Evidence of selective burning in Sardinia (Italy): which land-cover classes do wildfires prefer? - Bajocco, Sofia; Ricotta, Carlo (Landscape Ecology, 2007)
The objective of this paper is to identify land-cover types where ﬁre incidence is higher (preferred) or lower (avoided) than expected from a random null model. Fire selectivity may be characterized by the number of ﬁres expected in a given land-cover class and by the mean surface area each ﬁre will burn. These two components of ﬁre pattern are usually independent of each other. For instance, ﬁre number is usually connected with socioeconomic causes whereas ﬁre size is largely controlled by fuel continuity. Therefore, on the basis of available ﬁre history data for Sardinia (Italy) for the period 2000– 2004 we analyzed ﬁre selectivity of given land-cover classes keeping both variables separate from each other. The results obtained from analysis of 13,377 ﬁres show that for most land-cover classes ﬁre behaves selectively, with marked preference (or avoidance) in terms of both ﬁre number and ﬁre size. Fire number is higher than expected by chance alone in urban and agricultural areas. In contrast, in forests, grasslands, and shrublands, ﬁre number is lower than expected. In grasslands and shrublands mean ﬁre size is signiﬁcantly larger than expected from a random null model whereas in urban areas, permanent crops, and heterogeneous agricultural areas there is significant resistance to ﬁre spread. Finally, as concerns mean ﬁre size, in our study area forests and arable land burn in proportion to their availability without any signiﬁcant tendency toward ﬁre preference or avoidance. The results obtained in this study contribute to ﬁre risk assessment on the landscape scale, indicating that risk of wildﬁre is closely related to land cover.
Keywords: analysis á; Fire number; fire number á fire; Fire selectivity; Fuel fragmentation; fuel fragmentation á landscape; Landscape analysis; mean fire size á; Mean ﬁre size; Permutation methods; selectivity á

Experimental study of the quasi-static and dynamic behaviour of cork under compressive loading - Gameiro, Celina Pires; Cirne, José; Gary, Gérard (Journal of Materials Science, 2007)
Cork is a natural cellular material with increasing industrial applications due to its remarkable combination of properties. Its mechanical behaviour explains why it is often used for applications like sealing, packaging, insulation, vibration control, weight reduction, ﬂotation, sound damping, etc. However, the mechanical behaviour of cork when subjected to impact has not been well investigated yet since the studies described in the literature generally focus strain rates below 10 –1 s –1 . Understanding the behaviour of cork at high rates of deformation becomes imperative when considering applications such as crash protection. Hence, in the present work, the authors compare the quasi-static and dynamic response of four types of cork when compressed axially at strain rates from 10 –3 s –1 to 600 s –1 . Data from the Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bars are used to generate stress–strain curves for natural and agglomerate cork samples, and the results are discussed in terms of the cellular structure of cork.
Keywords: compressive behaviour (voyant); Cork; stress-strain curves

Experimental study of the quasi-static and dynamic behaviour of cork under compressive loading - Gameiro, Celina Pires; Cirne, José; Gary, Gérard (Journal of Materials Science, 2007)
Cork is a natural cellular material with increasing industrial applications due to its remarkable combination of properties. Its mechanical behaviour explains why it is often used for applications like sealing, packaging, insulation, vibration control, weight reduction, ﬂotation, sound damping, etc. However, the mechanical behaviour of cork when subjected to impact has not been well investigated yet since the studies described in the literature generally focus strain rates below 10 –1 s –1 . Understanding the behaviour of cork at high rates of deformation becomes imperative when considering applications such as crash protection. Hence, in the present work, the authors compare the quasi-static and dynamic response of four types of cork when compressed axially at strain rates from 10 –3 s –1 to 600 s –1 . Data from the Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bars are used to generate stress–strain curves for natural and agglomerate cork samples, and the results are discussed in terms of the cellular structure of cork.
Keywords: compressive behaviour (voyant); Cork; stress-strain curves

Factors affecting culvert use by vertebrates along two stretches of road in southern Portugal - Ascensão, Fernando; Mira, António (Ecological Research, 2007)
A major target for environmental managers when trying to minimise the road-barrier eﬀect on wildlife is to improve permeability to animal movements. Previous studies have demonstrated that drainage culverts are used by vertebrates, although knowledge of the main inﬂuencing factors remains limited. The use of 34 culverts from two roads in southern Portugal, diﬀering in traﬃc volume, vehicle speeds and conﬁguration, was evaluated by the analysis of terrestrial vertebrate footprint data (408 passage-operative days). Culvert crossings were related to various explanatory variables by means of canonical ordination techniques. We recorded 901 complete crossings, corresponding to an average of 2.2 crossings/culvert/operative day. Thirteen taxa were detected, all in more than one passage. Animal species included reptiles, small mammals, lagomorphs, carnivores and domestic dogs and cats. Our results suggest that fencing might have a funnelling effect, directing larger animals toward culverts. Also, vegetation covering culvert entrances seems to have a positive eﬀect, particularly on genets; longer passages with entrances far from the pavement were, apparently, avoided by smaller animals; a lower number of crossings was detected on passages with detritus pits; the closest passages to urban areas are more often used by domestic species; forest-living species favour passages with low, open land cover nearby; and smaller species, like lagomorphs and small mammals, appear to use more culverts near the pavement, which probably reﬂects the importance of road verges as refuges for these species. Although not used by all species present in the study area, constructing numerous passages of diﬀerent sizes without detritus pits and which are distributed along roads might be an important step in mitigating road fragmentation eﬀects on animal populations.
Keywords: canonical ordination; conservation; culvert use; Incluir?; Road ecology; Vertebrates

Factors affecting culvert use by vertebrates along two stretches of road in southern Portugal - Ascensão, Fernando; Mira, António (Ecological Research, 2007)
A major target for environmental managers when trying to minimise the road-barrier eﬀect on wildlife is to improve permeability to animal movements. Previous studies have demonstrated that drainage culverts are used by vertebrates, although knowledge of the main inﬂuencing factors remains limited. The use of 34 culverts from two roads in southern Portugal, diﬀering in traﬃc volume, vehicle speeds and conﬁguration, was evaluated by the analysis of terrestrial vertebrate footprint data (408 passage-operative days). Culvert crossings were related to various explanatory variables by means of canonical ordination techniques. We recorded 901 complete crossings, corresponding to an average of 2.2 crossings/culvert/operative day. Thirteen taxa were detected, all in more than one passage. Animal species included reptiles, small mammals, lagomorphs, carnivores and domestic dogs and cats. Our results suggest that fencing might have a funnelling effect, directing larger animals toward culverts. Also, vegetation covering culvert entrances seems to have a positive eﬀect, particularly on genets; longer passages with entrances far from the pavement were, apparently, avoided by smaller animals; a lower number of crossings was detected on passages with detritus pits; the closest passages to urban areas are more often used by domestic species; forest-living species favour passages with low, open land cover nearby; and smaller species, like lagomorphs and small mammals, appear to use more culverts near the pavement, which probably reﬂects the importance of road verges as refuges for these species. Although not used by all species present in the study area, constructing numerous passages of diﬀerent sizes without detritus pits and which are distributed along roads might be an important step in mitigating road fragmentation eﬀects on animal populations.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: label: Incluir?
Keywords: canonical ordination; conservation; culvert use; Incluir?; Road ecology; Vertebrates

Factors affecting the invasion success of Senecio inaequidens and S. pterophorus in Mediterranean plant communities - Cano, L.; Escarre, J.; Sans, F. X. (Journal of Vegetation Science, 2007)
Question: Plant invasions result from complex interactions between species traits, community characteristics and environmental variations. We examined the effect of these interactions on the invasion potential of two invasive Senecio species, S. inaequidens and S. pterophorus, across three Mediterranean plant communities in a natural park. Location: Catalonia, NE Spain. Methods: We carried out two series of experimental seedling transplantations, in the spring and fall of 2003, in grassland, shrubland and Quercus ilex forest. Competition with neighbouring plants and water availability were manipulated. We evaluated the survival, growth and reproduction with respect to each treatment combination. Results: Any habitat can be colonised if disturbance occurs. In the absence of disturbance, shrubland enhanced the survival of seedlings. Competition with resident vegetation dramatically reduced survival in grassland and forest when establishment occurred in the spring. However, establishment in the fall promoted invasion in grassland and shrubland, even in the undisturbed treatment. Grassland allowed the highest growth and reproductive performance of both species while forest was the most resistant habitat to invasion. S. inaequidens had a higher growth rate and a shorter pre-reproductive period than S. pterophorus. S. pterophorus produced more biomass and was more dependent on water availability than S. inaequidens. Conclusions: In the light of our results, we recommend surveying open shrublands and grasslands after periods of rainfall. Special attention should be paid to S. pterophorus, which is currently spreading. A preliminary assessment of the invasive-ness of this plant is given in this study.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: Alien invasion; competition; Establishment; Natural Park; Reproductive performance; Water availability fluctuation

Factors affecting the invasion success of Senecio inaequidens and S. pterophorus in Mediterranean plant communities - Caño, L; Escarré, J; Sans, F X (Journal of Vegetation Science, 2007)
Question: Plant invasions result from complex interactions between species traits, community characteristics and environmental variations. We examined the effect of these interactions on the invasion potential of two invasive Senecio species, S. inaequidens and S. pterophorus, across three Mediterranean plant communities in a natural park. Location: Catalonia, NE Spain. Methods: We carried out two series of experimental seedling transplantations, in the spring and fall of 2003, in grassland, shrubland and Quercus ilex forest. Competition with neighbouring plants and water availability were manipulated. We evaluated the survival, growth and reproduction with respect to each treatment combination. Results: Any habitat can be colonised if disturbance occurs. In the absence of disturbance, shrubland enhanced the survival of seedlings. Competition with resident vegetation dramatically reduced survival in grassland and forest when establishment occurred in the spring. However, establishment in the fall promoted invasion in grassland and shrubland, even in the undisturbed treatment. Grassland allowed the highest growth and reproductive performance of both species while forest was the most resistant habitat to invasion. S. inaequidens had a higher growth rate and a shorter pre-reproductive period than S. pterophorus. S. pterophorus produced more biomass and was more dependent on water availability than S. inaequidens. Conclusions: In the light of our results, we recommend surveying open shrublands and grasslands after periods of rainfall. Special attention should be paid to S. pterophorus, which is currently spreading. A preliminary assessment of the invasive-ness of this plant is given in this study.
Keywords: Alien invasion; competition; Establishment; Natural Park; Reproductive performance; Water availability fluctuation

Factors affecting the placement of common genet latrine sites in a Mediterranean landscape in Portugal - Espírito-Santo, C; ROSALINO, LUIS M; Santos-Reis, Margarida (Journal of mammalogy, 2007)
In addition to the role of latrine sites as areas for deposition of feces, they may play roles in territoriality, sexual attraction, warning and defense behaviors, and regulation of physiological functions. Several carnivores, such as the common genet (Genetta genetta) use latrines as stations for scent communication. We describe the factors influencing the placement and use of latrine sites by a Mediterranean population of common genets inhabiting cork oak woodlands in southwestern Portugal. Using logistical regression analysis, we found a higher probability of finding latrines in areas with high understory height and diversity of landscape units, low human disturbance and accessibility, and proximity to potential refuges and other latrines. An exploratory univariate analysis showed that latrines were located primarily in conspicuously high features within the landscape such as in old-growth cork oak trees. Their use was associated with low human disturbance, inaccessibility, and high understory cover. Our results suggest that forest managers should preserve some old trees in oak woodlands, because these trees have a fundamental role in scent communication among genets (latrines), as well as serve as resting sites.
Keywords: common genets; genetta genetta; latrines; mediterranean landscape; Portugal; scent marking

Factors affecting the placement of common genet latrine sites in a Mediterranean landscape in Portugal - Espírito-Santo, C.; ROSALINO, LUIS M.; Santos-Reis, Margarida (Journal of mammalogy, 2007)
In addition to the role of latrine sites as areas for deposition of feces, they may play roles in territoriality, sexual attraction, warning and defense behaviors, and regulation of physiological functions. Several carnivores, such as the common genet (Genetta genetta) use latrines as stations for scent communication. We describe the factors influencing the placement and use of latrine sites by a Mediterranean population of common genets inhabiting cork oak woodlands in southwestern Portugal. Using logistical regression analysis, we found a higher probability of finding latrines in areas with high understory height and diversity of landscape units, low human disturbance and accessibility, and proximity to potential refuges and other latrines. An exploratory univariate analysis showed that latrines were located primarily in conspicuously high features within the landscape such as in old-growth cork oak trees. Their use was associated with low human disturbance, inaccessibility, and high understory cover. Our results suggest that forest managers should preserve some old trees in oak woodlands, because these trees have a fundamental role in scent communication among genets (latrines), as well as serve as resting sites.
Keywords: common genets; genetta genetta; latrines; mediterranean landscape; Portugal; scent marking

Factors responsible for the presence and distribution of black bellied sandgrouse Pterocles orientalis in the Nature Park ``Vale do Guadiana'' - Cardoso, Ana Cristina; Poeiras, Ana Sofia; Carrapato, Carlos (ARDEOLA, 2007)
Aims: Identify factors that are responsible for the presence and distribution of black-bellied sandgrouse in the nature park of `Vale do Guadiana' so that management actions can be undertaken. Localization: Southern Portugal. Methods: Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests and Bailey's tests was used to analyse the preferences among biotopes, while logistic regression analysis was utilized to obtain an explanation model for species distributions during breeding and non-breeding seasons. Variables considered in the analysis included presence or absence of cattle; ground vegetation coverage, height and vertical density; tree density; bush coverage; slope exposition; stone coverage and number of stones; wind direction; habitat; soil capacity; distance to roads, drinking places and villages; and altitude. . Results: The results of biotope selection indicated that sandgrouses preferred fields of leguminous plants during both breeding and non-breeding periods and tillage during the breeding period. Montado and fallows older than two years were avoided during the non-breeding season. Cereal fields were used according to their availability. Besides not significantly, fallows were highly used. For the explanation model, six variables that explain the species distribution during the breeding season were selected: cattle presence, stony ground and distance to secondary roads had a positive effect, while vegetation cover, stone cover and distance to the drinking places had a negative effect. During the non-breeding period, the model was not adjusted to validation sample. Conclusions: It was found that the most important biotopes are leguminous cultivations and fallows with extensive pastures. Grazing can have either a positive or a negative effect on these fields, depending on cattle density. Besides the number of small dams, drinking places are still a limiting factor for this species. Dispersion of settlements and roads is also negative to sandgrouse distribution. Finally conservation implications, namely management actions such as an enlargement of leguminous fields, cattle grazing control and modifications of Territory Management Plans, are discussed.
Keywords: habitat selection; Logistic regression; management actions; Pterocles orientalis; seasonal variation

Factors responsible for the presence and distribution of black bellied sandgrouse Pterocles orientalis in the Nature Park ``Vale do Guadiana'' - Cardoso, Ana Cristina; Poeiras, Ana Sofia; Carrapato, Carlos (ARDEOLA, 2007)
Aims: Identify factors that are responsible for the presence and distribution of black-bellied sandgrouse in the nature park of `Vale do Guadiana' so that management actions can be undertaken. Localization: Southern Portugal. Methods: Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric tests and Bailey's tests was used to analyse the preferences among biotopes, while logistic regression analysis was utilized to obtain an explanation model for species distributions during breeding and non-breeding seasons. Variables considered in the analysis included presence or absence of cattle; ground vegetation coverage, height and vertical density; tree density; bush coverage; slope exposition; stone coverage and number of stones; wind direction; habitat; soil capacity; distance to roads, drinking places and villages; and altitude. . Results: The results of biotope selection indicated that sandgrouses preferred fields of leguminous plants during both breeding and non-breeding periods and tillage during the breeding period. Montado and fallows older than two years were avoided during the non-breeding season. Cereal fields were used according to their availability. Besides not significantly, fallows were highly used. For the explanation model, six variables that explain the species distribution during the breeding season were selected: cattle presence, stony ground and distance to secondary roads had a positive effect, while vegetation cover, stone cover and distance to the drinking places had a negative effect. During the non-breeding period, the model was not adjusted to validation sample. Conclusions: It was found that the most important biotopes are leguminous cultivations and fallows with extensive pastures. Grazing can have either a positive or a negative effect on these fields, depending on cattle density. Besides the number of small dams, drinking places are still a limiting factor for this species. Dispersion of settlements and roads is also negative to sandgrouse distribution. Finally conservation implications, namely management actions such as an enlargement of leguminous fields, cattle grazing control and modifications of Territory Management Plans, are discussed.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: MELQUIADAS BIENCINTO 34, E-28053 MADRID, SPAIN publisher: SOC ESPANOLA ORNITOLGIA
Keywords: habitat selection; Logistic regression; management actions; Pterocles orientalis; seasonal variation

Fatty acid compositions of selected varieties of Spanish dry ham related to their nutritional implications - Fernández, Manuela; Ordóñez, Juan Antonio; Cambero, Isabel; Santos, Carlos; Pin, Carmen; Hoz, Lorenzo De La (Food Chemistry, 2007)
Five varieties of Spanish dry cured ham were studied to assess their nutritional value in relation to fatty acids. Ten hams of the Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) ‘‘Jamo´n Serrano’’, and the Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) ‘‘Jamo´n de Teruel’’, ‘‘Dehesa de Extremadura’’, ‘‘Jamo´n de Huelva’’ and ‘‘Guijuelo’’, were analysed. Iberian hams (‘‘Dehesa de Extremadura’’, ‘‘Jamo´n de Huelva’’ and ‘‘Guijuelo’’) were characterised by a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and a signiﬁcantly higher percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than white hams (‘‘Jamo´n Serrano’’ and ‘‘Jamo´n de Teruel’’). The Iberian varieties also showed a high proportion (approximately 50%) of C18:1 n 9, while ‘‘Jamo´n Serrano’’ showed the highest percentage of C18:2n6. The PUFA/SFA (P/S) ratio of the ﬁve varieties was P 0.19, with the highest ratio corresponding to ‘‘Jamo´n Serrano’’ (0.3). The n6/n3 ratio was in the order of 13/1 in ‘‘Jamo´n Serrano’’ and ‘‘Jamo´n de Huelva’’, and ranged from 9.3/1 to 10.3/1 in the other varieties. The most favourable hypocholesterolemic/Hypercholesterolemic (h/H) ratio (P2.5) was found in the Iberian varieties. TSG ‘‘Serrano’’ was shown to supply the lowest percentage of the recommended daily intake of MUFA, the Iberian varieties showed the highest percentage of the daily intake of long-chain PUFA, and PDO ‘‘Dehesa de Extremadura’’ showed the highest percentage of the intake of C18:3n3. The higher MUFA proportion and h/H ratio observed in the Iberian hams, together with their contribution to the recommended daily intake of fatty acids, would make these products more suitable for healthier diets, although consumption must be recommended in moderation.
Keywords: fatty acids; hypercholesterolemic; hypocholesterolemic; n à 3; n à 6; n-3; n-6; spanish dry cured ham

Fatty acid compositions of selected varieties of Spanish dry ham related to their nutritional implications - Fernández, Manuela; Ordóñez, Juan Antonio; Cambero, Isabel; Santos, Carlos; Pin, Carmen; Hoz, Lorenzo De La (Food Chemistry, 2007)
Five varieties of Spanish dry cured ham were studied to assess their nutritional value in relation to fatty acids. Ten hams of the Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) ‘‘Jamo´n Serrano’’, and the Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) ‘‘Jamo´n de Teruel’’, ‘‘Dehesa de Extremadura’’, ‘‘Jamo´n de Huelva’’ and ‘‘Guijuelo’’, were analysed. Iberian hams (‘‘Dehesa de Extremadura’’, ‘‘Jamo´n de Huelva’’ and ‘‘Guijuelo’’) were characterised by a lower proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and a signiﬁcantly higher percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than white hams (‘‘Jamo´n Serrano’’ and ‘‘Jamo´n de Teruel’’). The Iberian varieties also showed a high proportion (approximately 50%) of C18:1 n 9, while ‘‘Jamo´n Serrano’’ showed the highest percentage of C18:2n6. The PUFA/SFA (P/S) ratio of the ﬁve varieties was P 0.19, with the highest ratio corresponding to ‘‘Jamo´n Serrano’’ (0.3). The n6/n3 ratio was in the order of 13/1 in ‘‘Jamo´n Serrano’’ and ‘‘Jamo´n de Huelva’’, and ranged from 9.3/1 to 10.3/1 in the other varieties. The most favourable hypocholesterolemic/Hypercholesterolemic (h/H) ratio (P2.5) was found in the Iberian varieties. TSG ‘‘Serrano’’ was shown to supply the lowest percentage of the recommended daily intake of MUFA, the Iberian varieties showed the highest percentage of the daily intake of long-chain PUFA, and PDO ‘‘Dehesa de Extremadura’’ showed the highest percentage of the intake of C18:3n3. The higher MUFA proportion and h/H ratio observed in the Iberian hams, together with their contribution to the recommended daily intake of fatty acids, would make these products more suitable for healthier diets, although consumption must be recommended in moderation.
Keywords: fatty acids; hypercholesterolemic; hypocholesterolemic; n à 3; n à 6; n-3; n-6; spanish dry cured ham

First data from a field trial of Quercus suber plants regenerated from mature selected trees and from their half-sib progenies by somatic embryogenesis - CELESTINO, C; HERNÁNDEZ, I; Lopez-Vela, D; CARNEROS, E; ALEGRE, J; TORIBIO, M; Fernández-Guijarro, B; Cardo, L (Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Acclimatization and Establishment of Micropropagated Plants, 2007)
Somatic embryogenesis is considered as the most suitable current regeneration technique for the conservation and genetic improvement of tree species. The ability to induce somatic embryogenesis in leaves from mature trees gives the possibility to compare the performance of the parent trees and their progenies at the same age and place of test. Somatic seedlings were regenerated from five selected cork oak trees and from young plants of their half-sib progenies. They were planted in the field conjointly with zygotic seedlings of these families, to test the comparisons somatic vs. zygotic origin and somatic from mature trees vs. somatic from juvenile seedlings. The effect of genotype and kind of progeny will be studied in a complete factorial design; therefore the field trial comprised 15 treatments arranged in five completely randomised blocks. Each experimental unit included three plants that were distributed following a row and column pattern. Fist survival and height data after six and twelve months of establishment are provided. All plants from seeds survived while almost the half of somatic seedlings died after the winter and they were replaced. Almost 70% of these plants survived after the following summer. There were no differences between somatic seedlings of mature or juvenile origin. Zygotic seedlings doubled the height of the somatic ones after one year in the field, and within these plants those of mature origin grew slightly more than those of juvenile source. Differences due to genotype and family effects were noticeable. No apparent morphological alterations were detected among the three kinds of tested progenies.
Keywords: Cork oak; field establishment; rejuvenation; Somatic embryogenesis; woody plant micro-propagation

First data from a field trial of Quercus suber plants regenerated from mature selected trees and from their half-sib progenies by somatic embryogenesis - Celestino, C.; Hernández, I.; Lopez-Vela, D.; Carneros, E.; Alegre, J.; Toribio, M.; Fernandez-Guijarro, B.; Cardo, L. (Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Acclimatization and Establishment of Micropropagated Plants, 2007)
Somatic embryogenesis is considered as the most suitable current regeneration technique for the conservation and genetic improvement of tree species. The ability to induce somatic embryogenesis in leaves from mature trees gives the possibility to compare the performance of the parent trees and their progenies at the same age and place of test. Somatic seedlings were regenerated from five selected cork oak trees and from young plants of their half-sib progenies. They were planted in the field conjointly with zygotic seedlings of these families, to test the comparisons somatic vs. zygotic origin and somatic from mature trees vs. somatic from juvenile seedlings. The effect of genotype and kind of progeny will be studied in a complete factorial design; therefore the field trial comprised 15 treatments arranged in five completely randomised blocks. Each experimental unit included three plants that were distributed following a row and column pattern. Fist survival and height data after six and twelve months of establishment are provided. All plants from seeds survived while almost the half of somatic seedlings died after the winter and they were replaced. Almost 70% of these plants survived after the following summer. There were no differences between somatic seedlings of mature or juvenile origin. Zygotic seedlings doubled the height of the somatic ones after one year in the field, and within these plants those of mature origin grew slightly more than those of juvenile source. Differences due to genotype and family effects were noticeable. No apparent morphological alterations were detected among the three kinds of tested progenies.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Acclimatization and Establishment of Micropropagated Plants issue: 748 pub-location: PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM
Keywords: Cork oak; field establishment; rejuvenation; Somatic embryogenesis; woody plant micro-propagation

First Report of Canker Disease Caused by Botryosphaeria parva on Cork Oak Trees in Italy - Linaldeddu, B. T.; Franceschini, A.; Luque, J.; Phillips, A. J. L. (Plant Disease, 2007)
A survey was carried out in the spring of 2003 to study the fungi associated with declining trees in a cork oak (Quercus suber L.) forest located in Sassari Province, Sardinia, Italy (40°52?N, 9°01?E) at an altitude of 150 m (above sea level). Several isolates obtained from live twigs and branches showing sunken necrotic bark lesions were identified as Fusicoccum parvum Pennycook EF1-α: 100%). Representative sequences of both regions were deposited at GenBank (ITS: Accession No. DQ487157; EF1-α: Accession No. DQ487158). Pathogenicity tests were carried out on seven 2-year-old cork oak seedlings maintained in a greenhouse at 14 to 26°C with the B. parva strain CBS 119937 obtained in this study. A mycelial plug (3 to 4 mm2) taken from the margin of an actively growing colony on PDA was put in a shallow wound made by a scalpel on the basal part of the stem of each seedling. Sterile PDA plugs were placed into similar wounds on three control seedlings. The inoculation points were wrapped in Parafilm to retain moisture for 1 week. After 4 weeks, all seedlings inoculated with B. parva died and showed a collapse of the stem cortical tissues associated with dark brown discolorations and vascular necrosis measuring 10.9 ± 0.4 cm. No symptoms were visible in the control seedlings. The pathogen was reisolated from all the inoculated seedlings, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. The results confirm the virulence of this fungus and point to its possible involvement in the aetiology of cork oak decline. B. parva is a cosmopolitan, plurivorous pathogen causing disease in several hosts of economic importance, such as grapevine (3), kiwi (2), and Eucalyptus spp. trees (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of B. parva causing canker disease on cork oak trees. References: (1) A. Gezahgne et al. S. Afr. J. Bot. 70:241, 2004. (2) S. R. Pennycook and G. J. Samuels. Mycotaxon 24:445, 1985. (3) A. J. L. Phillips. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 41:3, 2002. (4) B. Slippers et al. Mycologia 96:83, 2004.
doi: 10.1094/PDIS-91-3-0324Adoi: 10.1094/PDIS-91-3-0324AThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Scientific Societies
Keywords: canker disease; Cork oak; Italy (voyant)

Flowering phenology of Mediterranean Quercus species in different locations (Córdoba, SW Iberian Peninsula) - Gómez-Casero, M T (Acta botánica malacitana, 2007)
Periodical qualitative and quantitative checking of flowering phases was carried out over six growing seasons (1997-2002) for the three Mediterranean Quercusspecies found in Sierra Morena (Córdoba, SW Spain): Q. ilex L. ssp. ballota (Desf.) Samp., Q. coccifera L. and Q. suber L. A total of 60 individuals were selected. Additionally, 30 Quercus ilex ssp. ballota individuals were selected and studied in Sierras Subbéticas (Priego de Córdoba, SW Spain) in 1999 and 2000. Morphological changes occurring at different points in each phenological phase were charted. Among species differences were found for inflorescences/male and female flowers, in terms of the phenological flowering sequence. Male inflorescences displayed a more homogeneous development. All individuals and populations were proterandrous. Phenological trends and ranges were charted. Although trends varied with species and year, the overall phenological trend seemed to fit a sigmoid curve in all cases, increasing with phenological development. Shorter ranges were obtained in years with warmer springs, and longer ranges in colder years. Moreover, phenological range differed as a function of species and location. In general, Q. ilex ssp. ballota flowered earlier than the rest, Q. suber displaying the latest flowering period. Individuals located at lower altitudes and facing the sun flowered earlier, followed in most years by those located at higher altitudes. Thus, Q. ilex ssp. ballota flowered earlier in Sierra Morena than in the higher-altitude Sierras Subbéticas.
Keywords: flowering; Quercus; range; reproductive phenology; tendency

Foraging Activity and Dietary Spectrum of the Argentine Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Invaded Natural Areas of the Northeast Iberian Peninsula - Abril, S; Oliveras, J; Gómez, C (Environmental Entomology,, 2007)
We analyzed the foraging activity and the dietary spectrum of the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile Mayr) and select native ants on cork oaks from Mediterranean open cork oak (Quercus suber) secondary forests. The study areas included invaded and noninvaded zones in close proximity. The Argentine ant's daily foraging activity was correlated to the abiotic factors studied, whereas the seasonal foraging activity was related not only to the variations in the average air temperature, but also to the trophic needs of the colony. Argentine ant workers focused their attention on protein foods during the queens' oviposition periods and during the larvae development phase, and on carbohydrate foods, such as honeydew, when males and workers were hatching. There were no significant differences over the entire year in the quantity of liquid food collected by the Argentine ant workers in comparison with the native ants studied. The solid diet of the Argentine ant on cork oaks is composed of insects, most of which are aphids. Our results have clear applications for control methods based on toxic baits in the invaded natural ecosystems of the Iberian Peninsula.
Keywords: Argentine ant; dietary spectrum; foraging activity; Linepithema humile; Quercus suber

Foraging Activity and Dietary Spectrum of the Argentine Ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Invaded Natural Areas of the Northeast Iberian Peninsula - Abril, S.; Oliveras, J.; Gómez, C. (Environmental Entomology,, 2007)
We analyzed the foraging activity and the dietary spectrum of the Argentine ant (Linepithema humile Mayr) and select native ants on cork oaks from Mediterranean open cork oak (Quercus suber) secondary forests. The study areas included invaded and noninvaded zones in close proximity. The Argentine ant's daily foraging activity was correlated to the abiotic factors studied, whereas the seasonal foraging activity was related not only to the variations in the average air temperature, but also to the trophic needs of the colony. Argentine ant workers focused their attention on protein foods during the queens' oviposition periods and during the larvae development phase, and on carbohydrate foods, such as honeydew, when males and workers were hatching. There were no significant differences over the entire year in the quantity of liquid food collected by the Argentine ant workers in comparison with the native ants studied. The solid diet of the Argentine ant on cork oaks is composed of insects, most of which are aphids. Our results have clear applications for control methods based on toxic baits in the invaded natural ecosystems of the Iberian Peninsula.
Keywords: Argentine ant; dietary spectrum; foraging activity; Linepithema humile; Quercus suber

Forest types for biodiversity assessment at regional level: the case study of Sicily (Italy) - Cullotta, Sebastiano; Marchetti, Marco (European Journal of Forest Research, 2007)
Within Europe the question of plant coenosis is attracting growing interest. The quality and quantity of collected information on forest resources at a global level largely depends on the capacity to collect and analyse data at national and sub-national scale in a way compatible with those at global or continental levels. In Italy the acceptance of all the international agreements and protocols on the protection of the environment and management of natural resources, requires a standardization of collected information and statistics, with the aim to produce homogeneous and integrative data at global level. This need is reﬂected in the following points: (1) the adoption of a classiﬁcation system of land use and forest cover compatible with international hierarchical systems and deﬁnitions; (2) the identiﬁcation of standard procedures in data collection and data elaboration. To classify natural resources and, in this case study, forest resources, implies to order natural and semi natural coenosis, forest and pre-forest communities, in a systematic way, according to the applied variables and to the scale detail. The solution proposed in this case study is organised according to forest management, through the adoption of the habitat approach, describing forest and pre-forest types in a synoptic way and performing a system of nomenclature in agreement with the international standards initiatives. In this way, the characterization of forest types at community level is related to the environmental planning for the protection of biodiversity
Keywords: Ecological stratiﬁcation; Forest biodiversity; Forest community; forest type; Hierarchical system; Stand-management unit

Forest types for biodiversity assessment at regional level: the case study of Sicily (Italy) - Cullotta, Sebastiano; Marchetti, Marco (European Journal of Forest Research, 2007)
Within Europe the question of plant coenosis is attracting growing interest. The quality and quantity of collected information on forest resources at a global level largely depends on the capacity to collect and analyse data at national and sub-national scale in a way compatible with those at global or continental levels. In Italy the acceptance of all the international agreements and protocols on the protection of the environment and management of natural resources, requires a standardization of collected information and statistics, with the aim to produce homogeneous and integrative data at global level. This need is reﬂected in the following points: (1) the adoption of a classiﬁcation system of land use and forest cover compatible with international hierarchical systems and deﬁnitions; (2) the identiﬁcation of standard procedures in data collection and data elaboration. To classify natural resources and, in this case study, forest resources, implies to order natural and semi natural coenosis, forest and pre-forest communities, in a systematic way, according to the applied variables and to the scale detail. The solution proposed in this case study is organised according to forest management, through the adoption of the habitat approach, describing forest and pre-forest types in a synoptic way and performing a system of nomenclature in agreement with the international standards initiatives. In this way, the characterization of forest types at community level is related to the environmental planning for the protection of biodiversity
Keywords: Ecological stratiﬁcation; Forest biodiversity; Forest community; forest type; Hierarchical system; Stand-management unit

Forestaciones con encina y alcornoque en el área de la dehesa en el marco del - Ovando, Paola; Campos, Pablo; Montero, Gregorio (Revista Española de estudios agrosociales y pesqueros, 2007)
La Unión Europea adopta en el año 1992 una serie de medidas de acompañamiento a la reforma de la política agraria común. La política de abandono de tierras agrícolas dedicadas a cultivos excedentarios fue incentivada mediante ayudas a su forestación, reguladas por el Reglamento 2080/1992. Esta intervención pública ha tenido en el área de la dehesa española una influencia favorable a la expansión de sus dos especies forestales más emblemáticas: la encina (Quercus ilex) y el alcornoque (Quercus suber ). La superficie forestada con encina y alcornoque entre 1993 y 2000 supera las 281.000 hectáreas en las comunidades autónomas de Andalucía, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y León, Extremadura y Madrid, que concentran alrededor del 95 por ciento de la superficie forestada con ambas especies en España. Este estudio tiene como objetivo ofrecer un análisis descriptivo de los efectos de las forestaciones con encina y alcornoque en los cambios de usos del suelo, así como la influencia que ha tenido la distribución del gasto público en las Comunidades Autónomas del área de la dehesa, en aplicación del Reglamento (CE) 2080/1992.
Keywords: alcornoque (PG); cambio de uso; Dehesa; encina; forestación de tierras agrarias

Forestaciones con encina y alcornoque en el área de la dehesa en el marco del - Ovando, Paola; Campos, Pablo; Montero, Gregorio (Revista Española de estudios agrosociales y pesqueros, 2007)
La Unión Europea adopta en el año 1992 una serie de medidas de acompañamiento a la reforma de la política agraria común. La política de abandono de tierras agrícolas dedicadas a cultivos excedentarios fue incentivada mediante ayudas a su forestación, reguladas por el Reglamento 2080/1992. Esta intervención pública ha tenido en el área de la dehesa española una influencia favorable a la expansión de sus dos especies forestales más emblemáticas: la encina (Quercus ilex) y el alcornoque (Quercus suber ). La superficie forestada con encina y alcornoque entre 1993 y 2000 supera las 281.000 hectáreas en las comunidades autónomas de Andalucía, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y León, Extremadura y Madrid, que concentran alrededor del 95 por ciento de la superficie forestada con ambas especies en España. Este estudio tiene como objetivo ofrecer un análisis descriptivo de los efectos de las forestaciones con encina y alcornoque en los cambios de usos del suelo, así como la influencia que ha tenido la distribución del gasto público en las Comunidades Autónomas del área de la dehesa, en aplicación del Reglamento (CE) 2080/1992.
Keywords: alcornoque (PG); cambio de uso; Dehesa; encina; forestación de tierras agrarias

fructificación del hongo ECM comestible Amanita ponderosa Malençon & R. Heim durante seis años consecutivos en un encinar adehesado de la Sierra - Daza, A.; Camacho, M. (Investigación Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, 2007)
Number and location of Amanita ponderosa Malençon & R. Heim sporocarps was followed through six years in a 3 ha holm-oak forest located in the Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche Natural Park (Huelva), at the Southwest of Spain. The data indicated that patches of sporocarp production showed a very similar shape each year, but some spots showed differences seeming crop alternance or mast years. This species only fructifies in spring, being the fruiting period from 6 to 8 weeks, what coincides with the increasing of air-temperature from mid February to April. Differences in fruiting period length and total sporocarp production are related to rainfall and temperature. Results suggest that rainfalls at the end of summer and early autumn are crucial for the next spring fruiting, but rainfalls during fruiting period seem to have less influence in sporocarp production. During the sporocarp production period, it was related to soil temperature.
Keywords: gurumelo; mushroom harvest; raining; Soil temperature; sporocarp production and location

fructificación del hongo ECM comestible Amanita ponderosa Malençon & R. Heim durante seis años consecutivos en un encinar adehesado de la Sierra - Daza, a; Camacho, M (Investigación Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, 2007)
Number and location of Amanita ponderosa Malençon & R. Heim sporocarps was followed through six years in a 3 ha holm-oak forest located in the Sierra de Aracena y Picos de Aroche Natural Park (Huelva), at the Southwest of Spain. The data indicated that patches of sporocarp production showed a very similar shape each year, but some spots showed differences seeming crop alternance or mast years. This species only fructifies in spring, being the fruiting period from 6 to 8 weeks, what coincides with the increasing of air-temperature from mid February to April. Differences in fruiting period length and total sporocarp production are related to rainfall and temperature. Results suggest that rainfalls at the end of summer and early autumn are crucial for the next spring fruiting, but rainfalls during fruiting period seem to have less influence in sporocarp production. During the sporocarp production period, it was related to soil temperature.
Keywords: gurumelo; mushroom harvest; raining; Soil temperature; sporocarp production and location

Gall wasps and their parasitoids in cork oak fragmented forests - CHUST, GUILLEM; GARBIN, LUCAS; PUJADE-VILLAR, JULI (Ecological Entomology, 2007)
Abstract 1. This paper explores the potential effects of host-plant fragmentation on cork oak gall wasp populations (Cynipidae, Hymenoptera) and on their predators, lethal inquilines, and parasitoids. To address this objective, galls were collected across a gradient of cork oak (Quercus suber) forest fragmentation in the East Pyrenees (Albera, Spain), and they were incubated to obtain the parasitism rates. 2. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) Host-plant fragmentation may induce a decline in gall wasp populations because of area and isolation effects on local extinction and dispersal; as a consequence of that, parasitoids may decline even more strongly in fragmented habitats than their prey. (2) Host-plant fragmentation may cause a decline in gall wasp parasitoid populations that, in turn, can lead to an ecological release in their prey populations. 3. Among the eight cork oak gall wasps sampled in the study area of Albera, the gall abundances of three species (Callirhytis glandium, Callirhytis rufescens, and Andricus hispanicus) were significantly related to forest fragmentation. The overall abundance of gall wasps was affected by a radius of ≈ 890 m surrounding landscape, presenting constant abundances with forest loss until forest cover is reduced at ≈ 40%; below that value the abundance increased rapidly. Three inquilines and 23 parasitoids species were recorded after gall incubation. In 25 cases, species of inquilines and parasitoids were newly recorded for the corresponding host in the Iberian peninsula. 4. Although the overall parasitism rate was high (1.1), it was uncorrelated with fragmentation and with overall cynipid abundance. These results indicate that host-plant fragmentation was correlated with higher abundance of gall wasps, whereas the parasitism rate could not explain this hyper-abundance in small forest fragments.
Keywords: Cork oak; fragmentation; gall wasp; parasitism rate; parasitoid; Pyrenees; Quercus suber

Gall wasps and their parasitoids in cork oak fragmented forests - CHUST, GUILLEM; GARBIN, LUCAS; PUJADE-VILLAR, JULI (Ecological Entomology, 2007)
Abstract 1. This paper explores the potential effects of host-plant fragmentation on cork oak gall wasp populations (Cynipidae, Hymenoptera) and on their predators, lethal inquilines, and parasitoids. To address this objective, galls were collected across a gradient of cork oak (Quercus suber) forest fragmentation in the East Pyrenees (Albera, Spain), and they were incubated to obtain the parasitism rates. 2. Two hypotheses were tested: (1) Host-plant fragmentation may induce a decline in gall wasp populations because of area and isolation effects on local extinction and dispersal; as a consequence of that, parasitoids may decline even more strongly in fragmented habitats than their prey. (2) Host-plant fragmentation may cause a decline in gall wasp parasitoid populations that, in turn, can lead to an ecological release in their prey populations. 3. Among the eight cork oak gall wasps sampled in the study area of Albera, the gall abundances of three species (Callirhytis glandium, Callirhytis rufescens, and Andricus hispanicus) were significantly related to forest fragmentation. The overall abundance of gall wasps was affected by a radius of ≈ 890 m surrounding landscape, presenting constant abundances with forest loss until forest cover is reduced at ≈ 40%; below that value the abundance increased rapidly. Three inquilines and 23 parasitoids species were recorded after gall incubation. In 25 cases, species of inquilines and parasitoids were newly recorded for the corresponding host in the Iberian peninsula. 4. Although the overall parasitism rate was high (1.1), it was uncorrelated with fragmentation and with overall cynipid abundance. These results indicate that host-plant fragmentation was correlated with higher abundance of gall wasps, whereas the parasitism rate could not explain this hyper-abundance in small forest fragments.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: Cork oak; fragmentation; gall wasp; parasitism rate; parasitoid; Pyrenees; Quercus suber

Generalized height-diameter and crown diameter prediction models for cork oak forests in Spain - Sanchez-Gonzalez, M; Cañellas, I; Montero, G (Investigación Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, 2007)
A generalized height-diameter equation, along with a crown diameter prediction equation for cork oak forests in Spain were developed based on data from the Second Spanish Forest Inventory. Nine generalised height-diameter equations were selected as candidate functions to model the height-diameter under cork relationship, while for the crown diameter prediction model five linear and non-linear equations were tested. The equations were fitted using the mixedeffects model approach. The Stoffels & Van Soest power equation, constrained to pass through the point of dominant diameter and dominant height, was selected as the generalised height-diameter model. Regarding the crown diameter prediction model, the parable function without the intercept and with quadratic mean diameter incorporated as a fixed effect into the b parameter, proved to be the model with best prediction capabilities. The models were validated by characterising the model error using the PRESS (Prediction Sum of Squares) statistic. Both equations will be submodels of the ALCORNOQUE v1.0, a management oriented growth and yield model for cork oak forests in Spain.
Keywords: crown width; forest growth modelling; height-diameter relationship; mixed effects models; Quercus suber

Generalized height-diameter and crown diameter prediction models for cork oak forests in Spain - Sánchez-González, M.; Cañellas, I.; Montero, G. (Investigación Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, 2007)
A generalized height-diameter equation, along with a crown diameter prediction equation for cork oak forests in Spain were developed based on data from the Second Spanish Forest Inventory. Nine generalised height-diameter equations were selected as candidate functions to model the height-diameter under cork relationship, while for the crown diameter prediction model five linear and non-linear equations were tested. The equations were fitted using the mixedeffects model approach. The Stoffels & Van Soest power equation, constrained to pass through the point of dominant diameter and dominant height, was selected as the generalised height-diameter model. Regarding the crown diameter prediction model, the parable function without the intercept and with quadratic mean diameter incorporated as a fixed effect into the b parameter, proved to be the model with best prediction capabilities. The models were validated by characterising the model error using the PRESS (Prediction Sum of Squares) statistic. Both equations will be submodels of the ALCORNOQUE v1.0, a management oriented growth and yield model for cork oak forests in Spain.
Keywords: crown width; forest growth modelling; height-diameter relationship; mixed effects models; Quercus suber

GeneticLand: modelling land-use change using evolutionary algorithms - Seixas, J; Nunes, J P (Modelling Land-Use change, 2007)
Future land-use configurations provide valuable knowledge for policy makers and economic agents, especially under expected environmental changes such as decreasing rainfall or increasing temperatures. This chapter proposes an optimisation approach for modelling land-use change in which landscapes (land uses) are generated through the use of an evolutionary algorithm called GeneticLand. It is designed for a multiobjective function that aims at the minimisation of soil erosion and the maximisation of carbon sequestration, under a set of local restrictions. GeneticLand has been applied to a Mediterranean landscape, located in southern Portugal. The algorithm design and the results obtained show the feasibility of the generated landscapes, the appropriateness of the evolutionary methods to model land-use changes and the spatial characteristics of the landscape solutions that emerge when physical drivers have a major influence on their evolution.
Keywords: climate change; evolutionary computing; land use; long-term; Mediterranean landscape.; optimisation; Spatial planning

GeneticLand: modelling land-use change using evolutionary algorithms - Seixas, J.; Nunes, J. P. (Modelling Land-Use change, 2007)
Future land-use configurations provide valuable knowledge for policy makers and economic agents, especially under expected environmental changes such as decreasing rainfall or increasing temperatures. This chapter proposes an optimisation approach for modelling land-use change in which landscapes (land uses) are generated through the use of an evolutionary algorithm called GeneticLand. It is designed for a multiobjective function that aims at the minimisation of soil erosion and the maximisation of carbon sequestration, under a set of local restrictions. GeneticLand has been applied to a Mediterranean landscape, located in southern Portugal. The algorithm design and the results obtained show the feasibility of the generated landscapes, the appropriateness of the evolutionary methods to model land-use changes and the spatial characteristics of the landscape solutions that emerge when physical drivers have a major influence on their evolution.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Modelling Land-Use change
Keywords: climate change; evolutionary computing; land use; long-term; Mediterranean landscape.; optimisation; Spatial planning

Geophysical imaging of root-zone, trunk, and moisture heterogeneity - Attia Al Hagrey, Said (Journal of Experimental Botany, 2007)
The most significant biotic and abiotic stress agents of water extremity, salinity, and infection lead to wood decay and modifications of moisture and ion content, and density. This strongly influences the (di-)electrical and mechanical properties and justifies the application of geophysical imaging techniques. These are less invasive and have high resolution in contrast to classical methods of destructive, single-point measurements for inspecting stresses in trees and soils. This review presents some in situ and in vivo applications of electric, radar, and seismic methods for studying water status and movement in soils, roots, and tree trunks. The electrical properties of a root-zone are a consequence of their moisture content. Electrical imaging discriminates resistive, woody roots from conductive, soft roots. Both types are recognized by low radar velocities and high attenuation. Single roots can generate diffraction hyperbolas in radargrams. Pedophysical relationships of water content to electrical resistivity and radar velocity are established by diverse infiltration experiments in the field, laboratory, and in the full-scale ‘GeoModel’ at Kiel University. Subsurface moisture distributions are derived from geophysical attribute models. The ring electrode technique around trunks images the growth ring structure of concentric resistivity, which is inversely proportional to the fluid content. Healthy trees show a central high resistivity within the dry heartwood that strongly decreases towards the peripheral wet sapwood. Observed structural deviations are caused by infection, decay, shooting, or predominant light and/or wind directions. Seismic trunk tomography also differentiates between decayed and healthy woods.
10.1093/jxb/erl237
Keywords: Electric Impedance; Electrical resistivity techniques; Electrodes; Geological Phenomena; Geology; Plant Roots; Plant Roots: metabolism; Populus; Populus: physiology; Portugal; Quercus; Quercus: anatomy & histology; Quercus: metabolism; Radar; radar imaging; ring electrode array; root-zone; sap flow; seismic tomography; trunk ring structure; vadose zone; water; water content; water flow; Water: analysis; Water: metabolism

Geophysical imaging of root-zone, trunk, and moisture heterogeneity - Attia Al Hagrey, Said (Journal of Experimental Botany, 2007)
The most significant biotic and abiotic stress agents of water extremity, salinity, and infection lead to wood decay and modifications of moisture and ion content, and density. This strongly influences the (di-)electrical and mechanical properties and justifies the application of geophysical imaging techniques. These are less invasive and have high resolution in contrast to classical methods of destructive, single-point measurements for inspecting stresses in trees and soils. This review presents some in situ and in vivo applications of electric, radar, and seismic methods for studying water status and movement in soils, roots, and tree trunks. The electrical properties of a root-zone are a consequence of their moisture content. Electrical imaging discriminates resistive, woody roots from conductive, soft roots. Both types are recognized by low radar velocities and high attenuation. Single roots can generate diffraction hyperbolas in radargrams. Pedophysical relationships of water content to electrical resistivity and radar velocity are established by diverse infiltration experiments in the field, laboratory, and in the full-scale ‘GeoModel’ at Kiel University. Subsurface moisture distributions are derived from geophysical attribute models. The ring electrode technique around trunks images the growth ring structure of concentric resistivity, which is inversely proportional to the fluid content. Healthy trees show a central high resistivity within the dry heartwood that strongly decreases towards the peripheral wet sapwood. Observed structural deviations are caused by infection, decay, shooting, or predominant light and/or wind directions. Seismic trunk tomography also differentiates between decayed and healthy woods.
10.1093/jxb/erl23710.1093/jxb/erl237The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 17229759
Keywords: Electric Impedance; Electrical resistivity techniques; Electrodes; Geological Phenomena; Geology; Plant Roots; Plant Roots: metabolism; Populus; Populus: physiology; Portugal; Quercus; Quercus: anatomy & histology; Quercus: metabolism; Radar; radar imaging; ring electrode array; root-zone; sap flow; seismic tomography; trunk ring structure; vadose zone; water; water content; water flow; Water: analysis; Water: metabolism

Habitat use and spatial behaviour in the European rabbit in three Mediterranean environments - Lombardi, Ludgarda; Fernández, Néstor; Moreno, Sacramento (Basic and Applied Ecology, 2007)
The abundance and behaviour of mammalian prey species such as the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are known to be regulated by the availability of both food for maintenance and reproduction and shelter for protection against predators and harsh weather. However, the effect of vegetation structure and temporal variations in food availability on habitat selection and spatial behaviour are still poorly understood. The present study investigated the relationship between rabbit spatial ecology and vegetation structure and food quality and quantity in three neighbouring areas in SW Spain that differed in the distribution and amount of refuge sites and food patches. In all, 35 rabbits were radiotracked in the three study areas and home range and core area sizes in different seasons and at different times of the day estimated. Spatial behaviour was then compared with parameters of vegetation cover and food quantity and quality. Lastly, rabbit habitat selection at two levels was studied: home range selection and selection within home ranges. Home range size varied from one study area and season to another, but was not dependent on either sex or the availability or quality of food. We suggest that differences in home range size between study areas respond to differences in vegetation cover, with smaller home ranges in areas with higher proportion of sheltering vegetation. It was found that habitat selection patterns varied between the three areas in terms of the need for rabbits to exploit to a maximum the scarcest resource in each situation, thereby optimising access to both feeding and refuge patches. This pattern was manifest at the home range level of habitat selection but not at the level of selection within home ranges. Findings were consistent with the high behavioural plasticity of the European rabbit in its native habitats and provide useful information for habitat management.
Keywords: Doñana National Park; Food quality; habitat selection; Home range size; Mediterranean ecosystems; oryctolagus cuniculus; predation risk; Prey behaviour; Resource availability

The Holocene and Upper Pleistocene pollen sequence of Carihuela Cave, southern Spain - Fernández, Santiago; Fuentes, Noemí; Carrión, José S.; González-Sampériz, Penélope; Montoya, Encarna; Gil, Graciela; Vega-Toscano, Gerardo; Riquelme, José a. (Geobios, 2007)
A new pollen sequence (ca. 15,700–1250 yr BP) is presented for three stratigraphical sections of Carihuela Cave (Granada, southeastern Spain), thus completing a record that covers from the last Interglacial to late Holocene. The Late Glacial is characterized by open landscapes with junipers and early colonisation of Quercus, while the Holocene is depicted by mixed oak forests, with a diversity of broad-leaf trees and scrub, which decrease after ca. 5470 yr BP synchronously with the expansion of xerophytes and occurrence of indicators of anthropogenic disturbance. The whole pollen record of Carihuela ﬁts into the general trends described for reference pollen sites of southern Europe, including Padul in the province of Granada, and other sequences from Mediterranean Spain, through which the heterogeneity of environmental change increases from mid to late Holocene. We conclude that, in contrast with other regions of Spain, deciduous Quercus-dominated forests are very old in eastern Andalusia, thus conﬂicting with ﬂoristic phytosociological models of vegetation change that imply that monospeciﬁc Q. ilex/ rotundifolia woodlands are the potential mature forest in the region. Dating results suggest that the last Neanderthals of Carihuela lived between ca. 28,440 and 21,430 yr BP, which agrees with the postulation that southern Spain was the latest refugium for this human species in Europe
Keywords: historical biogeography; Holocene; palaeoecology; Spain; Upper Pleistocene; vegetation history

The Holocene and Upper Pleistocene pollen sequence of Carihuela Cave, southern Spain - Fernández, Santiago; Fuentes, Noemí; Carrión, José S.; González-Sampériz, Penélope; Montoya, Encarna; Gil, Graciela; Vega-Toscano, Gerardo; Riquelme, José a (Geobios, 2007)
A new pollen sequence (ca. 15,700–1250 yr BP) is presented for three stratigraphical sections of Carihuela Cave (Granada, southeastern Spain), thus completing a record that covers from the last Interglacial to late Holocene. The Late Glacial is characterized by open landscapes with junipers and early colonisation of Quercus, while the Holocene is depicted by mixed oak forests, with a diversity of broad-leaf trees and scrub, which decrease after ca. 5470 yr BP synchronously with the expansion of xerophytes and occurrence of indicators of anthropogenic disturbance. The whole pollen record of Carihuela ﬁts into the general trends described for reference pollen sites of southern Europe, including Padul in the province of Granada, and other sequences from Mediterranean Spain, through which the heterogeneity of environmental change increases from mid to late Holocene. We conclude that, in contrast with other regions of Spain, deciduous Quercus-dominated forests are very old in eastern Andalusia, thus conﬂicting with ﬂoristic phytosociological models of vegetation change that imply that monospeciﬁc Q. ilex/ rotundifolia woodlands are the potential mature forest in the region. Dating results suggest that the last Neanderthals of Carihuela lived between ca. 28,440 and 21,430 yr BP, which agrees with the postulation that southern Spain was the latest refugium for this human species in Europe
Keywords: historical biogeography; Holocene; palaeoecology; Spain; Upper Pleistocene; vegetation history

Holocene environmental change in a montane region of southern Europe with a long history of human settlement - Carrión, J. S. S.; Fuentes, N.; González-Sampériz, P.; Sánchez Quirante, L.; Finlayson, J. C. C.; Fernández, S.; Andrade, a (Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007)
This paper uses a palynological sequence to examine the Holocene (8390–160 cal yr BP) environmental history of the Sierra de Baza (Granada, southeastern Spain) with the goal of establishing the mechanisms exerting control over vegetation change. During the period ca 8390–6320 cal yr BP, Pinus dominated the pollen spectra, indicating a forested landscape over the high-elevation areas of the Sierra. From ca 6320–3800 cal yr BP, an expansion of deciduous oaks and other broad-leaf trees took place. After an optimum around 5800–5600 cal yr BP, mesophytes decreased in the 3800–2560 cal yr BP interval while a ﬁre-prone scrub became established. The main loss of forest accompanied the spread of thorny matorral after ca 2560 cal yr BP. Overall, this mountain region has shown itself to be sensitive to a range of inﬂuences, among which a continental climate that has become increasingly arid over the last 5000 years, the scarcity of soils suitable for cultivation, a geology that includes sources of copper and other metals and, especially, the incidence of grazing as well as the repeated appearance of ﬁres during the last 4000 years, are highlighted. The history of the vegetation of the Sierra de Baza seems clearly inﬂuenced by changes in local economy. Here we discuss how ecological transitions have interacted with cultural changes, with emphasis on the locally highly populated Chalcolithic (5700–4400 cal yr BP) and Argaric (4400–3550 cal yr BP) periods, as well as the Iberian period (3200–2220 cal yr BP). The sierra was abandoned during the Iberian Period which was, paradoxically, when the highest human impact on mountain vegetation is noticeable.
Keywords: Holocene (voyant); Pollen analysis; Sierra de Baza; vegetation changes

Holocene environmental change in a montane region of southern Europe with a long history of human settlement - Carrión, J.S. S; Fuentes, N.; González-Sampériz, P.; Sánchez Quirante, L.; Finlayson, J.C. C; Fernández, S.; Andrade, a. (Quaternary Science Reviews, 2007)
This paper uses a palynological sequence to examine the Holocene (8390–160 cal yr BP) environmental history of the Sierra de Baza (Granada, southeastern Spain) with the goal of establishing the mechanisms exerting control over vegetation change. During the period ca 8390–6320 cal yr BP, Pinus dominated the pollen spectra, indicating a forested landscape over the high-elevation areas of the Sierra. From ca 6320–3800 cal yr BP, an expansion of deciduous oaks and other broad-leaf trees took place. After an optimum around 5800–5600 cal yr BP, mesophytes decreased in the 3800–2560 cal yr BP interval while a ﬁre-prone scrub became established. The main loss of forest accompanied the spread of thorny matorral after ca 2560 cal yr BP. Overall, this mountain region has shown itself to be sensitive to a range of inﬂuences, among which a continental climate that has become increasingly arid over the last 5000 years, the scarcity of soils suitable for cultivation, a geology that includes sources of copper and other metals and, especially, the incidence of grazing as well as the repeated appearance of ﬁres during the last 4000 years, are highlighted. The history of the vegetation of the Sierra de Baza seems clearly inﬂuenced by changes in local economy. Here we discuss how ecological transitions have interacted with cultural changes, with emphasis on the locally highly populated Chalcolithic (5700–4400 cal yr BP) and Argaric (4400–3550 cal yr BP) periods, as well as the Iberian period (3200–2220 cal yr BP). The sierra was abandoned during the Iberian Period which was, paradoxically, when the highest human impact on mountain vegetation is noticeable.
Keywords: Holocene (voyant); Pollen analysis; Sierra de Baza; vegetation changes

How do vigilance and feeding by common cranes Grus grus depend on age, habitat, and flock size? - Avilés, Jesus M.; Bednekoff, Peter a (Journal of Avian Biology, 2007)
Animals often spend less time vigilant and more time feeding when foraging in larger groups. This group-size effect does not, however, consider if larger groups differ systematically from smaller ones: Large groups could form in different habitats than small groups or be composed of a different mix of ages or classes than small groups. We examined how habitat differences and flock size and composition explain feeding and vigilance rates in common cranes Grus grus, wintering in holm oak Quercus ilex dehesas of Spain. Flock size and composition were related to habitat type in cranes: flocks formed in areas sown with cereal crops were larger than flocks formed in set aside areas. Vigilance rate depended on habitat but decreased with increasing flock size in a similar way across all habitats. Juveniles were less vigilant than adults and showed little change in vigilance with flock size. Vigilance increased and feeding time decreased over months from November through February. Our results show that vigilance is affected by habitat but that the group size effect on vigilance is not the product of differences between habitats in group size or composition.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: Cranes; Dehesa; feeding; flock size; holm oak canopy (voyant); vigilance

How do vigilance and feeding by common cranes Grus grus depend on age, habitat, and flock size? - Avilés, Jesus M.; Bednekoff, Peter a. (Journal of Avian Biology, 2007)
Animals often spend less time vigilant and more time feeding when foraging in larger groups. This group-size effect does not, however, consider if larger groups differ systematically from smaller ones: Large groups could form in different habitats than small groups or be composed of a different mix of ages or classes than small groups. We examined how habitat differences and flock size and composition explain feeding and vigilance rates in common cranes Grus grus, wintering in holm oak Quercus ilex dehesas of Spain. Flock size and composition were related to habitat type in cranes: flocks formed in areas sown with cereal crops were larger than flocks formed in set aside areas. Vigilance rate depended on habitat but decreased with increasing flock size in a similar way across all habitats. Juveniles were less vigilant than adults and showed little change in vigilance with flock size. Vigilance increased and feeding time decreased over months from November through February. Our results show that vigilance is affected by habitat but that the group size effect on vigilance is not the product of differences between habitats in group size or composition.
Keywords: Cranes; Dehesa; feeding; flock size; holm oak canopy (voyant); vigilance

Iberian Pig as a Model To Clarify Obscure Points in the Bioavailability and Metabolism of Ellagitannins in Humans - Espín, Juan Carlos; González-Barrio, Rocío; Cerdá, Begoña; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana I.; Tomás-Barberán, Francisco a (Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007)
Ellagitannin-containing foods (strawberries, walnuts, pomegranate, raspberries, oak-aged wine, etc.) have attracted attention due to their cancer chemopreventive, cardioprotective, and antioxidant effects. Ellagitannins (ETs) are not absorbed as such but are metabolized by the intestinal flora to yield urolithins (hydroxydibenzopyran-6-one derivatives). In this study, Iberian pig is used as a model to clarify human ET metabolism. Pigs were fed either cereal fodder or acorns, a rich source of ETs. Plasma, urine, bile, lumen and intestinal tissues (jejunum and colon), feces, liver, kidney, heart, brain, lung, muscle, and subcutaneous fat tissue were analyzed. The results demonstrate that acorn ETs release ellagic acid (EA) in the jejunum, then the intestinal flora metabolizes EA sequentially to yield tetrahydroxy- (urolithin D), trihydroxy- (urolithin C), dihydroxy- (urolithin A), and monohydroxy- (urolithin B) dibenzopyran-6-one metabolites, which were absorbed preferentially when their lipophilicity increased. Thirty-one ET-derived metabolites were detected, including 25 urolithin and 6 EA derivatives. Twenty-six extensively conjugated metabolites were detected in bile, glucuronides and methyl glucuronides of EA and particularly urolithin A, C, and D derivatives, confirming a very active enterohepatic circulation. Urolithins A and B as well as dimethyl-EA-glucuronide were detected in peripheral plasma. The presence of EA metabolites in bile and in urine and its absence in intestinal tissues suggested its absorption in the stomach. Urolithin A was the only metabolite detected in feces and together with its glucuronide was the most abundant metabolite in urine. No metabolites accumulated in any organ analyzed. The whole metabolism of ETs is shown for the first time, confirming previous studies in humans and explaining the long persistency of urolithin metabolites in the body mediated by an active enterohepatic circulation.
From Duplicate 2 (Iberian Pig as a Model To Clarify Obscure Points in the Bioavailability and Metabolism of Ellagitannins in Humans - Espín, Juan Carlos; González-Barrio, Rocío; Cerdá, Begoña; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana I; Tomás-Barberán, Francisco A)From Duplicate 2 (Iberian Pig as a Model To Clarify Obscure Points in the Bioavailability and Metabolism of Ellagitannins in Humans - Espín, Juan Carlos; González-Barrio, Rocío; Cerdá, Begoña; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana I; Tomás-Barberán, Francisco A)The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: American Chemical Society accession-num: 17990850
Keywords: Animal; Animals; bile; bioavailability; Biological Availability; Body Fluids; Body Fluids: chemistry; Cereals; Cereals: chemistry; colon; diet; ellagic acid; Ellagitannin; gall bladder; Humans; Hydrolyzable Tannins; Hydrolyzable Tannins: metabolism; Hydrolyzable Tannins: pharmacokinetics; intestine; metabolism; Models; Quercus; Seeds; Seeds: chemistry; Swine; Swine: metabolism; Tissue Distribution; urolithin

Iberian Pig as a Model To Clarify Obscure Points in the Bioavailability and Metabolism of Ellagitannins in Humans - Espín, Juan Carlos; González-Barrio, Rocío; Cerdá, Begoña; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana I; Tomás-Barberán, Francisco a (Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007)
Ellagitannin-containing foods (strawberries, walnuts, pomegranate, raspberries, oak-aged wine, etc.) have attracted attention due to their cancer chemopreventive, cardioprotective, and antioxidant effects. Ellagitannins (ETs) are not absorbed as such but are metabolized by the intestinal flora to yield urolithins (hydroxydibenzopyran-6-one derivatives). In this study, Iberian pig is used as a model to clarify human ET metabolism. Pigs were fed either cereal fodder or acorns, a rich source of ETs. Plasma, urine, bile, lumen and intestinal tissues (jejunum and colon), feces, liver, kidney, heart, brain, lung, muscle, and subcutaneous fat tissue were analyzed. The results demonstrate that acorn ETs release ellagic acid (EA) in the jejunum, then the intestinal flora metabolizes EA sequentially to yield tetrahydroxy- (urolithin D), trihydroxy- (urolithin C), dihydroxy- (urolithin A), and monohydroxy- (urolithin B) dibenzopyran-6-one metabolites, which were absorbed preferentially when their lipophilicity increased. Thirty-one ET-derived metabolites were detected, including 25 urolithin and 6 EA derivatives. Twenty-six extensively conjugated metabolites were detected in bile, glucuronides and methyl glucuronides of EA and particularly urolithin A, C, and D derivatives, confirming a very active enterohepatic circulation. Urolithins A and B as well as dimethyl-EA-glucuronide were detected in peripheral plasma. The presence of EA metabolites in bile and in urine and its absence in intestinal tissues suggested its absorption in the stomach. Urolithin A was the only metabolite detected in feces and together with its glucuronide was the most abundant metabolite in urine. No metabolites accumulated in any organ analyzed. The whole metabolism of ETs is shown for the first time, confirming previous studies in humans and explaining the long persistency of urolithin metabolites in the body mediated by an active enterohepatic circulation.
From Duplicate 2 (Iberian Pig as a Model To Clarify Obscure Points in the Bioavailability and Metabolism of Ellagitannins in Humans - Espín, Juan Carlos; González-Barrio, Rocío; Cerdá, Begoña; López-Bote, Clemente; Rey, Ana I; Tomás-Barberán, Francisco A)
Keywords: Animal; Animals; bile; bioavailability; Biological Availability; Body Fluids; Body Fluids: chemistry; Cereals; Cereals: chemistry; colon; diet; ellagic acid; Ellagitannin; gall bladder; Humans; Hydrolyzable Tannins; Hydrolyzable Tannins: metabolism; Hydrolyzable Tannins: pharmacokinetics; intestine; metabolism; Models; Quercus; Seeds; Seeds: chemistry; Swine; Swine: metabolism; Tissue Distribution; urolithin

Influence of cattle grazing on the density of oak seedlings and saplings in a Tabor oak forest in Israel - Dufour-Dror, Jean-Marc (Acta Oecologica, 2007)
The effects of cattle grazing on the density of seedlings and saplings in a Tabor oak forest (Quercus ithaburensis subsp. ithaburensis) are investigated. The Tabor oak forest studied is located in a Nature Reserve in the Mediterranean region of Israel. Cattle graze at a stocking density of 0.71 head/ha for 6 months a year. The cattle grazing in the Nature Reserve is a beneficial management measure because it enhances plant species richness and reduces shrub encroachment. The impact of grazing on the densities of seedlings and young saplings was quantified in 46 large sampling plots (333 m2 each) distributed over two experimental sites; the first being used as a rangeland for decades while the second is a forest patch totally free from grazing. The density and the height of Tabor oak individuals in each sampling plot were recorded. Four height categories were distinguished with a special focus on young seedlings (<0.15 m), established seedlings and young saplings (0.15 m–1 m). The density of seedlings and young sapling in the grazed Tabor oak forest were, respectively, 61% to 67% lower than in the ungrazed treatment. Implications on the continuity of the entire Tabor oak forest ecosystem are discussed. Three management measures that enable to prevent a decrease in young oak densities are proposed – reduction of stocking rate, deferment of the commencement of grazing, and fencing young seedlings.
Keywords: Eastern Mediterranean; Israel; Management measures; Mediterranean deciduous oak forest; quercus ithaburensis subsp ithaburensis

Influence of cattle grazing on the density of oak seedlings and saplings in a Tabor oak forest in Israel - Dufour-Dror, Jean-Marc (Acta Oecologica, 2007)
The effects of cattle grazing on the density of seedlings and saplings in a Tabor oak forest (Quercus ithaburensis subsp. ithaburensis) are investigated. The Tabor oak forest studied is located in a Nature Reserve in the Mediterranean region of Israel. Cattle graze at a stocking density of 0.71 head/ha for 6 months a year. The cattle grazing in the Nature Reserve is a beneficial management measure because it enhances plant species richness and reduces shrub encroachment. The impact of grazing on the densities of seedlings and young saplings was quantified in 46 large sampling plots (333 m2 each) distributed over two experimental sites; the first being used as a rangeland for decades while the second is a forest patch totally free from grazing. The density and the height of Tabor oak individuals in each sampling plot were recorded. Four height categories were distinguished with a special focus on young seedlings (<0.15 m), established seedlings and young saplings (0.15 m–1 m). The density of seedlings and young sapling in the grazed Tabor oak forest were, respectively, 61% to 67% lower than in the ungrazed treatment. Implications on the continuity of the entire Tabor oak forest ecosystem are discussed. Three management measures that enable to prevent a decrease in young oak densities are proposed – reduction of stocking rate, deferment of the commencement of grazing, and fencing young seedlings.
Keywords: Eastern Mediterranean; Israel; Management measures; Mediterranean deciduous oak forest; quercus ithaburensis subsp ithaburensis

Influence of different post-planting treatments on the development in Holm oak afforestation - Jiménez, M. N.; Fernández-Ondoño, E.; Ripoll, M. A.; Navarro, F. B.; Gallego, E.; De Simón, E.; Lallena, a. M.; Simón, E; Lallena, a. M. (Trees, 2007)
This work examines the inﬂuence of different post-planting treatments in the development of afforested Holm oak, Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp., in an abandoned agricultural ﬁeld in SE Spain. A total of nine post-planting treatments were carried out: tilling spring and autumn in different years, spreading of organic and inorganic mulch, irrigation in different periods. Soil preparation prior to planting consisted of digging of a hole with a backhoe excavator of 80 HP and homogenized the proﬁle characteristics. Survival, nutrient concentrations in both leaves and soil, and foliage surface have been studied. Dryseason irrigation every 2 weeks provided the best survival rate (98.3%), while mulching with solid urban wastes caused the worst results (6.6%). The supply of forest debris increased the N, K, and Mn concentrations at all depths with respect to the other treatments, and the solid urban waste had the same effect in N, P, K, Na, Cu, Fe, and Zn. All the foliar nutrients decreased in 2005 with respect to the 2004 sampling, except in N, Cu, and Zn. The use of foliar nutrient concentrations, together with the increase in leaf surface is proposed as a non-destructive index of development and of forestation stands in the ﬁrst stages of growth. The application of forest debris, and particularly the placement of boulders in the beds of individual trees proved most effective in sapling development.
Keywords: á; á semi-arid; Afforestation; afforestation á post-planting treatments; Holm oak; holm oak á nutrients; Nutrients; Post-planting treatments; semi-arid

Influence of pollen emission and weather-related factors on variations in holm-oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota) acorn production - García-Mozo, H.; Gómez-Casero, M.T. T; Dominguez, E.; Galan, C. (Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2007)
In Iberian Mediterranean ecosystems holm-oak acorn production is of vital ecological and economic importance. Economically these fruits are the major component in the feeding systems of high-quality domestic pigs. As in most Quercus species, the chief feature of holm-oak acorn production is its high variability among individuals and years. Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain these ﬂuctuations, but the variables inﬂuencing this alternating behavior remain unknown. From 1998 to 2003 we studied ﬂoral phenology, fruit production, fruit size, airborne pollen emission and meteorology in a holm-oak natural area of South Spain. The results obtained by using a Principal Components Factorial Analysis indicated that pollen emission, up to the day where maximum pollen data are recorded, was the most important factor determining ﬁnal acorn harvest. With regard to the inﬂuence of the weather, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall of January, March and September were the most inﬂuencing variables. Our results support the “wind pollination” hypothesis proposed by other authors in some North-American Quercus studies. Integration of aerobiological, ﬁeld phenological and meteorological data could represent an important step forward in forest fruit production research.
Keywords: acorn; Aerobiology; ballota; holm-oak; oak forest; Phenology; pollen; quercus ilex subsp; quercus ilex subsp. ballota

Influence of pollen emission and weather-related factors on variations in holm-oak (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota) acorn production - García-Mozo, H.; Gómez-Casero, M. T. T.; Dominguez, E.; Galan, C. (Environmental and Experimental Botany, 2007)
In Iberian Mediterranean ecosystems holm-oak acorn production is of vital ecological and economic importance. Economically these fruits are the major component in the feeding systems of high-quality domestic pigs. As in most Quercus species, the chief feature of holm-oak acorn production is its high variability among individuals and years. Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain these ﬂuctuations, but the variables inﬂuencing this alternating behavior remain unknown. From 1998 to 2003 we studied ﬂoral phenology, fruit production, fruit size, airborne pollen emission and meteorology in a holm-oak natural area of South Spain. The results obtained by using a Principal Components Factorial Analysis indicated that pollen emission, up to the day where maximum pollen data are recorded, was the most important factor determining ﬁnal acorn harvest. With regard to the inﬂuence of the weather, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall of January, March and September were the most inﬂuencing variables. Our results support the “wind pollination” hypothesis proposed by other authors in some North-American Quercus studies. Integration of aerobiological, ﬁeld phenological and meteorological data could represent an important step forward in forest fruit production research.
Keywords: acorn; Aerobiology; ballota; holm-oak; oak forest; Phenology; pollen; quercus ilex subsp; quercus ilex subsp. ballota

Influence of secondary compound complementarity and species diversity on consumption of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep - Rogosic, Jozo; Estell, Richard E.; Skobic, Dragan; Stanic, Svjetlana (Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2007)
Generalist herbivores foraging in chemically diverse grazing ecosystems like the Mediterranean maquis increase intake on mixed diets, suggesting they are more able to meet nutritional needs and avoid toxicosis. Thus, our objectives were to determine how shrub species diversity and complementary interactions between tannins and saponins inﬂuence intake of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep. We conducted four experiments (10 days each) comparing intake of mixtures of Mediterranean shrubs varying in number of species and/or principal class of secondary compound (tannins or saponins) by sheep (n = 12). Sheep consumed more total foliage (P < 0.01) when offered a high-tannin shrub (Pistacia lentiscus; Exp. 1), two high-tannin shrubs (P. lentiscus and Arbutus unedo; Exp. 2), or three high-tannin shrubs (P. lentiscus, A. unedo, and Quercus ilex; Exp. 3) when fed in conjunction with a high-saponin shrub (Hedera helix) than with an equal number of high-tannin shrubs (20.9 g/kg BW versus 16.3 g/kg BW; 28.8 g/kg BW versus 20.8 g/kg BW; and 35.3 g/kg BW versus 26.9 g/kg BW). Likewise, sheep ate more foliage (P < 0.01) of each additional individual shrub (P. lentiscus, A. unedo, and Q. ilex) in the mixture when fed with H. helix than with an equal number of high-tannin shrubs (8.2 g/kg BW versus 5.0 g/kg BW; 13.3 g/kg BW versus 10.7 g/kg BW; and 7.6 g/kg BW versus 5.2 g/kg BW; Exps. 1–3, respectively), suggesting a complementary interaction between tannins and saponins may have occurred. Sheep also appeared to increase total shrub intake as number of shrub species on offer increased, regardless of number of classes of compounds present. Our ﬁndings suggest that secondary compounds in Mediterranean shrubs (tannins and saponins) are complementary. Species diversity also plays an important role in diet selection, as plant species with different types and amounts of nutrients and phytotoxins may affect forage intake and animal production. This knowledge will help livestock producers to capitalize on phytochemical interactions to enhance intake, optimize forage utilization, and ultimately improve performance of browsing ruminant herbivores
Keywords: Biodiversity; Complementarity; Mediterranean maquis; Saponins; Secondary compounds; Sheep; Shrubs; Tannins

Influence of secondary compound complementarity and species diversity on consumption of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep - Rogosic, Jozo; Estell, Richard E; Skobic, Dragan; Stanic, Svjetlana (Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2007)
Generalist herbivores foraging in chemically diverse grazing ecosystems like the Mediterranean maquis increase intake on mixed diets, suggesting they are more able to meet nutritional needs and avoid toxicosis. Thus, our objectives were to determine how shrub species diversity and complementary interactions between tannins and saponins inﬂuence intake of Mediterranean shrubs by sheep. We conducted four experiments (10 days each) comparing intake of mixtures of Mediterranean shrubs varying in number of species and/or principal class of secondary compound (tannins or saponins) by sheep (n = 12). Sheep consumed more total foliage (P < 0.01) when offered a high-tannin shrub (Pistacia lentiscus; Exp. 1), two high-tannin shrubs (P. lentiscus and Arbutus unedo; Exp. 2), or three high-tannin shrubs (P. lentiscus, A. unedo, and Quercus ilex; Exp. 3) when fed in conjunction with a high-saponin shrub (Hedera helix) than with an equal number of high-tannin shrubs (20.9 g/kg BW versus 16.3 g/kg BW; 28.8 g/kg BW versus 20.8 g/kg BW; and 35.3 g/kg BW versus 26.9 g/kg BW). Likewise, sheep ate more foliage (P < 0.01) of each additional individual shrub (P. lentiscus, A. unedo, and Q. ilex) in the mixture when fed with H. helix than with an equal number of high-tannin shrubs (8.2 g/kg BW versus 5.0 g/kg BW; 13.3 g/kg BW versus 10.7 g/kg BW; and 7.6 g/kg BW versus 5.2 g/kg BW; Exps. 1–3, respectively), suggesting a complementary interaction between tannins and saponins may have occurred. Sheep also appeared to increase total shrub intake as number of shrub species on offer increased, regardless of number of classes of compounds present. Our ﬁndings suggest that secondary compounds in Mediterranean shrubs (tannins and saponins) are complementary. Species diversity also plays an important role in diet selection, as plant species with different types and amounts of nutrients and phytotoxins may affect forage intake and animal production. This knowledge will help livestock producers to capitalize on phytochemical interactions to enhance intake, optimize forage utilization, and ultimately improve performance of browsing ruminant herbivores
Keywords: Biodiversity; Complementarity; Mediterranean maquis; Saponins; Secondary compounds; Sheep; Shrubs; Tannins

Influence of vision systems, black and white, colored and visual digitalization, in natural cork stopper quality estimation - Costa, Augusta; Pereira, Helena (Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2007)
Quality classification of wine natural cork stoppers is related to presence of discontinuities in the cork tissue. Automated image analysis of stoppers based on black and white cameras is used industrially for commercial classification but recently color has been introduced in image processing. This paper compares the performance of three image vision systems regarding classification accuracy of cork stoppers of good, medium and inferior quality: black and white, three-band RGB color and manual detection by digitalization in color image. A canonical discriminant analysis approach was used to compare the discriminating power between cork stopper quality in each vision system. Good discriminant results were obtained with the area of pores expressed either in total or as ratio, mean or maximum value. The use of color slightly enlarges the range of cork inspection systems and automated systems have a similar accuracy of classification to visual inspection. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: canonical discriminant analysis; cork pores; image analysis; natural cork stopper; quality classification

Influence of vision systems, black and white, colored and visual digitalization, in natural cork stopper quality estimation - Costa, Augusta; Pereira, Helena (Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2007)
Quality classification of wine natural cork stoppers is related to presence of discontinuities in the cork tissue. Automated image analysis of stoppers based on black and white cameras is used industrially for commercial classification but recently color has been introduced in image processing. This paper compares the performance of three image vision systems regarding classification accuracy of cork stoppers of good, medium and inferior quality: black and white, three-band RGB color and manual detection by digitalization in color image. A canonical discriminant analysis approach was used to compare the discriminating power between cork stopper quality in each vision system. Good discriminant results were obtained with the area of pores expressed either in total or as ratio, mean or maximum value. The use of color slightly enlarges the range of cork inspection systems and automated systems have a similar accuracy of classification to visual inspection. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Keywords: canonical discriminant analysis; cork pores; image analysis; natural cork stopper; quality classification

A influência das políticas agro-florestais na transformação e ocupação do solo no concelho de Constância - Lopes, Brígida; Quinta-Nova, L. C. (Congresso da APDR, 13, Angra do heroísmo, 5 a 7 de Julho, 2007)
As políticas condicionam a conservação dos recursos naturais e o ordenamento do território determinando o desenvolvimento sustentável da sociedade. Com este trabalho pretendeuse verificar a influência das políticas agroflorestais na transformação da ocupação do solo do concelho de Constância, considerando os anos de 1970, 1983 e 1990, avaliando a adequabilidade da ocupação do território à potencialidade de uso do solo. Esse propósito foi conseguido pela análise da evolução temporal dos padrões espaciais da área em estudo, com recurso a tecnologias de sistemas de informação geográfica e a métodos de quantificação da paisagem. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que houve uma evolução da paisagem, no período em estudo, ocorrendo situações distintas. O montado de sobro que seria a ocupação predominante no solo, no início do período temporal declinou gradualmente. Os povoamentos de eucalipto viram a sua área aumentar, pela substituição de outras ocupações, tanto florestais, como agrícolas ou zonas de vegetação natural. O contexto históricopolítico português e consequentemente as políticas agroflorestais que daí advieram influenciaram a transformação do uso do solo, que esteve mais adequado à potencialidade de uso do solo
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Congresso da APDR, 13, Angra do heroísmo, 5 a 7 de Julho
Keywords: estrutura da paisagem; ocupação do solo; políticas agroflorestais; Sistemas de Informação Geográfica

Irradiance and oak seedling survival and growth in a heterogeneous environment - Puerta-Piñero, Carolina; Gómez, José M; Valladares, Fernando (Forest Ecology and Management, 2007)
The Mediterranean region emerges highly heterogeneous at every spatio-temporal scale. Key species shape a mosaic of patches (landscape units) composed of different microhabitats. Within these ecosystems irradiance appears as one of the most changing factors affecting communities’ dynamic. However, the impact of irradiance on the species performance is still poorly known. In this study, we intended to explore whether irradiance heterogeneity inﬂuences early recruitment. We chose a patchy Mediterranean site. During 2001, 2002 and 2003 we marked naturally Quercus ilex emerged seedlings. We distinguished three landscape units (Q. ilex woodlands, shrublands and afforestations) and six microhabitats (oak, broom, tall shrub, subshrub, pine and open). For each seedling, we measured (1) irradiance as global site factor (GSF); (2) acorn presence; (3) acorn depth; (4) burial layer; (5) distance to the nearest co-speciﬁc adult. As estimates of seedling performance, we measured seedling survival and height. Estimates of seedling performance were higher in 2001 and 2002 than in 2003. Oak or pine microhabitats achieved higher survival rates than brooms or open areas whilst under oaks, brooms or in open areas seedling height was lower than under tall shrubs. Irradiance signiﬁcantly affected seedling survival and growth. The lower the irradiance, the higher the survival. Maximal growth was found at intermediate irradiance, indicating that, in this system, moderate shade is crucial for Q. ilex seedling recruitment. Some microhabitats provide intermediate irradiance that combines positive effects on survival and growth. As a ﬁnal point, dispersers’ activity creates a heterogeneous distribution of acorn deposition ﬁltering out part of the total irradiance present in the study site.
Keywords: light environment; Mediterranean Region; Quercus ilex; seedling performance; spatial heterogeneity

Irradiance and oak seedling survival and growth in a heterogeneous environment - Puerta-Piñero, Carolina; Gómez, Jose M.; Valladares, Fernando (Forest Ecology and Management, 2007)
The Mediterranean region emerges highly heterogeneous at every spatio-temporal scale. Key species shape a mosaic of patches (landscape units) composed of different microhabitats. Within these ecosystems irradiance appears as one of the most changing factors affecting communities’ dynamic. However, the impact of irradiance on the species performance is still poorly known. In this study, we intended to explore whether irradiance heterogeneity inﬂuences early recruitment. We chose a patchy Mediterranean site. During 2001, 2002 and 2003 we marked naturally Quercus ilex emerged seedlings. We distinguished three landscape units (Q. ilex woodlands, shrublands and afforestations) and six microhabitats (oak, broom, tall shrub, subshrub, pine and open). For each seedling, we measured (1) irradiance as global site factor (GSF); (2) acorn presence; (3) acorn depth; (4) burial layer; (5) distance to the nearest co-speciﬁc adult. As estimates of seedling performance, we measured seedling survival and height. Estimates of seedling performance were higher in 2001 and 2002 than in 2003. Oak or pine microhabitats achieved higher survival rates than brooms or open areas whilst under oaks, brooms or in open areas seedling height was lower than under tall shrubs. Irradiance signiﬁcantly affected seedling survival and growth. The lower the irradiance, the higher the survival. Maximal growth was found at intermediate irradiance, indicating that, in this system, moderate shade is crucial for Q. ilex seedling recruitment. Some microhabitats provide intermediate irradiance that combines positive effects on survival and growth. As a ﬁnal point, dispersers’ activity creates a heterogeneous distribution of acorn deposition ﬁltering out part of the total irradiance present in the study site.
Keywords: light environment; Mediterranean Region; Quercus ilex; seedling performance; spatial heterogeneity

Kinetics and Mechanism of Ni(II) Chelation in Model and Real Solutions of Xylem Sap of Quercus ilex - Correia dos Santos, Margarida Maria; Alves, Sheila; de Lurdes Simões Gonçalves, Maria; Correia dos Santos, Margarida Maria; Alves, Sheila; de Lurdes Simões Gonçalves, Maria (Electroanalysis, 2007)
The kinetics of formation and dissociation of Ni(II) complexes with oxalic and citric acids was studied by cyclic voltammetry in model solutions of xylem sap of Q. ilex (the dominant tree growing on serpentine soils of Northeast Portugal) using representative concentrations, pH and ionic strength. The role of magnesium on complex formation was analyzed from solutions where Mg is present at concentration levels found in the xylem sap of Q. ilex growing on both nonserpentine and serpentine soils. Kinetics studies were also done in diluted solutions of real xylem sap samples, spiked with increasing amounts of magnesium. The values obtained for the apparent rate constants were those anticipated by the proposed model. To test the validity of the methodology and mechanisms, formation rate constants, kf (M−1 s−1) of Ni(II) complexes with citrate and oxalate were evaluated that compare with the values from Eigen mechanism.
Keywords: 10; 1002; 200703972; Complexation; Cyclic voltammetry; doi; elan; Kinetics; Nickel; Quercus ilex; Xylem sap

Kinetics and Mechanism of Ni(II) Chelation in Model and Real Solutions of Xylem Sap of Quercus ilex - Correia dos Santos, Margarida Maria; Alves, Sheila; de Lurdes Simões Gonçalves, Maria; Correia dos Santos, Margarida Maria; Alves, Sheila; de Lurdes Simões Gonçalves, Maria (Electroanalysis, 2007)
The kinetics of formation and dissociation of Ni(II) complexes with oxalic and citric acids was studied by cyclic voltammetry in model solutions of xylem sap of Q. ilex (the dominant tree growing on serpentine soils of Northeast Portugal) using representative concentrations, pH and ionic strength. The role of magnesium on complex formation was analyzed from solutions where Mg is present at concentration levels found in the xylem sap of Q. ilex growing on both nonserpentine and serpentine soils. Kinetics studies were also done in diluted solutions of real xylem sap samples, spiked with increasing amounts of magnesium. The values obtained for the apparent rate constants were those anticipated by the proposed model. To test the validity of the methodology and mechanisms, formation rate constants, kf (M−1 s−1) of Ni(II) complexes with citrate and oxalate were evaluated that compare with the values from Eigen mechanism.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: WILEY-VCH Verlag
Keywords: 10; 1002; 200703972; Complexation; Cyclic voltammetry; doi; elan; Kinetics; Nickel; Quercus ilex; Xylem sap

La eficiencia en explotaciones ganaderas de dehesa: una aproximación DEA al papel de la sostenibilidad y de las subvenciones comunitarias. - Gaspar, P.; Escribano, M. (Revista Española de estudios agrosociales y pesqueros, 2007)

La eficiencia en explotaciones ganaderas de dehesa: una aproximación DEA al papel de la sostenibilidad y de las subvenciones comunitarias. - Gaspar, P; Escribano, M (Revista Española de estudios agrosociales y pesqueros, 2007)

LOS PAISAJES DE DEHESA EN ESPAÑA Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL AMBIENTE GEOCLIMÁTICO - de Ron, D S; Elena-Roselló, R; Gómez, S R (Actas de la III Reunión sobre Sistemas Agroforestale Cuad. Soc. Esp. Cienc. For., 2007)
En este trabajo se analiza la variabilidad de los paisajes de dehesa en relación al ambiente geo- climático donde se localizan. Para ello se trabaja a dos escalas distintas. En una primera aproxima- ción se analizan 23 paisajes, de 4x4 km2 cada uno, pertenecientes a REDPARES (RED de Paisajes Rurales Españoles), en los que las dehesas han tenido una presencia importante al menos desde 1956 en adelante. Posteriormente, se amplía la escala geográfica a todas las teselas que en el Mapa Forestal de España aparecen con estructura de dehesa. Los datos climáticos se calculan usando el modelo de estimaciones climáticas WorldClim a una resolución de 1 km. El análisis de los datos esta- blece una agrupación climática de las dehesas en tres grandes tipos climáticos. Se presentan también resultados que relacionan la composición específica de las dehesas con el clima, así como algunas consideraciones relacionadas con la litología y los suelos
Keywords: Alcornoque; composición; encina; estructura; paisajes de dehesa; precipitación; temperatura

LOS PAISAJES DE DEHESA EN ESPAÑA Y SU RELACIÓN CON EL AMBIENTE GEOCLIMÁTICO - de Ron, D. S.; Elena-Roselló, R.; Gómez, S. R. (Actas de la III Reunión sobre Sistemas Agroforestale Cuad. Soc. Esp. Cienc. For., 2007)
En este trabajo se analiza la variabilidad de los paisajes de dehesa en relación al ambiente geo- climático donde se localizan. Para ello se trabaja a dos escalas distintas. En una primera aproxima- ción se analizan 23 paisajes, de 4x4 km2 cada uno, pertenecientes a REDPARES (RED de Paisajes Rurales Españoles), en los que las dehesas han tenido una presencia importante al menos desde 1956 en adelante. Posteriormente, se amplía la escala geográfica a todas las teselas que en el Mapa Forestal de España aparecen con estructura de dehesa. Los datos climáticos se calculan usando el modelo de estimaciones climáticas WorldClim a una resolución de 1 km. El análisis de los datos esta- blece una agrupación climática de las dehesas en tres grandes tipos climáticos. Se presentan también resultados que relacionan la composición específica de las dehesas con el clima, así como algunas consideraciones relacionadas con la litología y los suelos
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Actas de la III Reunión sobre Sistemas Agroforestale Cuad. Soc. Esp. Cienc. For.
Keywords: Alcornoque; composición; encina; estructura; paisajes de dehesa; precipitación; temperatura

Measuring, modelling and testing ozone exposure, flux and effects on vegetation in southern European conditions--what does not work? A review from Italy. - Ferretti, M; Fagnano, M; Amoriello, T; Badiani, M; Ballarin-Denti, A; Buffoni, A; Bussotti, F; Castagna, A; Cieslik, S; Costantini, A; De Marco, A; Gerosa, G; et al. (Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), 2007)
Ozone (O3) exposure at Italian background sites exceeds UN/ECE concentration-based critical levels (CLe(c)), if expressed in terms of AOT40. Yet the occurrence of adverse effects of O3 on forests and crops is controversial. Possible reasons include (i) ability of response indicators to provide an unbiased estimate of O3 effects, (ii) setting of current CLe(c) in terms of cut-off value and accumulation level, (iii) response functions adopted to infer a critical level, (iv) environmental limitation to O3 uptake and (v) inherent characteristics of Mediterranean vegetation. In particular, the two latter points suggest that critical levels based on accumulated stomatal flux (CLe(f)) can be a better predictor of O3 risk than CLe(c). While this concept is largely acknowledged, a number of factors may limit its applicability for routine monitoring. This paper reviews levels, uptake and vegetation response to O3 in Italy over recent years to discuss value, uncertainty and feasibility of different approaches to risk assessment.
Keywords: AOTx; Critical levels; Effects; Mediterranean Region; Ozone; Stomatal flux

Measuring, modelling and testing ozone exposure, flux and effects on vegetation in southern European conditions--what does not work? A review from Italy. - Ferretti, M.; Fagnano, M.; Amoriello, T.; Badiani, M.; Ballarin-Denti, A.; Buffoni, A.; Bussotti, F.; Castagna, A.; Cieslik, S.; Costantini, A.; De Marco, A.; Gerosa, G.; et al. (Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), 2007)
Ozone (O3) exposure at Italian background sites exceeds UN/ECE concentration-based critical levels (CLe(c)), if expressed in terms of AOT40. Yet the occurrence of adverse effects of O3 on forests and crops is controversial. Possible reasons include (i) ability of response indicators to provide an unbiased estimate of O3 effects, (ii) setting of current CLe(c) in terms of cut-off value and accumulation level, (iii) response functions adopted to infer a critical level, (iv) environmental limitation to O3 uptake and (v) inherent characteristics of Mediterranean vegetation. In particular, the two latter points suggest that critical levels based on accumulated stomatal flux (CLe(f)) can be a better predictor of O3 risk than CLe(c). While this concept is largely acknowledged, a number of factors may limit its applicability for routine monitoring. This paper reviews levels, uptake and vegetation response to O3 in Italy over recent years to discuss value, uncertainty and feasibility of different approaches to risk assessment.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 16889878
Keywords: AOTx; Critical levels; Effects; Mediterranean Region; Ozone; Stomatal flux

Measuring total sustainable incomes from multifunctional management of Corsican Maritime Pine and Andalusian Cork oak Mediterranean forests - Campos, Pablo; Bonnieux, François; Caparros, Alejandro; Paoli, Jean-Christophe (Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2007)
Abstract Enough advances have recently been made in income accounting theory to recommend that environmental services accruing either to the forest owner or to the general public should be included in the forest accounting system. In this study, the results of two case studies, one in Bonifatu, Corsica (France) and the other in Alcornocales, Andalusia (Spain), show that private environmental services provide the majority share of social total sustainable income in Alcornocales (29%), whereas public environmental services are the most relevant in Bonifatu (32%). The social total sustainable income measured by the agroforestry accounting system is, respectively, 1.6 and 2.4 times higher than the income estimated by economic accounts for forestry in Alcornocales and Bonifatu forests.
doi: 10.1080/09640560601048424
Keywords: accounting system; benefits; Bonifatu; environmental services; Los Alcornocales; management (voyant); market price; sustainable income; Values

Measuring total sustainable incomes from multifunctional management of Corsican Maritime Pine and Andalusian Cork oak Mediterranean forests - Campos, Pablo; Bonnieux, François; Caparros, Alejandro; Paoli, Jean-Christophe (Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 2007)
Abstract Enough advances have recently been made in income accounting theory to recommend that environmental services accruing either to the forest owner or to the general public should be included in the forest accounting system. In this study, the results of two case studies, one in Bonifatu, Corsica (France) and the other in Alcornocales, Andalusia (Spain), show that private environmental services provide the majority share of social total sustainable income in Alcornocales (29%), whereas public environmental services are the most relevant in Bonifatu (32%). The social total sustainable income measured by the agroforestry accounting system is, respectively, 1.6 and 2.4 times higher than the income estimated by economic accounts for forestry in Alcornocales and Bonifatu forests.
doi: 10.1080/09640560601048424doi: 10.1080/09640560601048424The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Routledge
Keywords: accounting system; benefits; Bonifatu; environmental services; Los Alcornocales; management (voyant); market price; sustainable income; Values

Migration, invasion and decline: changes in recruitment and forest structure in a warming-linked shift of European beech forest in Catalonia (NE Spain) - Penuelas, Josep; Ogaya, Romà; Boada, Martí; Jump, Alistair S. (ECOGRAPHY, 2007)
Altitudinal upward shifts of species' ranges have occurred across a wide range of taxonomic groups and geographical locations during the twentieth century in response to current climate warming. However, actual data of plant species' altitudinal shifts are still scarce and not always clear. Here we provide a more detailed investigation of a previously reported European beech Fagus sylvatica forest altitudinal shift in the Montseny Mountains (Catalonia, NE Spain) now based on field photographic survey and on the population age structure and the recruitment patterns in the high Fagus limit (HFL), the central forest area (CFA) and the low Fagus limit (LFL). Monitoring of the lowest altitudinal range shows that beech forest is being progressively replaced by Mediterranean holm oak forest. Holm oaks are characterized by recruitment rates more than three times higher than those of beech in the LFL in the last decades. The percentage of young individuals in the LFL is only half that in the HFL and CFA. In the highest altitudinal range, present day and early 20th century photographs show that the HFL has gained density and has shifted altitudinally upwards, advancing with establishment of new, vigorous outpost trees (13 individuals per each 100 m of tree-line). They are mostly (89%) younger than 35 yr old and mostly (97%) located up to 70 m (with a few up to 105 m) ground surface distance above the current tree line (36-51 m altitude) at the highest altitudes (1600-1700 m). The beech forest upward shift is a likely consequence of warming, but land-use practice changes (cessation of burning by shepherds) have made it possible. These changes in vegetation distribution and population structure constitute a new indication of the complex global change effects on life in mountain ecosystems.
APSAPSThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND publisher: BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
Keywords: altitudinal shifts; climate warming; geographical locations; species ranges; taxonomic groups

Migration, invasion and decline: changes in recruitment and forest structure in a warming-linked shift of European beech forest in Catalonia (NE Spain) - Penuelas, Josep; Ogaya, Romà; Boada, Martí; Jump, Alistair S (ECOGRAPHY, 2007)
Altitudinal upward shifts of species' ranges have occurred across a wide range of taxonomic groups and geographical locations during the twentieth century in response to current climate warming. However, actual data of plant species' altitudinal shifts are still scarce and not always clear. Here we provide a more detailed investigation of a previously reported European beech Fagus sylvatica forest altitudinal shift in the Montseny Mountains (Catalonia, NE Spain) now based on field photographic survey and on the population age structure and the recruitment patterns in the high Fagus limit (HFL), the central forest area (CFA) and the low Fagus limit (LFL). Monitoring of the lowest altitudinal range shows that beech forest is being progressively replaced by Mediterranean holm oak forest. Holm oaks are characterized by recruitment rates more than three times higher than those of beech in the LFL in the last decades. The percentage of young individuals in the LFL is only half that in the HFL and CFA. In the highest altitudinal range, present day and early 20th century photographs show that the HFL has gained density and has shifted altitudinally upwards, advancing with establishment of new, vigorous outpost trees (13 individuals per each 100 m of tree-line). They are mostly (89%) younger than 35 yr old and mostly (97%) located up to 70 m (with a few up to 105 m) ground surface distance above the current tree line (36-51 m altitude) at the highest altitudes (1600-1700 m). The beech forest upward shift is a likely consequence of warming, but land-use practice changes (cessation of burning by shepherds) have made it possible. These changes in vegetation distribution and population structure constitute a new indication of the complex global change effects on life in mountain ecosystems.
APS
Keywords: altitudinal shifts; climate warming; geographical locations; species ranges; taxonomic groups

Mitochondrial markers reveal deep population subdivision in the European protected spider Macrothele calpeiana (Walckenaer, 1805) (Araneae, Hexathelidae) - Arnedo, Miquel A; Ferrandez, Miguel-Angel (CONSERVATION GENETICS, 2007)
The funnel-web spider genus Macrothele is the only representative of the mygalomorph family Hexathelidae not found in Australia or New Zealand. Its 26 species occur in Central Africa and the Oriental region. Two Macrothele species are found in Europe: M. cretica Kulczynski, 1903 from Crete, and M. calpeiana (Walckenaer, 1805) type species of the genus and the largest European spider, whose distribution extends across the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula, and in two localities of North Africa. Macrothele calpeiana is the only spider protected under European legislation. The fragmentation and destruction of the cork oak forest, with which M. calpeiana was thought to be closely associated, prompted the inclusion of this species in the Bern Convention. Some authors, however, have challenged this view and consider M. calpeiana to be neither a cork oak forest bioindicator nor an endangered species. By contrast, other observations suggest that the distribution of the species is extremely fragmented and that most local populations should be considered as threatened. In this paper, we examine aspects of the conservation status of M. calpeiana in the light of molecular phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial markers of sample specimens from major populations. Our data confirm the fragmented distribution of M. calpeiana and reveal high levels of genetic differentiation across its populations. Local population growth cannot be ruled out, though the lineage as a whole has apparently not undergone population growth. Lineage age estimates suggest that M. calpeiana colonized the Iberian Peninsula during the Messinian salinity crisis and that the current population fragmentation originates from the Pliocene and Pleistocene. We argue that the fragmentation and deep genetic divergence across populations, along with evolutionary singularity and endemicity in one of Europe's main biodiversity hotspots, support the preservation of its legally protected status.
Keywords: Betic-Rifean region; iberian peninsula; mitochondrial genetic variation; population fragmentation; spider conservation

Mitochondrial markers reveal deep population subdivision in the European protected spider Macrothele calpeiana (Walckenaer, 1805) (Araneae, Hexathelidae) - Arnedo, Miquel A.; Ferrandez, Miguel-Angel (CONSERVATION GENETICS, 2007)
The funnel-web spider genus Macrothele is the only representative of the mygalomorph family Hexathelidae not found in Australia or New Zealand. Its 26 species occur in Central Africa and the Oriental region. Two Macrothele species are found in Europe: M. cretica Kulczynski, 1903 from Crete, and M. calpeiana (Walckenaer, 1805) type species of the genus and the largest European spider, whose distribution extends across the south-eastern Iberian Peninsula, and in two localities of North Africa. Macrothele calpeiana is the only spider protected under European legislation. The fragmentation and destruction of the cork oak forest, with which M. calpeiana was thought to be closely associated, prompted the inclusion of this species in the Bern Convention. Some authors, however, have challenged this view and consider M. calpeiana to be neither a cork oak forest bioindicator nor an endangered species. By contrast, other observations suggest that the distribution of the species is extremely fragmented and that most local populations should be considered as threatened. In this paper, we examine aspects of the conservation status of M. calpeiana in the light of molecular phylogenetic analyses based on mitochondrial markers of sample specimens from major populations. Our data confirm the fragmented distribution of M. calpeiana and reveal high levels of genetic differentiation across its populations. Local population growth cannot be ruled out, though the lineage as a whole has apparently not undergone population growth. Lineage age estimates suggest that M. calpeiana colonized the Iberian Peninsula during the Messinian salinity crisis and that the current population fragmentation originates from the Pliocene and Pleistocene. We argue that the fragmentation and deep genetic divergence across populations, along with evolutionary singularity and endemicity in one of Europe's main biodiversity hotspots, support the preservation of its legally protected status.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS publisher: SPRINGER
Keywords: Betic-Rifean region; iberian peninsula; mitochondrial genetic variation; population fragmentation; spider conservation

Modeling Multifunctional Agroforestry Systems with Environmental Values: Dehesa in Spain and Woodland Ranches in California - Campos, Pablo; Caparros, Alejandro; Cerdá, Emilio (Handbook Of Operations Research In Natural Resources, 2007)
The high environmental and amenity values of Mediterranean oak woodlands influence the response of the public and landowners to market forces and to public policies for the management of oak woodland areas. In California and in Spain, woodlands with a Quercus overstory open enough to allow the development of a significant grassy or shrubby understory harbor exceptional levels of biodiversity, provide watershed and habitat, sequester carbon, offer historically meaningful landscapes, and are pleasing to the eye. For historic reasons, and because of the social and environmental values of the woodlands for their owners, large private holdings based on sylvopastoral enterprises have and will have a crucial role in the future of the woodlands. Simple financial models for predicting landowner behavior based on response to market forces do not explain landowner retention of oaks without incorporation of landowner consumption of environmental and amenity values from the property, because landowner utility for oaks is not fully accounted for. By the same token, predicting the best afforestation approach considering carbon sequestration alone without consideration of the biodiversity and amenity values of native oaks risks an overvaluation of planting alien species that could have negative environmental and social consequences. Reforestation models for carbon sequestration that do not incorporate biodiversity and public amenity values might favor plantings of alien species such as eucalyptus; however, this does not take into account the high public and private consumption values of native oaks.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Handbook Of Operations Research In Natural Resources electronic-resource-num: 10.1007/978-0-387-71815-6
Keywords: Carbon Sequestration; Firewood; Oak woodlands; Optimal Control; optimization model

Modeling Multifunctional Agroforestry Systems with Environmental Values: Dehesa in Spain and Woodland Ranches in California - Campos, Pablo; Caparros, Alejandro; Cerdá, Emilio (Handbook Of Operations Research In Natural Resources, 2007)
The high environmental and amenity values of Mediterranean oak woodlands influence the response of the public and landowners to market forces and to public policies for the management of oak woodland areas. In California and in Spain, woodlands with a Quercus overstory open enough to allow the development of a significant grassy or shrubby understory harbor exceptional levels of biodiversity, provide watershed and habitat, sequester carbon, offer historically meaningful landscapes, and are pleasing to the eye. For historic reasons, and because of the social and environmental values of the woodlands for their owners, large private holdings based on sylvopastoral enterprises have and will have a crucial role in the future of the woodlands. Simple financial models for predicting landowner behavior based on response to market forces do not explain landowner retention of oaks without incorporation of landowner consumption of environmental and amenity values from the property, because landowner utility for oaks is not fully accounted for. By the same token, predicting the best afforestation approach considering carbon sequestration alone without consideration of the biodiversity and amenity values of native oaks risks an overvaluation of planting alien species that could have negative environmental and social consequences. Reforestation models for carbon sequestration that do not incorporate biodiversity and public amenity values might favor plantings of alien species such as eucalyptus; however, this does not take into account the high public and private consumption values of native oaks.
Keywords: Carbon Sequestration; Firewood; Oak woodlands; Optimal Control; optimization model

Molecular and palaeoecological evidence for multiple glacial refugia for evergreen oaks on the Iberian Peninsula - López de Heredia, U.; Carrión, J. S.; JIMÉNEZ, P.; COLLADA, C.; Gil, L. (Journal of Biogeography, 2007)
Aim A multiple glacial refugia hypothesis for Mediterranean plant species was tested with the evergreen Quercus complex (Quercus suber L., Quercus ilex L. and Quercus coccifera L.) from the Iberian Peninsula, using molecular and palaeobotanical data. Location The Iberian Peninsula, which is an ecologically and physiographically complex area located on the western edge of the Mediterranean Basin. Methods We sampled 1522 individuals from 164 populations of Q. suber, Q. ilex and Q. coccifera. A review of the recent literature on fossil pollen and charcoal records and a nested clade analysis on chloroplast DNA polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was carried out to infer demographic and historical processes. Results The analysis indicates at least one glacial refugium for Q. suber in southwestern Iberia. Extensive introgression of Q. suber with Q. ilex indicates several potential refugia in eastern Iberia. Past fragmentation was followed by a restricted range ﬂow/range expansion, suggesting multiple refugia for Q. ilex–Q. coccifera elsewhere in central and northern Iberia and multiple areas of secondary contact. This ﬁnding is consistent with fossil records. Main conclusions The predicted multiple refugia during glacial periods indicates the existence of secondary post-glaciation contact areas. These areas contained complex diversity patterns resulting mainly from range expansions followed by isolation by distance. To a lesser degree, traces of restricted and longdistance dispersal were also found.
Keywords: cpDNA PCR-RFLPs; evergreen Quercus; fossil pollen; glacial refugia; iberian peninsula; introgression; nested clade analysis; oaks; phylogeography

Molecular evidence for hybrid origin of Quercus crenata Lam. (Fagaceae) from Q. cerris L. and Q. suber L. - Conte, L.; Cotti, C.; Cristofolini, G. (Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 2007)
Abstract Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were employed to examine samples from Quercus cerris, Q. suber and Q. crenata in order to test the hypothesis of the hybrid origin of Q. crenata from Q. cerris and Q. suber in a part of its distribution area where the two putative parents do not overlap at present. Leaves from 21 Q. crenata and 37 Q. cerris individual trees were collected at natural sites in northern Italy, where Q. suber is currently lacking; 21 Q. suber and six Q. crenata plants from central Italy were also analysed. Results from Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) implied that exchange of neutral markers has been considerable between the three species, while differences in morphological characters have remained comparatively stable. The Mantel test indicated low correlation between RAPD- and ISSR-based similarity matrices, showing that the two screening techniques reveal unrelated estimates of genetic relationships. Hybrid indices computed for both markers displayed an intermediate position of Q. crenata individuals between the two putative parents shifted toward Q. cerris. Results from the present study corroborate the hypothesis of a hybrid origin for Q. crenata occurring in northern Italy, and suggest asymmetrical backcrossing with Q. cerris acting as the recurrent parent.
From Duplicate 2 (Molecular evidence for hybrid origin of Quercus crenata Lam. (Fagaceae) from Q. cerris L. and Q. suber L. - Conte, L; Cotti, C; Cristofolini, G)From Duplicate 2 (Molecular evidence for hybrid origin of Quercus crenata Lam. (Fagaceae) from Q. cerris L. and Q. suber L. - Conte, L; Cotti, C; Cristofolini, G)The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: DNA markers; Hybridization; introgression; ISSR; RAPD

Molecular evidence for hybrid origin of Quercus crenata Lam. (Fagaceae) from Q. cerris L. and Q. suber L. - Conte, L.; Cotti, C.; Cristofolini, G. (Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 2007)
Abstract Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were employed to examine samples from Quercus cerris, Q. suber and Q. crenata in order to test the hypothesis of the hybrid origin of Q. crenata from Q. cerris and Q. suber in a part of its distribution area where the two putative parents do not overlap at present. Leaves from 21 Q. crenata and 37 Q. cerris individual trees were collected at natural sites in northern Italy, where Q. suber is currently lacking; 21 Q. suber and six Q. crenata plants from central Italy were also analysed. Results from Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) implied that exchange of neutral markers has been considerable between the three species, while differences in morphological characters have remained comparatively stable. The Mantel test indicated low correlation between RAPD- and ISSR-based similarity matrices, showing that the two screening techniques reveal unrelated estimates of genetic relationships. Hybrid indices computed for both markers displayed an intermediate position of Q. crenata individuals between the two putative parents shifted toward Q. cerris. Results from the present study corroborate the hypothesis of a hybrid origin for Q. crenata occurring in northern Italy, and suggest asymmetrical backcrossing with Q. cerris acting as the recurrent parent.
From Duplicate 2 (Molecular evidence for hybrid origin of Quercus crenata Lam. (Fagaceae) from Q. cerris L. and Q. suber L. - Conte, L; Cotti, C; Cristofolini, G)
Keywords: DNA markers; Hybridization; introgression; ISSR; RAPD

Morphological and molecular characterisation of a new awl nematode, Dolichodorus mediterraneus sp. n. (Nematoda: Dolichodoridae), from Spain - Jiménez-Guirado, D; Murillo Navarro, R; Liébanas, Gracia; Landa, Blanca B; Castillo, Pablo (Nematology, 2007)
A new species of awl nematode, Dolichodorus mediterraneus sp. n., is described from southern Spain. The new species is described and illustrated by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies from specimens collected in a sandy soil around roots of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) from Hato Raton, Aznalcázar (Seville), southern Spain. Dolichodorus mediterraneus sp. n. is characterised by a prominent, rounded, lip region, which is offset from the body and has four to six very fine annuli; lateral fields areolated with three lines, ending posterior to anus level; tail 72-122 μm long, abruptly tapering to an acuminate, often spicate, terminus; tail projection 51-79 μ m long; spicules ventrally arcuate, 33-42 μm long; gubernaculum slightly ventrally curved, 14-22 μm long. Scanning electron microscopy observations showed a similar en face pattern to other Dolichodorus spp. Molecular data from the ribosomal large subunit D2-D3 expansion segment of 28S rDNA from paratypes yielded a single fragment of approximately 800 bp. This is the first record of the genus Dolichodorus in Spain and only the second in Europe. A key to species is provided.
Keywords: Description; key; morphology; Morphometrics; Ribosomal Large Subunit D2-D3 Region; SEM; taxonomy

Morphological evaluation of cork oak (Quercus suber): Mediterranean provenance variability in Tunisia - Gandour, M; Khouja, M L; Toumi, L; Triki, S (Annals of forest science, 2007)
Twenty-six provenances (2 340 plants) of cork oak (Quercus suber spp.) originating from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia were tested for genetic variation among and within provenances by growth traits. Seven morphometrical characters were measured in 90 plants from each provenance. Analysis of variance showed highly signiﬁcant diﬀerences for all characters. The phenotypic coeﬃcient of diﬀerentiation reached 0.24 for the form and 0.22 for height, thus revealing a strong structuring between the provenances. Comparative study of growth among the provenances revealed more vigorous growth and better survival rate for those from Morocco, Spain, and Portugal, which may constitute better materials for aﬀorestation. Furthermore, this variability appeared to be geographically structured and would be mainly genetically controlled, as cork oak provenances were cultivated under the same environmental conditions. Our results should be helpful for guide forest managers in aﬀorestation.
Keywords: aforestation; Genetic variability; Mediterranean plants; Quercus suber

Morphological evaluation of cork oak (Quercus suber): Mediterranean provenance variability in Tunisia - Gandour, M.; Khouja, M. L.; Toumi, L.; Triki, S. (Annals of forest science, 2007)
Twenty-six provenances (2 340 plants) of cork oak (Quercus suber spp.) originating from Portugal, Spain, Italy, Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia were tested for genetic variation among and within provenances by growth traits. Seven morphometrical characters were measured in 90 plants from each provenance. Analysis of variance showed highly signiﬁcant diﬀerences for all characters. The phenotypic coeﬃcient of diﬀerentiation reached 0.24 for the form and 0.22 for height, thus revealing a strong structuring between the provenances. Comparative study of growth among the provenances revealed more vigorous growth and better survival rate for those from Morocco, Spain, and Portugal, which may constitute better materials for aﬀorestation. Furthermore, this variability appeared to be geographically structured and would be mainly genetically controlled, as cork oak provenances were cultivated under the same environmental conditions. Our results should be helpful for guide forest managers in aﬀorestation.
Keywords: aforestation; Genetic variability; Mediterranean plants; Quercus suber

Multi-marker phylogeny of three evergreen oaks reveals vicariant patterns in the Western Mediterranean - de Heredia, U. L.; JIMÉNEZ, P.; Collada, Carmen (Taxon, 2007)
Nuclear (AFLPs and ITSs) and chloroplast DNA markers (cpDNA) were analysed in Quercus suber L., Q. ilex L. and Q. coccifera L. in order to detect vicariant patterns in the Western Mediterranean Basin populations. Clustering methods, i.e., parsimony, minimum spanning network, UPGMA and PCO, were used to obtain robust phylogenies. The Mantel test was used to check the geographic structure of the populations. Nuclear markers’ based phylogenies showed high bootstrap values at basal nodes of clusters indicative of species. Within species, Q. suber and Q. ilex showed three and two groups respectively with strong geographic structure for cytoplasmic and nuclear markers. In contrast, Q. coccifera had overlapping cpDNA lineages and nuclear markers did not show any group with strong geographic structure. Taxonomic assignation of the species was well-supported by our data. Ongoing allopatric speciation was inferred for Q. suber and Q. ilex derived from Pliocene vicariant events. Quercus coccifera showed a more homogeneous genetic pattern in the Western Mediterranean.
Keywords: AFLP; cpDNA; ITS; mediterranean quercus; phylogeny; vicariance

Multi-marker phylogeny of three evergreen oaks reveals vicariant patterns in the Western Mediterranean - de Heredia, U L; Jimenez, P; Collada, Carmen (Taxon, 2007)
Nuclear (AFLPs and ITSs) and chloroplast DNA markers (cpDNA) were analysed in Quercus suber L., Q. ilex L. and Q. coccifera L. in order to detect vicariant patterns in the Western Mediterranean Basin populations. Clustering methods, i.e., parsimony, minimum spanning network, UPGMA and PCO, were used to obtain robust phylogenies. The Mantel test was used to check the geographic structure of the populations. Nuclear markers’ based phylogenies showed high bootstrap values at basal nodes of clusters indicative of species. Within species, Q. suber and Q. ilex showed three and two groups respectively with strong geographic structure for cytoplasmic and nuclear markers. In contrast, Q. coccifera had overlapping cpDNA lineages and nuclear markers did not show any group with strong geographic structure. Taxonomic assignation of the species was well-supported by our data. Ongoing allopatric speciation was inferred for Q. suber and Q. ilex derived from Pliocene vicariant events. Quercus coccifera showed a more homogeneous genetic pattern in the Western Mediterranean.
Keywords: AFLP; cpDNA; ITS; mediterranean quercus; phylogeny; vicariance

Multiple Recruitment Limitation Causes Arrested Succession in Mediterranean Cork Oak Systems - Acácio, Vanda; Holmgren, Milena; Jansen, Patrick a.; Schrotter, Ondrej (Ecosystems, 2007)
Lack of tree regeneration and persistency of species-poor shrublands represent a growing problem across Mediterranean evergreen oak forests. What constrains forest regeneration is poorly understood, and restoration attempts have been largely unsuccessful. We assessed the contribution of four different mechanisms of tree recruitment limitation (that is, source, dispersal, germination, and establishment) in a cork oak (Quercus suber) system in southern Portugal. Using a combination of ﬁeld studies and experiments, we quantiﬁed seed production, seed removal and dispersal, seed survival and germination, seedling establishment and survival, as well as cork oak natural regeneration for the three dominant vegetation types in this system (Cistus ladanifer shrubland, oak forest, and oak savanna). We found that all four forms of cork oak recruitment limitation were signiﬁcantly more severe in shrublands than in oak forests and savannas, so that oak seedling recruitment in shrubland was impeded in multiple ways. Our results explain why transitions from shrublands to oak savannas and forests are extremely difﬁcult, and that the release from arrested succession in this system requires the simultaneous relief of multiple constraints on recruitment limitation in the early life history of oaks. These results have important implications for the restoration
Keywords: alternative states; Cistus ladanifer; Facilitation; forest regeneration; Quercus suber; seed dispersal; seed predation; seedling establishment; Shrub encroachment

Multiple Recruitment Limitation Causes Arrested Succession in Mediterranean Cork Oak Systems - Acácio, Vanda; Holmgren, Milena; Jansen, Patrick a; Schrotter, Ondrej (Ecosystems, 2007)
Lack of tree regeneration and persistency of species-poor shrublands represent a growing problem across Mediterranean evergreen oak forests. What constrains forest regeneration is poorly understood, and restoration attempts have been largely unsuccessful. We assessed the contribution of four different mechanisms of tree recruitment limitation (that is, source, dispersal, germination, and establishment) in a cork oak (Quercus suber) system in southern Portugal. Using a combination of ﬁeld studies and experiments, we quantiﬁed seed production, seed removal and dispersal, seed survival and germination, seedling establishment and survival, as well as cork oak natural regeneration for the three dominant vegetation types in this system (Cistus ladanifer shrubland, oak forest, and oak savanna). We found that all four forms of cork oak recruitment limitation were signiﬁcantly more severe in shrublands than in oak forests and savannas, so that oak seedling recruitment in shrubland was impeded in multiple ways. Our results explain why transitions from shrublands to oak savannas and forests are extremely difﬁcult, and that the release from arrested succession in this system requires the simultaneous relief of multiple constraints on recruitment limitation in the early life history of oaks. These results have important implications for the restoration
Keywords: alternative states; Cistus ladanifer; Facilitation; forest regeneration; Quercus suber; seed dispersal; seed predation; seedling establishment; Shrub encroachment

Narrow genetic base in forest restoration with holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) in Sicily - Burgarella, C.; NAVASCUÉS, M.; Soto, Á (Annals of forest …, 2007)
In order to empirically assess the eﬀect of actual seed sampling strategy on genetic diversity of holm oak (Quercus ilex) forestations in Sicily, we have analysed the genetic composition of two seedling lots (nursery stock and plantation) and their known natural seed origin stand by means of six nuclear microsatellite loci. Signiﬁcant reduction in genetic diversity and signiﬁcant diﬀerence in genetic composition of the seedling lots compared to the seed origin stand were detected. The female and the total eﬀective number of parents were quantiﬁed by means of maternity assignment of seedlings and temporal changes in allele frequencies. Extremely low eﬀective maternity numbers were estimated (Nf e ≈ 2–4) and estimates accounting for both seed and pollen donors gave also low values (Ne ≈ 35–50). These values can be explained by an inappropriate forestry seed harvest strategy limited to a small number of spatially close trees.
Keywords: effective population size; genetic diversity; microsatellite; plantation; Quercus ilex

Narrow genetic base in forest restoration with holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) in Sicily - Burgarella, C; Navascués, M; Soto, Á (Annals of forest …, 2007)
In order to empirically assess the eﬀect of actual seed sampling strategy on genetic diversity of holm oak (Quercus ilex) forestations in Sicily, we have analysed the genetic composition of two seedling lots (nursery stock and plantation) and their known natural seed origin stand by means of six nuclear microsatellite loci. Signiﬁcant reduction in genetic diversity and signiﬁcant diﬀerence in genetic composition of the seedling lots compared to the seed origin stand were detected. The female and the total eﬀective number of parents were quantiﬁed by means of maternity assignment of seedlings and temporal changes in allele frequencies. Extremely low eﬀective maternity numbers were estimated (Nf e ≈ 2–4) and estimates accounting for both seed and pollen donors gave also low values (Ne ≈ 35–50). These values can be explained by an inappropriate forestry seed harvest strategy limited to a small number of spatially close trees.
Keywords: effective population size; genetic diversity; microsatellite; plantation; Quercus ilex

A new endophytic species of Preussia (Sporormiaceae) inferred from morphological observations and molecular phylogenetic analysis - Arenal, Francisco; Platas, Gonzalo; Pelaez, Fernando (FUNGAL DIVERSITY, 2007)
A new species of Preussia as an endophyte of different typical Mediterranean plant species is newly described and illustrated based on molecular and morphological features. Preussia mediterranea resembles P. australis, P. africana and P. similis from a morphological point of view, but appeared closer to P. minima and P. isabellae by molecular analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of the entire ITS region combined with the D1-D2 domains of the 28S rRNA gene, and a fragment of the elongation factor EF-1 alpha gene, using Maximum Likelihood and a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach, generally resulted in statistically well-supported clades for all the species studied. Morphological data and molecular phylogenetic analysis supported the recognition of the new taxon.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: NORTHEAST FORESTRY UNIV, HARBIN, 00000, PEOPLES R CHINA publisher: FUNGAL DIVERSITY PRESS
Keywords: Ascomycota; Bayesian analysis; elongation factor; ITS; LSU; maximum likelihood; phylogeny; rDNA; Spain; Sporormiaceae; taxonomy

No effect of habitat fragmentation on post-fledging, first-year and adult survival in the middle spotted woodpecker - Robles, Hugo; Ciudad, Carlos; Vera, Rubén; Baglione, Vittorio (Ecography, 2007)
Despite its relevance for the dynamics of populations, the ecological mechanisms underlying juvenile and adult survival are poorly known in most bird species. This study focuses on the effect of habitat fragmentation on early post-fledging, first-year and adult survival of the middle spotted woodpecker Dendrocopus medius by combining data of radio-tagged and ringed birds. Among juveniles, most deaths occurred during the first three weeks after fledging (survival rate: 0.35990.077) and were mainly caused by predation. After independence, birds faced another critical period during their first autumn-winter that lowered first-year survival further (0.25590.044), whereas adult mortality was considerably lower (annual survival rate: 0.78690.074). We did not find any significant effect of habitat fragmentation (measured as patch size and connectivity) on juvenile or adult survival. Sex ratio at fledging did not differ significantly from parity (proportion of females: 0.513) and was not correlated to patch size. Regardless of age, survival did not differ between the sexes, suggesting that a femalebiased mortality was not the mechanism behind the presence of unpaired territorial males in this population. Lighter nestlings underwent significantly higher post-fledging mortality, indicating that conditions in the nest may substantially affect survival later in life.
Keywords: Habitat fragmentation; middle spotted woodpecker; Mortality (voyant); Survival

No effect of habitat fragmentation on post-fledging, first-year and adult survival in the middle spotted woodpecker - Robles, Hugo; Ciudad, Carlos; Vera, Rubén; Baglione, Vittorio (Ecography, 2007)
Despite its relevance for the dynamics of populations, the ecological mechanisms underlying juvenile and adult survival are poorly known in most bird species. This study focuses on the effect of habitat fragmentation on early post-fledging, first-year and adult survival of the middle spotted woodpecker Dendrocopus medius by combining data of radio-tagged and ringed birds. Among juveniles, most deaths occurred during the first three weeks after fledging (survival rate: 0.35990.077) and were mainly caused by predation. After independence, birds faced another critical period during their first autumn-winter that lowered first-year survival further (0.25590.044), whereas adult mortality was considerably lower (annual survival rate: 0.78690.074). We did not find any significant effect of habitat fragmentation (measured as patch size and connectivity) on juvenile or adult survival. Sex ratio at fledging did not differ significantly from parity (proportion of females: 0.513) and was not correlated to patch size. Regardless of age, survival did not differ between the sexes, suggesting that a femalebiased mortality was not the mechanism behind the presence of unpaired territorial males in this population. Lighter nestlings underwent significantly higher post-fledging mortality, indicating that conditions in the nest may substantially affect survival later in life.
Keywords: Habitat fragmentation; middle spotted woodpecker; Mortality (voyant); Survival

Not only size matters: Acorn selection by the European jay (Garrulus glandarius) - Pons, Josep; Pausas, Juli G. (Acta Oecologica, 2007)
A strong selection for acorn characteristics is expected to have evolved in the mutualistic relationship between the European jay (Garrulus glandarius) and the oak (Quercus spp.). Bossema’s pioneer work suggested that jays do not select acorns randomly, but rather they preferentially select some size and species. Preference for some seeds over others may have implications on plant community dynamics by conferring advantages (or disadvantages) on the selected (avoided) seed characteristics. In this paper we test to what extent jays select acorns by species and/or by size and the relation between these two traits in Mediterranean oak species. The experiments consist of a set of ﬁeld tests in which acorns from four different coexisting Mediterranean oak species (Quercus ilex, Quercus faginea, Quercus suber, and Quercus coccifera) were placed in artiﬁcial feeders accessible to wild jays. The acorns were previously measured to control individual acorn characteristics. Using video-recording techniques, we followed jay activity and the fate of each acorn (sequence of acorn selection and method of transport). Q. ilex acorns were preferred over other acorns, and Q. coccifera acorns were avoided when other acorns were available. Preference for Q. faginea and Q. suber acorns was intermediate, that is, they were preferred over Q. coccifera acorns but not over Q. ilex acorns. Large acorns were also preferred although acorn species selection was stronger than size selection. Jays selected species and size both by visual means and by using acorn area as an indicator of size. Acorns wider than 17–19 mm were carried in the bill because of throat limitation. Our results conﬁrm Bossema’s study on temperate oaks and extend it to Mediterranean oak species, revealing implications on mixed oak forest dynamics.
Keywords: Acorn selection; Garrulus glandarius; Mediterranean oak forests; Mutualism; Quercus coccifera; Quercus faginea; Quercus ilex; Quercus suber; Regeneration

Not only size matters: Acorn selection by the European jay (Garrulus glandarius) - Pons, Josep; Pausas, Juli G (Acta Oecologica, 2007)
A strong selection for acorn characteristics is expected to have evolved in the mutualistic relationship between the European jay (Garrulus glandarius) and the oak (Quercus spp.). Bossema’s pioneer work suggested that jays do not select acorns randomly, but rather they preferentially select some size and species. Preference for some seeds over others may have implications on plant community dynamics by conferring advantages (or disadvantages) on the selected (avoided) seed characteristics. In this paper we test to what extent jays select acorns by species and/or by size and the relation between these two traits in Mediterranean oak species. The experiments consist of a set of ﬁeld tests in which acorns from four different coexisting Mediterranean oak species (Quercus ilex, Quercus faginea, Quercus suber, and Quercus coccifera) were placed in artiﬁcial feeders accessible to wild jays. The acorns were previously measured to control individual acorn characteristics. Using video-recording techniques, we followed jay activity and the fate of each acorn (sequence of acorn selection and method of transport). Q. ilex acorns were preferred over other acorns, and Q. coccifera acorns were avoided when other acorns were available. Preference for Q. faginea and Q. suber acorns was intermediate, that is, they were preferred over Q. coccifera acorns but not over Q. ilex acorns. Large acorns were also preferred although acorn species selection was stronger than size selection. Jays selected species and size both by visual means and by using acorn area as an indicator of size. Acorns wider than 17–19 mm were carried in the bill because of throat limitation. Our results conﬁrm Bossema’s study on temperate oaks and extend it to Mediterranean oak species, revealing implications on mixed oak forest dynamics.
Keywords: Acorn selection; Garrulus glandarius; Mediterranean oak forests; Mutualism; Quercus coccifera; Quercus faginea; Quercus ilex; Quercus suber; Regeneration

Nouvelles données paléoenvironnementales dans le Sud de la France vers 30000 ans 14C BP : le cas de la grotte Marie (Hérault) - Crochet, Jean-Yves; Gence, Jean; Boulbes, Nicolas; Boutié, Paul; Cretin, Catherine; Crégut-Bonnoure, Évelyne; Duzer, Danièle; Jolly, Dominique; Laudet, Frédéric; Lefévre, David; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile; Rousselières, France; et al. (Comptes Rendus Palevol, 2007)
The Marie cave, discovered to the north of Montpellier, Herault (France), has yielded a fauna of 28 vertebrates, out of which 23 are small ´ to large mammals, notably Mammuthus primigenius. The few discovered artefacts have been attributed to the Upper Palaeolithic, which is in agreement with the two radiocarbon dates (31450 14 C yr BP for the low level, and 28680 14 C yr BP near the cave’s entrance). The palynological study shows the existence (i) of a wooded steppe on the plateau, and (ii) of a riverine forest with alders in the valleys, associated with Mediterranean taxa. These data conﬁrm the presence in Languedoc of Mediterranean species around 30000 yr BP, which qualiﬁes the hypothesis of exclusively Spanish and Italian refuges during glacial periods
Keywords: France; Marie cave; Palaeoenvironment; palynology; Upper Palaeolithic; Vertebrates; Wurm

Nouvelles données paléoenvironnementales dans le Sud de la France vers 30000 ans 14C BP : le cas de la grotte Marie (Hérault) - Crochet, Jean-Yves; Gence, Jean; Boulbes, Nicolas; Boutié, Paul; Cretin, Catherine; Crégut-Bonnoure, Évelyne; Duzer, Danièle; Jolly, Dominique; Laudet, Frédéric; Lefévre, David; Mourer-Chauviré, Cécile; Rousselières, France; et al. (Comptes Rendus Palevol, 2007)
The Marie cave, discovered to the north of Montpellier, Herault (France), has yielded a fauna of 28 vertebrates, out of which 23 are small ´ to large mammals, notably Mammuthus primigenius. The few discovered artefacts have been attributed to the Upper Palaeolithic, which is in agreement with the two radiocarbon dates (31450 14 C yr BP for the low level, and 28680 14 C yr BP near the cave’s entrance). The palynological study shows the existence (i) of a wooded steppe on the plateau, and (ii) of a riverine forest with alders in the valleys, associated with Mediterranean taxa. These data conﬁrm the presence in Languedoc of Mediterranean species around 30000 yr BP, which qualiﬁes the hypothesis of exclusively Spanish and Italian refuges during glacial periods
Keywords: France; Marie cave; Palaeoenvironment; palynology; Upper Palaeolithic; Vertebrates; Wurm

A novel dimeric proanthocyanidin 3-O-glucoside from Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae) - Karioti, A.; Bilia, A. R.; Skaltsa, H. (PLANTA MEDICA, 2007)
ity at room temperature in order to deactivate any enzymes and avoid polymerizations and oxidations. Final extraction was carried out using MeOH and MeOH/H2O 8/2. A fast fractionation of the residue was done using VLC over silica gel followed by repeated cc over Sephadex LH-60 and Sephadex LH-20. Fractionations were monitored with HPLC-DAD-MS. The structures of the isolated compounds were established by means of 1D & 2D NMR.
Keywords: Circular dichroism; Fagaceae; Oak-leaves; Proanthocyanidin glycosides; Quercus ilex; ROESY

Pattern recognition of acorns from different Quercus species based on oil content and fatty acid profile - Ferreira-Dias, Suzana; Valente, Dina G.; Abreu, José M. F. F. (Grasas y Aceites, 2007)
The aim of this study was (i) to characterize different species of Quercus genus and (ii) to discriminate among them on the basis of the content and fatty acid composition of the oil in their fruits and/or their morphological aspects via pattern recognition techniques (Principal Component Analysis, PCA, Cluster Analysis, CA, and Discriminant Analysis, DA). Quercus rotundifolia Lam., Quercus suber L. and Quercus pyrenaica Willd., grown in the same stand in the centre of Portugal, were investigated. When oil content and respective fatty acid composition were used to characterize samples, well-separated groups corresponding to each of the species were observed by PCA and confirmed by CA and DA. The ‘‘width’’ and ‘‘length’’ of acorns exhibited a low discriminant power. Acorns from Q. rotundifolia showed the highest average oil content followed by Q. suber and Q. pyrenaica acorns (9.1, 5.2 and 3.8%, respectively). Fatty acid profiles of Q. rotundifolia and Q. suber oils are similar to olive oil while the oil from Q. pyrenaica acorns is more unsaturated
Keywords: acorn; cluster analysis; Discriminant analysis; Oil; Principal component analysis; Quercus

Pattern recognition of acorns from different Quercus species based on oil content and fatty acid profile - Ferreira-Dias, Suzana; Valente, Dina G.; Abreu, José M.F. F (Grasas y Aceites, 2007)
The aim of this study was (i) to characterize different species of Quercus genus and (ii) to discriminate among them on the basis of the content and fatty acid composition of the oil in their fruits and/or their morphological aspects via pattern recognition techniques (Principal Component Analysis, PCA, Cluster Analysis, CA, and Discriminant Analysis, DA). Quercus rotundifolia Lam., Quercus suber L. and Quercus pyrenaica Willd., grown in the same stand in the centre of Portugal, were investigated. When oil content and respective fatty acid composition were used to characterize samples, well-separated groups corresponding to each of the species were observed by PCA and confirmed by CA and DA. The ‘‘width’’ and ‘‘length’’ of acorns exhibited a low discriminant power. Acorns from Q. rotundifolia showed the highest average oil content followed by Q. suber and Q. pyrenaica acorns (9.1, 5.2 and 3.8%, respectively). Fatty acid profiles of Q. rotundifolia and Q. suber oils are similar to olive oil while the oil from Q. pyrenaica acorns is more unsaturated
Keywords: acorn; cluster analysis; Discriminant analysis; Oil; Principal component analysis; Quercus

Photosynthesis and resource distribution through plant canopies - Niinemets, Uelo (PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT, 2007)
Plant canopies are characterized by dramatic gradients of light between canopy top and bottom, and interactions between light, temperature and water vapour deficits. This review summarizes current knowledge of potentials and limitations of acclimation of foliage photosynthetic capacity (A(max)) and light-harvesting efficiency to complex environmental gradients within the canopies. Acclimation of A(max) to high light availability involves accumulation of rate-limiting photosynthetic proteins per unit leaf area as the result of increases in leaf thickness in broad-leaved species and volume: total area ratio and mesophyll thickness in species with complex geometry of leaf cross-section. Enhancement of light-harvesting efficiency in low light occurs through increased chlorophyll production per unit dry mass, greater leaf area per unit dry mass investment in leaves and shoot architectural modifications that improve leaf exposure and reduce within-shoot shading. All these acclimation responses vary among species, resulting in species-specific use efficiencies of low and high light. In fast-growing canopies and in evergreen species, where foliage developed and acclimated to a certain light environment becomes shaded by newly developing foliage, leaf senescence, age-dependent changes in cell wall characteristics and limited foliage re-acclimation capacity can constrain adjustment of older leaves to modified light availabilities. The review further demonstrates that leaves in different canopy positions respond differently to dynamic fluctuations in light availability and to multiple environmental stresses. Foliage acclimated to high irradiance respond more plastically to rapid changes in leaf light environment, and is more resistant to co-occurring heat and water stress. However, in higher light, co-occurring stresses can more strongly curb the efficiency of foliage photosynthetic machinery through reductions in internal diffusion conductance to CO2. This review demonstrates strong foliage potential for acclimation to within-canopy environmental gradients, but also highlights complex constraints on acclimation and foliage functioning resulting from light x foliage age interactions, multiple environmental stresses, dynamic light fluctuations and species-specific leaf and shoot structural constraints.
Keywords: acclimation kinetics; age effects; foliage aggregation; leaf longevity; leaf structure; light acclimation; nitrogen content; support costs; tocopherol content; xanthophyll cycle

Photosynthesis and resource distribution through plant canopies - Niinemets, Uelo (PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT, 2007)
Plant canopies are characterized by dramatic gradients of light between canopy top and bottom, and interactions between light, temperature and water vapour deficits. This review summarizes current knowledge of potentials and limitations of acclimation of foliage photosynthetic capacity (A(max)) and light-harvesting efficiency to complex environmental gradients within the canopies. Acclimation of A(max) to high light availability involves accumulation of rate-limiting photosynthetic proteins per unit leaf area as the result of increases in leaf thickness in broad-leaved species and volume: total area ratio and mesophyll thickness in species with complex geometry of leaf cross-section. Enhancement of light-harvesting efficiency in low light occurs through increased chlorophyll production per unit dry mass, greater leaf area per unit dry mass investment in leaves and shoot architectural modifications that improve leaf exposure and reduce within-shoot shading. All these acclimation responses vary among species, resulting in species-specific use efficiencies of low and high light. In fast-growing canopies and in evergreen species, where foliage developed and acclimated to a certain light environment becomes shaded by newly developing foliage, leaf senescence, age-dependent changes in cell wall characteristics and limited foliage re-acclimation capacity can constrain adjustment of older leaves to modified light availabilities. The review further demonstrates that leaves in different canopy positions respond differently to dynamic fluctuations in light availability and to multiple environmental stresses. Foliage acclimated to high irradiance respond more plastically to rapid changes in leaf light environment, and is more resistant to co-occurring heat and water stress. However, in higher light, co-occurring stresses can more strongly curb the efficiency of foliage photosynthetic machinery through reductions in internal diffusion conductance to CO2. This review demonstrates strong foliage potential for acclimation to within-canopy environmental gradients, but also highlights complex constraints on acclimation and foliage functioning resulting from light x foliage age interactions, multiple environmental stresses, dynamic light fluctuations and species-specific leaf and shoot structural constraints.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND publisher: BLACKWELL PUBLISHING
Keywords: acclimation kinetics; age effects; foliage aggregation; leaf longevity; leaf structure; light acclimation; nitrogen content; support costs; tocopherol content; xanthophyll cycle

Physiological responses of Quercus ilex Leaves to Water Stress and Acute Ozone Exposure Under Controlled Conditions - Vitale, Marcello; Salvatori, Elisabetta; Loreto, Francesco; Fares, Silvano; Manes, Fausto (Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2007)
The combined effect of water stress and ozone (O3) on stomatal O3 flux, damage to photosynthesis, and detoxification by biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) in Quercus ilex leaves was studied. A 4-weeks O3 exposure (250 ppb, 4 h per day) caused a reduction of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, which was fully recovered 1 week after the end of the treatment, in well-watered and water-stressed plants. Measurements of stomatal O3 flux revealed a low stomatal flux of the pollutant, which became minimal after stomatal closure caused by water stress. An induction of volatile monoterpenes, important compounds in the O3 scavenging system in Q. ilex, and a burst of lipoxygenase compounds (LOX), which are released as gaseous by-products of membrane peroxidation, was observed after 2–3 weeks of O3 fumigation. However, these compounds were also released in control leaves that were exposed to ozone only briefly, to determine stomatal O3 flux. The low stomatal flux that occurred in water stress conditions helped avoiding permanent damage to Q. ilex leaves, although during the O3 treatment photosynthesis was severely limited by stomatal closure. In well-watered plants, O3 fumigation caused a noticeable increase of nocturnal stomatal conductance. If confirmed on adult plants under field conditions, this effect can imply larger flux of O3 at night and possible detrimental effects of O3 on leaf functions in plants exposed to high nocturnal O3 levels.
Keywords: Gas exchange; Holm oak (Quercus ilex); lipoxygenase products; monoterpene emission; o3 flux; photosynthesis; Stomatal conductance

Physiological responses of Quercus ilex Leaves to Water Stress and Acute Ozone Exposure Under Controlled Conditions - Vitale, Marcello; Salvatori, Elisabetta; Loreto, Francesco; Fares, Silvano; Manes, Fausto (Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2007)
The combined effect of water stress and ozone (O3) on stomatal O3 flux, damage to photosynthesis, and detoxification by biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) in Quercus ilex leaves was studied. A 4-weeks O3 exposure (250 ppb, 4 h per day) caused a reduction of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, which was fully recovered 1 week after the end of the treatment, in well-watered and water-stressed plants. Measurements of stomatal O3 flux revealed a low stomatal flux of the pollutant, which became minimal after stomatal closure caused by water stress. An induction of volatile monoterpenes, important compounds in the O3 scavenging system in Q. ilex, and a burst of lipoxygenase compounds (LOX), which are released as gaseous by-products of membrane peroxidation, was observed after 2–3 weeks of O3 fumigation. However, these compounds were also released in control leaves that were exposed to ozone only briefly, to determine stomatal O3 flux. The low stomatal flux that occurred in water stress conditions helped avoiding permanent damage to Q. ilex leaves, although during the O3 treatment photosynthesis was severely limited by stomatal closure. In well-watered plants, O3 fumigation caused a noticeable increase of nocturnal stomatal conductance. If confirmed on adult plants under field conditions, this effect can imply larger flux of O3 at night and possible detrimental effects of O3 on leaf functions in plants exposed to high nocturnal O3 levels.
Keywords: Gas exchange; Holm oak (Quercus ilex); lipoxygenase products; monoterpene emission; o3 flux; photosynthesis; Stomatal conductance

Post-fire regeneration of Mediterranean plant communities at a regional scale is dependent on vegetation type and dryness - Arnan, Xavier; Rodrigo, Anselm; Retana, Javier (Journal of Vegetation Science, 2007)
Question: We tested whether (1) the change in composition and structure of whole plant communities after ﬁre is directly related to regeneration of the dominant tree species in the canopy; (2) the change in structure and composition of plant communities several years after ﬁre decreases with the proportion of obligate seeders and (3) the proportion of obligate seeders in plant communities increases with the dryness gradient. Location: Catalonia (NE Spain) Methods: We measured ﬂoristic differences between burned and long-since burned sites in eight vegetation types across a climate gradient. We compared 22 sites burnt in 1994 in paired plots with 22 sites that had not been burnt since the 1940s. In each site we placed plots in burned and long-since burned areas, where we identiﬁed the presence and abundance of all plant species. Results: When the tree canopy recovers, structure and composition of the vegetation also return to the long-since burned community; when tree canopy does not recover, composition of the post-ﬁre community varies compared to the long-since burned one. A higher proportion of obligate seeders in the pre- ﬁre community promotes quicker regeneration of the original community. The proportion of obligate seeders increased along the dryness gradient. Conclusions: Regeneration of plant communities after ﬁre depends on the vegetation type before the ﬁre. Regeneration increases when the dominant tree or shrub species persists after ﬁre and with a higher proportion of obligate seeders in the pre-ﬁre community. The proportion of obligate seeders varies along the dryness gradient, which suggests that vegetation in drier areas (when seeders are more abundant) recovers earlier than in moister areas.
Keywords: climatic gradient; community; nomenclature; obligate seeder; resilience; resprouter; Seeder

Post-fire regeneration of Mediterranean plant communities at a regional scale is dependent on vegetation type and dryness - Arnan, Xavier; Rodrigo, Anselm; Retana, Javier (Journal of Vegetation Science, 2007)
Question: We tested whether (1) the change in composition and structure of whole plant communities after ﬁre is directly related to regeneration of the dominant tree species in the canopy; (2) the change in structure and composition of plant communities several years after ﬁre decreases with the proportion of obligate seeders and (3) the proportion of obligate seeders in plant communities increases with the dryness gradient. Location: Catalonia (NE Spain) Methods: We measured ﬂoristic differences between burned and long-since burned sites in eight vegetation types across a climate gradient. We compared 22 sites burnt in 1994 in paired plots with 22 sites that had not been burnt since the 1940s. In each site we placed plots in burned and long-since burned areas, where we identiﬁed the presence and abundance of all plant species. Results: When the tree canopy recovers, structure and composition of the vegetation also return to the long-since burned community; when tree canopy does not recover, composition of the post-ﬁre community varies compared to the long-since burned one. A higher proportion of obligate seeders in the pre- ﬁre community promotes quicker regeneration of the original community. The proportion of obligate seeders increased along the dryness gradient. Conclusions: Regeneration of plant communities after ﬁre depends on the vegetation type before the ﬁre. Regeneration increases when the dominant tree or shrub species persists after ﬁre and with a higher proportion of obligate seeders in the pre-ﬁre community. The proportion of obligate seeders varies along the dryness gradient, which suggests that vegetation in drier areas (when seeders are more abundant) recovers earlier than in moister areas.
Keywords: climatic gradient; community; nomenclature; obligate seeder; resilience; resprouter; Seeder

Post-fire recolonisation of a montado area by the endangered Cabrera vole (Microtus cabrerae) - do Rosario, Ines T; Mathias, Maria Da Luz (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE, 2007)
The Cabrera vole is an endangered species frequently found in the montado, a savannah-like ecosystem well adapted to fire. Although it is assumed that regular burning is not very prejudicial to this vole, the impact of fire is unknown. This research studied, for the first time, recolonisation by the Cabrera vole after wildfire. Colonies were monitored over one year after a wildfire and the most relevant ecological features in their reestablishment were identified. During the first eight months, all the 18 surveyed colonies remained unoccupied. However, after one year, 11 were recolonised. Vegetation structure and composition in the colonies ( vegetation height, plant families diversity, percentage of bare ground and cover of shrubs before the fire), which are important features in offering protection and nutrition, were closely related to reoccupation of the colonies. Surprisingly, fire intensity did not influence recolonisation. Distance from unburned areas proved to be a factor that delayed recolonisation. The importance of the montado for this species was reinforced by the evidence that recolonisation occurred preferentially in colonies surrounded by this habitat type.
Keywords: CAP procedure; distance to unburned areas; MDS; Mediterranean; Portugal; Wildfire

Post-fire recolonisation of a montado area by the endangered Cabrera vole (Microtus cabrerae) - do Rosario, Ines T.; Mathias, Maria Da Luz (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE, 2007)
The Cabrera vole is an endangered species frequently found in the montado, a savannah-like ecosystem well adapted to fire. Although it is assumed that regular burning is not very prejudicial to this vole, the impact of fire is unknown. This research studied, for the first time, recolonisation by the Cabrera vole after wildfire. Colonies were monitored over one year after a wildfire and the most relevant ecological features in their reestablishment were identified. During the first eight months, all the 18 surveyed colonies remained unoccupied. However, after one year, 11 were recolonised. Vegetation structure and composition in the colonies ( vegetation height, plant families diversity, percentage of bare ground and cover of shrubs before the fire), which are important features in offering protection and nutrition, were closely related to reoccupation of the colonies. Surprisingly, fire intensity did not influence recolonisation. Distance from unburned areas proved to be a factor that delayed recolonisation. The importance of the montado for this species was reinforced by the evidence that recolonisation occurred preferentially in colonies surrounded by this habitat type.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA publisher: CSIRO PUBLISHING
Keywords: CAP procedure; distance to unburned areas; MDS; Mediterranean; Portugal; Wildfire

Predicting stand damage and tree survival in burned forests in Catalonia (North-East Spain) - González Ramón, José; Trasobares, Antoni; Palahí, Marc; Pukkala, Timo (Ann. For. Sci., 2007)
The study developed models for predicting the post-fire tree survival in Catalonia. The models are appropriate for forest planning purposes. Two types of models were developed: a stand-level model to predict the degree of damage caused by a forest fire, and tree-level models to predict the probability of a tree to survive a forest fire. The models were based on forest inventory and fire data. The inventory data on forest stands were obtained from the second (1989-1990) and third (2000-2001) Spanish national forest inventories, and the fire data consisted of the perimeters of forest fires larger than 20 ha that occurred in Catalonia between the 2nd and 3rd measurement of the inventory plots. The models were based on easily measurable forest characteristics, and they permit the forest manager to predict the effect of stand structure and species composition on the expected damage. According to the stand level fire damage model, the relative damage decreases when the stand basal area or mean tree diameter increases. Conversely, the relative stand damage increases when there is a large variation in tree size, when the stand is located on a steep slope, and when it is dominated by pine. According to the tree level survival models, trees in stands with a high basal area, a large mean tree size and a small variability in tree diameters have a high survival probability. Large trees in dominant positions have the highest probability of surviving a fire. Another result of the study is the exceptionally good post-fire survival ability of Pinus pinea and Quercus suber.
Keywords: damage model; fire management; logistic function; survival model; tree mortality

Predictive modelling of tree species distributions on the Iberian Peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum and Mid-Holocene - Benito Garzón, Marta; Sánchez de Dios, Rut; Sainz Ollero, Helios (Ecography, 2007)
This paper reports a bioclimatic envelope model study of the potential distribution of 19 tree species in the Iberian Peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 000 yr BP) and the Mid-Holocene (6000 yr BP). Current patterns of tree species richness and distributions are believed to have been strongly influenced by the climate during these periods. The modelling employed novel machine learning techniques, and its accuracy was evaluated using a threshold-independent method. Two atmospheric general circulation models, UGAMP and ECHAM3 (generated by the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project, PMIP), were used to provide climate scenarios under which the distributions of the 19 tree species were modelled. The results obtained for these scenarios were assessed by agreement measure analysis; they differed significantly for the LGM, but were more similar for the Mid-Holocene. The results for the LGM support the inferred importance of pines in the Iberian Peninsula at this time, and the presence of evergreen Quercus in the south. Important differences in the altitude at which the modelled species grew were also predicted. During the LGM, some normally higher mountain species potentially became re-established in the foothills of the Pyrenees. The warm Mid-Holocene climate is clearly reflected in the predicted expansion of broad-leaved forests during this period, including the colonization of the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula by evergreen Quercus species.
Keywords: climate scenarios; iberian peninsula; Pinus; Quercus; refugia (voyant); species distribution modelling

Predictive modelling of tree species distributions on the Iberian Peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum and Mid-Holocene - Benito Garzón, Marta; Sánchez de Dios, Rut; Sainz Ollero, Helios (Ecography, 2007)
This paper reports a bioclimatic envelope model study of the potential distribution of 19 tree species in the Iberian Peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 000 yr BP) and the Mid-Holocene (6000 yr BP). Current patterns of tree species richness and distributions are believed to have been strongly influenced by the climate during these periods. The modelling employed novel machine learning techniques, and its accuracy was evaluated using a threshold-independent method. Two atmospheric general circulation models, UGAMP and ECHAM3 (generated by the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project, PMIP), were used to provide climate scenarios under which the distributions of the 19 tree species were modelled. The results obtained for these scenarios were assessed by agreement measure analysis; they differed significantly for the LGM, but were more similar for the Mid-Holocene. The results for the LGM support the inferred importance of pines in the Iberian Peninsula at this time, and the presence of evergreen Quercus in the south. Important differences in the altitude at which the modelled species grew were also predicted. During the LGM, some normally higher mountain species potentially became re-established in the foothills of the Pyrenees. The warm Mid-Holocene climate is clearly reflected in the predicted expansion of broad-leaved forests during this period, including the colonization of the northern part of the Iberian Peninsula by evergreen Quercus species.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: climate scenarios; iberian peninsula; Pinus; Quercus; refugia (voyant); species distribution modelling

Problems of using rockroses in Tuber melanosporum culture: soil and truffle harvest associated with Cistus laurifolius - Garcia-Montero, L. G.; Pascual, C.; García-Abril, A.; García-Cañete, J. (Agroforestry Systems, 2007)
The Pe´rigord black trufﬂe (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.) can mycorrhize with rockroses (Cistus L.) in Mediterranean forests. These shrubs may be of interest for trufﬂe cultivation as they produce early carpophores, collaborate in tree mycorrhization and in the survival of Tuber melanosporummycelium. However, there are very few quantitative studies on trufﬂe production associated with Cistus. For this reason, we have carried out a study on the natural production of Tuber melanosporum associated with Cistus laurifolius L. in central Spain. An Anova test conﬁrmed the existence of signiﬁcant differences in carpophore production in four habitats, with and without the presence of C. laurifolius. Twenty-one burns associated with C. laurifolius showed less signiﬁcant production than the rest. We also conﬁrmed that in 122 burns, Tuber melanosporum was always unequivocally associated with the root base of Quercus L. or Corylus L. trees. Similarly, ﬁve trufﬂe-collectors conﬁrmed that they had never found a single burn with carpophore production associated exclusively with rockroses. It has also been statistically veriﬁed that many Cistus die in Tuber melanosporum burns, whereas in old burns with minimum carpophore production, a new colonization of young Cistus has been observed. This study also conﬁrms that C. laurifolius mycorrhizes easily with Tuber melanosporum. We propose that Cistus laurifolius may act as transmitters of Tuber melanosporum, although they do not induce fruiting. Consequently, the commercial cultivation of Cistus laurifolius mycorrhized with Tuber melanosporum for production is not recommended in trufﬂe culture. The results reported substantiate the negative observations in cultivations ofT. melanosporum with other Cistusspecies.
Keywords: host plants; Mediterranean forests; Mushroom production; Mycorrhizal fungi; Woodland products

Problems of using rockroses in Tuber melanosporum culture: soil and truffle harvest associated with Cistus laurifolius - Garcia-Montero, L G; Pascual, C; García-Abril, A; García-Cañete, J (Agroforestry Systems, 2007)
The Pe´rigord black trufﬂe (Tuber melanosporum Vittad.) can mycorrhize with rockroses (Cistus L.) in Mediterranean forests. These shrubs may be of interest for trufﬂe cultivation as they produce early carpophores, collaborate in tree mycorrhization and in the survival of Tuber melanosporummycelium. However, there are very few quantitative studies on trufﬂe production associated with Cistus. For this reason, we have carried out a study on the natural production of Tuber melanosporum associated with Cistus laurifolius L. in central Spain. An Anova test conﬁrmed the existence of signiﬁcant differences in carpophore production in four habitats, with and without the presence of C. laurifolius. Twenty-one burns associated with C. laurifolius showed less signiﬁcant production than the rest. We also conﬁrmed that in 122 burns, Tuber melanosporum was always unequivocally associated with the root base of Quercus L. or Corylus L. trees. Similarly, ﬁve trufﬂe-collectors conﬁrmed that they had never found a single burn with carpophore production associated exclusively with rockroses. It has also been statistically veriﬁed that many Cistus die in Tuber melanosporum burns, whereas in old burns with minimum carpophore production, a new colonization of young Cistus has been observed. This study also conﬁrms that C. laurifolius mycorrhizes easily with Tuber melanosporum. We propose that Cistus laurifolius may act as transmitters of Tuber melanosporum, although they do not induce fruiting. Consequently, the commercial cultivation of Cistus laurifolius mycorrhized with Tuber melanosporum for production is not recommended in trufﬂe culture. The results reported substantiate the negative observations in cultivations ofT. melanosporum with other Cistusspecies.
Keywords: host plants; Mediterranean forests; Mushroom production; Mycorrhizal fungi; Woodland products

Produção silvícola no montado.: Análise e reflexão sobre a gestão sustentada dos montados de sobreiro - Ferreira, A G; Ribeiro, N A (Revista de Ciências Agrarias, 2007)
“Montados” are systems where several productions are in dynamic equilibrium both in space and time. This spatial and temporal organisation enabled the system maintenance by the hazard control of each production, which is related with the climatic variability of the Mediterranean climate. The “montados” are characteristic of the south of Portugal, where the cork oak is the mostly frequent. In the cork oak “montados” the main production is cork, mostly associated with grazing and/or agriculture. It should also be stated the important role of the “montado” in the soil and water conservation, habitat and biodiversity conservation and amenities. The maintenance of the “montado” productive potential is associated to their resilience, which is especially dependent on the soil. The identification system fragilities allow pointing out guide lines for the sustainable management of the cork oak “montados”.
Keywords: água; gestão sustentada; montado; regeneração (voyant); solo

Produção silvícola no montado.: Análise e reflexão sobre a gestão sustentada dos montados de sobreiro - Ferreira, A. G.; Ribeiro, N. A. (Revista de Ciências Agrarias, 2007)
“Montados” are systems where several productions are in dynamic equilibrium both in space and time. This spatial and temporal organisation enabled the system maintenance by the hazard control of each production, which is related with the climatic variability of the Mediterranean climate. The “montados” are characteristic of the south of Portugal, where the cork oak is the mostly frequent. In the cork oak “montados” the main production is cork, mostly associated with grazing and/or agriculture. It should also be stated the important role of the “montado” in the soil and water conservation, habitat and biodiversity conservation and amenities. The maintenance of the “montado” productive potential is associated to their resilience, which is especially dependent on the soil. The identification system fragilities allow pointing out guide lines for the sustainable management of the cork oak “montados”.
Keywords: água; gestão sustentada; montado; regeneração (voyant); solo

Producción de bellota en la dehesa: factores influyentes - Rodríguez-Estévez, V; García, A; Perea, J; Mata, C; Gómez, A G (Arch. Zootec, 2007)
This paper reviews the state-of-the- knowledge of acorn production in the South- Western Iberian dehesas. In the first part are briefly described the soil and climatic determining factors and phenology of most common trees of genus Quercus at the dehesa (Q. ilex, Q. suber and Q. faginea). In the second part, acorn production estimations are analyzed. Was established a mean acorn yield of 300 to 700 kg/ ha; with individual productions of 8-14 kg/tree for Q. ilex, 5-10 kg/tree for Q. suber and 1-11 kg/ tree for Q. faginea; with a highly variable production, both between and within years and individual trees. Finally we review the factors affecting acorn production, describing density of trees (estimated in 20-50 trees/ha), masting phenomenon (with cycles of 2-5,5 years and asynchrony between trees), individual cha- racteristics of trees (genetic potential, age, top surface, etc.), tree mass handling (with favourable effect of tilling, moderate pruning and sustainable grazing), meteorological conditions (mainly drought and meteorology during flowering) and sanitary status (Lymantria, Tortrix, Curculio, Cydia, Balaninus and Brenneria).
Keywords: Agro forestry system; evergreen oak; iberian pig; Mast-seeding; Montanera; Quercus

Producción de bellota en la dehesa: factores influyentes - Rodríguez-Estévez, V.; García, A.; Perea, J.; Mata, C.; Gómez, A. G. (Arch. Zootec, 2007)
This paper reviews the state-of-the- knowledge of acorn production in the South- Western Iberian dehesas. In the first part are briefly described the soil and climatic determining factors and phenology of most common trees of genus Quercus at the dehesa (Q. ilex, Q. suber and Q. faginea). In the second part, acorn production estimations are analyzed. Was established a mean acorn yield of 300 to 700 kg/ ha; with individual productions of 8-14 kg/tree for Q. ilex, 5-10 kg/tree for Q. suber and 1-11 kg/ tree for Q. faginea; with a highly variable production, both between and within years and individual trees. Finally we review the factors affecting acorn production, describing density of trees (estimated in 20-50 trees/ha), masting phenomenon (with cycles of 2-5,5 years and asynchrony between trees), individual cha- racteristics of trees (genetic potential, age, top surface, etc.), tree mass handling (with favourable effect of tilling, moderate pruning and sustainable grazing), meteorological conditions (mainly drought and meteorology during flowering) and sanitary status (Lymantria, Tortrix, Curculio, Cydia, Balaninus and Brenneria).
Keywords: Agro forestry system; evergreen oak; iberian pig; Mast-seeding; Montanera; Quercus

Quercus and Pinus cover are determined by landscape structure and dynamics in peri-urban Mediterranean forest patches - Guirado, Maria; Pino, Joan; Rodà, Ferran; Basnou, Corina (Plant Ecology, 2007)
Successional dynamics in Mediterranean forests have been modulated by anthropogenic disturbances during thousands of years, especially in areas densely populated since ancient times. Our objective is to determine whether pine tree cover (early-successional species) and oak tree cover (late-successional species), used as a surrogate of successional stage of peri-urban fragmented forests in the Valle`s lowlands (Catalonia, NE, Spain), are primarily determined by (1) climate and topography; (2) anthropogenic disturbances; (3) patch structure; or (4) patch dynamics from 1956 to 1993. Quercus spp. and Pinus spp. tree cover were separately recorded on 252 randomly selected plots of 100 m 2 , within forest patches ranging in size from 0.25 to 218 ha. Multiple linear regressions indicated that forest patch history is the most important variable determining oak and pine tree cover: new forest patches showed higher pine and lower oak tree cover than recently split patches (i.e. those that became fragmented from large forest areas after 1956). Patches already existing as such in 1956 (pre-existent patches) showed higher pine cover than recently split patches. Oak cover increased and pine cover decreased with increasing forest connectivity of the patch. Finally, highly frequented forests were related to high cover of pines. Climatic and topographic variables were not signiﬁcant. We conclude that pine and oak cover in these peri-urban forests are mainly determined by recent patch dynamics, but also by the spatial pattern of patches. However, humaninduced disturbance can modulate this as there is some evidence for pine being associated with a high human frequentation.
Keywords: á pinus; á quercus forests; anthropogenic disturbances; anthropogenic disturbances á forest; Forest fragmentation; forests á patch structure; fragmentation á historical dynamics; historical dynamics; patch structure; pinus forests; Quercus forests

Radial variation of vessel size and distribution in cork oak wood (Quercus suber L.) - Leal, Sofia; Sousa, Vicelina B; Pereira, Helena (Wood Science and Technology, 2007)
Quercus suber L. is an important species producing cork whose wood characteristics have not been investigated a lot. Cork oak wood vessels are a striking feature and the most abundant wood tissue largely inﬂuencing density and permeability. Vessel size and distribution were studied in approximately 40 year-old and never debarked cork oaks by continuously measuring along the radial direction in the transverse section of wood discs taken at 1.3 m of height using image analysis techniques. The vessel size increases with age from 7660 ± 2286 to 21136 ± 6119 lm 2 , the conductive area from 5.4 ± 2.2 to 11.6 ± 3.9%, and the vessel density remains approximately constant between 5.2 ± 1.5 and 7.3 ± 3.5 vessels/mm 2 . In comparison with ring-porous and some evergreen oaks, cork oaks show a similar conductive area but smaller vessels. Vessel architecture is known to play an important role on oaks tolerance to hydric stress, and these cork oak trees were growing under very harsh edaphoclimatic conditions, not tolerated by other oaks. The well-developed and deep root system allowing access to constant water supply may contribute to the cork oak’s relatively high conductive area.
Keywords: cambial age (voyant); Quercus suber; Vessel features; wood vessels

Radial variation of wood density components and ring width in cork oak trees - Knapic, S; Louzada, J L; Leal, S; Pereira, H (Annals of forest science, 2007)
– The radial variation of ring width and wood density was studied in cork oaks (Quercus suber) using microdensitometry. The observations were made in young never debarked cork oaks (30–40 years of age) and in mature trees under cork production (37–60 years of age). The cork oak wood is very dense (mean ring density 0.86 g.cm−3 , between 0.79 g.cm−3 and 0.97 g.cm−3 ) with a small intra-ring variability (mean earlywood density 0.80 g.cm−3 and latewood density 0.90 g.cm−3 ). The density components decreased from pith to bark more rapidly until the 15th ring, and then only slightly. There were no signiﬁcant diﬀerences in the mean density components between never debarked trees and trees under cork production but their outwards decrease was accentuated in the never debarked trees. The annual growth was high, with a ring width mean of 3.9 mm (4.2 mm in the ﬁrst 30 years) and the latewood represented 57% of the annual growth.
Keywords: Cork oak; Density; latewood; Quercus suber; ring width

Rainfall partitioning by vegetation under Mediterranean conditions. A review of studies in Europe - Llorens, Pilar; Domingo, Francisco (Journal of Hydrology, 2007)
Rainfall partitioning by vegetation plays an important role affecting the water balance at local and catchment scale due to the control that vegetation canopies exert by modifying both evaporation and the redistribution of incident rainfall. The parameters associated with this process can be found in the literature but this task is not always easy. In this context, this paper presents an exhaustive review of experimental studies dealing with rainfall interception in the Mediterranean area of Europe in the last 30 years, with information on 29 different species (89% referred to tree stands and 11% to shrubs or bushes) from 83 sites in 63 research areas found in 90 papers on studies performed in France, Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain. The revision includes articles in international journals and books (37%), local journals (27%), Ph.D. dissertations, Master’s theses and technical documents (27%) and proceedings (10%) until 2004. The studies are representative of a wide range of rainfall, temperatures and potential evapotranspiration. The lack of a standard protocol to measure bulk rainfall, throughfall and stemﬂow in interception studies makes it difﬁcult to merge information in this type of review. Nevertheless, this review presents a detailed classiﬁcation of the information compiled according to research focus, climate and vegetation characteristics, rainfall partitioning ﬂux measurement methods and the quality of the information, giving rise to an important database of rainfall partitioning studies in the European Mediterranean area
Keywords: evaporation; interception; Mediterranean Region; rainfall partitioning; Stemﬂow; throughfall

Recruitment patterns in a Mediterranean oak forest: A case study showing the importance of the spatial component - Maltez-Mouro, Sara; García, Luis V.; Marañón, Teodoro; Freitas, Helena (FOREST SCIENCE, 2007)
The spatial patterns of recruits in a Mediterranean forest in Southwest Portugal were examined. We aimed to investigate how several environmental and canopy variables contribute to the observed patterns, and how relevant the spatial component is in explaining the variance in the density of recruits. We took a census of every recruit of four dominant woody species (Arbutus unedo, Quercus faginea, Q. suber, and Viburnum tinus), mapping their position inside two forest plots. For a total of 309 recruits, we measured the following variables: soil moisture, slope, canopy density, herbaceous and litter ground cover, overlying species and height, and distance to the nearest adult of the same and different species. Spatial pattern analysis, principal coordinate analysis of neighbor matrices, canonical correspondence analysis, and variance partitioning were performed to detect significant deviations from complete spatial randomness and identify conspecific and interspecific patterns, characterize regeneration niches, and evaluate the importance of the spatial component. Results showed the existence of significant community structure at the recruitment stage. The distance between recruits and the nearest conspecific adult was the main explanatory variable. Light availability, soil moisture, litter accumulation, and the overlying species were also significant factors in explaining the variance in the density of recruits. The best model accounted for 37% of the overall variance in the density of recruits, and most (80%) of the explained variance corresponded to spatially structured variance. This case study shows the importance of the spatial component in understanding the forest regeneration patterns under Mediterranean conditions and will contribute to the implementation of ecologically based management actions to preserve the remaining forest fragments.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA publisher: SOC AMER FORESTERS
Keywords: J function; principal coordinate analysis of neighbor matrices; Quercus faginea; Quercus suber; variance partitioning

Recruitment patterns in a Mediterranean oak forest: A case study showing the importance of the spatial component - Maltez-Mouro, Sara; Garcia, Luis V; Marañón, Teodoro; Freitas, Helena (FOREST SCIENCE, 2007)
The spatial patterns of recruits in a Mediterranean forest in Southwest Portugal were examined. We aimed to investigate how several environmental and canopy variables contribute to the observed patterns, and how relevant the spatial component is in explaining the variance in the density of recruits. We took a census of every recruit of four dominant woody species (Arbutus unedo, Quercus faginea, Q. suber, and Viburnum tinus), mapping their position inside two forest plots. For a total of 309 recruits, we measured the following variables: soil moisture, slope, canopy density, herbaceous and litter ground cover, overlying species and height, and distance to the nearest adult of the same and different species. Spatial pattern analysis, principal coordinate analysis of neighbor matrices, canonical correspondence analysis, and variance partitioning were performed to detect significant deviations from complete spatial randomness and identify conspecific and interspecific patterns, characterize regeneration niches, and evaluate the importance of the spatial component. Results showed the existence of significant community structure at the recruitment stage. The distance between recruits and the nearest conspecific adult was the main explanatory variable. Light availability, soil moisture, litter accumulation, and the overlying species were also significant factors in explaining the variance in the density of recruits. The best model accounted for 37% of the overall variance in the density of recruits, and most (80%) of the explained variance corresponded to spatially structured variance. This case study shows the importance of the spatial component in understanding the forest regeneration patterns under Mediterranean conditions and will contribute to the implementation of ecologically based management actions to preserve the remaining forest fragments.
Keywords: J function; principal coordinate analysis of neighbor matrices; Quercus faginea; Quercus suber; variance partitioning

Recursos pascícolas de la dehesa extremeña. Primeros datos para la modelización de su gestión - González, F; Murillo, M; Paredes, J; Prieto, P M (Pastos, 2007)
The ecosystem “Dehesa” is considered as a good example of balance between the use of natural resources and the preservation of environmental values, therefore, its study requires special consideration. One important aspect to take into account to handle this ecosystem is the management of pastures and their production. In order to develop a decision support tool for the integrated management of the “dehesa”, a total of 52 farms spread throughout Extremadura are being surveyed to measure yield and botanical composition of their pastures. The information taken from 2004 to 2007 is summarized in this paper
Keywords: distribution; Pasture legumes; production

Relationship between The Adsorption Capacity of Pesticides by Wood Residues and The Properties of Woods and Pesticides - Rodriguez-Cruz, Sonia; Andrades, Maria S.; Sanchez-Camazano, Maria; Sanchez-Martin, Maria J. (Environmental Science & Technology, 2007)
With the aim to explore the potential use of wood residues in technologies aimed at preventing the pollution of soil and water, we studied the adsorption of four non-ionic pesticides (linuron, alachlor, metalaxyl, and chlorpyrifos) and two ionic pesticides (dicamba and paraquat) with a Kow range of ?4.5 to 4.7 by nine types of wood with lignin content in the 18.2?26.9% range. The Freundlich Kf values were considered as indicators of the adsorption capacity. A statistical study was carried out using simple and multiple correlations to establish the degree to which the different parameters of the woods and of the pesticides were involved in adsorption. In the case of the non-ionic pesticides, positive and negative significant correlations were observed between Kf and the lignin (r = 0.73?0.83, p < 0.05?0.01), and soluble C contents of the woods (r = 0.66?0.84), p < 0.1?0.01). For dicamba, a correlation between Kf and pH (r = ?0.66, p < 0.1) of the woods was found, while for paraquat, this was seen between Kf and the cation exchange capacity (r = 0.71, p < 0.1) of the woods. No significant correlation was observed between Kf and the total C content of the woods. A highly significant correlation between Kf and Kow values (r ≥ 0.93, p < 0.01) was found in the adsorption of the pesticides by the woods (with the exception of paraquat) showing that this parameter is very important in this adsorption process. The determination coefficient of the multiple correlation between Kf and the parameters Kow, soluble C, and lignin contents accounts for nearly 100% of the variability in adsorption for non-ionic pesticides. Based on the results of our study and of those of the literature related to the adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons, we used the Kow values to define a predictive model of adsorption of hydrophobic organic compounds in general by the woods.
doi: 10.1021/es062616fdoi: 10.1021/es062616fThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: American Chemical Society
Keywords: lignin content; pesticide adsorption; wood properties (voyant); wood residues

Relationship between The Adsorption Capacity of Pesticides by Wood Residues and The Properties of Woods and Pesticides - Rodriguez-Cruz, Sonia; Andrades, Maria S; Sanchez-Camazano, Maria; Sanchez-Martin, Maria J (Environmental Science & Technology, 2007)
With the aim to explore the potential use of wood residues in technologies aimed at preventing the pollution of soil and water, we studied the adsorption of four non-ionic pesticides (linuron, alachlor, metalaxyl, and chlorpyrifos) and two ionic pesticides (dicamba and paraquat) with a Kow range of ?4.5 to 4.7 by nine types of wood with lignin content in the 18.2?26.9% range. The Freundlich Kf values were considered as indicators of the adsorption capacity. A statistical study was carried out using simple and multiple correlations to establish the degree to which the different parameters of the woods and of the pesticides were involved in adsorption. In the case of the non-ionic pesticides, positive and negative significant correlations were observed between Kf and the lignin (r = 0.73?0.83, p < 0.05?0.01), and soluble C contents of the woods (r = 0.66?0.84), p < 0.1?0.01). For dicamba, a correlation between Kf and pH (r = ?0.66, p < 0.1) of the woods was found, while for paraquat, this was seen between Kf and the cation exchange capacity (r = 0.71, p < 0.1) of the woods. No significant correlation was observed between Kf and the total C content of the woods. A highly significant correlation between Kf and Kow values (r ≥ 0.93, p < 0.01) was found in the adsorption of the pesticides by the woods (with the exception of paraquat) showing that this parameter is very important in this adsorption process. The determination coefficient of the multiple correlation between Kf and the parameters Kow, soluble C, and lignin contents accounts for nearly 100% of the variability in adsorption for non-ionic pesticides. Based on the results of our study and of those of the literature related to the adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons, we used the Kow values to define a predictive model of adsorption of hydrophobic organic compounds in general by the woods.
doi: 10.1021/es062616f
Keywords: lignin content; pesticide adsorption; wood properties (voyant); wood residues

Relationships between climate and double rings in Quercus ilex from northeast Spain - Campelo, F.; GUTIÉRREZ, E.; Ribas, M.; Nabais, C.; Freitas, H. (Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2007)
The influence of climatic factors on tree-ring width and the formation of double rings was studied in Quercus ilex L. growing in a coppice stand left unmanaged for 22 years. Ten trees were felled and discs were taken every 30 cm from bole and dominant branches. Dendrometer bands were installed on 10 nearby trees and the data recorded were used to confirm the accuracy of our tree-ring identification. They were also used to relate the seasonal radial growth pattern to double-ring formation. Double rings were frequent and occurred consistently along the stem. Two types of double rings could be recognized according to their width: type I, with the extra growth band accounting for approximately 50% of the tree ring; and type II, with a narrow extra growth band. Type I double rings were formed when approximately 1/2 of the growing-season precipitation occurred during the second growth period of the season and after the summer drought. Type II double rings occurred when approximately 1/3 of the precipitation in the growing season occurred after the summer drought. The formation of double rings was triggered by rainfall in summer and the extra growth-band width was related to summer and autumn environmental conditions. Double rings in Q. ilex can potentially be used in dendroclimatological studies, as they are formed in response to climatic conditions within the growing season.
doi: 10.1139/X07-050doi: 10.1139/X07-050The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: NRC Research Press
Keywords: chronology (voyant); double rings; Drought; growth pattern; growth rings; Precipitation; Quercus ilex

Relationships between climate and double rings in Quercus ilex from northeast Spain - Campelo, F; Gutiérrez, E; Ribas, M; Nabais, C; Freitas, H (Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 2007)
The influence of climatic factors on tree-ring width and the formation of double rings was studied in Quercus ilex L. growing in a coppice stand left unmanaged for 22 years. Ten trees were felled and discs were taken every 30 cm from bole and dominant branches. Dendrometer bands were installed on 10 nearby trees and the data recorded were used to confirm the accuracy of our tree-ring identification. They were also used to relate the seasonal radial growth pattern to double-ring formation. Double rings were frequent and occurred consistently along the stem. Two types of double rings could be recognized according to their width: type I, with the extra growth band accounting for approximately 50% of the tree ring; and type II, with a narrow extra growth band. Type I double rings were formed when approximately 1/2 of the growing-season precipitation occurred during the second growth period of the season and after the summer drought. Type II double rings occurred when approximately 1/3 of the precipitation in the growing season occurred after the summer drought. The formation of double rings was triggered by rainfall in summer and the extra growth-band width was related to summer and autumn environmental conditions. Double rings in Q. ilex can potentially be used in dendroclimatological studies, as they are formed in response to climatic conditions within the growing season.
doi: 10.1139/X07-050
Keywords: chronology (voyant); double rings; Drought; growth pattern; growth rings; Precipitation; Quercus ilex

Relative impact of stand structure, tree composition and climate on mountain bird communities - Archaux, Frédéric Frederic; Bakkaus, Noémie Noemie (FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, 2007)
To recommend forestry practices favourable to birds, we estimated the relative importance of stand structure (mean tree height, overstory and understory cover), stand composition (from pure conifer or broadleaved to mixed conifer-broadleaf stands) and climate (altitude, aspect) on mountain forest birds (Mont-Ventoux, southern French Alps and Giffre valley, northern French Alps). Studies were conducted on species richness in forest birds (separated into species preferring broadleaves, preferring conifers or indifferent) and in cavity nesters. Climate, structure and composition had roughly equivalent weights on mountain forest birds, but their relative importance depended on the species group. Due to very contrasted climatic conditions, bird communities were the richest at low elevations in the northern site and at high elevations in the southern site. The richness of many ecological groups increased log-linearly with mean tree height; however, a decrease was observed for certain ecological groups at the northern site for a tree height above ca. 20-25 m. Mixed conifer-broadleaf stands (Holm Oak, Downy Oak or Beech mixed with Scots or Laricio Pines on Mont-Ventoux; Beech or Beech with other broadleaves mixed with Spruce in the Giffre valley) did not have higher bird richness than pure stands. The negative impact of broadleaf presence on birds preferring conifers was not compensated for (Giffre valley), or barely so (Mont-Ventoux), by a corresponding positive impact on birds preferring broadleaves. Conifers do not appear to systematically support poorer bird communities than broadleaves; therefore, juxtaposing pure stands of different trees may be more sensible than insisting on mixed stands if such stands are hard to manage. Furthermore, the introduced Laricio Pine stands supported bird communities as rich as native Scots Pine stands on Mont-Ventoux. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: bird species richness; detectability; ecological groups; exotic trees; Forest management; mixed stands

Relative impact of stand structure, tree composition and climate on mountain bird communities - Archaux, Frédéric Frederic; Bakkaus, Noémie Noemie (FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, 2007)
To recommend forestry practices favourable to birds, we estimated the relative importance of stand structure (mean tree height, overstory and understory cover), stand composition (from pure conifer or broadleaved to mixed conifer-broadleaf stands) and climate (altitude, aspect) on mountain forest birds (Mont-Ventoux, southern French Alps and Giffre valley, northern French Alps). Studies were conducted on species richness in forest birds (separated into species preferring broadleaves, preferring conifers or indifferent) and in cavity nesters. Climate, structure and composition had roughly equivalent weights on mountain forest birds, but their relative importance depended on the species group. Due to very contrasted climatic conditions, bird communities were the richest at low elevations in the northern site and at high elevations in the southern site. The richness of many ecological groups increased log-linearly with mean tree height; however, a decrease was observed for certain ecological groups at the northern site for a tree height above ca. 20-25 m. Mixed conifer-broadleaf stands (Holm Oak, Downy Oak or Beech mixed with Scots or Laricio Pines on Mont-Ventoux; Beech or Beech with other broadleaves mixed with Spruce in the Giffre valley) did not have higher bird richness than pure stands. The negative impact of broadleaf presence on birds preferring conifers was not compensated for (Giffre valley), or barely so (Mont-Ventoux), by a corresponding positive impact on birds preferring broadleaves. Conifers do not appear to systematically support poorer bird communities than broadleaves; therefore, juxtaposing pure stands of different trees may be more sensible than insisting on mixed stands if such stands are hard to manage. Furthermore, the introduced Laricio Pine stands supported bird communities as rich as native Scots Pine stands on Mont-Ventoux. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS publisher: ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
Keywords: bird species richness; detectability; ecological groups; exotic trees; Forest management; mixed stands

Rhodotorula subericola sp nov., an anamorphic basidiomycetous yeast species isolated from bark of Quercus suber (cork oak) - Belloch, C.; Villa-Carvajal, M.; Alvarez-Rodriguez, M. L.; Coque, J. J. R. (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY, 2007)
Two yeasts strains, Y-31(T) and Y-20B, pertaining to a previously unknown yeast species were isolated from bark of cork oak in Spain. Physiological characterization revealed a pattern of assimilation of carbon and nitrogen compounds compatible with members of the genus Rhodotorula. From sequence analysis of the D1/D2 region of the 26S rRNA gene, Rhodotorula cycloclastica and Rhodotorula philyla were related to the unknown species. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the D1/D2 region of the 26S rRNA gene showed that the novel species clustered in a branch together with R. cycloclastica. The name Rhodotorula subericola sp. nov. is proposed, with isolate Y-31(T) (= CECT 11976(T)=CBS 10442(T)) the type strain of this novel taxon in the Microbotryum lineage, subclass Microbotryomycetidae, class Urediniomycetes of basidiomycetous yeasts.
APSAPSThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND publisher: SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY
Keywords: basidiomycetous yeasts; Microbotryum lineage; yeast species

Rhodotorula subericola sp nov., an anamorphic basidiomycetous yeast species isolated from bark of Quercus suber (cork oak) - Belloch, C; Villa-Carvajal, M; Alvarez-Rodriguez, M L; Coque, J J R (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY, 2007)
Two yeasts strains, Y-31(T) and Y-20B, pertaining to a previously unknown yeast species were isolated from bark of cork oak in Spain. Physiological characterization revealed a pattern of assimilation of carbon and nitrogen compounds compatible with members of the genus Rhodotorula. From sequence analysis of the D1/D2 region of the 26S rRNA gene, Rhodotorula cycloclastica and Rhodotorula philyla were related to the unknown species. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the D1/D2 region of the 26S rRNA gene showed that the novel species clustered in a branch together with R. cycloclastica. The name Rhodotorula subericola sp. nov. is proposed, with isolate Y-31(T) (= CECT 11976(T)=CBS 10442(T)) the type strain of this novel taxon in the Microbotryum lineage, subclass Microbotryomycetidae, class Urediniomycetes of basidiomycetous yeasts.
APS
Keywords: basidiomycetous yeasts; Microbotryum lineage; yeast species

The scale of analysis determines the spatial pattern of woody species diversity in the Mediterranean environment - Kallimanis, Athanasios S.; Halley, John M.; Vokou, Despina; Sgardelis, Stefanos P. (Plant Ecology, 2007)
We examine the spatial pattern of woody species diversity at different scales, in two sites of Mt. Holomontas in northern Greece, which falls within the transitional zone between temperate forests and Mediterranean-type ecosystems. We investigate how diversity is distributed in space and whether the perceived pattern changes with the scale of observation. We use two different metrics of diversity: species richness and species turnover. Our main ﬁnding is that the spatial pattern of diversity changes with the scale of observation or analysis. For a given scale, the pattern of species richness (alpha diversity) is negatively correlated with the pattern of species turnover (beta diversity). Species-rich areas have more species in common with their neighbors than species-poor areas. The between-scale disparity of the spatial pattern of diversity may be a general feature of ecological systems. For this to be validated, studies with different groups of species in different biomes and in different biogeographical areas are required; our study contributes to this direction providing evidence that this holds true for woody species in Mediterranean communities. Finally, we discuss how these ﬁndings might affect important issues in theoretical and applied ecology, such as identifying the environmental factors driving biodiversity.
Keywords: autocorrelation á species turnover; Pattern matching; pattern matching á spatial; Spatial autocorrelation; Species turnover

Seasonal interchange of the European Robin Erithacus rubecula populations in an evergreen holm oak forest - Dominguez, Monica; Barba, Emilio; Canto, Jose L; Lopez, German M; Monros, Juan S (ACTA ORNITHOLOGICA, 2007)
European Robins are found at ``La Font Roja{''} Natural Park in SE Spain throughout the year. Analysis of recaptures of individually marked birds during 3 years strongly suggests that individuals breeding in the park abandon it during the winter, while a new wintering population occupies the park between November and March. We found that during 5 weeks in April and 3 weeks in October the two populations overlapped. We also analysed the biometry of the ``local{''} (breeding) and ``wintering{''} populations. The local population had significantly shorter wings, and longer tails and tarsi than the wintering population. In both populations, juveniles had shorter wings and longer tails than adults, but tarsus length did not differ between age classes. Among the local birds, males had longer wings and tails than females, but tarsus length did not differ between sexes (sex could not be determined in the wintering population). Biometric analyses supported the hypothesis of the occurrence of two separate populations in the study area, and also that the migratory tendency (as derived from wing and tail lengths) was higher among the wintering birds.
Keywords: biometry; Erithacus rubecula; European Robin; flight-related morphology; migratory tendency; population replacement; wintering quarters

Seasonal interchange of the European Robin Erithacus rubecula populations in an evergreen holm oak forest - Dominguez, Monica; Barba, Emilio; Canto, Jose L.; Lopez, German M.; Monros, Juan S. (ACTA ORNITHOLOGICA, 2007)
European Robins are found at ``La Font Roja{''} Natural Park in SE Spain throughout the year. Analysis of recaptures of individually marked birds during 3 years strongly suggests that individuals breeding in the park abandon it during the winter, while a new wintering population occupies the park between November and March. We found that during 5 weeks in April and 3 weeks in October the two populations overlapped. We also analysed the biometry of the ``local{''} (breeding) and ``wintering{''} populations. The local population had significantly shorter wings, and longer tails and tarsi than the wintering population. In both populations, juveniles had shorter wings and longer tails than adults, but tarsus length did not differ between age classes. Among the local birds, males had longer wings and tails than females, but tarsus length did not differ between sexes (sex could not be determined in the wintering population). Biometric analyses supported the hypothesis of the occurrence of two separate populations in the study area, and also that the migratory tendency (as derived from wing and tail lengths) was higher among the wintering birds.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: WILCZA 64, PL-00-679 WARSAW, POLAND publisher: MUSEUM & INST ZOOLOGY
Keywords: biometry; Erithacus rubecula; European Robin; flight-related morphology; migratory tendency; population replacement; wintering quarters

Seasonal soil and leaf CO2 exchange rates in a Mediterranean holm oak forest and their responses to drought conditions - Asensio, Dolores; Penuelas, Josep; Ogaya, Romà; Llusia, Joan (ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, 2007)
We measured the soil and leaf CO2 exchange in Quercus ilex and Phillyrea latfolia seasonally throughout the year in a representative site of the Mediterranean region, a natural holm oak forest growing in the Prades Mountains in southeastern Catalonia. In the wet seasons (spring and autumn), we experimentally decreased soil moisture by 30%, by excluding rainfall and water runoff in 12 plots, 1 x 10 m, and left 12 further plots as controls. Our aim was to predict the response of these gas exchanges to the drought forecasted for the next decades for this region by GCM and ecophysiological models. Annual average Soil CO2 exchange rate was 2.27 +/- 0.27 mu mol CO2 m(-2) s(-1). Annual average leaf CO2 exchange rates were 8 +/- 1 and 5 +/- 1 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) in Q. ilex and P. latfolia, respectively. Soil respiration rates in control treatments followed a seasonal pattern similar to photosynthetic activity. They reached maximum values in spring and autumn (2.5-3.8 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) soil CO2 emission rates and 7-15 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) net photosynthetic rates) and minimum values (almost 0 for both variables) in summer, showing that soil moisture was the most important factor driving the soil microbial activity and the photosynthetic activity of plants. In autumn, drought treatment strongly decreased net photosynthesis rates and stomatal conductance of Q. ilex by 44% and 53%, respectively. Soil respiration was also reduced by 43% under drought treatment in the wet seasons. In summer there were larger soil CO2 emissions in drought plots than in control plots, probably driven by autotrophic (roots) metabolism. The results indicate that leaf and Soil CO2 exchange may be strongly reduced (by ca. 44%) by the predicted decreases of soil water availability in the next decades. Long-term studies are needed to confirm these predictions or to find out possible acclimation of those processes. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: climate change; Drought; foliar net photosynthetic rates; Mediterranean holm oak forest; microorganisms; roots; soil CO2 exchange

Seasonal soil and leaf CO2 exchange rates in a Mediterranean holm oak forest and their responses to drought conditions - Asensio, Dolores; Penuelas, Josep; Ogaya, Romà; Llusia, Joan (ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, 2007)
We measured the soil and leaf CO2 exchange in Quercus ilex and Phillyrea latfolia seasonally throughout the year in a representative site of the Mediterranean region, a natural holm oak forest growing in the Prades Mountains in southeastern Catalonia. In the wet seasons (spring and autumn), we experimentally decreased soil moisture by 30%, by excluding rainfall and water runoff in 12 plots, 1 x 10 m, and left 12 further plots as controls. Our aim was to predict the response of these gas exchanges to the drought forecasted for the next decades for this region by GCM and ecophysiological models. Annual average Soil CO2 exchange rate was 2.27 +/- 0.27 mu mol CO2 m(-2) s(-1). Annual average leaf CO2 exchange rates were 8 +/- 1 and 5 +/- 1 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) in Q. ilex and P. latfolia, respectively. Soil respiration rates in control treatments followed a seasonal pattern similar to photosynthetic activity. They reached maximum values in spring and autumn (2.5-3.8 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) soil CO2 emission rates and 7-15 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) net photosynthetic rates) and minimum values (almost 0 for both variables) in summer, showing that soil moisture was the most important factor driving the soil microbial activity and the photosynthetic activity of plants. In autumn, drought treatment strongly decreased net photosynthesis rates and stomatal conductance of Q. ilex by 44% and 53%, respectively. Soil respiration was also reduced by 43% under drought treatment in the wet seasons. In summer there were larger soil CO2 emissions in drought plots than in control plots, probably driven by autotrophic (roots) metabolism. The results indicate that leaf and Soil CO2 exchange may be strongly reduced (by ca. 44%) by the predicted decreases of soil water availability in the next decades. Long-term studies are needed to confirm these predictions or to find out possible acclimation of those processes. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND publisher: PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
Keywords: climate change; Drought; foliar net photosynthetic rates; Mediterranean holm oak forest; microorganisms; roots; soil CO2 exchange

Seasonal soil VOC exchange rates in a Mediterranean holm oak forest and their responses to drought conditions - ASENSIO, D.; Penuelas, J.; Ogaya, R.; Llusia, J. (Atmospheric Environment, 2007)
Available information on soil volatile organic compound (VOC) exchange, emissions and uptake, is very scarce. We here describe the amounts and seasonality of soil VOC exchange during a year in a natural Mediterranean holm oak forest growing in Southern Catalonia. We investigated changes in soil VOC dynamics in drought conditions by decreasing the soil moisture to 30% of ambient conditions by artiﬁcially excluding rainfall and water runoff, and predicted the response of VOC exchange to the drought forecasted in the Mediterranean region for the next decades by GCM and ecophysiological models. The annual average of the total (detected) soil VOC and total monoterpene exchange rates were 3.273.2 and 0.470.3 mg m 2 h 1 , respectively, in control plots. These values represent 0.003% of the total C emitted by soil at the study site as CO2 whereas the annual mean of soil monoterpene exchange represents 0.0004% of total C. Total soil VOC exchange rates in control plots showed seasonal variations following changes in soil moisture and phenology. Maximum values were found in spring (1778 mg m 2 h 1 ). Although there was no signiﬁcant global effect of drought treatment on the total soil VOC exchange rates, annual average of total VOC exchange rates in drought plots resulted in an uptake rate (0.571.8 mg m 2 h 1 ) instead of positive net emission rates. Larger soil VOC and monoterpene exchanges were measured in drought plots than in control plots in summer, which might be mostly attributable to autotrophic (roots) metabolism. The results show that the diversity and magnitude of monoterpene and VOC soil emissions are low compared with plant emissions, that they are driven by soil moisture, that they represent a very small part of the soil-released carbon and that they may be strongly reduced or even reversed into net uptakes by the predicted decreases of soil water availability in the next decades. In all cases, it seems that VOC ﬂuxes in soil might have greater impact on soil ecology than on atmospheric chemistry
Keywords: climate change; Drought; Mediterranean holm oak forest; Monoterpenes; Soil CO2 flux; Soil VOC exchange

Seasonal soil VOC exchange rates in a Mediterranean holm oak forest and their responses to drought conditions - Asensio, D; Penuelas, J; Ogaya, R; Llusia, J (Atmospheric Environment, 2007)
Available information on soil volatile organic compound (VOC) exchange, emissions and uptake, is very scarce. We here describe the amounts and seasonality of soil VOC exchange during a year in a natural Mediterranean holm oak forest growing in Southern Catalonia. We investigated changes in soil VOC dynamics in drought conditions by decreasing the soil moisture to 30% of ambient conditions by artiﬁcially excluding rainfall and water runoff, and predicted the response of VOC exchange to the drought forecasted in the Mediterranean region for the next decades by GCM and ecophysiological models. The annual average of the total (detected) soil VOC and total monoterpene exchange rates were 3.273.2 and 0.470.3 mg m 2 h 1 , respectively, in control plots. These values represent 0.003% of the total C emitted by soil at the study site as CO2 whereas the annual mean of soil monoterpene exchange represents 0.0004% of total C. Total soil VOC exchange rates in control plots showed seasonal variations following changes in soil moisture and phenology. Maximum values were found in spring (1778 mg m 2 h 1 ). Although there was no signiﬁcant global effect of drought treatment on the total soil VOC exchange rates, annual average of total VOC exchange rates in drought plots resulted in an uptake rate (0.571.8 mg m 2 h 1 ) instead of positive net emission rates. Larger soil VOC and monoterpene exchanges were measured in drought plots than in control plots in summer, which might be mostly attributable to autotrophic (roots) metabolism. The results show that the diversity and magnitude of monoterpene and VOC soil emissions are low compared with plant emissions, that they are driven by soil moisture, that they represent a very small part of the soil-released carbon and that they may be strongly reduced or even reversed into net uptakes by the predicted decreases of soil water availability in the next decades. In all cases, it seems that VOC ﬂuxes in soil might have greater impact on soil ecology than on atmospheric chemistry
Keywords: climate change; Drought; Mediterranean holm oak forest; Monoterpenes; Soil CO2 flux; Soil VOC exchange

SEED - MASS EFFECTS IN FOUR MEDITERRANEAN QUERCUS SPECIES (FAGACEAE ) GROWING IN CONTRASTING LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS - Quero, José Luis; Villar, Rafael; Marañón, Teodoro; Zamora, Regino; Poorter, Lourens (American Journal of Botany 94(11):, 2007)
Three hypotheses have been proposed to explain the functional relationship between seed mass and seedling performance: the reserve effect (larger seeds retain a larger proportion of reserves after germinating), the metabolic effect (seedlings from larger seeds have slower relative growth rates), and the seedling-size effect (larger seeds produce larger seedlings). We tested these hypotheses by growing four Mediterranean Quercus species under different light conditions (3, 27, and 100% of available radiation). We found evidence for two of the three hypotheses, but none of the four species complied with all three hypotheses at the same time. The reserve effect was not found in any species, the metabolic effect was found in three species (Q. ilex, Q. pyrenaica, and Q. suber), and the seedling-size effect in all species. Light availability significantly affected the relationships between seed size and seedling traits. For Q. ilex and Q. canariensis, a seedling-size effect was found under all three light conditions, but only under the lowest light (3%) for Q. suber and Q. pyrenaica. In all species, the correlation between seed mass and seedling mass increased with a decrease in light, suggesting that seedlings growing in low light depend more upon their seed reserves. A causal model integrates the three hypotheses, suggesting that larger seeds generally produced larger seedlings.
From Duplicate 2 ( SEED - MASS EFFECTS IN FOUR MEDITERRANEAN QUERCUS SPECIES (FAGACEAE ) GROWING IN CONTRASTING LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS - Environments, Contrasting Light; Uero, L U I S Q; Illar, R Afael V; Aran, T Eodoro M; Oorter, L Ourens P; Ciencias, Facultad De; Granada, Universidad De; Ecologı, A De )From Duplicate 2 ( SEED - MASS EFFECTS IN FOUR MEDITERRANEAN QUERCUS SPECIES (FAGACEAE ) GROWING IN CONTRASTING LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS - Environments, Contrasting Light; Uero, L U I S Q; Illar, R Afael V; Aran, T Eodoro M; Oorter, L Ourens P; Ciencias, Facultad De; Granada, Universidad De; Ecologı, A De )
Keywords: acornmass; Fagaceae; light availability; mediterranean oaks; Quercus; RGR; Seed size; seed–seedling relationships

SEED - MASS EFFECTS IN FOUR MEDITERRANEAN QUERCUS SPECIES (FAGACEAE ) GROWING IN CONTRASTING LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS - Quero, José Luis; Villar, Rafael; Marañón, Teodoro; Zamora, Regino; Poorter, Lourens (American Journal of Botany 94(11):, 2007)
Three hypotheses have been proposed to explain the functional relationship between seed mass and seedling performance: the reserve effect (larger seeds retain a larger proportion of reserves after germinating), the metabolic effect (seedlings from larger seeds have slower relative growth rates), and the seedling-size effect (larger seeds produce larger seedlings). We tested these hypotheses by growing four Mediterranean Quercus species under different light conditions (3, 27, and 100% of available radiation). We found evidence for two of the three hypotheses, but none of the four species complied with all three hypotheses at the same time. The reserve effect was not found in any species, the metabolic effect was found in three species (Q. ilex, Q. pyrenaica, and Q. suber), and the seedling-size effect in all species. Light availability significantly affected the relationships between seed size and seedling traits. For Q. ilex and Q. canariensis, a seedling-size effect was found under all three light conditions, but only under the lowest light (3%) for Q. suber and Q. pyrenaica. In all species, the correlation between seed mass and seedling mass increased with a decrease in light, suggesting that seedlings growing in low light depend more upon their seed reserves. A causal model integrates the three hypotheses, suggesting that larger seeds generally produced larger seedlings.
From Duplicate 2 ( SEED - MASS EFFECTS IN FOUR MEDITERRANEAN QUERCUS SPECIES (FAGACEAE ) GROWING IN CONTRASTING LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS - Environments, Contrasting Light; Uero, L U I S Q; Illar, R Afael V; Aran, T Eodoro M; Oorter, L Ourens P; Ciencias, Facultad De; Granada, Universidad De; Ecologı, A De )
Keywords: acornmass; Fagaceae; light availability; mediterranean oaks; Quercus; RGR; Seed size; seed–seedling relationships

Seedling performance in sewage sludge-amended degraded Mediterranean woodlands - FUENTES, D.; Valdecantos, a; CORTINA, J.; Vallejo, V. R. R. (Ecological Engineering, 2007)
Biosolids have been widely used for land reclamation, but information on their use in restoration, i.e., on less degraded areas, is scarce. Biosolids may be used to restore forest ecosystems by fostering tree establishment in degraded shrublands. Detailed knowledge on the effects of biosolid application is needed to optimize such practice. We evaluated the effect of different rates (0, 7.5 and 14.5 kg dry weight per plant) and types of biosolid application on the performance of Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex seedlings, and operational costs. Biosolids increased seedling mortality in both species, particularly when seedlings were planted in direct contact with them. Mortality mostly occurred during the ﬁrst year, and was probably favored by soil shrinking and salinity. Foliar and needle nitrogen concentration increased with biosolid rate in the short term, but biosolids affected negatively (P. halepensis), or had no effect (Q. ilex) on phosphorus and potassium concentration. Biosolids had a positive effect on P. halepensis growth, and a negative effect on Q. ilex growth at the highest rate when seedlings were in contact with biosolids. Cost of this type of biosolid application approximately doubled plantation cost, but were similar or cheaper that landﬁll disposal of biosolids. The lowest application rate showed the best balance between seedling response and costs for P. halepensis, whereas biosolid use cannot be recommended for Q. ilex.
Keywords: mortality; Pinus halepensis; Quercus ilex; Restoration; Salinity; seedling growth; Sewage sludge

Seedling performance in sewage sludge-amended degraded Mediterranean woodlands - FUENTES, D.; VALDECANTOS, A.; CORTINA, J.; Vallejo, V.R. R (Ecological Engineering, 2007)
Biosolids have been widely used for land reclamation, but information on their use in restoration, i.e., on less degraded areas, is scarce. Biosolids may be used to restore forest ecosystems by fostering tree establishment in degraded shrublands. Detailed knowledge on the effects of biosolid application is needed to optimize such practice. We evaluated the effect of different rates (0, 7.5 and 14.5 kg dry weight per plant) and types of biosolid application on the performance of Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex seedlings, and operational costs. Biosolids increased seedling mortality in both species, particularly when seedlings were planted in direct contact with them. Mortality mostly occurred during the ﬁrst year, and was probably favored by soil shrinking and salinity. Foliar and needle nitrogen concentration increased with biosolid rate in the short term, but biosolids affected negatively (P. halepensis), or had no effect (Q. ilex) on phosphorus and potassium concentration. Biosolids had a positive effect on P. halepensis growth, and a negative effect on Q. ilex growth at the highest rate when seedlings were in contact with biosolids. Cost of this type of biosolid application approximately doubled plantation cost, but were similar or cheaper that landﬁll disposal of biosolids. The lowest application rate showed the best balance between seedling response and costs for P. halepensis, whereas biosolid use cannot be recommended for Q. ilex.
Keywords: mortality; Pinus halepensis; Quercus ilex; Restoration; Salinity; seedling growth; Sewage sludge

Sensitivity of terpene emissions to drought and fertilization in terpene-storing Pinus halepensis and non-storing Quercus ilex - Blanch, Josep-salvador; Penuelas, Josep; Llusia, Joan (Physiologia Plantarum, 2007)
We studied the effects of water stress, fertilization and time course on foliar volatile terpene emission rates by Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis in a garden experiment. The terpenes mostly emitted by both species were α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene and Δ3-carene. P. halepensis emission rates (average 31.45 μg g−1 DM h−1) were similar to those of Q. ilex (average 31.71 μg g−1 DM h−1). The effects of drought (reduction to one-third of full watering) and fertilization (250 kg N ha−1, 250 kg P ha−1, or both) were different depending on the species: the drought treatment significantly increased the terpene emissions from Q. ilex by 33%, and the fertilization treatments reduced the terpene emissions from P. halepensis by 38%. Terpene emission rates increased with time course in parallel to raising summer temperatures in P. halepensis and Q. ilex, whose emission rates were temperature related (r = 0.42 and r = 0.68, respectively) and light related (r = 0.32 and r = 0.57, respectively). There was a positive relationship for P. halepensis, and a negative relationship for Q. ilex, between emission rates and relative water contents. No relationship was found between emission rates and N or P foliar concentrations. The results of this study show complex species-specific responses with stronger and faster short-term responses in terpene-non-storing than in storing species and indicate that terpene emissions may significantly change in the warmer, drier and more fertilized conditions predicted for the next decades in the Mediterranean region.
Keywords: Drought; Emission rates; Fertlization; mediterranean ecosystems (voyant); Pinus halepensis; Quercus ilex; storing and non-storing species; terpene

Sensitivity of terpene emissions to drought and fertilization in terpene-storing Pinus halepensis and non-storing Quercus ilex - Blanch, Josep-salvador; Penuelas, Josep; Llusia, Joan (Physiologia Plantarum, 2007)
We studied the effects of water stress, fertilization and time course on foliar volatile terpene emission rates by Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis in a garden experiment. The terpenes mostly emitted by both species were α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene and Δ3-carene. P. halepensis emission rates (average 31.45 μg g−1 DM h−1) were similar to those of Q. ilex (average 31.71 μg g−1 DM h−1). The effects of drought (reduction to one-third of full watering) and fertilization (250 kg N ha−1, 250 kg P ha−1, or both) were different depending on the species: the drought treatment significantly increased the terpene emissions from Q. ilex by 33%, and the fertilization treatments reduced the terpene emissions from P. halepensis by 38%. Terpene emission rates increased with time course in parallel to raising summer temperatures in P. halepensis and Q. ilex, whose emission rates were temperature related (r = 0.42 and r = 0.68, respectively) and light related (r = 0.32 and r = 0.57, respectively). There was a positive relationship for P. halepensis, and a negative relationship for Q. ilex, between emission rates and relative water contents. No relationship was found between emission rates and N or P foliar concentrations. The results of this study show complex species-specific responses with stronger and faster short-term responses in terpene-non-storing than in storing species and indicate that terpene emissions may significantly change in the warmer, drier and more fertilized conditions predicted for the next decades in the Mediterranean region.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: Drought; Emission rates; Fertlization; mediterranean ecosystems (voyant); Pinus halepensis; Quercus ilex; storing and non-storing species; terpene

Sensitivity of volatile monoterpene emission to changes in canopy structure: a model-based exercise with a process-based emission model - Grote, Rüdiger (New Phytologist, 2007)
* • This paper investigates the dependence of monoterpene emissions at the canopy scale on total leaf area and leaf distribution. Simulations were carried out for a range of hypothetical but realistic forest canopies of the evergreen Quercus ilex (holm oak). * • Two emission models were applied that either did (SIM-BIM2) or did not (G93) account for cumulative responses to temperature and light. Both were embedded into a canopy model that considered spatial and temporal variations of foliage properties. This canopy model was coupled to a canopy climate model (CANOAK) to determine the micrometeorological conditions at the leaf scale. * • Structural properties considerably impacted monoterpene emission. The sensitivities to changes in total leaf area and to leaf area distribution were found to be of similar magnitude. The two different models performed similarly on a whole-year basis but showed clear differences during certain episodes. * • The analysis showed that structural indices have to be carefully evaluated for proper scaling of emission from leaves to canopy. Further research is encouraged on seasonal dynamics of emission potentials.
Keywords: Biological; biomass; foliage distribution; leaf area index; light; Models; monoterpene emission; Monoterpenes; Monoterpenes: metabolism; photosynthesis; Photosynthesis: radiation effects; Plant Leaves; Plant Leaves: metabolism; Plant Leaves: radiation effects; Quercus; Quercus ilex; Quercus: metabolism; Quercus: radiation effects; Scaling; stand density; Temperature; Time Factors; Volatilization

Sobrevivência do sobreiro a incêndios em Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro - Castro, M J V (Relatório final de estágio, licenciatura em Ecologia …, 2007)
A elevada capacidade de resiliência e resistência que o sobreiro (Quercus suber) possui, faz dele uma espécie com uma enorme capacidade de sobrevivência pós-fogo. O presente trabalho tem como objectivos caracterizar a sobrevivência do sobreiro, assim como identificar e quantificar o efeito das variáveis que a afectam depois de incêndio. Para tal, foram medidas as características físicas, de severidade do fogo e de resposta vegetativa das árvores, em 568 sobreiros em áreas ardidas por incêndios ocorridos um e dois anos antes no Nordeste de Trás-os-Montes, mais precisamente em Cedães, Franco e Mirandela. A sobrevivência do sobreiro ao fogo modelou-se através de regressão logística. Os resultados mostraram que os factores que mais afectam a sobrevivência do sobreiro são a espessura da cortiça e a árvore ter sido submetida a descortiçamento previamente, mas também a altura de tronco carbonizado, ou seja, a intensidade do fogo. Assim, árvores com cortiça mais espessa, não descortiçadas e sujeitas a fogo de menor intensidade, têm maior probabilidade de sobreviverem ao incêndio. Ao contrário de outros estudos, não foi possível relacionar a sobrevivência com a exposição do terreno. Dada a dimensão do problema dos incêndios florestais em Portugal e a notável resistência do sobreiro ao fogo sugerimos medidas de gestão florestal pós-fogo em sobreirais, acreditando que a Quercus suber é uma óptima espécie a implantar em futuras reflorestações nos ecossistemas mediterrâneos
Keywords: copa; espessura da cortiça; Fogo; sobreiro; sobrevivência (voyant)

Sobrevivência do sobreiro a incêndios em Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro - Castro, M. J. V. (2007)
A elevada capacidade de resiliência e resistência que o sobreiro (Quercus suber) possui, faz dele uma espécie com uma enorme capacidade de sobrevivência pós-fogo. O presente trabalho tem como objectivos caracterizar a sobrevivência do sobreiro, assim como identificar e quantificar o efeito das variáveis que a afectam depois de incêndio. Para tal, foram medidas as características físicas, de severidade do fogo e de resposta vegetativa das árvores, em 568 sobreiros em áreas ardidas por incêndios ocorridos um e dois anos antes no Nordeste de Trás-os-Montes, mais precisamente em Cedães, Franco e Mirandela. A sobrevivência do sobreiro ao fogo modelou-se através de regressão logística. Os resultados mostraram que os factores que mais afectam a sobrevivência do sobreiro são a espessura da cortiça e a árvore ter sido submetida a descortiçamento previamente, mas também a altura de tronco carbonizado, ou seja, a intensidade do fogo. Assim, árvores com cortiça mais espessa, não descortiçadas e sujeitas a fogo de menor intensidade, têm maior probabilidade de sobreviverem ao incêndio. Ao contrário de outros estudos, não foi possível relacionar a sobrevivência com a exposição do terreno. Dada a dimensão do problema dos incêndios florestais em Portugal e a notável resistência do sobreiro ao fogo sugerimos medidas de gestão florestal pós-fogo em sobreirais, acreditando que a Quercus suber é uma óptima espécie a implantar em futuras reflorestações nos ecossistemas mediterrâneos
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: secondary-title: Relatório final de estágio, licenciatura em Ecologia … periodical: Relatório final de estágio, licenciatura em Ecologia …
Keywords: copa; espessura da cortiça; Fogo; sobreiro; sobrevivência (voyant)

Some factors affecting successional change on uranium mine wastes: Insights for ecological restoration - Martinez-Ruiz, C; Marrs, R H (APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE, 2007)
Question: Are growth form and dispersal-mode replacement during vegetation succession in semi-arid Mediterranean conditions affected by the starting quality of the substrate and by site aspect? Location: Central-western Spain. Methods: We monitored successions on three waste materials left after uranium mining: unbroken waste, broken waste and wastes amended with a sandy material (Arkoses); both north and south aspects were also studied on each substrate. Results: The substrate starting quality had the greatest influence on spontaneous succession, separating the poorer quality substrates (broken and unbroken wastes) from the better ones (Arkoses) and two reference communities (Topsoil and Dehesa). The importance of aspect was confirmed then within each substrate type. Most species with a short life span (mostly annuals and a few biennials), together with some woody species on Arkoses, showed no response to age (years following the deposition of new soil). Others short-lived species declined over time on the poorer wastes but not on the better Arkoses. There was a tendency for life form replacement (from therophytes to hemicryptophytes) during succession only on the poorer-quality substrates. No dispersal-mode replacement sequence was found. Conclusion: Improving the abiotic conditions of the substrate had a great effect on vegetation succession, but this effect was modified by aspect. Aspect took longer to induce differences in floristic composition on the poorer substrates, where succession was slower. Some trends in species responses to successional change were found by considering species traits, particularly life-form.
Keywords: aspect; correspondence analysis; forward selection; HOF modelling; species trait; substrate

Some factors affecting successional change on uranium mine wastes: Insights for ecological restoration - Martinez-Ruiz, C.; Marrs, R. H. (APPLIED VEGETATION SCIENCE, 2007)
Question: Are growth form and dispersal-mode replacement during vegetation succession in semi-arid Mediterranean conditions affected by the starting quality of the substrate and by site aspect? Location: Central-western Spain. Methods: We monitored successions on three waste materials left after uranium mining: unbroken waste, broken waste and wastes amended with a sandy material (Arkoses); both north and south aspects were also studied on each substrate. Results: The substrate starting quality had the greatest influence on spontaneous succession, separating the poorer quality substrates (broken and unbroken wastes) from the better ones (Arkoses) and two reference communities (Topsoil and Dehesa). The importance of aspect was confirmed then within each substrate type. Most species with a short life span (mostly annuals and a few biennials), together with some woody species on Arkoses, showed no response to age (years following the deposition of new soil). Others short-lived species declined over time on the poorer wastes but not on the better Arkoses. There was a tendency for life form replacement (from therophytes to hemicryptophytes) during succession only on the poorer-quality substrates. No dispersal-mode replacement sequence was found. Conclusion: Improving the abiotic conditions of the substrate had a great effect on vegetation succession, but this effect was modified by aspect. Aspect took longer to induce differences in floristic composition on the poorer substrates, where succession was slower. Some trends in species responses to successional change were found by considering species traits, particularly life-form.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: GAMLA VAGEN 40, S-770 13 GRANGARDE, SWEDEN publisher: OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB
Keywords: aspect; correspondence analysis; forward selection; HOF modelling; species trait; substrate

Stomatal conductance of semi-natural Mediterranean grasslands: implications for the development of ozone critical levels. - Alonso, R.; Bermejo, V.; Sanz, J.; Valls, B.; Elvira, S.; Gimeno, B. S. (Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), 2007)
Intra-genus and intra-specific variation and the influence of nitrogen enrichment on net assimilation and stomatal conductance of some annual Trifolium species of Mediterranean dehesa grasslands were assessed under experimental conditions. Also gas exchange rates were compared between some Leguminosae and Poaceae species growing in the field in a dehesa ecosystem in central Spain. The results showed that the previously reported different O3 sensitivity of some Trifolium species growing in pots does not seem to be related to different maximum g(s) values. In addition, no clear differences on gas exchange rates could be attributed to Leguminosae and Poaceae families growing in the field, with intra-genus variation being more important than differences found between families. Further studies are needed to increase the database for developing a flux-based approach for setting O3 critical levels for semi-natural Mediterranean species.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 16895740
Keywords: Critical levels; Grasslands; Ozone; Semi-natural vegetation; Stomatal conductance

Stomatal conductance of semi-natural Mediterranean grasslands: implications for the development of ozone critical levels. - Alonso, R; Bermejo, V; Sanz, J; Valls, B; Elvira, S; Gimeno, B S (Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987), 2007)
Intra-genus and intra-specific variation and the influence of nitrogen enrichment on net assimilation and stomatal conductance of some annual Trifolium species of Mediterranean dehesa grasslands were assessed under experimental conditions. Also gas exchange rates were compared between some Leguminosae and Poaceae species growing in the field in a dehesa ecosystem in central Spain. The results showed that the previously reported different O3 sensitivity of some Trifolium species growing in pots does not seem to be related to different maximum g(s) values. In addition, no clear differences on gas exchange rates could be attributed to Leguminosae and Poaceae families growing in the field, with intra-genus variation being more important than differences found between families. Further studies are needed to increase the database for developing a flux-based approach for setting O3 critical levels for semi-natural Mediterranean species.
Keywords: Critical levels; Grasslands; Ozone; Semi-natural vegetation; Stomatal conductance

Structural study of the zinc and cadmium complexes of a type 2 plant (Quercus suber) metallothionein: Insights by vibrational spectroscopy - Domènech, J.; Tinti, Anna; Capdevila, M. (Biopolymers, 2007)
Zn- and Cd-complexes of Quercus suber metallothionein (QsMT) were obtained by in vivo-synthesis, in order to obtain physiologically representative aggregates, and characterized by spectrometric and spectroscopic methods. The secondary structure elements and the coordination environments of the metal binding sites of the two aggregates were determined, as well as the main metal-containing species formed. The results obtained from the analysis of the Raman and IR spectra reveal that these metal-MT complexes predominantly contain b-sheet elements (about 60%), whereas they lack ahelices. These structural features slightly depend on the divalent metal bound. In particular, Cd II binding to QsMT induces a slight increase of the b-sheet percentage, as well as a decrease in b-turn elements with respect to Zn II binding. Conversely, the in vivo capability of QsMT to inglobe metal and sulﬁde ions is metal-depending. Spectroscopic vibrational data also conﬁrm the presence of sulﬁde ligands in the metal clusters of both Zn- and Cd-QsMT, while the participation of the spacer His residue in metal coordination was only found in Cd-QsMT, in agreement with the CD results. Overall data suggest different coordination environments for Zn II and Cd II ions in QsMT
Keywords: IR spectroscopy; metal complexes; metallothionein; Raman spectroscopy; sulfur ligand

Structural study of the zinc and cadmium complexes of a type 2 plant (Quercus suber) metallothionein: Insights by vibrational spectroscopy - Domènech, J; Tinti, Anna; Capdevila, M (Biopolymers, 2007)
Zn- and Cd-complexes of Quercus suber metallothionein (QsMT) were obtained by in vivo-synthesis, in order to obtain physiologically representative aggregates, and characterized by spectrometric and spectroscopic methods. The secondary structure elements and the coordination environments of the metal binding sites of the two aggregates were determined, as well as the main metal-containing species formed. The results obtained from the analysis of the Raman and IR spectra reveal that these metal-MT complexes predominantly contain b-sheet elements (about 60%), whereas they lack ahelices. These structural features slightly depend on the divalent metal bound. In particular, Cd II binding to QsMT induces a slight increase of the b-sheet percentage, as well as a decrease in b-turn elements with respect to Zn II binding. Conversely, the in vivo capability of QsMT to inglobe metal and sulﬁde ions is metal-depending. Spectroscopic vibrational data also conﬁrm the presence of sulﬁde ligands in the metal clusters of both Zn- and Cd-QsMT, while the participation of the spacer His residue in metal coordination was only found in Cd-QsMT, in agreement with the CD results. Overall data suggest different coordination environments for Zn II and Cd II ions in QsMT
Keywords: IR spectroscopy; metal complexes; metallothionein; Raman spectroscopy; sulfur ligand

Structure et diversité de la strate arbustive des fôrets de la Péninsule Tingitane (Maroc) - Ajbilou, Redouan; Marañón, Teodoro; Marín, J U Arroyo; Ater, Mohammed; Arroyo, Juan (Acta Botanica Malacitana, 2007)
Structure et diversité de la strate arbustive des forêts de la Péninsule Tingitane (Maroc). Cette étude concerne les communautés végétales arbustives des massifs forestiers sur substrat gréseux couvrant la Péninsule Tingitane au nord ouest du Maroc. La structure et la diversité de ces communautés ont été étudiées sur la base de 98 relevés représentatifs. Les subéraies (Quercus suber) sont les formations forestières naturelles les plus représentatives et les plus diversifiées de l´aire d´étude. L´altitude s’est révélée être un facteur écologique très discriminant, en séparant clairement les communautés arbustives des forêts des hautes montagnes. Au niveau des zones de basses altitudes, la fertilité, l´acidité et la perturbation anthropique jouent un rôle déterminant dans la distribution des communautés végétales arbustives. Cette distribution semble exprimer la dynamique de la végétation selon un gradient de conservation-perturbation. En conclusion, l´étude souligne l´intérêt remarquable que présentent les forêts du nord du Maroc, du point de vue de leurs significations écologiques, biogéographiques et évolutives.
From Duplicate 2 ( Structure et diversité de la strate arbustive des fôrets de la Péninsule Tingitane (Maroc) - Ajbilou, Redouan; Marañón, Teodoro; Marín, JU Arroyo; Ater, Mohammed )
Keywords: areniscas; diversidad; diversité; ecología; écologie; estrato arbustivo; península tingitana; Péninsule tingitane; strate arbustive; substrat gréseux

Structure et diversité de la strate arbustive des fôrets de la Péninsule Tingitane (Maroc) - Ajbilou, Redouan; Marañón, Teodoro; Marín, J. U. Arroyo; Ater, Mohammed; Arroyo, Juan (Acta Botanica Malacitana, 2007)
Structure et diversité de la strate arbustive des forêts de la Péninsule Tingitane (Maroc). Cette étude concerne les communautés végétales arbustives des massifs forestiers sur substrat gréseux couvrant la Péninsule Tingitane au nord ouest du Maroc. La structure et la diversité de ces communautés ont été étudiées sur la base de 98 relevés représentatifs. Les subéraies (Quercus suber) sont les formations forestières naturelles les plus représentatives et les plus diversifiées de l´aire d´étude. L´altitude s’est révélée être un facteur écologique très discriminant, en séparant clairement les communautés arbustives des forêts des hautes montagnes. Au niveau des zones de basses altitudes, la fertilité, l´acidité et la perturbation anthropique jouent un rôle déterminant dans la distribution des communautés végétales arbustives. Cette distribution semble exprimer la dynamique de la végétation selon un gradient de conservation-perturbation. En conclusion, l´étude souligne l´intérêt remarquable que présentent les forêts du nord du Maroc, du point de vue de leurs significations écologiques, biogéographiques et évolutives.
From Duplicate 2 ( Structure et diversité de la strate arbustive des fôrets de la Péninsule Tingitane (Maroc) - Ajbilou, Redouan; Marañón, Teodoro; Marín, JU Arroyo; Ater, Mohammed )From Duplicate 2 ( Structure et diversité de la strate arbustive des fôrets de la Péninsule Tingitane (Maroc) - Ajbilou, Redouan; Marañón, Teodoro; Marín, JU Arroyo; Ater, Mohammed )
Keywords: areniscas; diversidad; diversité; ecología; écologie; estrato arbustivo; península tingitana; Péninsule tingitane; strate arbustive; substrat gréseux

Sulphite oxidase as key enzyme for protecting plants against sulphur dioxide - LANG, CHRISTINA; POPKO, JENNIFER; WIRTZ, MARKUS; HELL, RÜDIGER; HERSCHBACH, CORNELIA; KREUZWIESER, JÜRGEN; RENNENBERG, HEINZ; MENDEL, RALF R; HÄNSCH, ROBERT (Plant, Cell & Environment, 2007)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is known as a strongly damaging air pollutant. After conversion to sulphite in aqueous solution, it becomes a strong nucleophilic agent that attacks numerous compounds in the cell. Therefore, plants have developed a mechanism to control sulphite levels. Recently, we have cloned and characterized the enzyme sulphite oxidase (SO) from Arabidopsis thaliana. Yet, its physiological role remained unclear. Here, we describe results demonstrating that SO is essential for detoxifying excessive amounts of sulphite in the cell which is important for the survival of the plant. T-DNA-tagged A. thaliana plants lacking the enzyme showed a decrease in vitality during SO2 fumigation and a change in their S-metabolites. The same was found with RNA-interference (RNAi) plants that were generated for tobacco. On the contrary, over-expression of SO helped the plant to survive SO2 concentrations that are detrimental for non-transformed wild-type (WT) plants, as was shown with poplar plants which are known to be particularly sensitive to SO2. Fumigation induced the expression of the enzyme as demonstrated by promoter–reporter gene fusion, by immunoblot analysis of SO-protein and by induction of enzyme activity. This implies that SO, as an otherwise constitutively expressed protein, is under additional control by SO2 in the environment.
Keywords: acid rain; SO2 gas

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of acorn oil - Bernardo-Gil, M. Gabriela; Lopes, Isabel M. G.; Casquilho, Miguel; Ribeiro, M. Albertina; Esquível, M. Mercedes; Empis, José (The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2007)
Acorn fruit oil of Quercus rotundifolia L. (holm-oak) was extracted with compressed carbon dioxide in the temperature range of 35–60 ◦ C and in the pressure range of 12–21 MPa. The inﬂuences of particle size, CO2 density, solvent ﬂow rate, and extractor geometry were studied. Two different tubular extractors were used: extractor 1 of 0.2 L of capacity, internal diameter D = 45.7 mm, height/diameter ratio H/D = 1.5, and extractor 2 of 0.09 L of capacity, internal diameter D = 21.3 mm, and H /D = 12. It was found that the yield and the initial extraction rate depend on the carbon dioxide density and superﬁcial velocity, and on the ratio of bed height to D, at the same conditions of temperature, pressure, and particle size. In the beginning of extraction, CO2 density is the preponderant factor, but after some time of extraction, the fraction of oil directly exposed to the solvent, which is dependent on particle size, becomes the most important factor. The Sovova model was successfully applied to the description of the supercritical extraction curves of acorn oil
Keywords: acorn; Extraction; Quercus rotundifolia L.; Sovová model; Supercritical carbon dioxide

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of acorn oil - Bernardo-Gil, M Gabriela; Lopes, Isabel M G; Casquilho, Miguel; Ribeiro, M Albertina; Esquível, M Mercedes; Empis, José (The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 2007)
Acorn fruit oil of Quercus rotundifolia L. (holm-oak) was extracted with compressed carbon dioxide in the temperature range of 35–60 ◦ C and in the pressure range of 12–21 MPa. The inﬂuences of particle size, CO2 density, solvent ﬂow rate, and extractor geometry were studied. Two different tubular extractors were used: extractor 1 of 0.2 L of capacity, internal diameter D = 45.7 mm, height/diameter ratio H/D = 1.5, and extractor 2 of 0.09 L of capacity, internal diameter D = 21.3 mm, and H /D = 12. It was found that the yield and the initial extraction rate depend on the carbon dioxide density and superﬁcial velocity, and on the ratio of bed height to D, at the same conditions of temperature, pressure, and particle size. In the beginning of extraction, CO2 density is the preponderant factor, but after some time of extraction, the fraction of oil directly exposed to the solvent, which is dependent on particle size, becomes the most important factor. The Sovova model was successfully applied to the description of the supercritical extraction curves of acorn oil
Keywords: acorn; Extraction; Quercus rotundifolia L.; Sovová model; Supercritical carbon dioxide

Temporal instability of parameters in an event-based distributed hydrologic model applied to a small semiarid catchment - Maneta, Marco P; Pasternack, Gregory B; Wallender, Wesley W; Jetten, Victor; Schnabel, Susanne (Journal of Hydrology, 2007)
Event-based hydrologic modeling is common practice for semiarid basins where runoff is restricted to short periods after a storm. Such models are used to predict runoff production and soil erosion in agricultural areas as well as the effects of storms on sewer systems, all in areas with limited information. Sometimes, model parameterization is done through inﬁltration experiments to obtain a parametric inﬁltration curve or using standard values in lookup tables associated with land use as it is often the case for hydraulic roughness. The model may then be used to predict soil losses or runoff production in storms of different intensities. In the present study a distributed hydrologic model was calibrated to see if rainfall–runoff events of different intensities in a single semiarid basin may have different optimal calibrated sets of parameters. To achieve this, 17 sequential events were calibrated covering a wide range of conditions and storm types in the semiarid southwest of Spain. Two parameters related to roughness (Manning’s n and standard deviation of terrain micro-heights) and three related to inﬁltration (initial and ﬁnal inﬁltration capacities and inﬁltration decay rate) were calibrated for each event. The results show that the calibrated set of parameters and their sensitivities change through time. The drift of the minima in the parameter space is partially explained by the type of storm. Hydraulic roughness and initial inﬁltration capacity showed the highest sensitivity to rainfall intensity, while steady state inﬁltration capacity showed sensitivity to information used as a proxy for the wetness state of the basin. The dynamics of the parameters and their relative sensitivities indicate that the model has to adjust itself to the different conditions of the basin so no single set of parameters characterizes the basin.
Keywords: Basin dynamics; Calibration; Distributed modeling; Parameterization; Rainfall–runoff relationship

Temporal instability of parameters in an event-based distributed hydrologic model applied to a small semiarid catchment - Maneta, Marco P.; Pasternack, Gregory B.; Wallender, Wesley W.; Jetten, Victor; Schnabel, Susanne (Journal of Hydrology, 2007)
Event-based hydrologic modeling is common practice for semiarid basins where runoff is restricted to short periods after a storm. Such models are used to predict runoff production and soil erosion in agricultural areas as well as the effects of storms on sewer systems, all in areas with limited information. Sometimes, model parameterization is done through inﬁltration experiments to obtain a parametric inﬁltration curve or using standard values in lookup tables associated with land use as it is often the case for hydraulic roughness. The model may then be used to predict soil losses or runoff production in storms of different intensities. In the present study a distributed hydrologic model was calibrated to see if rainfall–runoff events of different intensities in a single semiarid basin may have different optimal calibrated sets of parameters. To achieve this, 17 sequential events were calibrated covering a wide range of conditions and storm types in the semiarid southwest of Spain. Two parameters related to roughness (Manning’s n and standard deviation of terrain micro-heights) and three related to inﬁltration (initial and ﬁnal inﬁltration capacities and inﬁltration decay rate) were calibrated for each event. The results show that the calibrated set of parameters and their sensitivities change through time. The drift of the minima in the parameter space is partially explained by the type of storm. Hydraulic roughness and initial inﬁltration capacity showed the highest sensitivity to rainfall intensity, while steady state inﬁltration capacity showed sensitivity to information used as a proxy for the wetness state of the basin. The dynamics of the parameters and their relative sensitivities indicate that the model has to adjust itself to the different conditions of the basin so no single set of parameters characterizes the basin.
Keywords: Basin dynamics; Calibration; Distributed modeling; Parameterization; Rainfall–runoff relationship

Ten-Year Growth of Woody Species Planted in Reclaimed Mined Banks with Different Slopes - Badía, David; Valero, Roberto; Gracia, Alvaro; Martí, Clara; Molina, Francisco (Arid Land Research and Management, 2007)
In landscape reconstruction in an opencast coal mine, a gradient of slopes can be obtained. The slope gradient can affect different processes, such as plant growth, especially in semi-arid conditions. On the other hand, to favor the heterogeneity of habitats and ensure long-term restoration, late successional woody species have been planted but with heterogeneous results. In this study, the effect of a slope gradient (from 11.4 to 15.5 degrees) on the growth and survival of five Mediterranean woody species 10 years after the reconstruction of mining banks was evaluated. Slope gradient reduced height growth significantly from 10 cm degree?1 (lentish) to 25 cm degree?1 (pine) in 10-year-old woody species. This gradient also reduced basal diameter growth from 0.22 mm degree ?1 (juniper) to 0.58 mm degree?1 (pine). Survival and slope were not significantly correlated. Growth and survival of the 10-year-old woody species were equal to or higher than those of the same species in other afforestations in semi-arid conditions. This outcome demonstrates the adequacy of species and applied techniques of restoration that allow a long-term reliability of reclaimed mine slopes.
doi: 10.1080/15324980601094022doi: 10.1080/15324980601094022The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: northeast Spain; opencast mine reclamation; seedling survival; woodland restoration (pine. oak. lentish. juniper

Ten-Year Growth of Woody Species Planted in Reclaimed Mined Banks with Different Slopes - Badía, David; Valero, Roberto; Gracia, Alvaro; Martí, Clara; Molina, Francisco (Arid Land Research and Management, 2007)
In landscape reconstruction in an opencast coal mine, a gradient of slopes can be obtained. The slope gradient can affect different processes, such as plant growth, especially in semi-arid conditions. On the other hand, to favor the heterogeneity of habitats and ensure long-term restoration, late successional woody species have been planted but with heterogeneous results. In this study, the effect of a slope gradient (from 11.4 to 15.5 degrees) on the growth and survival of five Mediterranean woody species 10 years after the reconstruction of mining banks was evaluated. Slope gradient reduced height growth significantly from 10 cm degree?1 (lentish) to 25 cm degree?1 (pine) in 10-year-old woody species. This gradient also reduced basal diameter growth from 0.22 mm degree ?1 (juniper) to 0.58 mm degree?1 (pine). Survival and slope were not significantly correlated. Growth and survival of the 10-year-old woody species were equal to or higher than those of the same species in other afforestations in semi-arid conditions. This outcome demonstrates the adequacy of species and applied techniques of restoration that allow a long-term reliability of reclaimed mine slopes.
doi: 10.1080/15324980601094022
Keywords: northeast Spain; opencast mine reclamation; seedling survival; woodland restoration (pine. oak. lentish. juniper

Use of native woodlands and traditional olive groves by foraging bats on a Mediterranean island: consequences for conservation - Davy, C. M.; Russo, D.; Fenton, M. B. (Journal of Zoology, 2007)
We recorded bat activity on Zakynthos island (Greece) to test the hypotheses that (1) olive (Olea europea) groves and native woodlands provide comparable foraging habitat for insectivorous bats, (2) lower foraging activity occurs in olive groves treated with insecticide chemicals. We acoustically sampled bat activity (passes per minute) in four wooded habitats (organic and non-organic olive groves, oak woodland (Quercus ilex and Quercus coccifera) and pine (Pinus halepensis) woodland from June to August 2005. Habitat type did not affect overall bat activity. A single application of insecticide chemicals annually did not affect activity over traditional olive groves. Habitat use on the island differed in several ways from that reported in studies at mainland sites. Most strikingly, pine woodland supported higher bat activity than expected relative to other habitat types, and we recorded unexpectedly high levels of M. capaccinii activity in woodland habitats. We suggest that traditional olive groves buffer some bat species from the effects of deforestation. Conservation plans for Mediterranean bats should consider the biodiversity value of these groves along with the need to conserve small woodland patches. Finally, understanding island-specific patterns of habitat use is essential to bat conservation on small off-shore islands.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: chiroptera; DFA; echolocation; greece; habitat; olive agriculture; Zakynthos

Use of native woodlands and traditional olive groves by foraging bats on a Mediterranean island: consequences for conservation - Davy, C M; Russo, D; Fenton, M B (Journal of Zoology, 2007)
We recorded bat activity on Zakynthos island (Greece) to test the hypotheses that (1) olive (Olea europea) groves and native woodlands provide comparable foraging habitat for insectivorous bats, (2) lower foraging activity occurs in olive groves treated with insecticide chemicals. We acoustically sampled bat activity (passes per minute) in four wooded habitats (organic and non-organic olive groves, oak woodland (Quercus ilex and Quercus coccifera) and pine (Pinus halepensis) woodland from June to August 2005. Habitat type did not affect overall bat activity. A single application of insecticide chemicals annually did not affect activity over traditional olive groves. Habitat use on the island differed in several ways from that reported in studies at mainland sites. Most strikingly, pine woodland supported higher bat activity than expected relative to other habitat types, and we recorded unexpectedly high levels of M. capaccinii activity in woodland habitats. We suggest that traditional olive groves buffer some bat species from the effects of deforestation. Conservation plans for Mediterranean bats should consider the biodiversity value of these groves along with the need to conserve small woodland patches. Finally, understanding island-specific patterns of habitat use is essential to bat conservation on small off-shore islands.
Keywords: chiroptera; DFA; echolocation; greece; habitat; olive agriculture; Zakynthos

Use of Quercus ilex subsp. ballota phenological and pollen-production data for interpreting Quercus pollen curves - Jato, V; Rodríguez-Rajo, F J; Aira, M J (Aerobiologia, 2007)
Although aerobiological data are often used in phenological research as an indicator of ﬂowering, airborne pollen concentrations are inﬂuenced by a number of factors that could affect pollen curves. This paper reports on a study of various aspects of reproductive biology in Q. ilex subsp. ballota, together with environmental factors inﬂuencing pollen release and transport, with a view of achieving reliable interpretation of Quercus pollen curves in Ourense (NW Spain). Aerobiological data were recorded from 2002 to 2004 at two sites in the province of Ourense. From 1st February to the end of the ﬂowering period, phenological observations were carried out on 19 trees from the Q. ilex subsp. ballota population found in the Ourense area. Pollen production was calculated for the same trees. The chilling and heating requirements for triggering development were also calculated. The mean ﬂowering period lasted 11-15 days. Reduced pollen output per catkin and, especially, a reduced number of catkins per tree in 2003 and 2004, prompted a marked decline in overall pollen production. Major differences observed in Q. ilex subsp. ballota pollen curves were attributed to the considerable inﬂuence both of weather conditions during pollination and pollen production. In years with high pollen production and weather conditions favouring pollen release, Q. ilex subsp. ballota contributed almost 10% to the total Quercus pollen curve. Around 20% of the pollen trapped was captured before or after ﬂowering periods.
Keywords: airborne pollen; Phenology; pollen production; Quercus

Validating baseball bat compliance - Gamache, P; Galante, A; Seben, G; Elbirt, a. J (Sports Engineering, 2007)
Professional baseball players have attempted to illegally modify baseball bats in the hopes of increasing bat speed and thus the distance travelled by batted balls. To date, no low-cost, noninvasive, real-time solution exists to this problem. Previously proposed solutions to this problem that involved using radar to measure the scatter signature of a scanned baseball bat were found to be extremely expensive. Ultrasound technology offers the ability to provide equivalent scatter signature measurements as compared to radar technology at a much lower cost and level of complexity while still operating in real time. We therefore present an ultrasound-based implementation of a prototype for a hand-held scanner unit designed to detect illegally modified baseball bats. A detailed discussion of the performance enhancements resulting from illegally modifying a baseball bat will be provided and an analysis of the attenuative properties of wood will be presented to determine appropriate sample rates for the ultrasound unit. Data acquisition issues encountered in prototyping the scanner will be examined and measurement data for both solid wood bats and modified bats will be evaluated to determine the effectiveness of the ultrasound-based data acquisition unit and the prototype’s ability to distinguish between both types of scatter signatures.
Keywords: baseball; bat; corked; scatter; signature; ultrasound

Validating baseball bat compliance - Gamache, P.; Galante, A.; Seben, G.; Elbirt, a J. (Sports Engineering, 2007)
Professional baseball players have attempted to illegally modify baseball bats in the hopes of increasing bat speed and thus the distance travelled by batted balls. To date, no low-cost, noninvasive, real-time solution exists to this problem. Previously proposed solutions to this problem that involved using radar to measure the scatter signature of a scanned baseball bat were found to be extremely expensive. Ultrasound technology offers the ability to provide equivalent scatter signature measurements as compared to radar technology at a much lower cost and level of complexity while still operating in real time. We therefore present an ultrasound-based implementation of a prototype for a hand-held scanner unit designed to detect illegally modified baseball bats. A detailed discussion of the performance enhancements resulting from illegally modifying a baseball bat will be provided and an analysis of the attenuative properties of wood will be presented to determine appropriate sample rates for the ultrasound unit. Data acquisition issues encountered in prototyping the scanner will be examined and measurement data for both solid wood bats and modified bats will be evaluated to determine the effectiveness of the ultrasound-based data acquisition unit and the prototype’s ability to distinguish between both types of scatter signatures.
Keywords: baseball; bat; corked; scatter; signature; ultrasound

Valuing the non-timber forest products in the Mediterranean region - Croitoru, Lelia (Ecological Economics, 2007)
The potential of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in the Mediterranean region as a source of livelihood and sustainable development has been widely recognized. Yet, surprisingly few efforts have been made to value them comprehensively. Valuation efforts usually focused on selected NTFPs traded on formal markets, at local level. This paper aims to provide comprehensive estimates of NTFPs benefits at national and regional level in the Mediterranean region. Six major groups of NTFPs are identified: firewood, cork, fodder, mushrooms, honey and other NTFPs. Valuation is based on a wide variety of techniques, drawing on official statistics, and supplemented by results of local surveys. It shows that at Mediterranean level, NTFPs provide annual benefits of about €39/ha of forests, accounting for about a fourth of the total economic value of forests estimated by this study. The average estimate for southern countries (€54/ha) is considerably higher than for northern (€41/ha) and eastern countries (€20/ha). The paper reveals the degree of importance of the main NTFPs benefits for the country groups and the region as a whole. It also discusses some reasons of concern when drawing policy tools for improving rural income and forest conservation in the Mediterranean.
Keywords: Mediterranean forests; non-timber forest products (ntfps)

Valuing the non-timber forest products in the Mediterranean region - Croitoru, Lelia (Ecological Economics, 2007)
The potential of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in the Mediterranean region as a source of livelihood and sustainable development has been widely recognized. Yet, surprisingly few efforts have been made to value them comprehensively. Valuation efforts usually focused on selected NTFPs traded on formal markets, at local level. This paper aims to provide comprehensive estimates of NTFPs benefits at national and regional level in the Mediterranean region. Six major groups of NTFPs are identified: firewood, cork, fodder, mushrooms, honey and other NTFPs. Valuation is based on a wide variety of techniques, drawing on official statistics, and supplemented by results of local surveys. It shows that at Mediterranean level, NTFPs provide annual benefits of about €39/ha of forests, accounting for about a fourth of the total economic value of forests estimated by this study. The average estimate for southern countries (€54/ha) is considerably higher than for northern (€41/ha) and eastern countries (€20/ha). The paper reveals the degree of importance of the main NTFPs benefits for the country groups and the region as a whole. It also discusses some reasons of concern when drawing policy tools for improving rural income and forest conservation in the Mediterranean.
Keywords: Mediterranean forests; non-timber forest products (ntfps)

Variation in cold hardiness and carbohydrate concentration from dormancy induction to bud burst among provenances of three European oak species - Morin, Xavier; Améglio, Thierry; Ahas, Rein; Kurz-Besson, Cathy; Lanta, Vojtěch; Lebourgeois, François; Miglietta, Franco; Chuine, Isabelle (Tree Physiology, 2007)
Although cold hardiness is known to be a major determinant of tree species distribution, its dynamics and the factors that regulate it remain poorly understood. Variation in cold hardiness and carbohydrate concentration, from dormancy induction until bud burst, were investigated in populations of two deciduous (Quercus robur L. and Quercus pubescens Willd.) and one evergreen (Quercus ilex L.) European oak. Mean cold hardiness values in January were –56, –45 and –27 °C for Q. robur, Q. pubescens and Q. ilex, respectively. Soluble carbohydrate concentrations were closely related to instantaneous cold hardiness, estimated by the electrolyte leakage method, whereas total carbohydrate concentration was related to maximum cold hardiness. Both cold hardiness and carbohydrate concentration showed a close linear relationship with temperatures at the location of the sampled population. Our results show that temporal variation in both the inter- and intraspecific cold hardiness in European oaks can be related to variations in the concentrations of soluble carbohydrates and that these relationships appear to be driven by temperature.
10.1093/treephys/27.6.817
Keywords: adult individuals; climate; distribution; frost dam- age; natural populations; Phenology; Quercus ilex; Quercus pubescens; Quercus robur

Variation in cold hardiness and carbohydrate concentration from dormancy induction to bud burst among provenances of three European oak species - Morin, Xavier; Améglio, Thierry; Ahas, Rein; Kurz-Besson, Cathy; Lanta, Vojtěch; Lebourgeois, François; Miglietta, Franco; Chuine, Isabelle (Tree Physiology, 2007)
Although cold hardiness is known to be a major determinant of tree species distribution, its dynamics and the factors that regulate it remain poorly understood. Variation in cold hardiness and carbohydrate concentration, from dormancy induction until bud burst, were investigated in populations of two deciduous (Quercus robur L. and Quercus pubescens Willd.) and one evergreen (Quercus ilex L.) European oak. Mean cold hardiness values in January were –56, –45 and –27 °C for Q. robur, Q. pubescens and Q. ilex, respectively. Soluble carbohydrate concentrations were closely related to instantaneous cold hardiness, estimated by the electrolyte leakage method, whereas total carbohydrate concentration was related to maximum cold hardiness. Both cold hardiness and carbohydrate concentration showed a close linear relationship with temperatures at the location of the sampled population. Our results show that temporal variation in both the inter- and intraspecific cold hardiness in European oaks can be related to variations in the concentrations of soluble carbohydrates and that these relationships appear to be driven by temperature.
10.1093/treephys/27.6.81710.1093/treephys/27.6.817
Keywords: adult individuals; climate; distribution; frost dam- age; natural populations; Phenology; Quercus ilex; Quercus pubescens; Quercus robur

Variations in the radial gradient of sap velocity in trunks of forest and fruit trees - Cohen, Yehezkel; Cohen, Shabtai; Cantuarias-Aviles, Tatiana; Schiller, Gabriel (Plant and Soil, 2007)
We studied the radial pattern of sap velocity (v) in trunks of six forest species: Cupressus sempervirens L; Eucalyptus camaldulensis F. Muell; Pinus halepensis Mill. (Alleppo pine); Quercus aegilops L. ssp. ithaburensis [Decne] Boiss; Quercus calliprinos Webb; Quercus rotundifolia Lam. (Syn. Quercus ilex spp. Rotundifolia) and three fruit species: Citrus sinensis L. Osback; Malus domestica cv. Golden Delicious; Persea americana Mill. Data was selected from measurements made over a period of 15 years. For each species, at least data of 1–2 weeks measured on days with clear sky and after a rain event or irrigation were analyzed. Measurements were made with the Tmax heat pulse method, and six points were measured along the radius of the trunk. Two types of radial pattern were found; in one type the highest v value was recorded near the cambium, decreasing toward the heartwood; and the other type had low v near the cambium increasing toward a depth of 12 to 20 mm below the cambium and decreasing with depth to the heartwood. There was large interspecies variability of v in both the pattern of radial gradient with depth and the distance between the cambium and the border of conducting sapwood. Variations in radial pattern of v between trees within species were generally small with a coefficient of variation of 4–20%. The mean fractions of volumetric flow in the 0–16 and 0–24 mm layers below the cambium were 59% and 79% of the total flow, respectively. The distance between the cambium and the border between conducting and non-conducting sapwood varied from 31 to 66 mm in the various species. The radial distribution of sap velocity with azimuth around the trunk had a coefficient of variation similar to that found between trees of the same species. The amplitude of the azimuthal variation changed during the day; it was high in the mornings and evenings and low at noon. The variation of sap velocity in three azimuths was more affected by the structure of each individual trunk than by the position with respect to the sun.
Keywords: azimuthal variations; conductive; conductive sapwood; flow; method; radial distribution of volumetric; radial distribution of volumetric flow; sapwood; t max heat pulse; t max heat pulse method

Vegetation history, climate and human impact over the last 15,000 years at Lago dell’Accesa (Tuscany, Central Italy) - Drescher-Schneider, Ruth; de Beaulieu, Jacques-Louis; Magny, Michel; Walter-Simonnet, Anne-Véronique; Bossuet, Gilles; Millet, Laurent; Brugiapaglia, Elisabetta; Drescher, Anton (Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, 2007)
Interdisciplinary studies of the sediments of Lago dell’Accesa started in 2001. We present here results from the palynological study. The pollen diagram provides a record of vegetation and climatic change spanning over 15,000 years. The oldest pollen spectra show a late-glacial steppe vegetation typical of central and southern Italy during this period. The Late-glacial Interstadial, interrupted by two cooling events, is dominated by open deciduous oak forests. The Younger Dryas is represented by 150 cm of sediment and shows the presence of steppic vegetation. The Holocene vegetation is characterised by alternating dominance of deciduous oaks and Quercus ilex. The three zones characterised by Q. ilex are accompanied by peat layers marking lake-level lowering at ca. 8600–7900, 4600–4300 and 3700–2800 cal b.p. Between approximately 9000 and 6000 cal b.p. extensive Abies-forests existed on the Colline Metallifere located 15–20 km to the north and northeast of the lake. Local ﬁr populations may also have existed by the lake. Human impact starts at approximately 8000 cal b.p. during the Neolithic period, and increases at ca. 4300 cal b.p. Castanea and Juglans pollen is recorded from ca. 2800 cal b.p. The impact of the Etruscan settlement near the lakeshore is shown in the increasing values of arable crops, species of secondary forest canopy (Ericaceae, Pinus, Pistacia, Myrtus) and anthropogenic indicators (Chenopodiaceae, Plantago lanceolata, Rumex etc).
Keywords: Abies; Central Italy; Holocene; human impact; Late Pleistocene; Mediterranean vegetation; Pollen analysis

Volatile and carbohydrate composition of rare unifloral honeys from Spain - Delafuente, E.; Sanz, M.; Martinezcastro, I.; Sanz, J.; Ruizmatute, A. (Food Chemistry, 2007)
Volatile composition and carbohydrate content of Spanish honey samples from uncommon botanical origins have been studied by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. About 100 volatile compounds were identiﬁed; some of them appeared to be characteristic of particular honey types, such as methyl salycilate in willow (Salix spp.), 2,6,6-trimethyl-2,4-cycloheptadien-1-one (eucarvone) in almond tree (Prunus dulcis) and isophorone in strawberry-tree (Arbutus unedo). Concentration ranges for major carbohydrates were similar to those previously reported in other honeys with diﬀerent botanical origins, although concentrations of maltulose in avocado honeys (Persea americana) and of melezitose in Quercus ilex honeys were higher. Some carbohydrate alcohols could also be considered as markers of honey botanical origin, such as quercitol for Q. ilex and perseitol for avocado.
Keywords: carbohydrates; gc; GC-MS; honey; ms; polyalcohols; volatile compounds

Volatile organic compound emission from holm oak infested by gypsy moth larvae: evidence for distinct responses in damaged and undamaged leaves - Staudt, Michael; Lhoutellier, Louise (Tree Physiology, 2007)
Foliage of Quercus ilex L. (holm oak), a widespread Mediterranean species, constitutively emits large quantities of a complex genotype-dependent mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). During a mass outbreak of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) in southern France, we examined the effects of gypsy moth feeding on VOC production from whole apices and single leaves of Q. ilex. Feeding induced the emission of new VOCs at rates up to 240 ng m−2 s−1 (16% of the total VOC release), which mainly consisted of sesquiterpenes, a homoterpene and a monoterpene alcohol. The new compounds were emitted after a delay of several hours following infestation and their production declined rapidly when caterpillars were removed. Undamaged leaves of infested trees emitted new VOCs, but with a different composition to those of damaged leaves and at lower rates. Neither caterpillars nor caterpillar excrement released VOCs. Emission of constitutive VOCs by undamaged leaves of infested trees temporary increased by up to 30%, whereas, in damaged leaves, they remained stable and decreased after some days when necrotic spots occurred around the feeding sites. In continuous light and at constant temperature, emissions of new VOCs showed a marked diurnal cycle, whereas those of constitutive VOCs did not. The results suggest that induced VOCs make a significant contribution to the atmospheric VOC load and may mediate trophic interactions. The observed differential local and systemic responses in composition, quantity and time courses of emissions mirror the existence of several regulation processes triggered by different signaling compounds and elicitors.
10.1093/treephys/27.10.1433
Keywords: biogenic volatile organic compounds; biosphere atmosphere interactions; herbivores; homoterpene; Lymantria dispar; Monoterpene; plant defense; Quercus ilex; sesquiterpene; wounding

Water-use strategies in two co-occurring Mediterranean evergreen oaks: surviving the summer drought - David, T. S.; Henriques, M. O.; Kurz-Besson, C.; Nunes, J.; Valente, F.; Vaz, M.; Pereira, J. S.; Siegwolf, R.; Chaves, M. M.; Gazarini, L. C.; David, J. S. (Tree Physiology, 2007)
In the Mediterranean evergreen oak woodlands of southern Portugal, the main tree species are Quercus ilex ssp. rotundifolia Lam. (holm oak) and Quercus suber L. (cork oak). We studied a savannah-type woodland where these species coexist, with the aim of better understanding the mechanisms of tree adaptation to seasonal drought. In both species, seasonal variations in transpiration and predawn leaf water potential showed a maximum in spring followed by a decline through the rainless summer and a recovery with autumn rainfall. Although the observed decrease in predawn leaf water potential in summer indicates soil water depletion, trees maintained transpiration rates above 0.7 mm day−1 during the summer drought. By that time, more than 70% of the transpired water was being taken from groundwater sources. The daily fluctuations in soil water content suggest that some root uptake of groundwater was mediated through the upper soil layers by hydraulic lift. During the dry season, Q. ilex maintained higher predawn leaf water potentials, canopy conductances and transpiration rates than Q. suber. The higher water status of Q. ilex was likely associated with their deeper root systems compared with Q. suber. Whole-tree hydraulic conductance and minimum midday leaf water potential were lower in Q. ilex, indicating that Q. ilex was more tolerant to drought than Q. suber. Overall, Q. ilex seemed to have more effective drought avoidance and drought tolerance mechanisms than Q. suber.
10.1093/treephys/27.6.79310.1093/treephys/27.6.793
Keywords: canopy conductance; groundwater; Hydraulic conductance; leaf water potential; Quercus ilex; Quercus suber; sap flow

What limits evaporation from Mediterranean oak woodlands – The supply of moisture in the soil, physiological control by plants or the demand by the atmosphere? - Baldocchi, Dennis D.; Xu, Liukang (Advances in Water Resources, 2007)
The prediction of evaporation from Mediterranean woodland ecosystems is complicated by an array of climate, soil and plant factors. To provide a mechanistic and process-oriented understanding, we evaluate theoretical and experimental information on water loss of Mediterranean oaks at three scales, the leaf, tree and woodland. We use this knowledge to address: what limits evaporation from Mediterranean oak woodlands – the supply of moisture in the soil, physiological control by plants or the demand by the atmosphere? The Mediterranean climate is highly seasonal with wet winters and hot, dry summers. Consequently, available sunlight is in surplus, causing potential evaporation to far exceed available rainfall on an annual basis. Because the amount of precipitation to support woody plants is marginal, Mediterranean oaks must meet their limited water supply by a variety of means. They do so by: (1) constraining the leaf area index of the landscape by establishing a canopy with widely spaced trees; (2) reducing the size of individual leaves; (3) by adopting physiological characteristics that meter the use of water (e.g. regulating stomatal, leaf nitrogen/photosynthetic capacity and/or hydraulic conductance); (4), by tapping deep supplies of water in the soil; (5) and/or by adopting a deciduous life form, which reduces the time interval that the vegetation transpires.
Keywords: ecohydrology; evaporation; quercus douglasii; savanna; Transpiration

ANÁLISIS ECONÓMICO DE LAS EXPLOTACIONES EXTREMEÑAS DE DEHESA A TRAVÉS DE INDICADORES DE CAPITAL , COSTES , - Escribano, M; Gaspar, P; Pulido, F; Rodriguez de Ledesma, A; Mesías, F J (Gestión Ambiental y Económica del Ecosistema Montado/Dehesa en la Península Ibérica, 2006)
En este trabajo se estudia la estructura técnico-económica de las explotaciones ganaderas de la dehesa extremeña, a través de indicadores técnicos y económicos. Se utiliza una metodología inspirada en la adaptación a nivel microeconómico del Sistema Europeo de Cuentas Económicas Integradas, aplicada a las cuentas económicas de la Agricultura y la Selvicultura. Los datos han sido obtenidos mediante la realización de encuestas a 76 titulares de explotaciones de dehesas de la Comunidad Autónoma de Extremadura realizadas durante los años 2004 y 2005. Las explotaciones estudiadas han sido fi ncas colaboradoras del proyecto “Desarrollo de un sistema de información para la gestión ambiental y eco- nómica del ecosistema dehesa/Montado en Extremadura y Alentejo”, fi nanciado por el INTERREG-III (SP4.E13).

ANÁLISIS ECONÓMICO DE LAS EXPLOTACIONES EXTREMEÑAS DE DEHESA A TRAVÉS DE INDICADORES DE CAPITAL , COSTES , - Escribano, M.; Gaspar, P.; Pulido, F.; Rodríguez de Ledesma, A.; Mesías, F. J. (Gestión Ambiental y Económica del Ecosistema Montado/Dehesa en la Península Ibérica, 2006)
En este trabajo se estudia la estructura técnico-económica de las explotaciones ganaderas de la dehesa extremeña, a través de indicadores técnicos y económicos. Se utiliza una metodología inspirada en la adaptación a nivel microeconómico del Sistema Europeo de Cuentas Económicas Integradas, aplicada a las cuentas económicas de la Agricultura y la Selvicultura. Los datos han sido obtenidos mediante la realización de encuestas a 76 titulares de explotaciones de dehesas de la Comunidad Autónoma de Extremadura realizadas durante los años 2004 y 2005. Las explotaciones estudiadas han sido fi ncas colaboradoras del proyecto “Desarrollo de un sistema de información para la gestión ambiental y eco- nómica del ecosistema dehesa/Montado en Extremadura y Alentejo”, fi nanciado por el INTERREG-III (SP4.E13).
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Gestión Ambiental y Económica del Ecosistema Montado/Dehesa en la Península Ibérica pub-location: Merida

Antioxidant properties of wood extracts and colour stability of woods - Diouf, Papa-Niokhor; Merlin, André; Perrin, Dominique (Ann. For. Sci., 2006)
Industrial wood extracts were selected and other extracts were prepared in the laboratory from some chosen wood species. Antioxidant capacities of extracts were measured by three methods: the oxygen uptake method, the kinetic DPPH method, and the equilibrium DPPH method. There is a fair correlation between the three methods. Total phenol contents of the extracts and colour stability of woods were measured. For the same phenol content, extracts containing condensed tannins are more antioxidant than those containing hydrolysable tannins. Colour stability is clearly correlated neither with phenol content nor with antioxidant capacity of the extracts, but it is conferred to non durable woods if impregnated with extracts of durable species. Light aging is accompanied by consumption of the most antioxidant compounds of the extracts first.
Keywords: antioxidant; colour; extract; polyphenol; tannin; Wood

Antioxidant properties of wood extracts and colour stability of woods - Diouf, Papa-Niokhor; Merlin, André; Perrin, Dominique (Ann. For. Sci., 2006)
Industrial wood extracts were selected and other extracts were prepared in the laboratory from some chosen wood species. Antioxidant capacities of extracts were measured by three methods: the oxygen uptake method, the kinetic DPPH method, and the equilibrium DPPH method. There is a fair correlation between the three methods. Total phenol contents of the extracts and colour stability of woods were measured. For the same phenol content, extracts containing condensed tannins are more antioxidant than those containing hydrolysable tannins. Colour stability is clearly correlated neither with phenol content nor with antioxidant capacity of the extracts, but it is conferred to non durable woods if impregnated with extracts of durable species. Light aging is accompanied by consumption of the most antioxidant compounds of the extracts first.
Keywords: antioxidant; colour; extract; polyphenol; tannin; Wood

Aplicação dos modelos PESERA e MEDALUS para avaliação dos riscos de erosão do solo e de desertificação da bacia hidrográfica do Vale do Gaio Use of PESERA and MEDALUS models to assess soil erosion risks and land desertification in Vale do Gaio wat - Gonçalves, M C; Ramos, T B; Martins, J C; Kosmas, C (Revista de Ciências Agrárias, 2006)
In this study two methodologies were tested to assess soil erosion and land deserti- fication risks in Vale do Gaio watershed (513 km2), located in the Alentejo region. Cambisols, Luvisols, and Regosols are the dominant soils in the watershed. Oak tree Mediterranean woodland, Agricultural crops and pastures are the major land uses. Soil erosion risks were assessed by estimating soil loss by water erosion with the PESERA model. Land area at risk of desertification was determined based on the MEDALUS methodology. Based on meteorological data from the period 2001-2006, the three most representative classes of soil loss by water erosion were: <0.5 t/ha/year in 32.1% of the area; 5-10 t/ha/year in 23.3% of the area; and 10-20 t/ha/year in 16.9% of the area. Considering the same time period, the land area at risk of desertification was classified: 1.8% as none threatened; 3.9% as potential; 68.4% as fragile; and 25.9% as critical to desertification.
Keywords: Land desertification; MEDALUS; PESERA; Water erosion

Biovalorization of Friedelane Triterpenes Derived from Cork Processing Industry Byproducts - Moiteiro, Cristina; Marcelo Curto, Maria João; Mohamed, Nagla; Bailén, María; Martínez-Díaz, Rafael; González-Coloma, Azucena (Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006)
Here, we describe the synthesis, bioactivity screening, and structure?activity relationships of various synthetic triterpenoids prepared from the cork processing byproducts friedelin (1) and 3-hydroxyfriedel-3-en-2-one (2) via oxidative procedures. The synthesis of compounds 2α-trimethylsiloxyfriedelan-3-one (17), friedelin-2,3-lactone (18), friedelin-3-oxime (19), and friedelin-3,4-lactam (20) is also described. We have studied the insecticidal and phytotoxic potential of these compounds, their selective cytotoxic effects on insect and mammalian cells, and their antiparasitic effects. Structural modifications of the A-ring of friedelin (1) improved its insecticidal activity with derivatives 5, 2,3-secofriedelan-2-al-3-oic acid (6), its acetylated derivative 6a, 3?- and 3α-hydroxyfriedelane (9 and 10), 3α-hydroxyfriedel-2-one (11), 4?-hydroxyfriedel-3-one (16), the acetylated 10a, 3,4-secofriedelan-4-oxo-3-oic-acid (14), lactone 18, and the oxime 19 being stronger insecticides than the parent compound. Methyl-3-nor-2,4-secofriedelan-4-oxo-2-oic acid (12) and its acetylated derivative 12a also showed insecticidal activity in contrast to their inactive parent compound 2. The postingestive effects and cytotoxicity of these compounds suggest a multifaceted insecticidal mode of action. These structural modifications did not result in better phytotoxic agents than the parent compounds except for lactam 20 and yielded several moderately active antiparasite derivatives (seco acids 6, 12, 14, and 4? -hydroxyfriedel-3-one 16) with cytotoxic effects on mammalian cells. Keywords: Quercus suber; cork smoker wash solids; triterpene friedelanes; Spodoptera littoralis; Lactuca sativa; Trypanosoma cruzi; Leishmania infantum; antifeedant; phytotoxic; antiparasitic
doi: 10.1021/jf0531151doi: 10.1021/jf0531151The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: American Chemical Society
Keywords: antifeedant; antiparasitic; cork smoker wash solids; Lactuca sativa; Leishmania infantum; phytotoxic; Quercus suber; Spodoptera littoralis; triterpene friedelanes; Trypanosoma cruzi

Biovalorization of Friedelane Triterpenes Derived from Cork Processing Industry Byproducts - Moiteiro, Cristina; Marcelo Curto, Maria João; Mohamed, Nagla; Bailén, María; Martínez-Díaz, Rafael; González-Coloma, Azucena (Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2006)
Here, we describe the synthesis, bioactivity screening, and structure?activity relationships of various synthetic triterpenoids prepared from the cork processing byproducts friedelin (1) and 3-hydroxyfriedel-3-en-2-one (2) via oxidative procedures. The synthesis of compounds 2α-trimethylsiloxyfriedelan-3-one (17), friedelin-2,3-lactone (18), friedelin-3-oxime (19), and friedelin-3,4-lactam (20) is also described. We have studied the insecticidal and phytotoxic potential of these compounds, their selective cytotoxic effects on insect and mammalian cells, and their antiparasitic effects. Structural modifications of the A-ring of friedelin (1) improved its insecticidal activity with derivatives 5, 2,3-secofriedelan-2-al-3-oic acid (6), its acetylated derivative 6a, 3?- and 3α-hydroxyfriedelane (9 and 10), 3α-hydroxyfriedel-2-one (11), 4?-hydroxyfriedel-3-one (16), the acetylated 10a, 3,4-secofriedelan-4-oxo-3-oic-acid (14), lactone 18, and the oxime 19 being stronger insecticides than the parent compound. Methyl-3-nor-2,4-secofriedelan-4-oxo-2-oic acid (12) and its acetylated derivative 12a also showed insecticidal activity in contrast to their inactive parent compound 2. The postingestive effects and cytotoxicity of these compounds suggest a multifaceted insecticidal mode of action. These structural modifications did not result in better phytotoxic agents than the parent compounds except for lactam 20 and yielded several moderately active antiparasite derivatives (seco acids 6, 12, 14, and 4? -hydroxyfriedel-3-one 16) with cytotoxic effects on mammalian cells. Keywords: Quercus suber; cork smoker wash solids; triterpene friedelanes; Spodoptera littoralis; Lactuca sativa; Trypanosoma cruzi; Leishmania infantum; antifeedant; phytotoxic; antiparasitic
doi: 10.1021/jf0531151
Keywords: antifeedant; antiparasitic; cork smoker wash solids; Lactuca sativa; Leishmania infantum; phytotoxic; Quercus suber; Spodoptera littoralis; triterpene friedelanes; Trypanosoma cruzi

Botanical origin of monovarietal dark honeys (from heather, holm oak, pyrenean oak and sweet chestnut) based on their chromatic characters and amino acid profiles - González-Paramás, Ana M; García-Villanova, Rafael J; Gómez Bárez, J Alfonso; Sánchez Sánchez, José; Ardanuy Albajar, Ramón (European Food Research and Technology, 2006)
An early optimisation of the o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) method for the HPLC-ﬂuorimetric analysis of amino acids in honey and bee-pollen made feasible the quantiﬁ- cation of 23, which included ﬁve infrequently searched for. Forty samples of monovarietal dark honeys, from four botanical origins, were analysed for their amino acids’ proﬁle (which included proline) and their colour. In order to test for their botanical classiﬁcation stepwise linear discriminant analysis was applied to a number of variables made from a selection of analytical results and simple mathematical functions of them. This allowed, ﬁrstly, distinguishing honeys from these four botanical sources with 85.0% cross-validated grouped cases correctly classiﬁed. A second application was made for the group of honeydew honeys—a matter of particular interest since no chemical or microscopic method exists for the honeys from holm oak and oak. Ninety-ﬁve percent of the cross-validated samples were correctly classiﬁed, only one sample was misclassiﬁed.
Keywords: amino acids profile; analysis of colour; botanical discrimination; Discriminant analysis; monovarietal honeys

Carbon sequestration by Quercus ilex L. and Quercus pubescens Willd. and their contribution to decreasing air temperature in Rome - Gratani, Loretta; Varone, Laura (Urban Ecosystems, 2006)
Carbon sequestration capability by Quercus ilex L and Quercus pubescens Willd., widely distributed in the city of Rome, and their contribution to decreasing air temperature were investigated. Crown volume is the most signiﬁcant (p < 0.01) variable explaining variation of air temperature below the tree crown. Q. pubescens gives a higher contribution to decreasing air temperature during the hottest months, due to its inherent larger crown volume than Q. ilex (252 ± 19 and 533 ± 52 m3 , respectively for the large size). Moreover, our results show the existence of a strong urban carbon dioxide dome with a peak CO2 concentration (on an average 432 ± 37 ppm) at polluted sites, 16% greater than at control sites. Total carbon sequestration is 84 ± 12 and 111 ± 9 Kg year−1 of CO2 for the small Q. ilex and Q. pubescens tree size,respectively, and 151 ± 10 and 185 ± 7 Kg year−1 of CO2 for the large Q. ilex and Q. pubescen tree size, respectively. Q. pubescens, by its higher total photosynthetic leaf surface area (39% higher than Q. ilex) and its higher mean yearly photosynthetic rates (48% higher than Q. ilex) seems to have a greater role than Q. ilex. However, taking into account the leaf longevity (i.e. 12 ± 3 months for Q. ilex and 4 ± 2 months for Q. pubescens), the evergreen species, by its continuous photosynthetic activity, contributes to reduce CO2 throughout the year, and in particular during the winter months, when trafﬁc volume has a pick, than Q. pubescens.
Keywords: Carbon Sequestration; evergreen and Deciduous species; heat island; lai; tree structure

CERAMBICIDOS XILOFAGOS DEENCINAS Y ALCORNOQUES: ESTUDIO BIOECOLOGICO Y CONTROL DEPOBLACIONES - López Pantoja, G.; Sánchez-Osorio, I.; Domínguez, L. (Bol. Inf. CIDEU, 2006)
The aim of this work is to present recent advances on the knowledge of holm oak and cork oak woodborers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Huelva (Andalussia, Spain). Cerambyx welensii and Prinobius germari are considered the main implicated species. We emphasize over the differences of behavior founded among them: the first species is little territorial and very movable, Prinobius seems to show a more territorial and sedentary behavior, specially the males. After the analysis of diverse options for population control of insects with similar habits, a strategy of Integrated Management is recommended, having as one of his pillars the attraction of these species for his capture and/or the specific repelence or confusion; that is to say, the applied study of semiochemicals compounds to integrated pest management.
Keywords: Cerambyx; Cork oak; ehavior; Holm oak; Integrated Pest Management; Prinobius; woodborers

CERAMBICIDOS XILOFAGOS DEENCINAS Y ALCORNOQUES: ESTUDIO BIOECOLOGICO Y CONTROL DEPOBLACIONES - López Pantoja, G; Sánchez-Osorio, I; Domínguez, L (Bol. Inf. CIDEU, 2006)
The aim of this work is to present recent advances on the knowledge of holm oak and cork oak woodborers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Huelva (Andalussia, Spain). Cerambyx welensii and Prinobius germari are considered the main implicated species. We emphasize over the differences of behavior founded among them: the first species is little territorial and very movable, Prinobius seems to show a more territorial and sedentary behavior, specially the males. After the analysis of diverse options for population control of insects with similar habits, a strategy of Integrated Management is recommended, having as one of his pillars the attraction of these species for his capture and/or the specific repelence or confusion; that is to say, the applied study of semiochemicals compounds to integrated pest management.
Keywords: Cerambyx; Cork oak; ehavior; Holm oak; Integrated Pest Management; Prinobius; woodborers

Characteristic alterations of quantity and quality of soil organic matter caused by forest fires in continental Mediterranean ecosystems: a solid-state 13C NMR study - Knicker, H; Almendros, G; González-Vila, F J; González-Pérez, J A; Polvillo, O (European Journal of Soil Science, 2006)
The variable effect of different types of forest fires on the quantity and quality of soil organic matter (SOM) was analysed by comparing burnt and unburnt soils from six forest ecosystems in central Spain by organic elemental analysis and solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Whole soil samples were collected 1 to 2 years after the fires and included one site affected by two fires within 2 years. The fire-affected soils showed no common pattern with respect to the amount of additional carbon (Cadd) but at all sites, the fire enhanced the aromatic-C content. The weakest fire intensity resulted in the greatest aromatic-C enrichment factor, EFI(aromatic C) indicating the greatest local accumulation of char. The respective Cadd disclosed an EFI(aromatic C) to EFI(alkyl C) ratio, Bchar, of c.1, which supports a small degree of charring. Extensive combustion and volatilization at stronger fire intensities yielded a decrease of EFI(aromatic C) and an increase in Bchar. These trends are in good agreement with fire intensity and forest fuel combustibility in the various sites and therefore these indices could be used to elucidate the quality and quantity of char input that occurs during and after forest fires. No 13C NMR evidence for substantial inputs from non-charred plant necromass was found for any of the single-burn soils. The large carboxyl-C content of Cadd is evidence of the occurrence of oxidation reactions very shortly after the fire. In comparing the single and double-burn sites, no additional char input was observed for the double-burn site, possibly because of complete combustion of young shrubs and char remains during the second fire. The large O-alkyl-C portion found in Cadd of the double-burn soil is best explained by decreased litter degradation.
Keywords: aromatic C enrichment factor; burnt and unburnt soils; Forest fires; mediterranean ecosystems (voyant); Soil organic matter

Characteristics of organic matter in soil surface horizons derived from calcareous and metamorphic rocks and different vegetation types from the Mediterranean high-mountains in SE Spain - Aranda, V.; Oyonarte, C. (European Journal of Soil Biology, 2006)
A study was carried out on some basic characteristics of the organic matter in the surface horizons of soils from the two different geological (calcareous and acid metamorphic rocks) and ecological systems under a Mediterranean climate in Southeast Spain. The results show some noticeable differences in soil organic matter composition. This is likely due to typical Mediterranean climate and well adapted vegetation. There is a tendency towards a greater stability for the soil humus formed under slightly alkaline soil in comparison to the slightly acidic environment. The samples taken from the latter environment have a higher content in free organic matter, a lower content in total extractable humin and a greater relative proportion of aliphatic chains and lignin in the humic acids. The results also suggest some differences caused by the type of vegetation (forest and scrubland ecosystems) in the soil humus chemistry, with a more obvious negative effect under reforestations with species of Pinus in an acidic soil environment (a higher content in free organic matter, lesser presence of fungal-derived perylenequinonic pigments in the humic acids, and a higher content in little evolved forms of nitrogen and lignin in the humic acids). In general the organic matter under scrubland and Quercus vegetation is more decomposed and the humus is more evolved than under Pinus vegetation.
Keywords: humic acids; Mediterranean environments; pine trees reforestations; soil organic matter quality; surface horizon

Characteristics of organic matter in soil surface horizons derived from calcareous and metamorphic rocks and different vegetation types from the Mediterranean high-mountains in SE Spain - Aranda, V; Oyonarte, C (European Journal of Soil Biology, 2006)
A study was carried out on some basic characteristics of the organic matter in the surface horizons of soils from the two different geological (calcareous and acid metamorphic rocks) and ecological systems under a Mediterranean climate in Southeast Spain. The results show some noticeable differences in soil organic matter composition. This is likely due to typical Mediterranean climate and well adapted vegetation. There is a tendency towards a greater stability for the soil humus formed under slightly alkaline soil in comparison to the slightly acidic environment. The samples taken from the latter environment have a higher content in free organic matter, a lower content in total extractable humin and a greater relative proportion of aliphatic chains and lignin in the humic acids. The results also suggest some differences caused by the type of vegetation (forest and scrubland ecosystems) in the soil humus chemistry, with a more obvious negative effect under reforestations with species of Pinus in an acidic soil environment (a higher content in free organic matter, lesser presence of fungal-derived perylenequinonic pigments in the humic acids, and a higher content in little evolved forms of nitrogen and lignin in the humic acids). In general the organic matter under scrubland and Quercus vegetation is more decomposed and the humus is more evolved than under Pinus vegetation.
Keywords: humic acids; Mediterranean environments; pine trees reforestations; soil organic matter quality; surface horizon

Characterizing the setting of cement when mixed with cork, blue gum, or maritime pine, grown in Portugal - II: X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analyzes - Pereira, Catarina; Jorge, Fernando Caldeira; Irle, Mark; Ferreira, Jose Maria (JOURNAL OF WOOD SCIENCE, 2006)
It is already known by the scientific and industrial communities that lignocellulosic substrates are, to a certain extent, inhibitors of the hydration reaction of cement. The extent to which and how they influence such reactions is still a matter of debate. Several techniques, such as calorimetry, i.e., the measurement of the heat evolved or obtaining temperature profiles during the hydration, the determination of extractive contents of lignocellulosic substrates and their relation with the characteristics of the hydration curves, or even testing of the mechanical properties of the wood-cement composites, have been used in previous research. This study complements past research using two techniques that have been used in the analysis of cement hydration but are not usually applied to lignocellulose-cement mixes, namely X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The raw materials for this study were three lignocellulosic materials of Portuguese origin: cork (the bark of Quercus suber L.), blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.), and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait); and Portland cement. The two techniques allowed tracking of the evolution of the main cement constituents during hydration. It was found that all the lignocellulosic substrates had detrimental effects on cement hydration. The blue gum exhibited the fastest hydration kinetics in the initial stage of reaction, but was then overtaken by cork, which at the end gave the highest hydration conversion amongst the three lignocellulosic substrates. Although pine caused the slowest initial hydration kinetics, with the passage of time its effect approached that of blue gum. At the end of the hydration period, specimens containing either species had similar quantities of hydration reaction products. The DTA and XRD results were consistent and are in good agreement with the temperature profiles and compatibility indexes reported in a previous work.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 3-3-13, HONGO, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-0033, JAPAN publisher: SPRINGER TOKYO
Keywords: cement; Cork; differential thermal analysis; Wood; X-ray diffraction

Characterizing the setting of cement when mixed with cork, blue gum, or maritime pine, grown in Portugal - II: X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analyzes - Pereira, Catarina; Jorge, Fernando Caldeira; Irle, Mark; Ferreira, Jose Maria (JOURNAL OF WOOD SCIENCE, 2006)
It is already known by the scientific and industrial communities that lignocellulosic substrates are, to a certain extent, inhibitors of the hydration reaction of cement. The extent to which and how they influence such reactions is still a matter of debate. Several techniques, such as calorimetry, i.e., the measurement of the heat evolved or obtaining temperature profiles during the hydration, the determination of extractive contents of lignocellulosic substrates and their relation with the characteristics of the hydration curves, or even testing of the mechanical properties of the wood-cement composites, have been used in previous research. This study complements past research using two techniques that have been used in the analysis of cement hydration but are not usually applied to lignocellulose-cement mixes, namely X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The raw materials for this study were three lignocellulosic materials of Portuguese origin: cork (the bark of Quercus suber L.), blue gum (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.), and maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait); and Portland cement. The two techniques allowed tracking of the evolution of the main cement constituents during hydration. It was found that all the lignocellulosic substrates had detrimental effects on cement hydration. The blue gum exhibited the fastest hydration kinetics in the initial stage of reaction, but was then overtaken by cork, which at the end gave the highest hydration conversion amongst the three lignocellulosic substrates. Although pine caused the slowest initial hydration kinetics, with the passage of time its effect approached that of blue gum. At the end of the hydration period, specimens containing either species had similar quantities of hydration reaction products. The DTA and XRD results were consistent and are in good agreement with the temperature profiles and compatibility indexes reported in a previous work.
Keywords: cement; Cork; differential thermal analysis; Wood; X-ray diffraction

Comparative ecophysiological effects of drought on seedlings of the Mediterranean water-saver Pinus halepensis and water-spenders Quercus coccifera and Quercus ilex - Baquedano, F J; Castillo, F J (Trees, 2006)
Ecophysiological and structural traits of seedlings of the water-saver Pinus halepensis and the water-spenders Quercus coccifera and Q. ilex were studied in response to water stress under greenhouse conditions. Water deﬁcit reduced stomatal conductance (gs ) and, as a consequence, both net CO2 assimilation (A) and transpiration rate (E) were also reduced. Water stress also emphasized midday downregulation of the photochemical efﬁciency (dynamic photoinhibition) reducing quantum yield of noncyclic electron transport (PSII ), photochemical quenching (qP) and photochemical efﬁciency of the open reaction centres of PSII (F v /F m) and involved an increase of thermal dissipation of excess energy. However, water stress not only induced dynamic photoinhibition but also brought a reduction in Fv/Fm (chronic photoinhibition). Despite the water-saving strategy ofP. halepensisthat limited net CO2 assimilation, this species showed a higher photochemical efﬁciency and lower photoinhibition than Quercusspecies. This was not the result of a different photochemical quenching but was linked to a higher value of F v /F m, indicating a less severe photo-inactivation of PSII. Water stress resulted in a loss of pigment content and in an increase of the carotenoids/chlorophyll ratio, antioxidant capacity and the biomass rate allocated to roots as opposed to that assigned to leaves. P. halepensis showed a lower photoinhibition and antioxidant activity than Quercus species due to its lower pigment content and higher proportion of carotenoids allowing P. halepensis to use, in a more effective way, the lesser excess energy absorbed.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; chlorophyll fluorescence; gas exchange and water potential; morphological parameters; pigments

Comparative ecophysiological effects of drought on seedlings of the Mediterranean water-saver Pinus halepensis and water-spenders Quercus coccifera and Quercus ilex - Baquedano, F. J.; Castillo, F. J. (Trees, 2006)
Ecophysiological and structural traits of seedlings of the water-saver Pinus halepensis and the water-spenders Quercus coccifera and Q. ilex were studied in response to water stress under greenhouse conditions. Water deﬁcit reduced stomatal conductance (gs ) and, as a consequence, both net CO2 assimilation (A) and transpiration rate (E) were also reduced. Water stress also emphasized midday downregulation of the photochemical efﬁciency (dynamic photoinhibition) reducing quantum yield of noncyclic electron transport (PSII ), photochemical quenching (qP) and photochemical efﬁciency of the open reaction centres of PSII (F v /F m) and involved an increase of thermal dissipation of excess energy. However, water stress not only induced dynamic photoinhibition but also brought a reduction in Fv/Fm (chronic photoinhibition). Despite the water-saving strategy ofP. halepensisthat limited net CO2 assimilation, this species showed a higher photochemical efﬁciency and lower photoinhibition than Quercusspecies. This was not the result of a different photochemical quenching but was linked to a higher value of F v /F m, indicating a less severe photo-inactivation of PSII. Water stress resulted in a loss of pigment content and in an increase of the carotenoids/chlorophyll ratio, antioxidant capacity and the biomass rate allocated to roots as opposed to that assigned to leaves. P. halepensis showed a lower photoinhibition and antioxidant activity than Quercus species due to its lower pigment content and higher proportion of carotenoids allowing P. halepensis to use, in a more effective way, the lesser excess energy absorbed.
Keywords: antioxidant activity; chlorophyll fluorescence; gas exchange and water potential; morphological parameters; pigments

Comparing Relative Model Fit of Several Species-Accumulation Functions to Local Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea Butterfly Inventories of Mediterranean Habitats - Jiménez-Valverde, Alberto; Mendoza, Silvia Jiménez; Cano, José Martín; Munguira, Miguel L (Biodiversity and Conservation, 2006)
When compiling an inventory of hyperdiverse taxa, it is impossible to record the total number of species during ﬁeldwork. To ensure the accuracy of species-richness data it is necessary to assess the reliability of inventories. Accumulation curves are an easy method for doing this and are extensively described in the literature. In this study, we compare the relative ﬁt of various models of species-accumulation functions for six local butterﬂy inventories, evaluating them by a consideration of the values of the ﬁt, coeﬃcient of determination and sum-of-squares, and the residual patterns and Akaike’s Information Criterion. In general, complex functions, such as the Weibull or Chapman-Richards, performed better than simpler and more widely used models (e.g., the Clench and negative exponential models). The performance of models varied among sampling plots, indicating the inﬂuence of factors such as land use and community structure. Thus, although the application of more complex models should replace the use of simple ones, further research into the factors aﬀecting model ﬁt of accumulation functions is necessary.
Keywords: Accumulation curves; Accumulation models; Local scale; Mediterranean habitats; Papilionoidea & Hesperioidea; Species-richness inventories

Complex adjustments of photosynthetic potentials and internal diffusion conductance to current and previous light availabilities and leaf age in Mediterranean evergreen species Quercus ilex - NIINEMETS, Ü L. O.; CESCATTI, ALESSANDRO; RODEGHIERO, MIRCO; TOSENS, TIINA (Plant, Cell & Environment, 2006)
Mature non-senescent leaves of evergreen species become gradually shaded as new foliage develops and canopy expands, but the interactive effects of integrated light during leaf formation (QintG), current light (QintC) and leaf age on foliage photosynthetic competence are poorly understood. In Quercus ilex L., we measured the responses of leaf structural and physiological variables to QintC and QintG for four leaf age classes. Leaf aging resulted in increases in leaf dry mass per unit area (MA), and leaf dry to fresh mass ratio (DF) and decreases in N content per dry mass (NM). N content per area (NA) was independent of age, indicating that decreases in NM reflected dilution of leaf N because of accumulation of dry mass (NA = NM MA). MA, DF and NA scaled positively with irradiance, whereas these age-specific correlations were stronger with leaf growth light than with current leaf light. Area-based maximum ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) carboxylase activity (VcmaxA), capacity for photosynthetic electron transport (JmaxA) and the rate of non-photorespiratory respiration in light (RdA) were also positively associated with irradiance. Differently from leaf structural characteristics, for all data pooled, these relationships were stronger with current light with little differences among leaves of different age. Acclimation to current leaf light environment was achieved by light-dependent partitioning of N in rate-limiting proteins. Mass-based physiological activities decreased with increasing leaf age, reflecting dilution of leaf N and a larger fraction of non-photosynthetic N in older leaves. This resulted in age-dependent modification of leaf photosynthetic potentials versus N relationships. Internal diffusion conductance (gm) per unit area (gmA) increased curvilinearly with increasing irradiance for two youngest leaf age classes and was independent of light for older leaves. In contrast, gm per dry mass (gmM) was negatively associated with light in current-year leaves. Greater photosynthetic potentials and moderate changes in diffusion conductance resulted in greater internal diffusion limitations of photosynthesis in higher light. Both area- and mass-based gm decreased with increasing leaf age. The decrease in diffusion conductance was larger than changes in photosynthetic potentials, leading to larger CO2 drawdown from leaf internal air space to chloroplasts (ΔC) in older leaves. The increases in diffusion limitations in older leaves and at higher light scaled with age- and light-dependent increases in MA and DF. Overall, our study demonstrates a large potential of foliage photosynthetic acclimation to changes in leaf light environment, but also highlights enhanced structural diffusion limitations in older leaves that result from leaf structural acclimation to previous rather than to current light environment and accumulation of structural compounds with leaf age.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Keywords: CO2 drawdown; growth irradiance; leaf age; leaf structure; mesophyll conductance; nitrogen content; photosynthetic capacity

Complex adjustments of photosynthetic potentials and internal diffusion conductance to current and previous light availabilities and leaf age in Mediterranean evergreen species Quercus ilex - NIINEMETS, Ü L O; CESCATTI, ALESSANDRO; RODEGHIERO, MIRCO; TOSENS, TIINA (Plant, Cell & Environment, 2006)
Mature non-senescent leaves of evergreen species become gradually shaded as new foliage develops and canopy expands, but the interactive effects of integrated light during leaf formation (QintG), current light (QintC) and leaf age on foliage photosynthetic competence are poorly understood. In Quercus ilex L., we measured the responses of leaf structural and physiological variables to QintC and QintG for four leaf age classes. Leaf aging resulted in increases in leaf dry mass per unit area (MA), and leaf dry to fresh mass ratio (DF) and decreases in N content per dry mass (NM). N content per area (NA) was independent of age, indicating that decreases in NM reflected dilution of leaf N because of accumulation of dry mass (NA = NM MA). MA, DF and NA scaled positively with irradiance, whereas these age-specific correlations were stronger with leaf growth light than with current leaf light. Area-based maximum ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) carboxylase activity (VcmaxA), capacity for photosynthetic electron transport (JmaxA) and the rate of non-photorespiratory respiration in light (RdA) were also positively associated with irradiance. Differently from leaf structural characteristics, for all data pooled, these relationships were stronger with current light with little differences among leaves of different age. Acclimation to current leaf light environment was achieved by light-dependent partitioning of N in rate-limiting proteins. Mass-based physiological activities decreased with increasing leaf age, reflecting dilution of leaf N and a larger fraction of non-photosynthetic N in older leaves. This resulted in age-dependent modification of leaf photosynthetic potentials versus N relationships. Internal diffusion conductance (gm) per unit area (gmA) increased curvilinearly with increasing irradiance for two youngest leaf age classes and was independent of light for older leaves. In contrast, gm per dry mass (gmM) was negatively associated with light in current-year leaves. Greater photosynthetic potentials and moderate changes in diffusion conductance resulted in greater internal diffusion limitations of photosynthesis in higher light. Both area- and mass-based gm decreased with increasing leaf age. The decrease in diffusion conductance was larger than changes in photosynthetic potentials, leading to larger CO2 drawdown from leaf internal air space to chloroplasts (ΔC) in older leaves. The increases in diffusion limitations in older leaves and at higher light scaled with age- and light-dependent increases in MA and DF. Overall, our study demonstrates a large potential of foliage photosynthetic acclimation to changes in leaf light environment, but also highlights enhanced structural diffusion limitations in older leaves that result from leaf structural acclimation to previous rather than to current light environment and accumulation of structural compounds with leaf age.
Keywords: CO2 drawdown; growth irradiance; leaf age; leaf structure; mesophyll conductance; nitrogen content; photosynthetic capacity

Considerations on ethics and animal welfare in extensive pig production: Breeding and fattening Iberian pigs - Aparicio Tovar, M. a; Vargas Giraldo, J. D. (Livestock Science, 2006)
The extensive pig production in Spain is traditionally characterised by: the use of the Iberian pig, an autochthonous breed perfectly integrated into the environment in which they have developed; a long duration of the productive cycle for about 23– 24 months; a high level of animal welfare level, specially in the fattening process with freedom of movement and feeding base on natural sources: acorns and grass, and an equilibrated “dehesa” agro-forestry system where this activity has been developed. Nowadays, the introduction of more intensificated methods due to the increasing demand led to important changes, such as: the shortening of the productive cycle (10–12 months); freeing from the territorial base; changes during the fattening period, fattening with mixed feed and less animal freedom. All these facts may implicate a loss of the animal welfare condition. These circumstances lead us to question it from an ethical point of view.
Keywords: animal welfare; breeds; ethics; extensive pig production; outdoor

Considerations on ethics and animal welfare in extensive pig production: Breeding and fattening Iberian pigs - Aparicio Tovar, M.a.; Vargas Giraldo, J D (Livestock Science, 2006)
The extensive pig production in Spain is traditionally characterised by: the use of the Iberian pig, an autochthonous breed perfectly integrated into the environment in which they have developed; a long duration of the productive cycle for about 23– 24 months; a high level of animal welfare level, specially in the fattening process with freedom of movement and feeding base on natural sources: acorns and grass, and an equilibrated “dehesa” agro-forestry system where this activity has been developed. Nowadays, the introduction of more intensificated methods due to the increasing demand led to important changes, such as: the shortening of the productive cycle (10–12 months); freeing from the territorial base; changes during the fattening period, fattening with mixed feed and less animal freedom. All these facts may implicate a loss of the animal welfare condition. These circumstances lead us to question it from an ethical point of view.
Keywords: animal welfare; breeds; ethics; extensive pig production; outdoor

Cork Oak Trees (Quercus suber L.). - Alvarez, Rubén; Toribio, Mariano; Cortizo, Millán; Ordás Fernández, Ricardo-Javier (Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2006)
A transformation system for selected mature Quercus suber L. trees using Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been established. Embryos obtained from recurrent proliferating embryogenic masses are inoculated with AGL1 strain harbouring the plasmid pBINUbiGUSint, which carries the nptII and uidA genes. Evidence of stable transgene integration is obtained by polymerase chain reaction for nptII and uidA genes, Southern blotting and expression of the uidA gene. The transgenic embryos are germinated and successfully transferred to soil.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) accession-num: 17033056 electronic-resource-num: 10.1385/1-59745-131-2:113
Keywords: AGL1; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Cork oak; Fagaceae; kanamycin resistance; pBINUbiGUSint; Quercus suber; Somatic embryogenesis; Tree genetic transformation; β-glucuronidase

Cork Oak Trees (Quercus suber L.). - Alvarez, Rubén; Toribio, Mariano; Cortizo, Millán; Ordás Fernández, Ricardo-Javier (Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.), 2006)
A transformation system for selected mature Quercus suber L. trees using Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been established. Embryos obtained from recurrent proliferating embryogenic masses are inoculated with AGL1 strain harbouring the plasmid pBINUbiGUSint, which carries the nptII and uidA genes. Evidence of stable transgene integration is obtained by polymerase chain reaction for nptII and uidA genes, Southern blotting and expression of the uidA gene. The transgenic embryos are germinated and successfully transferred to soil.
Keywords: AGL1; Agrobacterium tumefaciens; Cork oak; Fagaceae; kanamycin resistance; pBINUbiGUSint; Quercus suber; Somatic embryogenesis; Tree genetic transformation; β-glucuronidase

Cultivation of black truffle to promote reforestation and land-use stability - Bonet, J A; Fischer, C R; Colinas, C (Agron. Sustain. Dev., 2006)
Cultivation of black truffle, Tuber melanosporum Vitt., has become an important agricultural alternative in rural Mediterranean regions due to its success in relatively harsh conditions, its high market value and diminishing production in natural areas. In addition, truffle cultivation requires relatively low agricultural inputs, promotes reforestation and economic restoration of rural lands and land-use stability. However, there remain major issues regarding the management practices to ensure successful black truffle production. We therefore conducted an experiment to evaluate 3 levels of irrigation based on monthly water deficit and the effects of currently applied weed control systems and fertilization. Treatment effects were evaluated by examining the mycorrhizal status of out-planted 1-yr-old Quercus ilex L. seedlings and seedling growth parameters after 18 months in 3 distinct experimental truffle plantations located in the foothills of the Spanish Pyrenees. We found that replacing one-half of the water deficit of the driest month (moderate irrigation) promoted the proliferation of T. melanosporum mycorrhizae, while high irrigation reduced fine root production and truffle mycorrhizae. Glyphosate weed control improved seedling survival by up to 16% over control seedlings without jeopardizing truffle mycorrhizae in the first year. Fertilization did not improve seedling growth or influence its mycorrhizal status. We describe the persistent relationship between this ectomycorrhizal fungus and Q. ilex by quantifying old and new mycorrhizae and we discuss the ecological implications of the symbiosis
Keywords: agricultural alternative; ectomycorrhiza; Quercus ilex; water deficit

Cultivation of black truffle to promote reforestation and land-use stability - Bonet, J. A.; Fischer, C. R.; Colinas, C. (Agron. Sustain. Dev., 2006)
Cultivation of black truffle, Tuber melanosporum Vitt., has become an important agricultural alternative in rural Mediterranean regions due to its success in relatively harsh conditions, its high market value and diminishing production in natural areas. In addition, truffle cultivation requires relatively low agricultural inputs, promotes reforestation and economic restoration of rural lands and land-use stability. However, there remain major issues regarding the management practices to ensure successful black truffle production. We therefore conducted an experiment to evaluate 3 levels of irrigation based on monthly water deficit and the effects of currently applied weed control systems and fertilization. Treatment effects were evaluated by examining the mycorrhizal status of out-planted 1-yr-old Quercus ilex L. seedlings and seedling growth parameters after 18 months in 3 distinct experimental truffle plantations located in the foothills of the Spanish Pyrenees. We found that replacing one-half of the water deficit of the driest month (moderate irrigation) promoted the proliferation of T. melanosporum mycorrhizae, while high irrigation reduced fine root production and truffle mycorrhizae. Glyphosate weed control improved seedling survival by up to 16% over control seedlings without jeopardizing truffle mycorrhizae in the first year. Fertilization did not improve seedling growth or influence its mycorrhizal status. We describe the persistent relationship between this ectomycorrhizal fungus and Q. ilex by quantifying old and new mycorrhizae and we discuss the ecological implications of the symbiosis
Keywords: agricultural alternative; ectomycorrhiza; Quercus ilex; water deficit

Decision rules for computer-vision quality classification of wine natural cork stoppers - Costa, Augusta; Pereira, Helena (AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE, 2006)
Image-analysis techniques were applied to the surface of wine cork stoppers (tops and bodies) of the standard seven commercial quality classes to characterize their porosity. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) were used to differentiate quality class and to identify the best features to select these classes. The accuracy of classification using CDA functions was on average greater than 50% for the seven commercial classes and was greater than 67% for a simplified three-grade classification. Based on the independent variables of the first CDA function determined by the stepwise method, a set of features was selected for use in decision rules for cork stopper classification: porosity coefficient and maximum pore dimensions (length and area) for bodies and porosity coefficient and number of pores for tops. Threshold limits for each feature were established for each quality class and a classification algorithm was applied. Results showed an overall match in class yield of 86% and better class homogeneity and separation. These are proposed as a foundation for future standardization of cork stopper classification based on image analysis and computerized vision systems selection of quantified features to ensure uniformity and transparency in trade while maintaining the overall economical feasibility in industrial processing.
Keywords: canonical discriminant; quality classes; wine cork stoppers

Decision rules for computer-vision quality classification of wine natural cork stoppers - Costa, Augusta; Pereira, Helena (AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ENOLOGY AND VITICULTURE, 2006)
Image-analysis techniques were applied to the surface of wine cork stoppers (tops and bodies) of the standard seven commercial quality classes to characterize their porosity. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) and stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) were used to differentiate quality class and to identify the best features to select these classes. The accuracy of classification using CDA functions was on average greater than 50% for the seven commercial classes and was greater than 67% for a simplified three-grade classification. Based on the independent variables of the first CDA function determined by the stepwise method, a set of features was selected for use in decision rules for cork stopper classification: porosity coefficient and maximum pore dimensions (length and area) for bodies and porosity coefficient and number of pores for tops. Threshold limits for each feature were established for each quality class and a classification algorithm was applied. Results showed an overall match in class yield of 86% and better class homogeneity and separation. These are proposed as a foundation for future standardization of cork stopper classification based on image analysis and computerized vision systems selection of quantified features to ensure uniformity and transparency in trade while maintaining the overall economical feasibility in industrial processing.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: PO BOX 1855, DAVIS, CA 95617-1855 USA publisher: AMER SOC ENOLOGY VITICULTURE
Keywords: canonical discriminant; quality classes; wine cork stoppers

DESERTIFICATION IN NORTHERN MOROCCO DUE TO EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON GROUNDWATER RECHARGE - Dijck, Simone J. E. Van; Laouina, Abdellah; Carvalho, Anabela V.; Antari, Mostafa; Rocha, Alfredo; Borrego, Carlos; Coen, J. (Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue, 2006)
Groundwater resources in Morocco are expected to shrink in the next decades due to an increasing withdrawal for rural and urban development, and a decreasing internal recharge by precipitation under the influence of climate change. The objective of this work is to analyse the recharge of groundwater systems in a region with traditional agriculture and current transformations in northern Morocco (Sehoul region) in response to future climate change and land degradation. Models were used to simulate climate change and effects on surface runoff and groundwater recharge. The climate models indicated increases in temperature and decreases in precipitation in all seasons in 2050 compared to 1990, and an increasing variability of autumn precipitation. Because most cultivated fields are freshly ploughed and sown in autumn, this will increase the risk of desertification due to declining groundwater recharge and increased surface runoff and erosion. This is confirmed by the results of the event-based surface runoff simulation for the 2050 climate. Surface runoff is mainly produced in ancient grazing fields and fallow fields. In view of the current transformation of collective grazing fields into cultivated land, problems with loss of rainfall in surface runoff and soil erosion could be mitigated by 1. early tillage of cultivated fields along the slope contour, followed by leveling, 2. locating cultivated fields downslope of grazing fields to enable the capturing of diffuse surface runoff coming from the grazing fields, and 3. leaving fallow fields untilled and covered with crop remnants. The groundwater modeling results indicate a decrease of the annual groundwater recharge by rainfall of 40-68% from the climate centered in 1990 to the climate centered in 2050. As a result, groundwater levels are predicted to fall up till 2005, but the results are unreliable due to model errors. However, the decreases in precipitation, infiltration and groundwater recharge predicted in this study may be expected to add to the observed trend of groundwater level decrease in the study area, and to continuing desertification.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Desertification in the Mediterranean Region a Security Issue
Keywords: climate change; Grazing; groundwater; land degradation (voyant); Morocco; Precipitation; surface runoff