satiate more efﬁciently, enhancing the probability of seed survival after having been attacked. However, a larger seed size could compromise the efﬁciency of satiation by means of large crops if there were a negative relationship between seed size and the number of seeds produced by an individual plant. We analyze both types of satiation in the interaction between the holm oak Quercus ilex and the chestnut weevil Curculio elephas. Both crop size and acorn size differed strongly in a sample of 32 trees. Larger crop sizes satiated weevils, and higher proportions of the seeds were not attacked as crop size increased. Larger seeds also satiated weevil larvae, as a larger acorn size increased the likelihood of embryo survival. Seedling size was strongly related to acorn size and was reduced by weevil attack, but seedlings coming from large weeviled acorns were still larger. The number and the size of the acorns produced by individual trees were negatively related. Larger proportions of the crop were infested in oaks producing less numerous crops of larger acorns. However, contrary to expectations, these trees did not satiate more effectively at the seed level either. Effective satiation by larger acorns was precluded by larger multi-infestation rates associated to smaller seed crops, in such a way that the proportion of attacked seeds that survived did not vary among trees with different acorn sizes. These results highlight the need of considering satiation by means of large crops and large seeds in studies of predispersal seed predation. Long-term monitoring on individual oaks will help to assess whether there is a trade-off between the number and the size of the acorns and, if it existed, how it could condition the ﬁtness consequences of both types of satiation
Keywords: Curculio; granivorous insects; Multi-infestation; Predispersal seed predation; Quercus; Satiation; Seed number; Seed size

Satiation of predispersal seed predators: the importance of considering both plant and seed levels - Bonal, Raul; Muñoz, Alberto; Díaz, Mario (Evolutionary Ecology, 2006)
Plants can reduce the ﬁtness costs of granivory by satiating seed predators. The most common satiation mechanism is the production of large crops, which ensures that a proportion of the seeds survive predation. Nevertheless, satiation of small granivores at the seed level may also exist. Larger seeds would satiate more efﬁciently, enhancing the probability of seed survival after having been attacked. However, a larger seed size could compromise the efﬁciency of satiation by means of large crops if there were a negative relationship between seed size and the number of seeds produced by an individual plant. We analyze both types of satiation in the interaction between the holm oak Quercus ilex and the chestnut weevil Curculio elephas. Both crop size and acorn size differed strongly in a sample of 32 trees. Larger crop sizes satiated weevils, and higher proportions of the seeds were not attacked as crop size increased. Larger seeds also satiated weevil larvae, as a larger acorn size increased the likelihood of embryo survival. Seedling size was strongly related to acorn size and was reduced by weevil attack, but seedlings coming from large weeviled acorns were still larger. The number and the size of the acorns produced by individual trees were negatively related. Larger proportions of the crop were infested in oaks producing less numerous crops of larger acorns. However, contrary to expectations, these trees did not satiate more effectively at the seed level either. Effective satiation by larger acorns was precluded by larger multi-infestation rates associated to smaller seed crops, in such a way that the proportion of attacked seeds that survived did not vary among trees with different acorn sizes. These results highlight the need of considering satiation by means of large crops and large seeds in studies of predispersal seed predation. Long-term monitoring on individual oaks will help to assess whether there is a trade-off between the number and the size of the acorns and, if it existed, how it could condition the ﬁtness consequences of both types of satiation
Keywords: Curculio; granivorous insects; Multi-infestation; Predispersal seed predation; Quercus; Satiation; Seed number; Seed size

Seasonal Variations in Soil and Plant Water Status in a Quercus suber L. Stand: Roots as Determinants of Tree Productivity and Survival in the Mediterranean-type Ecosystem - Otieno, D O; Kurz-Besson, C; Liu, J; Schmidt, M W T; Do, R Vale-Lobo; David, T S; Siegwolf, R; Pereira, J S; Tenhunen, J D (Plant and Soil, 2006)
Studies were conducted to examine changes in soil (Ys) and plant water status during summer in a 16-year old Quercus suber plantation in southern Portugal. Continuous measurements were conducted between May 2003 and August 2004, while discontinuous measurements were conducted on a monthly basis between May and September 2003 and repeated between March and September 2004. Intensive measurements were conducted on ﬁve trees with mean height and DBH of 5.3 m and 11.6 cm, respectively, growing at close proximity to each other. Weather conditions and soil water potential (Ys) at the rhizosphere of each of the trees measured at 0.3 and 1 m soil depth were continuously monitored. Predawn (Ypd) and midday (Ymd) leaf water potentials were determined every month. Soil and plant samples were also collected in June and September from diﬀerent locations within the study site for d 18 O isotope composition analysis. Pressure–volume (p–v) curves were constructed from plant shoots at diﬀerent times during the vegetative period to determine osmotic potential at full saturation (P 100 ), water potential at turgor loss point (Ytlp), relative water content at turgor loss point (R*tlp) and bulk modulus of elasticity (e). Signiﬁcant P < 0.05 decline in Ys occurred between May and September, the lowest value recorded being –2.0 MPa. Decline in soil moisture aﬀected tree water status, but decline in leaf water potential varied signiﬁcantly (P < 0.05) among the trees. At the end of summer drought, lowest Ypd measured was –1.7 MPa while the highest measured during this time was –0.8 MPa. Diﬀerences among trees were attributed to diﬀerences in rooting depth, as shown by regression analysis of 18 O isotopes. Radial stem growth ceased when Ys within the upper 0.3 m depth approached –1.5 MPa. The upper soil layers contributed approximately 33% of the total tree water requirement, between spring and mid summer when drought was experienced by trees. Deep soil layers however, supplied most of the water required during drought and no growth was recorded during this time. Stressed trees increased solute concentration of their tissues by a Magnitude of 0.7 MPa while bulk tissue elastic modulus increased by about 17 MPa. The study emphasizes the signiﬁcance of roots as determinants of tree productivity and survival in the Mediterranean ecosystems.
Keywords: Drought stress; leaf water potential; osmotic adjustment; oxygen isotope; root distribution

Seasonal Variations in Soil and Plant Water Status in a Quercus suber L. Stand: Roots as Determinants of Tree Productivity and Survival in the Mediterranean-type Ecosystem - Otieno, D. O.; Kurz-Besson, C.; Liu, J.; Schmidt, M. W. T.; Do, R. Vale-Lobo; David, T. S.; Siegwolf, R.; Pereira, J. S.; Tenhunen, J. D. (Plant and Soil, 2006)
Studies were conducted to examine changes in soil (Ys) and plant water status during summer in a 16-year old Quercus suber plantation in southern Portugal. Continuous measurements were conducted between May 2003 and August 2004, while discontinuous measurements were conducted on a monthly basis between May and September 2003 and repeated between March and September 2004. Intensive measurements were conducted on ﬁve trees with mean height and DBH of 5.3 m and 11.6 cm, respectively, growing at close proximity to each other. Weather conditions and soil water potential (Ys) at the rhizosphere of each of the trees measured at 0.3 and 1 m soil depth were continuously monitored. Predawn (Ypd) and midday (Ymd) leaf water potentials were determined every month. Soil and plant samples were also collected in June and September from diﬀerent locations within the study site for d 18 O isotope composition analysis. Pressure–volume (p–v) curves were constructed from plant shoots at diﬀerent times during the vegetative period to determine osmotic potential at full saturation (P 100 ), water potential at turgor loss point (Ytlp), relative water content at turgor loss point (R*tlp) and bulk modulus of elasticity (e). Signiﬁcant P < 0.05 decline in Ys occurred between May and September, the lowest value recorded being –2.0 MPa. Decline in soil moisture aﬀected tree water status, but decline in leaf water potential varied signiﬁcantly (P < 0.05) among the trees. At the end of summer drought, lowest Ypd measured was –1.7 MPa while the highest measured during this time was –0.8 MPa. Diﬀerences among trees were attributed to diﬀerences in rooting depth, as shown by regression analysis of 18 O isotopes. Radial stem growth ceased when Ys within the upper 0.3 m depth approached –1.5 MPa. The upper soil layers contributed approximately 33% of the total tree water requirement, between spring and mid summer when drought was experienced by trees. Deep soil layers however, supplied most of the water required during drought and no growth was recorded during this time. Stressed trees increased solute concentration of their tissues by a Magnitude of 0.7 MPa while bulk tissue elastic modulus increased by about 17 MPa. The study emphasizes the signiﬁcance of roots as determinants of tree productivity and survival in the Mediterranean ecosystems.
Keywords: Drought stress; leaf water potential; osmotic adjustment; oxygen isotope; root distribution

Seed germination of Quercus robur, q. pyrenaica and q. ilex and the effects of smoke, heat, ash and charcoal - Reyes, Otilia; Casal, Mercedes (Ann. For. Sci., 2006)
This study is centred on Quercus robur, Q. pyrenaica and Q. ilex that have a distribution area covering all Europe. Fire is a frequent ecological factor in many ecosystems, especially in those with Mediterranean climates. Our working hypothesis is that fire affects the germination process. An experiment was carried out testing the following treatments: Control, Smoke-5 min, Smoke-10min, Smoke-15 min, 60 ºC-5 min, 60 °C-15 min, 90 ºC-5 min, 110 ºC-5 min, 150 ºC-5 min, Ash, Ash Dilution and Charcoal. The seed incubation was spread over a year. The germination rates of the Control are very high, especially in Q. ilex. Almost none of the treatments inhibit germination and only the Q. ilex seeds, when subjected to 150 ºC-5 min, show a marked inhibition. Q. robur and Q. pyrenaica take a year to complete their germination, while Q. ilex only takes 22 weeks. Probably, this reproductive behaviour is related to the climate characteristics to which the species have become adapted. Finally, fire does not determine the germination process, the recruitment of new individuals being independent of fire.
Keywords: fire; germination; Quercus; reproductive strategies; Seeds

Seed germination of Quercus robur, q. pyrenaica and q. ilex and the effects of smoke, heat, ash and charcoal - Reyes, Otilia; Casal, Mercedes (Ann. For. Sci., 2006)
This study is centred on Quercus robur, Q. pyrenaica and Q. ilex that have a distribution area covering all Europe. Fire is a frequent ecological factor in many ecosystems, especially in those with Mediterranean climates. Our working hypothesis is that fire affects the germination process. An experiment was carried out testing the following treatments: Control, Smoke-5 min, Smoke-10min, Smoke-15 min, 60 ºC-5 min, 60 °C-15 min, 90 ºC-5 min, 110 ºC-5 min, 150 ºC-5 min, Ash, Ash Dilution and Charcoal. The seed incubation was spread over a year. The germination rates of the Control are very high, especially in Q. ilex. Almost none of the treatments inhibit germination and only the Q. ilex seeds, when subjected to 150 ºC-5 min, show a marked inhibition. Q. robur and Q. pyrenaica take a year to complete their germination, while Q. ilex only takes 22 weeks. Probably, this reproductive behaviour is related to the climate characteristics to which the species have become adapted. Finally, fire does not determine the germination process, the recruitment of new individuals being independent of fire.
Keywords: fire; germination; Quercus; reproductive strategies; Seeds

Sensitivity of water and carbon fluxes to climate changes from 1960 to 2100 in European forest ecosystems - Davi, H; Dufrêne, E; Francois, C; Le Maire, G; Loustau, D; Bosc, A; Rambal, S; GRANIER, a; Moors, E (Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2006)
The effects of climate changes on carbon and water ﬂuxes are quantiﬁed using a physiologically multi-layer, process-based model containing a carbon allocation model and coupled with a soil model (CASTANEA). The model is ﬁrst evaluated on four EUROFLUX sites using eddy covariance data, which provide estimates of carbon and water ﬂuxes at the ecosystem scale. It correctly reproduces the diurnal ﬂuxes and the seasonal pattern. Thereafter simulations were conducted on six French forest ecosystems representative of three climatic areas (oceanic, continental and Mediterranean areas) dominated by deciduous species (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur), coniferous species (Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris) or sclerophyllous evergreen species (Quercus ilex). The model is driven by the results of a meteorological model (ARPEGE) following the B2 scenario of IPCC. From 1960 to 2100, the average temperature increases by 3.1 8C (30%) and the rainfall during summer decreases by 68 mm (27%). For all the sites, between the two periods, the simulations predict on average a gross primary production (GPP) increase of 513 g(C) m 2 (+38%). This increase is relatively steep until 2020, followed by a slowing down of the GPP rise due to an increase of the effect of water stress. Contrary to GPP, the ecosystem respiration (Reco ) raises at a constant rate (350 g(C) m 2 i.e. 31% from 1960 to 2100). The dynamics of the net ecosystem productivity (GPP minus Reco ) is the consequence of the effect on both GPP and Reco and differs per site. The ecosystems always remain carbon sinks; however the sink strength globally decreases for coniferous (8%), increases for sclerophyllous evergreen (+34%) and strongly increases for deciduous forest (+67%) that largely beneﬁts by the lengthening of the foliated period. The separately quantiﬁed effects of the main variables (temperature, length of foliated season, CO2 fertilization, drought effect), show that the magnitude of these effects depends on the species and the climatic zone
Keywords: canopy scale; carbon sink; climate change; forest ecosystems; Phenology

Sensitivity of water and carbon fluxes to climate changes from 1960 to 2100 in European forest ecosystems - Davi, H.; Dufrêne, E.; François, C.; Le Maire, G.; Loustau, D.; Bosc, A.; Rambal, S.; Granier, A.; Moors, E. (Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 2006)
The effects of climate changes on carbon and water ﬂuxes are quantiﬁed using a physiologically multi-layer, process-based model containing a carbon allocation model and coupled with a soil model (CASTANEA). The model is ﬁrst evaluated on four EUROFLUX sites using eddy covariance data, which provide estimates of carbon and water ﬂuxes at the ecosystem scale. It correctly reproduces the diurnal ﬂuxes and the seasonal pattern. Thereafter simulations were conducted on six French forest ecosystems representative of three climatic areas (oceanic, continental and Mediterranean areas) dominated by deciduous species (Fagus sylvatica, Quercus robur), coniferous species (Pinus pinaster, Pinus sylvestris) or sclerophyllous evergreen species (Quercus ilex). The model is driven by the results of a meteorological model (ARPEGE) following the B2 scenario of IPCC. From 1960 to 2100, the average temperature increases by 3.1 8C (30%) and the rainfall during summer decreases by 68 mm (27%). For all the sites, between the two periods, the simulations predict on average a gross primary production (GPP) increase of 513 g(C) m 2 (+38%). This increase is relatively steep until 2020, followed by a slowing down of the GPP rise due to an increase of the effect of water stress. Contrary to GPP, the ecosystem respiration (Reco ) raises at a constant rate (350 g(C) m 2 i.e. 31% from 1960 to 2100). The dynamics of the net ecosystem productivity (GPP minus Reco ) is the consequence of the effect on both GPP and Reco and differs per site. The ecosystems always remain carbon sinks; however the sink strength globally decreases for coniferous (8%), increases for sclerophyllous evergreen (+34%) and strongly increases for deciduous forest (+67%) that largely beneﬁts by the lengthening of the foliated period. The separately quantiﬁed effects of the main variables (temperature, length of foliated season, CO2 fertilization, drought effect), show that the magnitude of these effects depends on the species and the climatic zone
Keywords: canopy scale; carbon sink; climate change; forest ecosystems; Phenology

Series de deflactores corcheros desde 1900 - Blanco, S. Zapata (2006)
The aim of this work is to elaborate series of deflators, for whole twentieth century, of three representative products in the cork business: raw cork, corkwood in planks and stoppers of natural cork. Given that prices of these products are not available, the data bases for reconstruction are, on one hand, unitary values of production and exports from Portugal and Spain and, on the other hand, unitary ones of United Kingdom’s imports. By using these values, selected after different tests of coherence and credibility, Laspeyres, Paasche and Fisher’s indexes and a “synthetic cork deflator” are calculated. Then, a preliminary analysis about the unitary values as a proxy to the prices during the second half of twentieth century is realized. At last, the main figures which have been employed to the building of the deflators are shown in a statistical appendix.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: secondary-title: Asociación Española de Historia Económica periodical: Asociación Española de Historia Económica
Keywords: Cork; Deflators; Portugal; Spain; Twentieth century

Series de deflactores corcheros desde 1900 - Blanco, S Zapata (Asociación Española de Historia Económica, 2006)
The aim of this work is to elaborate series of deflators, for whole twentieth century, of three representative products in the cork business: raw cork, corkwood in planks and stoppers of natural cork. Given that prices of these products are not available, the data bases for reconstruction are, on one hand, unitary values of production and exports from Portugal and Spain and, on the other hand, unitary ones of United Kingdom’s imports. By using these values, selected after different tests of coherence and credibility, Laspeyres, Paasche and Fisher’s indexes and a “synthetic cork deflator” are calculated. Then, a preliminary analysis about the unitary values as a proxy to the prices during the second half of twentieth century is realized. At last, the main figures which have been employed to the building of the deflators are shown in a statistical appendix.
Keywords: Cork; Deflators; Portugal; Spain; Twentieth century

Silvoarable Systems in Europe – Past, Present and Future Prospects - Eichhorn, M. P.; Paris, P.; Herzog, F.; Incoll, L. D.; Liagre, F.; Mantzanas, K.; Mayus, M.; Moreno, G.; PAPANASTASIS, V. P.; Pilbeam, D. J.; Pisanelli, A.; Dupraz, C. (Agroforestry Systems, 2006)
Mixed systems of agriculture incorporating combinations of trees and crops have formed key elements of the landscape of Europe throughout historical times, and many such systems continue to function in the present day. In many cases they represent formerly widespread traditional systems in decline and a number have already become extinct or exist only in a threatened state. The causes are both practical and economic. The agricultural subsidy regime within the European Union is presently unfavourable towards silvoarable practices, which has been a major factor in their recent decline. The silvoarable systems of Europe can be split into two classes according to location – northern Europe and the Mediterranean. The latter contains not only a greater area of silvoarable cultivation, but also a greater diversity of systems due to the broader range of commercial tree and crop species grown. In general, the systems of northern Europe are limited by light, whilst those of the Mediterranean are limited by the availability of water. Mixed systems of agriculture present an opportunity for future European rural development and have the potential to contribute towards the increased sustainability of agriculture and enhancement of biodiversity, whilst preserving landscapes that are both culturally important and aesthetically pleasing. A better understanding of the legacy of traditional silvoarable systems, combined with the formulation of a consistent deﬁnition and speciﬁc European policy towards them will be invaluable in ensuring that the beneﬁts of mixed agriculture are fully exploited in the future.
Keywords: Dehesa; hauberg; intercropping; orchards; pre-vergers; Streuobst; Timber

Silvoarable Systems in Europe – Past, Present and Future Prospects - Eichhorn, M P; Paris, P; Herzog, F; Incoll, L D; Liagre, F; Mantzanas, K; Mayus, M; Moreno, G; PAPANASTASIS, V P; Pilbeam, D J; Pisanelli, A; Dupraz, C (Agroforestry Systems, 2006)
Mixed systems of agriculture incorporating combinations of trees and crops have formed key elements of the landscape of Europe throughout historical times, and many such systems continue to function in the present day. In many cases they represent formerly widespread traditional systems in decline and a number have already become extinct or exist only in a threatened state. The causes are both practical and economic. The agricultural subsidy regime within the European Union is presently unfavourable towards silvoarable practices, which has been a major factor in their recent decline. The silvoarable systems of Europe can be split into two classes according to location – northern Europe and the Mediterranean. The latter contains not only a greater area of silvoarable cultivation, but also a greater diversity of systems due to the broader range of commercial tree and crop species grown. In general, the systems of northern Europe are limited by light, whilst those of the Mediterranean are limited by the availability of water. Mixed systems of agriculture present an opportunity for future European rural development and have the potential to contribute towards the increased sustainability of agriculture and enhancement of biodiversity, whilst preserving landscapes that are both culturally important and aesthetically pleasing. A better understanding of the legacy of traditional silvoarable systems, combined with the formulation of a consistent deﬁnition and speciﬁc European policy towards them will be invaluable in ensuring that the beneﬁts of mixed agriculture are fully exploited in the future.
Keywords: Dehesa; hauberg; intercropping; orchards; pre-vergers; Streuobst; Timber

Soda-anthraquinone, kraft and organosolv pulping of holm oak trimmings. - Alaejos, J; Lopez, F; Eugenio, M E; TAPIAS, R (Bioresource technology, 2006)
The operating conditions for an organosolv (ethyleneglycol) and two alkaline (soda-anthraquinone and kraft) processes for obtaining cellulose pulp and paper from holm oak (Quercus ilex) wood trimmings were optimized. A range of variation for each process variable (viz. temperature, cooking time and soda or ethyleneglycol concentration) was established and a central composite experimental design involving three independent variables at three different variation levels was applied. The results obtained with the three cooking processes used were compared and those provided by the kraft process were found to be the best. Thus, the tensile index values it provided (5.9-16.3 N m/g) were 23.7% and 41.5% better than those obtained with the soda-AQ and ethyleneglycol processes, respectively. Also, the kraft process provided the best burst index, brightness and kappa number values. Based on the optimum working ranges, the temperature and cooking time were the variables resulting in the most and least marked changes, respectively, in pulp properties.
Keywords: Ethyleneglycol; Forestry residues; Holm oak trimmings; Paper; Quercus

Soda-anthraquinone, kraft and organosolv pulping of holm oak trimmings. - Alaejos, J.; López, F.; Eugenio, M. E.; Tapias, R. (Bioresource technology, 2006)
The operating conditions for an organosolv (ethyleneglycol) and two alkaline (soda-anthraquinone and kraft) processes for obtaining cellulose pulp and paper from holm oak (Quercus ilex) wood trimmings were optimized. A range of variation for each process variable (viz. temperature, cooking time and soda or ethyleneglycol concentration) was established and a central composite experimental design involving three independent variables at three different variation levels was applied. The results obtained with the three cooking processes used were compared and those provided by the kraft process were found to be the best. Thus, the tensile index values it provided (5.9-16.3 N m/g) were 23.7% and 41.5% better than those obtained with the soda-AQ and ethyleneglycol processes, respectively. Also, the kraft process provided the best burst index, brightness and kappa number values. Based on the optimum working ranges, the temperature and cooking time were the variables resulting in the most and least marked changes, respectively, in pulp properties.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 16269242
Keywords: Ethyleneglycol; Forestry residues; Holm oak trimmings; Paper; Quercus

Soil nutrient status and forage yield at varying distances from trees in four dehesas in Extremadura, Spain - Obrador, J J; Moreno, G (Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Land Management: Proceedings of an International Congress on Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Management Held in Lugo Spain, in April 2004, 2006)
The aim of this study was to understand the effect of holm-oak (Quercus ilex) on the soilnutrient concentration and its consequence on the yield of understory forage (Avena sativa) in four dehesas of CW-Spain. The soils of the dehesas varied in soil fertility (chromic Luvisols and Achrisols, and eutric Leptosols). Forage dry-matter yields were determined from 1-m2 sample plots at distances ranging from 2 to 20 m from the tree (9 trees per farm and year). Soil samples (0-30 cm depth) were also collected from the same sampling locations, and were analysed for pH, Electrical Conductivity, organic C, CEC, total-N, available N and base cations. Soil analysis results showed that the most of the values increased in the vicinity of the tree: organic C, total-N, CEC and exchangeable Ca2+ and K+. Differences in forage yield were mainly explained by fertilization dosage, light availability (estimated from Montero and Moreno, 2004) and soil CEC. In more fertile soils, forage production was negatively effected by the presence of the trees, as a consequence of light reduction (Competence), while in more oligotrophic soils, forage production was positively affetced by trees (Facilitation).
Keywords: competence; Dehesa; Facilitation; forage yield; soil nutrient heterogeneity

Soil nutrient status and forage yield at varying distances from trees in four dehesas in Extremadura, Spain - Obrador, J. J.; Moreno, G. (Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Land Management: Proceedings of an International Congress on Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Management Held in Lugo Spain, in April 2004, 2006)
The aim of this study was to understand the effect of holm-oak (Quercus ilex) on the soilnutrient concentration and its consequence on the yield of understory forage (Avena sativa) in four dehesas of CW-Spain. The soils of the dehesas varied in soil fertility (chromic Luvisols and Achrisols, and eutric Leptosols). Forage dry-matter yields were determined from 1-m2 sample plots at distances ranging from 2 to 20 m from the tree (9 trees per farm and year). Soil samples (0-30 cm depth) were also collected from the same sampling locations, and were analysed for pH, Electrical Conductivity, organic C, CEC, total-N, available N and base cations. Soil analysis results showed that the most of the values increased in the vicinity of the tree: organic C, total-N, CEC and exchangeable Ca2+ and K+. Differences in forage yield were mainly explained by fertilization dosage, light availability (estimated from Montero and Moreno, 2004) and soil CEC. In more fertile soils, forage production was negatively effected by the presence of the trees, as a consequence of light reduction (Competence), while in more oligotrophic soils, forage production was positively affetced by trees (Facilitation).
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Land Management: Proceedings of an International Congress on Silvopastoralism and Sustainable Management Held in Lugo Spain, in April 2004
Keywords: competence; Dehesa; Facilitation; forage yield; soil nutrient heterogeneity

Spatial variation in anthropic and natural factors regulating the breeding success of the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) in the SW Iberian Peninsula - Morán-lópez, R.; Sánchez, J. M.; Costillo, E.; Corbacho, C.; Villegas, A. (Biological Conservation, 2006)
The management of the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) populations, the largest bird of the Western Palæarctic and considered an umbrella species, requires the understanding of the factors limiting the breeding success. As part of a management program, we studied such factors in seven breeding colonies in Extremadura (SW Iberian Peninsula). Using a Geographic Information System and multivariate models, we analyzed the relationship of breeding success with anthropic and natural factors at the nest site and in the foraging area of the adults. We incorporated into the models density-dependent effects between pairs and the spatial autocorrelation of the environmental variables. The differences in breeding success resulted from spatial variations in natural and anthropic conditions, with present human disturbance to nests and future alteration of climate having an expected negative effect at all the sites. Management measures must set calendar restrictions for the immediate environment of the nests, mainly with respect to forestry and hunting activities. A second key element is the protection of the habitats at the nest sites and in their surrounding area, with the aim of there being both wooded areas available for the location of the nest and open environments for the availability of food. The Special Protection Areas showed a partial effectiveness of conservation measures for the species, and the need for future improvement. Lastly, in a scenario of global warming, management policies with respect to nesting habitats will have to be extended to higher altitude zones, actions that should be guided by the study of the selection of potential nesting habitat.
Keywords: Global climate change; Habitat and livestock management; Human disturbance; non-natural breeding failure; Transport infrastructure

Spatial variation in anthropic and natural factors regulating the breeding success of the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) in the SW Iberian Peninsula - Morán-lópez, R; Sánchez, J M; Costillo, E; Corbacho, C; Villegas, A (Biological Conservation, 2006)
The management of the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) populations, the largest bird of the Western Palæarctic and considered an umbrella species, requires the understanding of the factors limiting the breeding success. As part of a management program, we studied such factors in seven breeding colonies in Extremadura (SW Iberian Peninsula). Using a Geographic Information System and multivariate models, we analyzed the relationship of breeding success with anthropic and natural factors at the nest site and in the foraging area of the adults. We incorporated into the models density-dependent effects between pairs and the spatial autocorrelation of the environmental variables. The differences in breeding success resulted from spatial variations in natural and anthropic conditions, with present human disturbance to nests and future alteration of climate having an expected negative effect at all the sites. Management measures must set calendar restrictions for the immediate environment of the nests, mainly with respect to forestry and hunting activities. A second key element is the protection of the habitats at the nest sites and in their surrounding area, with the aim of there being both wooded areas available for the location of the nest and open environments for the availability of food. The Special Protection Areas showed a partial effectiveness of conservation measures for the species, and the need for future improvement. Lastly, in a scenario of global warming, management policies with respect to nesting habitats will have to be extended to higher altitude zones, actions that should be guided by the study of the selection of potential nesting habitat.
Keywords: Global climate change; Habitat and livestock management; Human disturbance; non-natural breeding failure; Transport infrastructure

Study of some characteristic Mediterranean vegetation species best suited for renaturalization of terminal-phase municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in Puglia (Southern Italy) - De Mei, Massimiliano; Di Mauro, Mariaida (Acta Oecologica, 2006)
Natural recovery of worked-out or closed municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills is a current topic, but knowledge about the adaptability of Mediterranean vegetation species to such stressful conditions is still quite poor. Autochthonous plants were selected to withstand the stresses such as hot climate and drought typical of Mediterranean areas; this characteristic potentially allows the plants an easier, efficient adaptation. Our aim was to provide information in order to obtain an adequate quality of environmental renewal of a landfill and a reduced management cost while ensuring rehabilitation to an acceptable naturalistic state. The investigation lasted 3 years; some Mediterranean scrub native plant species were selected and monitored in their morphological (total and relative height, basal diameter, number of inter-nodes) and physiological (photosynthetic rate and water potential) activity. In order to test dependence on CO2 concentration, different meteorological parameters were also monitored. Ceratonia siliqua, Phillyrea latifolia, Olea europaea and Quercus ilex showed considerable adaptability, reacting positively to every improvement in environmental conditions, particularly those of a meteorological nature. Survival and growth was satisfactory in Hedysarum coronarium, Medicago sativa, Lotus corniculatus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Myrtus communis and Viburnum tinus. Fraxinus ornus and Acer campestre suffered stress during the summer dry period and recovered quickly when atmospheric conditions improved. A drop irrigation system to ensure a satisfactory soil moisture during summer dry periods was the fundamental element for survival
Keywords: Biogas; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide concentration; climate; Gramineae; herbaceous; Landfills; Leguminosae; photosynthesis; Plant morphology; Precipitation; Scrub arboreal species; Soil; Temperature; water potential

Study of some characteristic Mediterranean vegetation species best suited for renaturalization of terminal-phase municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills in Puglia (Southern Italy) - De Mei, Massimiliano; Di Mauro, Mariaida (Acta Oecologica, 2006)
Natural recovery of worked-out or closed municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills is a current topic, but knowledge about the adaptability of Mediterranean vegetation species to such stressful conditions is still quite poor. Autochthonous plants were selected to withstand the stresses such as hot climate and drought typical of Mediterranean areas; this characteristic potentially allows the plants an easier, efficient adaptation. Our aim was to provide information in order to obtain an adequate quality of environmental renewal of a landfill and a reduced management cost while ensuring rehabilitation to an acceptable naturalistic state. The investigation lasted 3 years; some Mediterranean scrub native plant species were selected and monitored in their morphological (total and relative height, basal diameter, number of inter-nodes) and physiological (photosynthetic rate and water potential) activity. In order to test dependence on CO2 concentration, different meteorological parameters were also monitored. Ceratonia siliqua, Phillyrea latifolia, Olea europaea and Quercus ilex showed considerable adaptability, reacting positively to every improvement in environmental conditions, particularly those of a meteorological nature. Survival and growth was satisfactory in Hedysarum coronarium, Medicago sativa, Lotus corniculatus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Myrtus communis and Viburnum tinus. Fraxinus ornus and Acer campestre suffered stress during the summer dry period and recovered quickly when atmospheric conditions improved. A drop irrigation system to ensure a satisfactory soil moisture during summer dry periods was the fundamental element for survival
Keywords: Biogas; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide concentration; climate; Gramineae; herbaceous; Landfills; Leguminosae; photosynthesis; Plant morphology; Precipitation; Scrub arboreal species; Soil; Temperature; water potential

Suberin: A promising renewable resource for novel macromolecular materials - Gandini, Alessandro; Pascoal Neto, Carlos; Silvestre, Armando J. D. (Progress in Polymer Science, 2006)
Suberin, an aliphatic-aromatic cross-linked natural polymer present in the outer tissues of numerous vegetable species, is discussed in terms of (i) its occurrence, particularly where it dominates the bark composition of some trees, (ii) its macromolecular structure and positioning within the cell wall, (iii) its controlled chemical splicing (depolymerization through ester cleavage), (iv) the qualitative and quantitative composition of the ensuing monomeric fragments, and (v) the exploitation of this mixture of monomers in macromolecular science, both as a possible functional additive and as a source of novel materials. The presence of terminal carboxylic and hydroxy groups and of side hydroxy and epoxy moieties on the long chains of suberin ‘‘monomers’’ makes them particularly suited as building blocks for polymers with original architectures and interesting properties
Keywords: Cork; dicarboxylic acids; hydroxyacids; long-chain aliphatic compounds; polyurethanes; suberin

Suberin: A promising renewable resource for novel macromolecular materials - Gandini, Alessandro; Pascoal Neto, Carlos; Silvestre, Armando J D (Progress in Polymer Science, 2006)
Suberin, an aliphatic-aromatic cross-linked natural polymer present in the outer tissues of numerous vegetable species, is discussed in terms of (i) its occurrence, particularly where it dominates the bark composition of some trees, (ii) its macromolecular structure and positioning within the cell wall, (iii) its controlled chemical splicing (depolymerization through ester cleavage), (iv) the qualitative and quantitative composition of the ensuing monomeric fragments, and (v) the exploitation of this mixture of monomers in macromolecular science, both as a possible functional additive and as a source of novel materials. The presence of terminal carboxylic and hydroxy groups and of side hydroxy and epoxy moieties on the long chains of suberin ‘‘monomers’’ makes them particularly suited as building blocks for polymers with original architectures and interesting properties
Keywords: Cork; dicarboxylic acids; hydroxyacids; long-chain aliphatic compounds; polyurethanes; suberin

A survey of helminth infection in Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) in relation to their foraging behaviour in a Mediterranean environment in southwest Portugal - Rosalino, Luís Miguel; Torres, Jordi; Santos-Reis, Margarida (European Journal of Wildlife Research, 2006)
This study provides the first data on the helminth fauna of the Eurasian badger in the southwestern edge of its range (Grândola Mountain, Portugal) and interprets the results in relation to badger diet and feeding behaviour. By examination of 163 badger faecal samples, faecal developmental stages (eliminative forms) of four helminth species and one genus were identified: one cestode (Atriotaenia incisa) and four nematodes (Mastophorus muris, Molineus patens, Uncinaria criniformis and Strongyloides sp.). The overall prevalence of parasites was 62%, with limited seasonal variation. Single parasite excretions were dominant and Strongyloides sp. excretion was the most common. Diet assessment based on 450 faecal samples revealed that badgers consumed mainly insects and fruits. No correlation was detected between helminth prevalence and diet. Apparently, diet (mainly insects) and feeding behaviour (fossorial), together with the species’ social behaviour (anal scent marking of group members), facilitate the infection with helminths. The helminth fauna of Eurasian badgers in Grândola Mountain has isolationist characteristics, apparently indicating low host colonisation.
Keywords: cork oak woodlands; diet; endoparasites; helminths; meles meles; Portugal

The use of compost in afforestation of Mediterranean areas: Effects on soil properties and young tree seedlings. - Larchevêque, Marie; Ballini, Christine; Korboulewsky, Nathalie; Montès, Nicolas (The Science of the total environment, 2006)
In Mediterranean frequently burnt areas, fire and erosion result in the decrease of soil fertility, so afforestation is a major concern. We carried out an in situ experiment of compost amendment to improve survival and growth of planted tree seedlings. One-year-tree seedlings of native species (Quercus ilex, Pinus halepensis and Pinus pinea) were planted on a frequently burnt calcareous site. Three rates of fresh co-composted sewage sludge and greenwastes (control without compost, 20 and 40 kg m(-2) of compost) were incorporated into the soil at each seedling stem. Changes of soil properties and tree development were studied during 3 years (2001-2003) and 2 years (2002-2003) respectively. The compost improved survival of Quercus ilex and Pinus pinea seedlings in severe drought conditions, but had no effect on Pinus halepensis. For all species seedling length and radial growth and NPK nutrition were increased for both rates of amendment. Amendment improved soil fertility, but available P concentration increased 13 fold in the neighbouring soil of seedlings amended at the maximal rate compared to control. However, amendment did not significantly increase concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in soils or tree seedlings. It increased Cu and Zn total and available concentrations in soils, while foliar Cu and Zn concentrations in the seedlings remained similar in all plots. Compost can efficiently help afforestation of dry soils with low organic matter content. However, sewage sludge concentrations in P, and to a lesser extent in Cu and Zn, limit rates of application that can be applied without environmental hazard.
Keywords: Afforestation; Pinus halepensis; Pinus pinea; Quercus ilex; Sewage sludge compost; Trace metals

The use of compost in afforestation of Mediterranean areas: Effects on soil properties and young tree seedlings. - Larchevêque, Marie; Ballini, Christine; Korboulewsky, Nathalie; Montès, Nicolas (The Science of the total environment, 2006)
In Mediterranean frequently burnt areas, fire and erosion result in the decrease of soil fertility, so afforestation is a major concern. We carried out an in situ experiment of compost amendment to improve survival and growth of planted tree seedlings. One-year-tree seedlings of native species (Quercus ilex, Pinus halepensis and Pinus pinea) were planted on a frequently burnt calcareous site. Three rates of fresh co-composted sewage sludge and greenwastes (control without compost, 20 and 40 kg m(-2) of compost) were incorporated into the soil at each seedling stem. Changes of soil properties and tree development were studied during 3 years (2001-2003) and 2 years (2002-2003) respectively. The compost improved survival of Quercus ilex and Pinus pinea seedlings in severe drought conditions, but had no effect on Pinus halepensis. For all species seedling length and radial growth and NPK nutrition were increased for both rates of amendment. Amendment improved soil fertility, but available P concentration increased 13 fold in the neighbouring soil of seedlings amended at the maximal rate compared to control. However, amendment did not significantly increase concentrations of Cd, Cr, Ni and Pb in soils or tree seedlings. It increased Cu and Zn total and available concentrations in soils, while foliar Cu and Zn concentrations in the seedlings remained similar in all plots. Compost can efficiently help afforestation of dry soils with low organic matter content. However, sewage sludge concentrations in P, and to a lesser extent in Cu and Zn, limit rates of application that can be applied without environmental hazard.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 16762400
Keywords: Afforestation; Pinus halepensis; Pinus pinea; Quercus ilex; Sewage sludge compost; Trace metals

USING A GIS FOR SUSTAINABLE USE AND MANAGEMENT OF AN IRRIGATION AREA IN THE SPANISH - PORTUGUESE BORDER THREATENED BY DESERTIFICATION - Muñoz, A (Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue, 2006)
Inappropriate management of agricultural irrigated land, using excessive amounts of production factors – pesticides and fertilizers in particular – can lead to rapid and irreversible soil degradation and the corresponding decrease in production capacity. The method presented here, applicable to the entire Mediterranean region, was designed to support the sustainable management of a 12540 ha irrigated area located in the Spanish- Portuguese border, with special emphasis on the prevention of desertification. This specific tool, incorporates a data collection from 1428 georeferenced points and respective topsoil samples, describing soil type, depth, slope, drainage, pH, organic matter content, electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium content, and available phosphorus and potassium. Parameterized maps were prepared for all these soil properties using Geographic Information System (GIS) software to store, manage, analyze, and display the georeferenced information. Predictive maps for organic amendments need were elaborated for use in the sustainable and integrated land management of the area. The higher risk zones were identified on the basis of their soil depth, slope, drainage, organic matter, electrical conductivity, and sodium saturation percentage.
Keywords: Caia Irrigation Perimeter; desertification; management (voyant); organic matter; soil properties

Variation in the holm oak leaf proteome at different plant developmental stages, between provenances and in response to drought stress. - Jorge, Inmaculada; Navarro, Rafael M; Lenz, Christof; Ariza, David; Jorrín, Jesús (Proteomics, 2006)
Major proteins of the holm oak leaf proteome have been previously identified using a combination of 2-DE, MS analysis and BLAST similarity search (Jorge et al., Proteomics 2005, 5, 222-234). That study, conducted with field samples from mature trees, revealed the existence of a great variability in the 2-DE protein map, with qualitative as well as quantitative changes, both analytical and biological. A similar study has been carried out with 2-year-old seedlings to analyze and study: (i) changes in the 2-DE protein profile at different tree developmental stages; (ii) the 2-DE protein map variability between three different Spanish provenances; and (iii) variations in the 2-DE protein profile in response to drought stress. Although the protein profile of leaves from seedlings and mature trees was fairly similar, the biological variance found was lower in the former. In the present study, new proteins have been identified. At least four different protein spots differentiated Spanish provenances, two of them identified as an ATP synthase alpha chain, and a 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-independent phosphoglycerate mutase. Fourteen different protein spots were qualitatively variable between well-watered and drought-stressed seedlings, with some of them corresponding to enzymes of carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Data presented indicated the mobilization of storage proteins and carbohydrates, as well as photosynthesis inhibition under drought conditions.
Keywords: Dehydration; Dehydration: metabolism; Disasters; Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; Plant Leaves; Plant Leaves: metabolism; Proteome; Proteome: metabolism; Proteomics; Quercus; Quercus: embryology; Quercus: metabolism; Seedling; Seedling: metabolism

Volatile composition and contribution to the aroma of Spanish honeydew honeys. Identification of a new chemical marker - Castro-Vazquez, L; Diaz-Maroto, M C; Perez-Coello, M S (JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY, 2006)
Honeydew honeys from holm-oak, oak, and forest were isolated for aroma compounds by simultaneous distillation-extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In all, 66 volatile components were identified and quantified. trans-Oak lactone, a characteristic volatile component of oak wood, is proposed as a new chemical marker for the plant origin of honeydew honeys. Other compounds, such as aminoacetophenone and propylanisol, could be considered characteristic of holm-oak honeydew honeys. A total of 15 volatile compounds presented odor activity values (OAVs) greater than 1, with phenylacetaldehyde and beta-damascenone being those with the highest OAVs.
Keywords: aroma; gas chromatography; honey; honeydew honey; volatile compounds

Within and between-tree variation in the biometry of wood rays and fibres in cork oak (Quercus suber_L.) - Leal, Sofia; Sousa, Vicelina B; Pereira, Helena (Wood Science and Technology, 2006)
The variability of ﬁbre and ray dimensions was studied at three radial positions (10, 50 and 90% of radius) in 5 cork oaks (Quercus suber L.) approximately 40 years old. Uniseriate ray height and cell number as well as multiseriate ray height and width were measured in tangential sections. Fibre length, width and wall thickness were measured after maceration. The most striking features of cork oak wood were the large multiseriate rays and the frequent homocellular uniseriate rays. On average multiseriate rays were 5.16 mm high and 0.48 mm wide, and uniseriate rays contained 11 cells and were 227 lm high. Neighbour rays presented large dimensional diﬀerences but there was no radial variation and there were very small between-tree diﬀerences. The radial maintenance of high and wide rays was discussed as a means to improve water shortage in response to water stress. Fibre dimensions increased radially but diﬀered little between trees: on average, 960–1,220 lm length, 18.40–21.49 lm width and 6.66–8.07 lm wall thickness. The ray pattern showed enough variation for visual appreciation while ensuring within and between-tree uniformity. The presence of rays has to be taken into consideration for designing wood drying programs.
Keywords: Cork oak; fibre biometry; wood anatomy; wood rays (PG)

Adsorption of Cations from a Cement Suspension onto Lignocellulosic Substrates and its Influence on Cement Setting - Pereira, C.; Caldeira Jorge, F.; Ferreira, J. M. F. (Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 2005)
Abstract The calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) contents of blue gum, maritime pine, and cork increased after these lignocellulosics were stirred with the filtrate of a cement suspension or a solution of calcium hydroxide. The adsorbed cations could be released easily by treatment with an acidic solution. It is suggested that those raw materials, and lignocellulosics in general, act as cation exchange substrates when they are mixed with cement and water to make wood?cement composites. The implications that such phenomena may have on cement hardening reactions, and how they could hinder them are discussed. The possibility that the phenomenon is related to well?known compatibility problems that many woods present when manufacturing wood?cement composites is discussed.
doi: 10.1080/02773810500366672doi: 10.1080/02773810500366672The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: Adsorption; cations; cement; hindrance; interactions; lignocellulosics

Adsorption of Cations from a Cement Suspension onto Lignocellulosic Substrates and its Influence on Cement Setting - Pereira, C; Caldeira Jorge, F; Ferreira, J M F (Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 2005)
Abstract The calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), and potassium (K) contents of blue gum, maritime pine, and cork increased after these lignocellulosics were stirred with the filtrate of a cement suspension or a solution of calcium hydroxide. The adsorbed cations could be released easily by treatment with an acidic solution. It is suggested that those raw materials, and lignocellulosics in general, act as cation exchange substrates when they are mixed with cement and water to make wood?cement composites. The implications that such phenomena may have on cement hardening reactions, and how they could hinder them are discussed. The possibility that the phenomenon is related to well?known compatibility problems that many woods present when manufacturing wood?cement composites is discussed.
doi: 10.1080/02773810500366672
Keywords: Adsorption; cations; cement; hindrance; interactions; lignocellulosics

Análisis de la brotación de encinas (QUERCUS ILEX SUBSP. BALLOTA L.) DE AVANZADA EDAD, OCHO AÑOS DESPUÉS DEL RECEPE - Aroca, M. J.; SERRADA, R.; Bravo Fernández, J. A. (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
El presente trabajo corresponde a la última etapa de las experiencias iniciadas por la U.D.Selvicultura de EUITF en 1996 con el apeo de 24 encinas de edades comprendidas entre los 70 y 250 años. Tras dos controles del rebrote en los años 96 y 98, se completa el proceso de inventario con una última ronda de mediciones en junio de 2004, año 8 tras el apeo. Se analizan variables como el número de brotes en cada pie, la procedencia de cepa o de raíz, alturas y diámetros, y los daños por el ganado, y se intentan relacionar con las características de los pies originales. El estado fisiológico de los pies antes del apeo, ha resultado ser un factor definitivo para el rebrote; por el contrario, la edad, dentro del intervalo muestreado, no parece influir en la cuantía de la brotación. Los brotes procedentes de cepa presentan una relación altura- diámetro mayor que los de raíz. Se comprueba brotación diferida hasta 4 ó 5 años tras el recepe.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: IV Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Zaragoza
Keywords: cepa; rebrote; regeneración asexual; renuevo; retoño

Análisis de la brotación de encinas (QUERCUS ILEX SUBSP. BALLOTA L.) DE AVANZADA EDAD, OCHO AÑOS DESPUÉS DEL RECEPE - Aroca, M J; Serrada, R; Bravo Fernández, J A (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
El presente trabajo corresponde a la última etapa de las experiencias iniciadas por la U.D.Selvicultura de EUITF en 1996 con el apeo de 24 encinas de edades comprendidas entre los 70 y 250 años. Tras dos controles del rebrote en los años 96 y 98, se completa el proceso de inventario con una última ronda de mediciones en junio de 2004, año 8 tras el apeo. Se analizan variables como el número de brotes en cada pie, la procedencia de cepa o de raíz, alturas y diámetros, y los daños por el ganado, y se intentan relacionar con las características de los pies originales. El estado fisiológico de los pies antes del apeo, ha resultado ser un factor definitivo para el rebrote; por el contrario, la edad, dentro del intervalo muestreado, no parece influir en la cuantía de la brotación. Los brotes procedentes de cepa presentan una relación altura- diámetro mayor que los de raíz. Se comprueba brotación diferida hasta 4 ó 5 años tras el recepe.
Keywords: cepa; rebrote; regeneración asexual; renuevo; retoño

Análisis de la supervivencia en repoblaciones con Quercus ilex L. EN LA PROVINCIA DE ÁVILA SEGÚN DIFERENTES MÉTODOS DE PREPARACIÓN DEL SUELO Y EMPLEO DE PROTECTORES - IGLESIAS RANZ, A; SERRADA HIERRO, R (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
El presente trabajo corresponde a unos ensayos multifactoriales, establecidos en 4 bloques experimentales en la provincia de Ávila, orientados a dar respuesta a una mejora en la supervivencia y desarrollo de las repoblaciones de encina, la mayor parte de ellas en el marco de la reforestación de tierras agrícolas. Se presentarán en esta comunicación resultados concretos sobre los efectos del tipo de preparación del suelo y del empleo de tubos invernadero en el comportamiento de las plantas tres años después de la plantación.
Keywords: Ávila; encina; forestación; supervivencia

Application of central-place foraging theory shows the importance of Mediterranean dehesas for the conservation of the cinereous vulture, - Carrete, M; Donazar, J (Biological Conservation, 2005)
The dehesa (oak woodland) is an extensive agro-pastoral ecosystem characteristic of the Western Mediterranean countries which is suVering a great transformation process since 1950. Although its distribution largely overlaps with several endangered species, there is scarce information on how they use this human-transformed habitat. We studied the foraging habitat selection of one of them, the cinereous vulture Aegypius monachus. We radio-tracked 14 cinereous vultures in one of the largest European colonies from 1998 to 2000. Used and available habitats were compared at two scales using compositional analysis. Moreover, we developed a distance-based GLMM for assessing habitat selection in this central-place forager species, by taking into account the spatial distribution of habitat patches in relation to the location of the colony. Home ranges overlapped over a total surface of 592,527 ha around the colony, and both individual home ranges and travel foraging distances (mean 27.86 km, maximum 86 km) were larger during the breeding season. All cinereous vultures avoided agricultural lands within their home ranges throughout the year. Habitat use in relation to the distance to the colony pointed out that dehesas were positively selected in spite of being on average far away from the colony than other habitats, a result that was consistent among individuals and seasons. The cinereous vulture thus depends for its conservation not only on the protection of breeding areas, as has been so far considered, but also on the maintenance of well-conserved dehesas close to the colonies. Preserving the cinereous vultures could contribute to the economic sustainability of dehesas by attracting PAC funds for their traditional low-intensity exploitation. Although other species may also beneWt from this study since cinereous vulture could be a “Xagship” for the large-scale conservation of Mediterranean oak woodlands and associated biodiversity, more Wne local management guidelines should be performed on the basis of studies on more sensitive species.
Keywords: central-place forager; cinereous vulture; european common agricultural policy; large-scale conservation; Spain

Application of central-place foraging theory shows the importance of Mediterranean dehesas for the conservation of the cinereous vulture, - Carrete, M.; Donazar, J. (Biological Conservation, 2005)
The dehesa (oak woodland) is an extensive agro-pastoral ecosystem characteristic of the Western Mediterranean countries which is suVering a great transformation process since 1950. Although its distribution largely overlaps with several endangered species, there is scarce information on how they use this human-transformed habitat. We studied the foraging habitat selection of one of them, the cinereous vulture Aegypius monachus. We radio-tracked 14 cinereous vultures in one of the largest European colonies from 1998 to 2000. Used and available habitats were compared at two scales using compositional analysis. Moreover, we developed a distance-based GLMM for assessing habitat selection in this central-place forager species, by taking into account the spatial distribution of habitat patches in relation to the location of the colony. Home ranges overlapped over a total surface of 592,527 ha around the colony, and both individual home ranges and travel foraging distances (mean 27.86 km, maximum 86 km) were larger during the breeding season. All cinereous vultures avoided agricultural lands within their home ranges throughout the year. Habitat use in relation to the distance to the colony pointed out that dehesas were positively selected in spite of being on average far away from the colony than other habitats, a result that was consistent among individuals and seasons. The cinereous vulture thus depends for its conservation not only on the protection of breeding areas, as has been so far considered, but also on the maintenance of well-conserved dehesas close to the colonies. Preserving the cinereous vultures could contribute to the economic sustainability of dehesas by attracting PAC funds for their traditional low-intensity exploitation. Although other species may also beneWt from this study since cinereous vulture could be a “Xagship” for the large-scale conservation of Mediterranean oak woodlands and associated biodiversity, more Wne local management guidelines should be performed on the basis of studies on more sensitive species.
Keywords: central-place forager; cinereous vulture; european common agricultural policy; large-scale conservation; Spain

Aproximación proteómica para el estudio de la variabilidad genética y la respuesta a estrés en Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. - Jorge, I; Navarro Cerrillo, R Mª; Ariza, D; Porras Tejeiro, C J; Jorrín Novo, J V (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
Our research groups have just initiated a collaborative research project directed to studying variability among populations and responses to stresses in Quercus ilex L . by using a functional genomic approach. Our first experiments intended to analyze the leaf proteome by mean of two- dimensional gel electrophoresis for protein resolution, peptide analysis by mass spectrometry and protein identification by searching in protein or DNA databases. We have used leaves from adult trees and seedlings from different provenances. At the present we are carrying out studies of responses to water stress and pathogens. Results so far obtained and published support proteomics as an useful experimental approach in order to establish and characterize genetic variability among provenances and populations as well as to identify proteins and genes involved in responses to stresses.
Keywords: Drought; proteomic; provenances; Quercus ilex

Area effect on bird communities, guilds and species in a highly fragmented forest landscape of central Italy - Frank, Beatrice; Battisti, Corrado (Italian Journal of Zoology, 2005)
Abstract Breeding bird communities in an ?archipelago? of 16 wood fragments (13 oak deciduous woods, 1 holm wood, and 2 anthropogenic pinewoods) in a littoral plain of Central Italy were studied. Species richness and diversity index resulted directly and significantly correlated to fragment area. Species richness tended to cumulate in fragments over 100?ha area size. The log?transformed species/area relationship showed a coefficient z = 0.21, inside the range known for ecological islands. Z coefficient increased (0.23) excluding one guild of field?edge and anthropophilous species. Cluster analysis showed a separation among fragments based on their area size. Although species richness in pinewood plantations corresponded to the expected one from species/area relationship, cluster analysis highlighted disaffinity with bird communities of larger woods of oaks. These anthropogenic woods could not be surrogate habitats for many forest species in fragmented landscapes. Richness and abundance of field?edge and anthropophilous species resulted inversely correlated to fragment area. The opposite trend was observed for forest sensu latu species. Correlation coefficient increased considering only deciduous oak fragments. Some forest generalist species showed an abundance directly correlated to fragment size area (Troglodytes troglodytes, Erithacus rubecula, Fringilla coelebs); other species (Streptopelia turtur, Upupa epops, Jynx torquilla, Picoides major, Sitta europaed) were absent in fragment smaller than 10 ha. These species could constitute a set of area?sensitive taxa for planning strategy in highly fragmented landscapes, although, selection of these targets appears strongly context?limited.
doi: 10.1080/11250000509356689
Keywords: Area size effect; Area-sensitivity; Habitat fragmentation; Island biogeography; isolation; Target species; Threshold values

Area effect on bird communities, guilds and species in a highly fragmented forest landscape of central Italy - Frank, Beatrice; Battisti, Corrado (Italian Journal of Zoology, 2005)
Abstract Breeding bird communities in an ?archipelago? of 16 wood fragments (13 oak deciduous woods, 1 holm wood, and 2 anthropogenic pinewoods) in a littoral plain of Central Italy were studied. Species richness and diversity index resulted directly and significantly correlated to fragment area. Species richness tended to cumulate in fragments over 100?ha area size. The log?transformed species/area relationship showed a coefficient z = 0.21, inside the range known for ecological islands. Z coefficient increased (0.23) excluding one guild of field?edge and anthropophilous species. Cluster analysis showed a separation among fragments based on their area size. Although species richness in pinewood plantations corresponded to the expected one from species/area relationship, cluster analysis highlighted disaffinity with bird communities of larger woods of oaks. These anthropogenic woods could not be surrogate habitats for many forest species in fragmented landscapes. Richness and abundance of field?edge and anthropophilous species resulted inversely correlated to fragment area. The opposite trend was observed for forest sensu latu species. Correlation coefficient increased considering only deciduous oak fragments. Some forest generalist species showed an abundance directly correlated to fragment size area (Troglodytes troglodytes, Erithacus rubecula, Fringilla coelebs); other species (Streptopelia turtur, Upupa epops, Jynx torquilla, Picoides major, Sitta europaed) were absent in fragment smaller than 10 ha. These species could constitute a set of area?sensitive taxa for planning strategy in highly fragmented landscapes, although, selection of these targets appears strongly context?limited.
doi: 10.1080/11250000509356689doi: 10.1080/11250000509356689The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: Area size effect; Area-sensitivity; Habitat fragmentation; Island biogeography; isolation; Target species; Threshold values

Assessment of the digestibility of some Mediterranean shrubs by in vitro techniques - Ammar, H.; López, S.; González, J. S. (Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2005)
The nutritive value of some Mediterranean browse species collected in Tunisia was studied on the basis of their chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and fermentation kinetics (gas production technique). The browse species evaluated were Arbutus unedo, Calicotome villosa, Erica arborea, Myrtus communis, Phillyrea angustifolia, Pistacia lentiscus and Quercus suber. Species varied widely in crude protein content (55–221 g/kg DM), condensed tannins (1–360 g/kg DM), digestible dry matter (DM) (523–681 g/kg DM), asymptotic gas production (187–343 ml/g DM) and fractional gas production rate (0.030–0.047 h−1 ). Based on their in vitro digestibility and fermentation kinetics, species could be clustered in two groups of fodder resources, one of medium-high digestibility including the species M. communis, C. villosa, Ph. angustifolia and A. unedo and another group of low digestibility comprising the species P. lentiscus, Q. suber and E. arborea. The in vitro digestibility and gas production parameters were negatively correlated with phenolic compounds, in particular condensed tannins, suggesting that these in vitro techniques can be appropriate for detecting the presence of anti-nutritional substances in shrubs
Keywords: Gas production; In vitro digestibility; Nutritive value; Shrubs; Tannins

Assessment of the digestibility of some Mediterranean shrubs by in vitro techniques - Ammar, H; López, S; González, J S (Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2005)
The nutritive value of some Mediterranean browse species collected in Tunisia was studied on the basis of their chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and fermentation kinetics (gas production technique). The browse species evaluated were Arbutus unedo, Calicotome villosa, Erica arborea, Myrtus communis, Phillyrea angustifolia, Pistacia lentiscus and Quercus suber. Species varied widely in crude protein content (55–221 g/kg DM), condensed tannins (1–360 g/kg DM), digestible dry matter (DM) (523–681 g/kg DM), asymptotic gas production (187–343 ml/g DM) and fractional gas production rate (0.030–0.047 h−1 ). Based on their in vitro digestibility and fermentation kinetics, species could be clustered in two groups of fodder resources, one of medium-high digestibility including the species M. communis, C. villosa, Ph. angustifolia and A. unedo and another group of low digestibility comprising the species P. lentiscus, Q. suber and E. arborea. The in vitro digestibility and gas production parameters were negatively correlated with phenolic compounds, in particular condensed tannins, suggesting that these in vitro techniques can be appropriate for detecting the presence of anti-nutritional substances in shrubs
Keywords: Gas production; In vitro digestibility; Nutritive value; Shrubs; Tannins

Calidad de planta de alcornoque (Quercus suber L.) PARA LA RESTAURACION DEL ENCLAVE SINGULAR DEL SURAR DE PINET (VALENCIA) - del Campo, A D; Hermoso, J; Navarro, M (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
El alcornocal de Pinet (Valencia) abarca unas 44 Ha y constituye una representación de la especie en un hábitat marginal y suficientemente alejado de otros enclaves levantinos que ha dado lugar a un ecotipo diferenciado. La ausencia de regenerado en esta masa ha llevado a efectuar refuerzos poblacionales en forma de reforestación a la administración autonómica. El trabajo realizado ha consistido en una caracterización de la calidad de planta obtenida a partir de las dos técnicas de cultivo empleadas en la producción de este ecotipo (bolsa y envase) y su seguimiento en repoblaciones realizadas en el enclave. También se incluido como factor en el contraste de la respuesta en campo la práctica o no de una poda aérea de la planta al final de su cultivo. La planta en bolsa ha mostrado una morfología una tanto baja, sobre todo en su raíz, aunque fisiológicamente la planta en bolsa no discrepó notablemente respecto al envase. Los resultados en campo han estado gobernados por la buena calidad de la estación en las dos localidades donde se contrastó la respuesta, no diferenciándose significativamente un envase de otro, aunque la supervivencia fue menor en la bolsa. La práctica de la poda parece haber tendido efectos contraproducentes sobre la respuesta. Palabras
Keywords: establecimiento; nutrición; poda aérea; tipo envase

Canopy vs. soil effects of shrubs facilitating tree seedlings in Mediterranean montane ecosystems - Gómez-Aparicio, LORENA; Gómez, Jose M.; Zamora, Regino; Boettinger, Janis L. (Journal of Vegetation Science, 2005)
Abstract. Question: Is the facilitative effect of nurse shrubs on early recruitment of trees mediated by a ‘canopy effect’(microclimate amelioration and protection from herbivores), a ‘soil effect’(modification of soil properties), or both? Location: Two successional montane shrublands at the Sierra Nevada Protected Area, SE Spain. Method: Seedlings of Quercus and Pinus species were planted in four experimental treatments: (1) under shrubs; (2) in open interspaces without vegetation; (3) under shrubs where the canopies were removed; (4) in open interspaces but covering seedlings with branches, mimicking a shrub canopy. Results: Both effects benefited seedling performance. However, microclimatic amelioration due to canopy shading had the strongest effect, which was particularly pronounced in the drier site. Below-ground, shrubs did not modify soil physical characteristics, organic matter, total N and P, or water content, but significantly increased available K, which has been shown to improve seedling water-use efficiency under drought conditions. Conclusions: We propose that in Mediterranean montane ecosystems, characterised by a severe summer drought, pioneer shrubs represent a major safe site for tree early recruitment during secondary succession, improving seedling survival during summer by the modification of both the above-and below-ground environment.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: Nurse shrub; Positive interaction; Potassium; Removal experiment; shade

The capacity for thermal protection of photosynthetic electron transport varies for different monoterpenes in Quercus ilex - Copolovici, L O; Filella, I; Llusia, J; Niinemets, Ü; Penuelas, J (PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, 2005)
Heat stress resistance of foliar photosynthetic apparatus was investigated in the Mediterranean monoterpene-emitting evergreen sclerophyll species Quercus ilex. Leaf feeding with fosmidomycin, which is a specific inhibitor of the chloroplastic isoprenoid synthesis pathway, essentially stopped monoterpene emission and resulted in the decrease of the optimum temperature of photosynthetic electron transport from approximately 38 degrees C to approximately 30 degrees C. The heat stress resistance was partly restored by fumigation with 4 to 5 nmol mol(-1) air concentrations of monoterpene alpha-pinene but not with fumigations with monoterpene alcohol alpha-terpineol. Analyses of monoterpene physicochemical characteristics demonstrated that alpha-pinene was primarily distributed to leaf gas and lipid phases, while alpha-terpineol was primarily distributed to leaf aqueous phase. Thus, for a common monoterpene uptake rate, alpha-terpineol is less efficient in stabilizing membrane liquid-crystalline structure and as an antioxidant in plant membranes. Furthermore, alpha-terpineol uptake rate ( U) strongly decreased with increasing temperature, while the uptake rates of alpha-pinene increased with increasing temperature, providing a further explanation of the lower efficiency of thermal protection by alpha-terpineol. The temperature-dependent decrease of alpha-terpineol uptake was both due to decreases in stomatal conductance, g(w), and increased volatility of alpha-terpineol at higher temperature that decreased the monoterpene diffusion gradient between the ambient air (F-A) and leaf (F-I; U=g(w)\{[\}F-A - F-I]). Model analyses suggested that alpha-pinene reacted within the leaf at higher temperatures, possibly within the lipid phase, thereby avoiding the decrease in diffusion gradient, F-A-F-I. Thus, these data contribute to the hypothesis of the antioxidative protection of leaf membranes during heat stress by monoterpenes. These data further suggest that fumigation with the relatively low atmospheric concentrations of monoterpenes that are occasionally observed during warm windless days in the Mediterranean canopies may significantly improve the heat tolerance of nonemitting vegetation that grows intermixed with emitting species.
APS
Keywords: foliar photosynthesis; heat stress resistance; Mediterranean; Monoterpenes; Quercus ilex L.

The capacity for thermal protection of photosynthetic electron transport varies for different monoterpenes in Quercus ilex - Copolovici, L. O.; Filella, I.; Llusia, J.; Niinemets, U.; Penuelas, J. (PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, 2005)
Heat stress resistance of foliar photosynthetic apparatus was investigated in the Mediterranean monoterpene-emitting evergreen sclerophyll species Quercus ilex. Leaf feeding with fosmidomycin, which is a specific inhibitor of the chloroplastic isoprenoid synthesis pathway, essentially stopped monoterpene emission and resulted in the decrease of the optimum temperature of photosynthetic electron transport from approximately 38 degrees C to approximately 30 degrees C. The heat stress resistance was partly restored by fumigation with 4 to 5 nmol mol(-1) air concentrations of monoterpene alpha-pinene but not with fumigations with monoterpene alcohol alpha-terpineol. Analyses of monoterpene physicochemical characteristics demonstrated that alpha-pinene was primarily distributed to leaf gas and lipid phases, while alpha-terpineol was primarily distributed to leaf aqueous phase. Thus, for a common monoterpene uptake rate, alpha-terpineol is less efficient in stabilizing membrane liquid-crystalline structure and as an antioxidant in plant membranes. Furthermore, alpha-terpineol uptake rate ( U) strongly decreased with increasing temperature, while the uptake rates of alpha-pinene increased with increasing temperature, providing a further explanation of the lower efficiency of thermal protection by alpha-terpineol. The temperature-dependent decrease of alpha-terpineol uptake was both due to decreases in stomatal conductance, g(w), and increased volatility of alpha-terpineol at higher temperature that decreased the monoterpene diffusion gradient between the ambient air (F-A) and leaf (F-I; U=g(w)\{[\}F-A - F-I]). Model analyses suggested that alpha-pinene reacted within the leaf at higher temperatures, possibly within the lipid phase, thereby avoiding the decrease in diffusion gradient, F-A-F-I. Thus, these data contribute to the hypothesis of the antioxidative protection of leaf membranes during heat stress by monoterpenes. These data further suggest that fumigation with the relatively low atmospheric concentrations of monoterpenes that are occasionally observed during warm windless days in the Mediterranean canopies may significantly improve the heat tolerance of nonemitting vegetation that grows intermixed with emitting species.
APSAPSThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA publisher: AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS
Keywords: foliar photosynthesis; heat stress resistance; Mediterranean; Monoterpenes; Quercus ilex L.

Caracterización edáfica y climática de QUERCUS SUBER L. EN LAS PROVINCIAS DE SALAMANCA Y ZAMORA - JOVELLAR LACAMBRA, L C; A., BLANCO ANDRAY; SANTOS FRANCÉS, F (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
Ecological parameters characterizing cork oak forest in west-central Spain (Salamanca y Zamora) were obtained. From those parameters, central and marginal habitats for Quercus suber stands were established for this region of Spain. Main soils and climate types for the present sites of these forests have been identified as well
Keywords: Cork Oak Forest; ecology; habitat; Quercus suber; Salamanca; Zamora

CARACTERIZACIÓN SILVOPASTORAL DE LOS ALCORNOCALES DE LA PROVINCIA DE CÁDIZ - LINARES GARCÍA, L.; SAN MIGUEL AYANZ, A. (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
Se analiza el estado silvopastoral de los alcornocales de las Sierras del Aljibe y del Campo de Gibraltar (Cádiz), con especial énfasis en la caracterización de los sistemas forestales presentes y su vinculación con la abundante cabaña ganadera bovina y las poblaciones de fauna cinegética de caza mayor, proponiendo medidas de gestión para su conservación y mejora.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: IV Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Zaragoza
Keywords: decaimiento; herbivoría; inventario

Changes in the Forested Agricultural Landscape of the Pisan Hills (Tuscany, Italy) - Bertacchi, Andrea; Onnis, Antonino (Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape, 2005)
This chapter contains sections titled: * Introduction * Methodology * Results and Discussion * Conclusions * Acknowledgements
Keywords: agro-forest landscapes; autochthonous woodlands; Floristic composition; landscape transformation; photo interpretation; Pisan Hills study; R. pseudoacacia; vegetal landscape; WILD stereoscope

Changes in the Forested Agricultural Landscape of the Pisan Hills (Tuscany, Italy) - Bertacchi, Andrea; Onnis, Antonino (Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape, 2005)
This chapter contains sections titled: * Introduction * Methodology * Results and Discussion * Conclusions * Acknowledgements
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape electronic-resource-num: 10.1002/0470093714.ch14
Keywords: agro-forest landscapes; autochthonous woodlands; Floristic composition; landscape transformation; photo interpretation; Pisan Hills study; R. pseudoacacia; vegetal landscape; WILD stereoscope

Classificação das Cortiças para a Produção de Rolha, Recorrendo a um Critério Objectivo: Parte II - Os Provetes (Os Quadros) - Pestana, Miguel; Louzada, José; Sardinha, Raúl (Silva Lusitana, 2005)
This work intends to contribute towards better knowledge of qualitative cork qualification, through the creation of an objective classification criterion that can be reproducible, independent of the operator, and therefore be as accurate and reliable as possible. A comparison of the qualitative classification according to the punctuation criterion, applied to the cork samples of the 9 sample trees together with those generated by the criterion resulting from the data of the physical and chemical characteristics, were performed on the same cork samples striped from the same sampled trees. The results of this work emphasized that: • The objective classification based in physical and mechanical parameters assures the reproduction of the results, which does not happen with the punctuation criterion. • It was not verified that there is any relationship between the stripping positions and the quality of cork samples used. • The introduction of a chemical indicator – tenor of suberine – in the analyses of data of cork strips had not improved the segregation among the different cork qualities
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: scielopt
Keywords: image analyses; mechanical tests; multivariate analyses; Quality; suberine

Classificação das Cortiças para a Produção de Rolha, Recorrendo a um Critério Objectivo: Parte II - Os Provetes (Os Quadros) - Pestana, Miguel; Louzada, José; Sardinha, Raúl (Silva Lusitana, 2005)
This work intends to contribute towards better knowledge of qualitative cork qualification, through the creation of an objective classification criterion that can be reproducible, independent of the operator, and therefore be as accurate and reliable as possible. A comparison of the qualitative classification according to the punctuation criterion, applied to the cork samples of the 9 sample trees together with those generated by the criterion resulting from the data of the physical and chemical characteristics, were performed on the same cork samples striped from the same sampled trees. The results of this work emphasized that: • The objective classification based in physical and mechanical parameters assures the reproduction of the results, which does not happen with the punctuation criterion. • It was not verified that there is any relationship between the stripping positions and the quality of cork samples used. • The introduction of a chemical indicator – tenor of suberine – in the analyses of data of cork strips had not improved the segregation among the different cork qualities
Keywords: image analyses; mechanical tests; multivariate analyses; Quality; suberine

CLONACIÓN DE PROGENIES DE ALCORNOQUES PLUS DE CUATRO REGIONES DE PROCEDENCIA MEDIANTE EMBRIOGÉNESIS SOMÁTICA PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DE MATERIALES FORESTALES DE REPRODUCCIÓN - Cuenca, B.; López, C.; Pato, B.; Ocaña, L.; Santos, M. I.; Manzanera, J. A.; Pintos, B.; Bueno, M. A. (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
Se ha realizado una selección fenotípica individual de árboles plus de alcornoque en los rodales selectos establecidos por el Instituto del Corcho, la Madera y el Carbón Vegetal (ICMC, Junta de Extremadura) en cuatro regiones de procedencia: Montes de Toledo-Villuercas, Sierra Morena Occidental, Sierra de San Pedro, y Norte de Cáceres-Salamanca. De los árboles seleccionados se han recogieron estaquillas en primavera de 2002 y 2003, y bellotas inmaduras durante el verano de 2002, 2003 y 2004. De las estaquillas se establecieron inicialmente 48 clones mediante cultivo de yemas axilares (MANZANERA y PARDOS, 1990). La elevada edad de los árboles hizo imposible la estabilización y mantenimiento de los cultivos y actualmente sólo sobrevive 1 de los clones. De los embriones cigóticos inmaduros, según protocolo de BUENO et al. (1992), se consiguió inducir embriogénesis somática en los 55 árboles muestreados de los 61 seleccionados. Estas líneas son regularmente subcultivadas, y los embriones obtenidos madurados, germinados y aclimatados para el establecimiento de ensayos de progenie con propósito de disponer de materiales de mejora. En enero de 2005 se estableció la primera finca de ensayo y actualmente se dispone de 1400 vitroplantas más para el establecimiento de nuevas parcelas. Palabras
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: IV Congreso Forestal Español
Keywords: Corcho; cultivo in vitro; embriones; Quercus suber; selección

CLONACIÓN DE PROGENIES DE ALCORNOQUES PLUS DE CUATRO REGIONES DE PROCEDENCIA MEDIANTE EMBRIOGÉNESIS SOMÁTICA PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DE MATERIALES FORESTALES DE REPRODUCCIÓN - CUENCA, B; López, C; Pato, B; OCAÑA, L; Santos, M I; Manzanera, J A; Pintos, B; Bueno, M A (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
Se ha realizado una selección fenotípica individual de árboles plus de alcornoque en los rodales selectos establecidos por el Instituto del Corcho, la Madera y el Carbón Vegetal (ICMC, Junta de Extremadura) en cuatro regiones de procedencia: Montes de Toledo-Villuercas, Sierra Morena Occidental, Sierra de San Pedro, y Norte de Cáceres-Salamanca. De los árboles seleccionados se han recogieron estaquillas en primavera de 2002 y 2003, y bellotas inmaduras durante el verano de 2002, 2003 y 2004. De las estaquillas se establecieron inicialmente 48 clones mediante cultivo de yemas axilares (MANZANERA y PARDOS, 1990). La elevada edad de los árboles hizo imposible la estabilización y mantenimiento de los cultivos y actualmente sólo sobrevive 1 de los clones. De los embriones cigóticos inmaduros, según protocolo de BUENO et al. (1992), se consiguió inducir embriogénesis somática en los 55 árboles muestreados de los 61 seleccionados. Estas líneas son regularmente subcultivadas, y los embriones obtenidos madurados, germinados y aclimatados para el establecimiento de ensayos de progenie con propósito de disponer de materiales de mejora. En enero de 2005 se estableció la primera finca de ensayo y actualmente se dispone de 1400 vitroplantas más para el establecimiento de nuevas parcelas. Palabras
Keywords: Corcho; cultivo in vitro; embriones; Quercus suber; selección

Combination of structural and compositional factors for describing forest types using national forest inventory data - Rego, F.; Godinho-Ferreira, P.; Uva, J. S.; Cunha, J. (Monitoring and Indicators of Forest Biodiversity in Europe - From Ideas to Operationality, 2005)
For the first time in Portugal, simple variables describing the vertical structure and the composition of forests on the Portuguese mainland were included in the 2258 sample plots of the National Forest Inventory (DGF 2001). The vertical forest structure was assessed by percentage cover of seven height. classes and the composition of the different layers was described using plant species, or groups of plant species, easily identifiable in the field. Cluster analysis, in particular K-means statistics, was performed using combinations of vertical structure and compositional data, resulting in ten main natural groups or forest types: 1) Quercus pyrenaica forests; 2) Other deciduous oak forests; 3) Arbutus unedo forests; 4) Cistus shrubs; 5) Cytisus shrubs; 6) Acacia forests; 7) Quercus suber forests; 8) Pinus pinaster forests; 9) Eucalyptus forests; and 10) Other forests. The last four groups were further subdivided according to the vertical structure resulting in twenty final forest types. The geographical distribution of these forests types and the implications for biodiversity and other forest issues are presented and discussed.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Monitoring and Indicators of Forest Biodiversity in Europe - From Ideas to Operationality issue: 51 pub-location: TORIKATU 34, FIN-80100 JOENSUU, FINLAND
Keywords: Biodiversity; composition; forest types; national forest inventory; vertical structure

Combination of structural and compositional factors for describing forest types using national forest inventory data - Rego, F; Godinho-Ferreira, P; Uva, J S; Cunha, J (Monitoring and Indicators of Forest Biodiversity in Europe - From Ideas to Operationality, 2005)
For the first time in Portugal, simple variables describing the vertical structure and the composition of forests on the Portuguese mainland were included in the 2258 sample plots of the National Forest Inventory (DGF 2001). The vertical forest structure was assessed by percentage cover of seven height. classes and the composition of the different layers was described using plant species, or groups of plant species, easily identifiable in the field. Cluster analysis, in particular K-means statistics, was performed using combinations of vertical structure and compositional data, resulting in ten main natural groups or forest types: 1) Quercus pyrenaica forests; 2) Other deciduous oak forests; 3) Arbutus unedo forests; 4) Cistus shrubs; 5) Cytisus shrubs; 6) Acacia forests; 7) Quercus suber forests; 8) Pinus pinaster forests; 9) Eucalyptus forests; and 10) Other forests. The last four groups were further subdivided according to the vertical structure resulting in twenty final forest types. The geographical distribution of these forests types and the implications for biodiversity and other forest issues are presented and discussed.
Keywords: Biodiversity; composition; forest types; national forest inventory; vertical structure

COMPORTAMIENTO DEL GANADO OVINO EN UNA FORESTACIÓN. CONSUMO DE LEÑOSAS Y DAÑOS A PLÁNTULAS DE ENCINA - Blázquez Carrasco, A.; Fernández Rebollo, P.; Carbonero Muñoz, M. D.; Navarro Cerrillo, R. (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
Tradicionalmente la presencia de ganado en repoblaciones forestales se ha considerado únicamente por sus efectos antagónicos, sin embargo un pastoreo controlado podría ayudar a la disminución de la competencia de herbáceas. Este trabajo expone los resultados de un ensayo de pastoreo con ovejas, con una carga de 23 animales por hectárea, pastando libremente durante cuatro días, en una forestación de encinas de 12 años de edad y en la que se habían distribuido plántulas de encina de dos años. Se controló el tiempo dedicado por el ganado al consumo de herbáceas, consumo de leñosas, movimiento, rumia, sesteo y otros, en sesiones de diez horas mediante la técnica del scan sampling; además se estimaron el consumo de biomasa herbácea y los daños a las plántulas. Las ovejas dedicaron la mayor parte del tiempo al consumo de herbáceas, 61,4 %, 0,72 kilogramos de materia seca por oveja y día. Al consumo de leñosas dedicaron el 2,41 % y fue disminuyendo en el tiempo. Los daños a las plántulas se localizaron principalmente en brotes tiernos, eliminándolos totalmente en el 20 % de los casos y de forma parcial en el 17,5 %, en el 62,5 % de los casos no hubo daños. En encinas adultas además del consumo de ramas bajas se produjeron daños al tronco en nueve árboles
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: IV Congreso Forestal Español
Keywords: pastoreo; Quercus; ramoneo; repoblaciones

COMPORTAMIENTO DEL GANADO OVINO EN UNA FORESTACIÓN. CONSUMO DE LEÑOSAS Y DAÑOS A PLÁNTULAS DE ENCINA - Blázquez Carrasco, A; Fernández Rebollo, P; Carbonero Muñoz, M D; Navarro Cerrillo, R (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
Tradicionalmente la presencia de ganado en repoblaciones forestales se ha considerado únicamente por sus efectos antagónicos, sin embargo un pastoreo controlado podría ayudar a la disminución de la competencia de herbáceas. Este trabajo expone los resultados de un ensayo de pastoreo con ovejas, con una carga de 23 animales por hectárea, pastando libremente durante cuatro días, en una forestación de encinas de 12 años de edad y en la que se habían distribuido plántulas de encina de dos años. Se controló el tiempo dedicado por el ganado al consumo de herbáceas, consumo de leñosas, movimiento, rumia, sesteo y otros, en sesiones de diez horas mediante la técnica del scan sampling; además se estimaron el consumo de biomasa herbácea y los daños a las plántulas. Las ovejas dedicaron la mayor parte del tiempo al consumo de herbáceas, 61,4 %, 0,72 kilogramos de materia seca por oveja y día. Al consumo de leñosas dedicaron el 2,41 % y fue disminuyendo en el tiempo. Los daños a las plántulas se localizaron principalmente en brotes tiernos, eliminándolos totalmente en el 20 % de los casos y de forma parcial en el 17,5 %, en el 62,5 % de los casos no hubo daños. En encinas adultas además del consumo de ramas bajas se produjeron daños al tronco en nueve árboles
Keywords: pastoreo; Quercus; ramoneo; repoblaciones

Conceptualizing desertification in Southern Europe: stakeholder interpretations and multiple policy agendas - Juntti, M; Wilson, Geoff a. (European Environment, 2005)
This paper explores the link between agricultural, environmental and structural policies and desertiﬁcation in Southern Europe. The focus is on the way policy goals evolve in the implementation process and become translated into actions at the operative level. The results derive from policy stakeholder interviews from four research areas situated in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The signiﬁcance of policies as drivers of desertiﬁcation varies between the case study areas, and harmful land management practices often result from power imbalances between interest groups involved in land-use planning and policy implementation rather than from ﬂaws in the policies themselves. The vagueness of the deﬁnition of what ‘desertiﬁcation’ constitutes allows for different interpretations of its nature, signiﬁcance and the consequent weight it is given in land management decision-making, thus lending itself to be both misinterpreted and misappropriated by different stakeholder interests. The paper discusses the interplay between ﬁve different discourses of desertiﬁcation and four distinct agendas of policy implementation and land use. The agendas either enhance or mitigate desertiﬁcation and represent the interests of actors who have acquired a powerful position in the network of stakeholders, often relying on, and simultaneously maintaining, discourses and structures that lend them ﬁrst right to decision-making over the natural resources of the locality
Keywords: interpretations of desertiﬁcation; Mediterranean; policy agendas; policy implementation; stakeholder interests

Conservation of isolated Atlantic heathlands in the Mediterranean region: effects of land-use changes in the Montseny biosphere reserve (Spain) - Bartolomé, Jordi; Plaixats, Josefina; Fanlo, Rosario; Boada, Martí (Biological Conservation, 2005)
In the Mediterranean region, cycles of controlled burning combined with continuous grazing appear to have been an effective tool for maintaining isolated Calluna vulgaris heathlands in the form in which they occur in many places in the Atlantic region. Changes in land use and management of the mosaic of extensively exploited heathland and associated grassland over recent decades, such as bringing land into cultivation followed by its abandonment and the prohibition of fires has resulted in a process of transformation into new shrub communities with lower biodiversity. In the Mediterranean region, these changes are similar to those described in the Atlantic area, but encroachment occurs faster and could lead ultimately to afforestation by Mediterranean woodland.
Keywords: calluna vulgaris; fire; grassland; Grazing; landscape

Conservation of isolated Atlantic heathlands in the Mediterranean region: effects of land-use changes in the Montseny biosphere reserve (Spain) - Bartolomé, Jordi; Plaixats, Josefina; Fanlo, Rosario; Boada, Martí (Biological Conservation, 2005)
In the Mediterranean region, cycles of controlled burning combined with continuous grazing appear to have been an effective tool for maintaining isolated Calluna vulgaris heathlands in the form in which they occur in many places in the Atlantic region. Changes in land use and management of the mosaic of extensively exploited heathland and associated grassland over recent decades, such as bringing land into cultivation followed by its abandonment and the prohibition of fires has resulted in a process of transformation into new shrub communities with lower biodiversity. In the Mediterranean region, these changes are similar to those described in the Atlantic area, but encroachment occurs faster and could lead ultimately to afforestation by Mediterranean woodland.
Keywords: calluna vulgaris; fire; grassland; Grazing; landscape

Contribution of physiological and morphological adjustments to drought resistance in two Mediterranean tree species - Serrano, L; Penuelas, J (Biologia Plantarum, 2005)
Plant water potential (ψ), its components, and gas exchange data of two Mediterranean co-occurring woody species (Quercus ilex L. and Phillyrea latifolia L.) were measured in response to seasonal changes in water availability over two consecutive years. The relative contribution of physiological and morphological adjustments to drought resistance was assessed through Principal Component Analyses. There were large adjustments in stomatal conductance (~36 % of accounted variance). Net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency were closely tuned to water availability and accounted for ~17 % of variance. The slope of the water potential vs. relative water content (dψ/dRWC0) below zero pressure potential increased as a result of seasonal and ontogenic increases in apoplastic water fraction and accounted for ~20 % variance. This tolerance mechanism was accompanied by an increased range of positive pressure potential, suggesting a functional role of sclerophylly in these Mediterranean evergreens. Similarly, changes in the slope of dψ/dRWC in the range of positive pressure potential (~13 % of accounted variance) were associated to variations in cell wall elasticity and resulted in lower RWC at zero pressure potential. When considering the species studied separately, the results indicated the primary role of stomatal regulation in the drought resistance of Q. ilex, while increased apoplastic water fraction had a major contribution in the drought resistance of P. latifolia.
Keywords: Drought stress; net photosynthetic rate; phillyrea latifolia; plant and tissue-water relations; Quercus ilex; Stomatal conductance; water potential

Contribution of physiological and morphological adjustments to drought resistance in two Mediterranean tree species - Serrano, L.; Penuelas, J. (Biologia Plantarum, 2005)
Plant water potential (ψ), its components, and gas exchange data of two Mediterranean co-occurring woody species (Quercus ilex L. and Phillyrea latifolia L.) were measured in response to seasonal changes in water availability over two consecutive years. The relative contribution of physiological and morphological adjustments to drought resistance was assessed through Principal Component Analyses. There were large adjustments in stomatal conductance (~36 % of accounted variance). Net photosynthetic rate and water use efficiency were closely tuned to water availability and accounted for ~17 % of variance. The slope of the water potential vs. relative water content (dψ/dRWC0) below zero pressure potential increased as a result of seasonal and ontogenic increases in apoplastic water fraction and accounted for ~20 % variance. This tolerance mechanism was accompanied by an increased range of positive pressure potential, suggesting a functional role of sclerophylly in these Mediterranean evergreens. Similarly, changes in the slope of dψ/dRWC in the range of positive pressure potential (~13 % of accounted variance) were associated to variations in cell wall elasticity and resulted in lower RWC at zero pressure potential. When considering the species studied separately, the results indicated the primary role of stomatal regulation in the drought resistance of Q. ilex, while increased apoplastic water fraction had a major contribution in the drought resistance of P. latifolia.
Keywords: Drought stress; net photosynthetic rate; phillyrea latifolia; plant and tissue-water relations; Quercus ilex; Stomatal conductance; water potential

Cork and Alcoholic Beverages - Maga, Joseph A; Puech, Jean-Louis (Food Reviews International, 2005)
For centuries, cork has been the stopper of choice for various alcoholic beverages. In this review, cork history, sources, production, physical properties, composition, off-flavors, and alternatives to cork stoppers are discussed.
doi: 10.1081/FRI-200040593
Keywords: Alternatives; composition; production; Properties; stoppers; Taint

Cork and Alcoholic Beverages - Maga, Joseph A.; Puech, Jean-Louis (Food Reviews International, 2005)
For centuries, cork has been the stopper of choice for various alcoholic beverages. In this review, cork history, sources, production, physical properties, composition, off-flavors, and alternatives to cork stoppers are discussed.
doi: 10.1081/FRI-200040593doi: 10.1081/FRI-200040593The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: Alternatives; composition; production; Properties; stoppers; Taint

cork oak wood a hard material to sample and to measure - Leal, Sofia; González-Pérez, Aranzazu; Vasquez-Piqué, Javier; Spiecker, Heinrich; Pereira, Helena (Suberwood2005: New challenges for integration of cork oak forests and products, Scientific and Technical Conference, Huelva, Spain, 20, 21 and 22 October 2005., 2005)
Different studies within the Suberwood project required measurements of wood growth in cork oak trees (Quercus suber L.), including tree ring analysis, as a basis to analyse the influence on tree growth of stress effects, namely those deriving from climatic conditions (i.e. water deficit) or from the cork extraction. The research partners have experienced serious difficulties in these tasks and some examples are presented and discussed. The first difficulty regards sampling because cork oak harvesting is forbidden in Portugal and advantage has to be taken from legally authorised tree fellings. The available material therefore consists mainly in thinning material (young trees), dead or diseased trees, and trees with damaged stems due to improper cork harvesting, which are useless for such studies. In most cases the information concerning the stand management is lacking, namely regarding the time of cork extraction and of other silvicultural operations (i.e. pruning). Therefore the experimental design regarding treatments and repetitions often cannot follow the conventional statistical guidelines. The cork oak wood also has anatomical and structural features that bring considerable complexity for ring definition. The wood has a semi-ring porosity with poor growth ring definition and it is very difficult, and frequently impossible, to accurately identify growth rings and to link measurements to a certain year. Additionally cork extraction disturbs wood growth and anatomy. Different observation approaches were tested: overall microscopical observations, continuous radial measurement of vessel dimensions and density, continuous radial microdensitometric profiles, cambial wounding. The use of non-destructive samples (i.e. cores or small wood samples) adds to the uncertainty encountered. Stem discs offer a better observation but differences among different radii are often very large.
Keywords: Anatomy; growth rings; Quercus suber L.; sampling; wood growth

Cytological analysis of early microspore divisions leading to gametic embryo formation in Quercus suber L. anther cultures - Pintos, B; Manzanera, J A; Bueno, M A (Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2005)
The cor re la tion be tween the phenologic stage of the in flo res - cence and the microspore de vel op ment stage was stud ied. Cyto log i cal ex am i na tions of the de vel op ment of micro spores dur - ing in vi tro an ther cul ture of cork oak (Quercus suber L.), were car ried out dur ing the first four weeks of cul ture. To ob serve the di vi sion oc cur ring in the micro spores, an thers were taken ran domly from the cultures after heat shock treatment and were stained with DAPI. Most of the an thers re spond ing to a heat stress treat ment con tained 91 % vacuolated micro spores, in di cat ing that this de vel op men tal stage is re spon sive to embryo genesis in duc tion in cork-oak micro spores. Af ter the heat shock treat ment some cork-oak micro spores were in duced and ini ti ated the embryogenic path way with the oc cur rence of nu mer ous sym met ric mi to sis, pro duc ing struc tures with two to ten or more nu clei. These lead to the for ma tion of high num - bers of multicellular cork-oak micro spores (pro-em bryos). Twenty-forty days af ter in duc tion, small white glob u lar and cotyledonal em bryos were ob served, which fur ther de vel oped root and shoot, re gen er at ing plantlets.
Keywords: anther culture; Cork oak; microspore embryogenesis; Quercus suber

Cytological analysis of early microspore divisions leading to gametic embryo formation in Quercus suber L. anther cultures - Pintos, B.; Manzanera, J. A.; Bueno, M. A. (Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 2005)
The cor re la tion be tween the phenologic stage of the in flo res - cence and the microspore de vel op ment stage was stud ied. Cyto log i cal ex am i na tions of the de vel op ment of micro spores dur - ing in vi tro an ther cul ture of cork oak (Quercus suber L.), were car ried out dur ing the first four weeks of cul ture. To ob serve the di vi sion oc cur ring in the micro spores, an thers were taken ran domly from the cultures after heat shock treatment and were stained with DAPI. Most of the an thers re spond ing to a heat stress treat ment con tained 91 % vacuolated micro spores, in di cat ing that this de vel op men tal stage is re spon sive to embryo genesis in duc tion in cork-oak micro spores. Af ter the heat shock treat ment some cork-oak micro spores were in duced and ini ti ated the embryogenic path way with the oc cur rence of nu mer ous sym met ric mi to sis, pro duc ing struc tures with two to ten or more nu clei. These lead to the for ma tion of high num - bers of multicellular cork-oak micro spores (pro-em bryos). Twenty-forty days af ter in duc tion, small white glob u lar and cotyledonal em bryos were ob served, which fur ther de vel oped root and shoot, re gen er at ing plantlets.
Keywords: anther culture; Cork oak; microspore embryogenesis; Quercus suber

Designing decision support tools for Mediterranean forest ecosystems management: a case study in Portugal - Falcão, André O; Borges, José G (Ann. For. Sci., 2005)
The effectiveness of Mediterranean forest ecosystem management calls for the conceptualization and implementation of adequate decision support tools. The proposed decision support system encompasses a management information system, a prescription simulator, a constraint generator and a set of management models designed to solve decision problems. Emphasis is on the architecture of the prescription simulator and its linkage to the three other modules, as well as on methods for reporting and visualizing solutions. Results are discussed for a real world test case – Serra de Grândola, a management area with about 18 600 ha comprising 860 cork oak (Quercus suber L.) land units. Cork oak silviculture adds complexity to the traditional forest management problem. Results show that the devised system is able to address effectively the integration of ecosystem data, silviculture, growth-and-yield and management models. They further suggest that the proposed system architecture may help address the complexity of Mediterranean ecosystem management problems.
Keywords: Cork oak; decision support systems; Forest management; Mediterranean ecosystems; prescription simulation