Designing decision support tools for Mediterranean forest ecosystems management: a case study in Portugal - Falcão, André O.; Borges, Jose G. (Ann. For. Sci., 2005)
The effectiveness of Mediterranean forest ecosystem management calls for the conceptualization and implementation of adequate decision support tools. The proposed decision support system encompasses a management information system, a prescription simulator, a constraint generator and a set of management models designed to solve decision problems. Emphasis is on the architecture of the prescription simulator and its linkage to the three other modules, as well as on methods for reporting and visualizing solutions. Results are discussed for a real world test case – Serra de Grândola, a management area with about 18 600 ha comprising 860 cork oak (Quercus suber L.) land units. Cork oak silviculture adds complexity to the traditional forest management problem. Results show that the devised system is able to address effectively the integration of ecosystem data, silviculture, growth-and-yield and management models. They further suggest that the proposed system architecture may help address the complexity of Mediterranean ecosystem management problems.
Keywords: Cork oak; decision support systems; Forest management; Mediterranean ecosystems; prescription simulation

Differences between Soil Ammonium and Nitrate Spatial Pattern in Six Plant Communities. Simulated Effect on Plant Populations - Gallardo, Antonio; Paramá, Rocio; Covelo, Felisa (Plant and Soil, 2005)
Geostatistical descriptions of soil heterogeneity patterns for plant communities are abundant in literature, however there is no information on the consequences of diﬀerent soil spatial patterns on resource availability for plant populations. Conditional simulations on the spatial distribution of soil NH4–N and NO3–N were carried out in order to study the eﬀect of contrasted patch sizes on nitrogen availability for individuals with increasing root system size. The semivariogram range (an indication of patch size) for soil NH4–N and NO3–N in six plant communities was found to be very variable, and was higher for soil NH4– N than for soil NO3–N in each community. A positive correlation was observed between organic matter and NH4–N spatial ranges in the six plant communities, but not between NO3–N and NH4–N. Probabilities of ﬁnding a high soil N concentration within simulated plant populations depended on N patch size and root system size. Thus, a population taking up NH4 –N (higher spatial range values) would be more heterogeneous (i.e. Individuals will have diﬀering probabilities of ﬁnding a high soil N concentration) than the same population taking up NO3–N. Likewise, a seedling population taking up NH4–N or NO3–N would be more heterogeneous than a large tree population in the same area, where individuals would have similar probability of ﬁnding a high soil N concentration. These results showed that the spatial patch size of limiting resources has important consequences at the population level, since it determines the probability of ﬁnding a favourable site and therefore diﬀering performances of individuals within a population.
Keywords: geostatistics; plant populations; root system size; Soil; soil ammonium; soil heterogeneity; Soil nitrate

Differences between Soil Ammonium and Nitrate Spatial Pattern in Six Plant Communities. Simulated Effect on Plant Populations - Gallardo, Antonio; Paramá, Rocio; Covelo, Felisa (Plant and Soil, 2005)
Geostatistical descriptions of soil heterogeneity patterns for plant communities are abundant in literature, however there is no information on the consequences of diﬀerent soil spatial patterns on resource availability for plant populations. Conditional simulations on the spatial distribution of soil NH4–N and NO3–N were carried out in order to study the eﬀect of contrasted patch sizes on nitrogen availability for individuals with increasing root system size. The semivariogram range (an indication of patch size) for soil NH4–N and NO3–N in six plant communities was found to be very variable, and was higher for soil NH4– N than for soil NO3–N in each community. A positive correlation was observed between organic matter and NH4–N spatial ranges in the six plant communities, but not between NO3–N and NH4–N. Probabilities of ﬁnding a high soil N concentration within simulated plant populations depended on N patch size and root system size. Thus, a population taking up NH4 –N (higher spatial range values) would be more heterogeneous (i.e. Individuals will have diﬀering probabilities of ﬁnding a high soil N concentration) than the same population taking up NO3–N. Likewise, a seedling population taking up NH4–N or NO3–N would be more heterogeneous than a large tree population in the same area, where individuals would have similar probability of ﬁnding a high soil N concentration. These results showed that the spatial patch size of limiting resources has important consequences at the population level, since it determines the probability of ﬁnding a favourable site and therefore diﬀering performances of individuals within a population.
Keywords: geostatistics; plant populations; root system size; Soil; soil ammonium; soil heterogeneity; Soil nitrate

Differences in biomass partitioning, leaf nitrogen content, and water use efficiency (δ13C) result in similar performance of seedlings of two Mediterranean oaks with contrasting leaf habit - Espelta, Josep Maria; Cortés, Pilar; Mangirón, Marta Retana, Javier (Ecoscience, 2005)
Co-occurrence of winter-deciduous and evergreen oaks is common in some Mediterranean-type climate areas. However, whether these species show an overlap in their regeneration niche is still poorly understood. We explored experimentally the changes in survival, growth, biomass partitioning, leaf nitrogen content, and water use efficiency (δ13C) in seedlings of a deciduous oak (Quercus cerrioides) and an evergreen oak (Quercus ilex) in response to co-variation in light and water availability. Quercus cerrioides exhibited higher root length, root area, leaf nitrogen content, and less negative δ13C, but lower leafiness than Q. ilex. The interaction between species and light in specific leaf area and root–shoot ratio indicated different mechanisms to overcome water stress in the two oaks, with Q. ilex relying on leaf hardening and Q. cerrioides relying on a high root–shoot ratio. However, the two species showed similar survival and growth in most of the light–water gradient. Ecological inference of these results indicates that seedlings of these species have a similar ability to cope with variations in light and water in spite of their contrasting leaf habit. This similar performance suggests a competition for similar micro-sites during establishment, rather than a partitioning of the regeneration niche.
Keywords: deciduous; evergreen; Mediterranean-type climate; Quercus cerrioides; Quercus ilex; Regeneration

Differences in biomass partitioning, leaf nitrogen content, and water use efficiency (δ13C) result in similar performance of seedlings of two Mediterranean oaks with contrasting leaf habit - Espelta, Josep Maria; Cortés, Pilar; Mangirón, Marta Retana (Ecoscience, 2005)
Co-occurrence of winter-deciduous and evergreen oaks is common in some Mediterranean-type climate areas. However, whether these species show an overlap in their regeneration niche is still poorly understood. We explored experimentally the changes in survival, growth, biomass partitioning, leaf nitrogen content, and water use efficiency (δ13C) in seedlings of a deciduous oak (Quercus cerrioides) and an evergreen oak (Quercus ilex) in response to co-variation in light and water availability. Quercus cerrioides exhibited higher root length, root area, leaf nitrogen content, and less negative δ13C, but lower leafiness than Q. ilex. The interaction between species and light in specific leaf area and root–shoot ratio indicated different mechanisms to overcome water stress in the two oaks, with Q. ilex relying on leaf hardening and Q. cerrioides relying on a high root–shoot ratio. However, the two species showed similar survival and growth in most of the light–water gradient. Ecological inference of these results indicates that seedlings of these species have a similar ability to cope with variations in light and water in spite of their contrasting leaf habit. This similar performance suggests a competition for similar micro-sites during establishment, rather than a partitioning of the regeneration niche.
Keywords: deciduous; evergreen; Mediterranean-type climate; Quercus cerrioides; Quercus ilex; Regeneration

Diversidad ectomicorrícica en una formación natural de carrasca (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) - Clavería, Vanessa; De Miguel, Ana Mª (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
The aims of this study are to characterize the ectomycorrhizal community of a mature and well preserved evergreen oak forest (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) and to relate the above- and below-ground species diversity. The study area is the Nature Reserve of Monte del Conde, which has been proposed to be included in the Sites for Community Importance (SCI) and for Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) for the European Community. In autumn 2003, in an area of 225 m2, 374 sporocarps belonging to 52 taxa were collected. Clavulina cinerea (Fr.) Schroet., Entoloma rhodopolium (Fr.) Kumm. and Tricholoma scalpturatum (Fr.) Quél. were the dominant species. Belowground, morphological and anatomical analyses of ectomycorrhizal root tips were performed, yielding a total of 41 types. Cenococcum geophilum Fr. and thelephoroid fungi were dominant species on the root system. The preliminary results show that the sporocarps survey does not reflect the real ectomycorrhizal community diversity. Therefore, it is important to sample both sporocarps and root tips to achieve an accurate estimate of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community in forest ecosystems.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: IV Congreso Forestal Español issue: 1992 pub-location: Zaragoza
Keywords: Ectomycorrhizae; ectomycorrhizal fungi; Quercus ilex; sporocarps

Diversidad ectomicorrícica en una formación natural de carrasca (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) - Clavería, Vanessa; De Miguel, Ana Mª (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
The aims of this study are to characterize the ectomycorrhizal community of a mature and well preserved evergreen oak forest (Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp.) and to relate the above- and below-ground species diversity. The study area is the Nature Reserve of Monte del Conde, which has been proposed to be included in the Sites for Community Importance (SCI) and for Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) for the European Community. In autumn 2003, in an area of 225 m2, 374 sporocarps belonging to 52 taxa were collected. Clavulina cinerea (Fr.) Schroet., Entoloma rhodopolium (Fr.) Kumm. and Tricholoma scalpturatum (Fr.) Quél. were the dominant species. Belowground, morphological and anatomical analyses of ectomycorrhizal root tips were performed, yielding a total of 41 types. Cenococcum geophilum Fr. and thelephoroid fungi were dominant species on the root system. The preliminary results show that the sporocarps survey does not reflect the real ectomycorrhizal community diversity. Therefore, it is important to sample both sporocarps and root tips to achieve an accurate estimate of the ectomycorrhizal fungal community in forest ecosystems.
Keywords: Ectomycorrhizae; ectomycorrhizal fungi; Quercus ilex; sporocarps

Diversidade Florística das Formações de Quercus suber em Portugal - Espírito Santo, Dalila; Antunes, João Castro; Costa, José Carlos; Neto, Carlos; Capelo, Jorge (Congresso Florestal Nacional, 5º, Viseu, 2005, 2005)
Foram analisados 130 inventários efectuados em sobreirais de Poterio agrimonioidis-Querco suberis S., Asparago aphylli-Querco suberis S., Oleo sylvestris-Querco suberis S. e Teucrio baetici-Querco suberis S. Com o objectivo de estabelecer a relação entre estes bosques e o seu grau de conservação e diversidade, foi efectuada uma análise canónica de correspondências (CCA) e foram efectuados os cálculos relativos à diversidade florística (recorrendo ao índice de Shannon) e à diversidade em espécies com interesse para conservação. Efectuou-se ainda uma análise de regressão múltipla em que a riqueza em espécies endémicas ou com estatuto de protecção foi considerada a variável dependente. Individualizaram-se algumas espécies indicadoras dos bosques analisados: Stauracanthus genistoides, Thymus capitellatus, Lavandula lusitanica e Quercus lusitanica associadas aos bosques de Oleo sylvestris-Quercetum suberis; Cistus populifolius, Erica australis e Cytisus grandiflorus associadas aos bosques de Poterio agrimonioidis-Quercetum suberis. No total, registam-se 17 taxa com estatuto vulnerável, 10 taxa em perigo de extinção, 15 taxa incluídos no Anexo II da Directiva 92/43/CE, um dos quais prioritário, 4 taxa do Anexo IV e 4 do Anexo V da mesma Directiva. Destacam-se, ainda, 26 endemismos lusitanos, 4 dos quais em perigo de extinção e 8 com estatuto vulnerável. Da CCA verificou-se que grande parte dos táxones com interesse para conservação estão concentrados nas áreas onde a vegetação potencial diz respeito a sobreirais de Oleo-Querco suberis S., cuja riqueza florística e fitocenótica já foi descrita por COSTA et al (1998) e NETO (1999). Isto acontece apesar do uso florestal destes espaços e de estarem localizados no Superdistrito Sadense onde predominam os solos aluvionares ou derivados das areias podzolizadas. Quanto à diversidade específica, os valores mais elevados obtiveram-se nos inventários das séries Asparago-Querco suberis S. e Poterio-Querco suberis S. Da análise de regressão múltipla obteve-se a equação: Riq.= - 0.4083Subst. Litológico - 0.2547Altitude - 0.243Declive - 0.2253Posicão Topográfica, com P<1%. Os resultados traduzidos pela equação da qualidade da riqueza específica são concordantes com a CCA, verificando-se mais uma vez que a riqueza em taxa endémicos ou com estatuto de protecção estão positivamente correlacionados com substratos arenosos ou negativamente correlacionados com substratos dos quais resultam solos com elevada percentagem de argila. Assim, conclui-se que a diversidade em espécies com interesse para conservação é mais elevada em territórios com solos arenosos, de baixa altitude, de que é exemplo o Superdistrito Sadense.
Keywords: fitosociologia; Querco-suberis; riqueza específica; valor de conservação (voyant)

Diversidade Florística das Formações de Quercus suber em Portugal - Espírito Santo, Dalila; Antunes, João Castro; Costa, José Carlos; Neto, Carlos; Capelo, Jorge (Congresso Florestal Nacional, 5º, Viseu, 2005, 2005)
Foram analisados 130 inventários efectuados em sobreirais de Poterio agrimonioidis-Querco suberis S., Asparago aphylli-Querco suberis S., Oleo sylvestris-Querco suberis S. e Teucrio baetici-Querco suberis S. Com o objectivo de estabelecer a relação entre estes bosques e o seu grau de conservação e diversidade, foi efectuada uma análise canónica de correspondências (CCA) e foram efectuados os cálculos relativos à diversidade florística (recorrendo ao índice de Shannon) e à diversidade em espécies com interesse para conservação. Efectuou-se ainda uma análise de regressão múltipla em que a riqueza em espécies endémicas ou com estatuto de protecção foi considerada a variável dependente. Individualizaram-se algumas espécies indicadoras dos bosques analisados: Stauracanthus genistoides, Thymus capitellatus, Lavandula lusitanica e Quercus lusitanica associadas aos bosques de Oleo sylvestris-Quercetum suberis; Cistus populifolius, Erica australis e Cytisus grandiflorus associadas aos bosques de Poterio agrimonioidis-Quercetum suberis. No total, registam-se 17 taxa com estatuto vulnerável, 10 taxa em perigo de extinção, 15 taxa incluídos no Anexo II da Directiva 92/43/CE, um dos quais prioritário, 4 taxa do Anexo IV e 4 do Anexo V da mesma Directiva. Destacam-se, ainda, 26 endemismos lusitanos, 4 dos quais em perigo de extinção e 8 com estatuto vulnerável. Da CCA verificou-se que grande parte dos táxones com interesse para conservação estão concentrados nas áreas onde a vegetação potencial diz respeito a sobreirais de Oleo-Querco suberis S., cuja riqueza florística e fitocenótica já foi descrita por COSTA et al (1998) e NETO (1999). Isto acontece apesar do uso florestal destes espaços e de estarem localizados no Superdistrito Sadense onde predominam os solos aluvionares ou derivados das areias podzolizadas. Quanto à diversidade específica, os valores mais elevados obtiveram-se nos inventários das séries Asparago-Querco suberis S. e Poterio-Querco suberis S. Da análise de regressão múltipla obteve-se a equação: Riq.= - 0.4083Subst. Litológico - 0.2547Altitude - 0.243Declive - 0.2253Posicão Topográfica, com P<1%. Os resultados traduzidos pela equação da qualidade da riqueza específica são concordantes com a CCA, verificando-se mais uma vez que a riqueza em taxa endémicos ou com estatuto de protecção estão positivamente correlacionados com substratos arenosos ou negativamente correlacionados com substratos dos quais resultam solos com elevada percentagem de argila. Assim, conclui-se que a diversidade em espécies com interesse para conservação é mais elevada em territórios com solos arenosos, de baixa altitude, de que é exemplo o Superdistrito Sadense.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Congresso Florestal Nacional, 5º, Viseu, 2005
Keywords: fitosociologia; Querco-suberis; riqueza específica; valor de conservação (voyant)

Does the Gradualness of Leaf Shedding Govern Nutrient Resorption from Senescing Leaves in Mediterranean Woody Plants? - Milla, R.; Castro-Díez, P.; Maestro-Martínez, M.; Montserrat-Martí, G. (Plant and Soil, 2005)
The resorption of nutrients from senescing leaves is a key component of the nutrient conservation strategy of plants. Despite its relevance, the regulation of the eﬃciency of this process is poorly understood. The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that species that shed leaves gradually along the year are less eﬃcient reabsorbing nutrients from senescing leaves than species that shed leaves in a short period. N-, P-, and Kresorption-eﬃciencies were measured in 11 Mediterranean species and regressed against an index of the gradualness of leaf shedding. Additionally, the bivariate relations among leaf nutrient content before senescence, nutrient content in senesced leaves, pool of nutrients reabsorbed during senescence, and nutrient resorption eﬃciency, were examined. K-resorption-eﬃciency was markedly lower in species with protracted leaf-shedding, in agreement with the initial hypothesis. This pattern was less signiﬁcant for Nand P-resorption-eﬃciencies. When leaf nutrient content before senescence was high, the amount of nutrients reabsorbed and the amount of nutrients in senesced leaves were high. Consequently, nutrient resorption eﬃciency was unaﬀected by the leaf nutrient status before senescence. It is concluded that the leaf shedding pattern per se inﬂuences nutrient resorption in Mediterranean perennials, irrespective of additional environmental controls. Furthermore, it is suggested that plants diﬀering in nutrient status do not exhibit diﬀerent nutrient resorption eﬃciencies because the nutrient content of leaves before senescence aﬀects the components of resorption eﬃciency in countervailing ways.
Keywords: leaf shedding phenology; nutrient retranslocation; nutrient status; Potassium; resorption efficiency; resorption proficiency

Does the Gradualness of Leaf Shedding Govern Nutrient Resorption from Senescing Leaves in Mediterranean Woody Plants? - Milla, R; Castro-Diez, P; Maestro-Martínez, M; Montserrat-Martí, G (Plant and Soil, 2005)
The resorption of nutrients from senescing leaves is a key component of the nutrient conservation strategy of plants. Despite its relevance, the regulation of the eﬃciency of this process is poorly understood. The aim of this work was to test the hypothesis that species that shed leaves gradually along the year are less eﬃcient reabsorbing nutrients from senescing leaves than species that shed leaves in a short period. N-, P-, and Kresorption-eﬃciencies were measured in 11 Mediterranean species and regressed against an index of the gradualness of leaf shedding. Additionally, the bivariate relations among leaf nutrient content before senescence, nutrient content in senesced leaves, pool of nutrients reabsorbed during senescence, and nutrient resorption eﬃciency, were examined. K-resorption-eﬃciency was markedly lower in species with protracted leaf-shedding, in agreement with the initial hypothesis. This pattern was less signiﬁcant for Nand P-resorption-eﬃciencies. When leaf nutrient content before senescence was high, the amount of nutrients reabsorbed and the amount of nutrients in senesced leaves were high. Consequently, nutrient resorption eﬃciency was unaﬀected by the leaf nutrient status before senescence. It is concluded that the leaf shedding pattern per se inﬂuences nutrient resorption in Mediterranean perennials, irrespective of additional environmental controls. Furthermore, it is suggested that plants diﬀering in nutrient status do not exhibit diﬀerent nutrient resorption eﬃciencies because the nutrient content of leaves before senescence aﬀects the components of resorption eﬃciency in countervailing ways.
Keywords: leaf shedding phenology; nutrient retranslocation; nutrient status; Potassium; resorption efficiency; resorption proficiency

Effect of exogenous ABA on embryo maturation and quantification of endogenous levels of ABA and IAA in Quercus suber somatic embryos - Garcia-Martin, G. (Plant cell, tissue and …, 2005)
Knowledge of the relationship between indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) is relevant to control the development and the maturation of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) somatic embryos. The addition of 1 lM ABA to the culture medium signiﬁcantly promoted somatic embryo maturation and increased both fresh and dry matter without aﬀecting the relative water content. This eﬀect was parallel to the pattern of variation observed in the endogenous ABA level, which increased from the immature to the mature stage. Endogenous ABA content during the occurrence of secondary embryogenesis was similar to that of the immature stage, showing that embryos with lower ABA levels produced secondary embryos. In contrast, IAA showed the highest concentration during early embryo development and decreased afterwards. Only in somatic embryos subjected to 1-week desiccation followed by stratiﬁcation at 4 C for 2 weeks, was a moderate increment of endogenous IAA content observed. IAA and ABA showed opposite levels during the development and maturation of cork oak somatic embryos and characterised speciﬁc stages of the embryonic development.
Keywords: Cork oak; endogenous plant growth regulators; GC-MS; hplc; in vitro; somatic embryo

Effect of exogenous ABA on embryo maturation and quantification of endogenous levels of ABA and IAA in Quercus suber somatic embryos - GARCÍA-MARTÍN, G (Plant cell, tissue and …, 2005)
Knowledge of the relationship between indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) is relevant to control the development and the maturation of cork oak (Quercus suber L.) somatic embryos. The addition of 1 lM ABA to the culture medium signiﬁcantly promoted somatic embryo maturation and increased both fresh and dry matter without aﬀecting the relative water content. This eﬀect was parallel to the pattern of variation observed in the endogenous ABA level, which increased from the immature to the mature stage. Endogenous ABA content during the occurrence of secondary embryogenesis was similar to that of the immature stage, showing that embryos with lower ABA levels produced secondary embryos. In contrast, IAA showed the highest concentration during early embryo development and decreased afterwards. Only in somatic embryos subjected to 1-week desiccation followed by stratiﬁcation at 4 C for 2 weeks, was a moderate increment of endogenous IAA content observed. IAA and ABA showed opposite levels during the development and maturation of cork oak somatic embryos and characterised speciﬁc stages of the embryonic development.
Keywords: Cork oak; endogenous plant growth regulators; GC-MS; hplc; in vitro; somatic embryo

Effects of feeding in free-range conditions or in confinement with different dietary MUFA/PUFA ratios and α-tocopheryl acetate, on antioxidants accumulation and oxidative stability in Iberian pigs. - Daza, a; Rey, a I.; Ruiz, J.; López-Bote, C. J. (Meat science, 2005)
The experiment was undertaken to provide information of the influence of feeding either free-range or in confinement with different dietary MUFA/PUFA ratios and α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation (40 vs. 200 mg/kg) on tocopherol content and susceptibility to lipid oxidation of muscle and microsomes in Iberian pigs. The grass provided to the pigs had a similar α-tocopherol concentration to that observed for diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg α-tocopheryl acetate, and acorns supplied fourfold higher content of γ-tocopherol than the experimental diets. The α- and γ-tocopherol contents of muscle reflected the tocopherol concentration of the diets. Mono and Medium diets produced a similar MUFA/PUFA ratio in neutral and polar lipids of pig muscle to those fed outdoors. The lowest TBARS numbers were found in muscle samples from pigs fed a MUFA-enriched diet in confinement. No significant influence of free-range feeding or dietary fat on drip loss was found. However, α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation reduced (P<0.05) drip loss. Dietary vitamin E supplementation decreased the membrane lipid oxidation by 18% after 120 min. However, free-range feeding decreased the extent of microsome oxidation by 20%, 56% and 82% after 120 min when compared with those groups fed in confinement with high, medium and low MUFA/PUFA ratios, respectively. The hexanal concentration of muscle showed a similar trend to that observed for microsome induced-oxidation, suggesting, that hexanal determination is a more accurate method to measure lipid oxidation in iberian pig muscle than the thiobarbituric acid test.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 22062651
Keywords: a- and c-tocopherols; dietary fat; free-range feeding; lipid oxidation; microsomes

Effects of feeding in free-range conditions or in confinement with different dietary MUFA/PUFA ratios and α-tocopheryl acetate, on antioxidants accumulation and oxidative stability in Iberian pigs. - Daza, a; Rey, a I; Ruiz, J; López-Bote, C J (Meat science, 2005)
The experiment was undertaken to provide information of the influence of feeding either free-range or in confinement with different dietary MUFA/PUFA ratios and α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation (40 vs. 200 mg/kg) on tocopherol content and susceptibility to lipid oxidation of muscle and microsomes in Iberian pigs. The grass provided to the pigs had a similar α-tocopherol concentration to that observed for diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg α-tocopheryl acetate, and acorns supplied fourfold higher content of γ-tocopherol than the experimental diets. The α- and γ-tocopherol contents of muscle reflected the tocopherol concentration of the diets. Mono and Medium diets produced a similar MUFA/PUFA ratio in neutral and polar lipids of pig muscle to those fed outdoors. The lowest TBARS numbers were found in muscle samples from pigs fed a MUFA-enriched diet in confinement. No significant influence of free-range feeding or dietary fat on drip loss was found. However, α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation reduced (P<0.05) drip loss. Dietary vitamin E supplementation decreased the membrane lipid oxidation by 18% after 120 min. However, free-range feeding decreased the extent of microsome oxidation by 20%, 56% and 82% after 120 min when compared with those groups fed in confinement with high, medium and low MUFA/PUFA ratios, respectively. The hexanal concentration of muscle showed a similar trend to that observed for microsome induced-oxidation, suggesting, that hexanal determination is a more accurate method to measure lipid oxidation in iberian pig muscle than the thiobarbituric acid test.
Keywords: a- and c-tocopherols; dietary fat; free-range feeding; lipid oxidation; microsomes

Effects of the holm-oak canopy on the distribution of terricolous bryophytes and lichens - Casas-Garcia, S.; Burgaz, A. R.; Escudero, A. (CRYPTOGAMIE MYCOLOGIE, 2005)
The effects of holm-oak canopy (Quercus ilex ssp. ballota) onterricolous bryophytes and lichen were studied in the central part of the Spanish Mediterranean region. Three habitats were distinguised: understorey, crown border and open grassland. In all cases, the understorey is floristically poor compared with open grassland. In the N-exposed stands species richness is more homogenous between canopy border and open grassland, while in-S exposed ones differences among habitats are more pronounced. Cladonia rangiformis, C foliacea, C cervicornis and Cetraria aculeata have higher presence and cover values in all situations, and the bryophytes Hypnum cupressiforme and Pleurochaete squarrosa are the main species. Most of the acrocarpic mosses and fruticose lichens grow on the canopy border or open grassland, while pleurocarpic mosses and foliose lichen with cyanobacteria are most frequent under N-exposed canopies. The holm-oak crown causes variations in insolation, rain distribution, temperature and wind, and strongly influences the distribution of lichens and bryophytes.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 12 RUE DE BUFFON, 75005 PARIS, FRANCE publisher: ADAC-CRYPTOGAMIE
Keywords: bryophytes; lichens; terricolous; canonical ordina

Effects of the interaction between drought and shade on water relations, gas exchange and morphological traits in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings - Aranda, I.; Castro, L.; Pardos, M.; Gil, L.; Pardos, J. a (Forest Ecology and Management, 2005)
The combined effect of drought and light on different physiological and biochemical traits was assessed in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) seedlings grown under two levels of light availability and submitted to a long-standing drought. Watering was withdrawn after germination and seedlings were allowed to dry to a water content of ca. 50% of ﬁeld capacity. At this point, water-stressed seedlings were grown under moderate drought and two light regimes: high light (HL—50%) and low light (LL— 2%). Soil water in control plants was kept close to ﬁeld capacity (90–100%) for both light environments. Water-relations parameters derived from P–V curves, gas exchange and water status at predawn (Cpd ) were evaluated at twice during the experiment. Nitrogen and chlorophyll contents were determined in the same leaves used for the gas exchange measurements. In addition, maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) and electronic transport (Jmax) were derived from A–Ci curves in well-watered seedlings. The variation on moisture availability during the experiment was the same under both light environments. In control plants, Cpd was over 0.3 MPa at the two harvests, while stressed seedlings decreased to 0.9 MPa, with no differences between light treatments. Water stress decreased osmotic potentials at full (Cp100 ) and zero turgor (Cp0 ). The regressions between both potentials and Cpd showed a higher intercept in shade grown seedlings. This fact will point out the higher osmoregulation capacity in sun seedlings whatever water availability. Nitrogen investment on a per leaf mass (Nmass ), chlorophyll content (Chlmass ) and SLA tended to show a typical pattern of sun-shade acclimation. Thus, the three parameters increased with shade. Only for Nmass there was a signiﬁcant effect of watering, since water stress increased Nmass . LL plants showed a lower photosynthetic capacity in terms of maximum net photosynthesis at saturating light (Amax), which was related to a decrease in Vcmax and Jmax . Both parameters varied with speciﬁc leaf area (SLA) in a similar way. The low-light environment brought about a higher nitrogen investment in chlorophyll, while under high-light environment the investment was higher in carboxylation (Vcmax) and electronic transport ( Fmax). Stomatal conductance to water vapour (gwv ) and Amax were lower in low-light seedlings independently of watering. In addition, there was a trend to keep higher intrinsic water use efﬁciency (IWUE) under high light environment. The increase of IWUE under water stress was higher in HL seedlings. This was as consequence of the steeper decline in gwv as Cpd decreased. The decrease of Amax with Cpd occurred in a similar way in LL and HL seedlings. Thus, the HL seedlings tended to sustain a higher ability to increase IWUE than LL seedlings when they were submitted to the same water stress.
Keywords: Cork oak; Drought; light; osmotic adjustment; photosynthesis; water use efficiency

Effects of winter cold stress on photosynthesis and photochemical efficiency of PSII of the Mediterranean Cistus albidus L. and Quercus ilex L. - Oliveira, G.; Penuelas, J. (Plant Ecology, 2005)
Keywords: evergreen; Fv/Fm; Mediterranean winter; photoinhibition; semi-deciduous

EL PLANTÍO DE LAS ESPECIES FORESTALES EN LA ÉPOCA ANDALUSÍ (SIGLOS X- XII): UNA VISIÓN MEDIEVAL DE LA CIENCIA FORESTAL - Guzmán Álvarez, José Ramón; Hernández Bermejo, J Esteban (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
Desde el punto de vista de las ciencias naturales, la época andalusí en España supuso un periodo de esplendor cultural en un contexto general medieval de retraimiento técnico y científico. Las aportaciones de los naturalistas, botánicos y agrónomos árabes se conocen bien a través de un conjunto de tratados de agricultura que se han conservado total o fragmentariamente. Aunque, posiblemente, la mejor denominación para estos filósofos de la naturaleza sea la de geóponos, puesto que sus observaciones abarcaban un campo mucho más amplio que el de la agricultura y la botánica descriptiva. Entre los temas incluidos con detalle en estos tratados se encuentran las técnicas de reproducción y plantación de especies forestales, indisolubles en aquellos tiempos de las más generales prácticas agrícolas. Con esta comunicación se pretende recuperar este legado y llamar la atención sobre el estado del conocimiento en esa época. Palabras
Keywords: Ecosistemas mediterráneos; Historia de la ciencia; n Viveros; Reproducció; Silvicultura

Ensaios de proveniência de sobreiro (Quercus suber)-resultados aos cinco anos - Almeida, Maria Helena; Lourenço, Maria João; Nunes, A. M.; Sampaio, Teresa; VARELA, M. C.; Chambel, M. R.; Faria, C.; Pereira, João Santos (Congresso Florestal Nacional, 5º, Viseu, 2005, 2005)
A adaptabilidade do sobreiro às condições ambientais está pouco estudada e o uso de recursos genéticos inapropriados é uma das causas do insucesso de reflorestação tanto no curto como no longo prazo. Os resultados do esforço de florestação com sobreiro têm sido muito díspares, com valores médios de sobrevivência de 50% que oscilam entre o insucesso total e uma sobrevivência que, em alguns casos, atinge os 100%. A eventual alteração climática acentua a necessidade da utilização de material de reprodução adaptado, como meio de promover a sustentabilidade do montado e das florestas de sobreiro. A caracterização dos recursos genéticos desta espécie poderá contribuir também para a viabilidade económica e ambiental deste sistema ao identificar as populações mais adaptadas e os indivíduos produtores de melhor cortiça. A rede de ensaios de proveniência de sobreiro instalados em 1998, no âmbito da acção concertada “FAIR 1CT 95 0202”, onde estão representadas 35 populações cobrindo toda a sua área de distribuição natural são um excelente instrumento para a avaliação da adaptabilidade. Ainda que as respostas ao nível da qualidade da cortiça só possam ser obtidas tardiamente, o acompanhamento de parâmetros adaptativos ao longo do crescimento das árvores é importante e poderá fornecer informação relevante para a compreensão do funcionamento do sistema. Nesta comunicação apresentam-se os resultados obtidos, 5 anos após a instalação, nos ensaios de proveniência estabelecidos na Mata Nacional das Virtudes e no Monte da Fava relativamente a características adaptativas tais como: a sobrevivência, a eficiência do uso da água, o abrolhamento dos gomos foliares e o crescimento. Ao nível da sobrevivência as populações de origem francesa revelaram-se as menos adaptadas em ambos os locais. Quanto à altura, as 35 populações apresentaram crescimentos significativamente diferentes entre si nos dois ensaios, tendo as populações marroquinas registado os valores mais elevados. Relativamente ao abrolhamento dos gomos foliares observou-se um comportamento semelhante em termos das populações mais tardias e mais temporãs em ambos os ensaios. Geograficamente as primeiras localizam-se numa área mais ocidental da zona de distribuição natural da espécie enquanto que populações mais temporãs, com comportamento significativamente diferente das anteriores são originárias da região mais oriental.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Congresso Florestal Nacional, 5º, Viseu, 2005
Keywords: adaptabilidade; proveniência; Quercus suber; sobreiro; variabilidade genética

Ensaios de proveniência de sobreiro (Quercus suber)-resultados aos cinco anos - Almeida, Maria Helena; Lourenço, Maria João; Nunes, A M; Sampaio, Teresa; Varela, M C; Chambel, M R; Faria, C; Pereira, João Santos (Congresso Florestal Nacional, 5º, Viseu, 2005, 2005)
A adaptabilidade do sobreiro às condições ambientais está pouco estudada e o uso de recursos genéticos inapropriados é uma das causas do insucesso de reflorestação tanto no curto como no longo prazo. Os resultados do esforço de florestação com sobreiro têm sido muito díspares, com valores médios de sobrevivência de 50% que oscilam entre o insucesso total e uma sobrevivência que, em alguns casos, atinge os 100%. A eventual alteração climática acentua a necessidade da utilização de material de reprodução adaptado, como meio de promover a sustentabilidade do montado e das florestas de sobreiro. A caracterização dos recursos genéticos desta espécie poderá contribuir também para a viabilidade económica e ambiental deste sistema ao identificar as populações mais adaptadas e os indivíduos produtores de melhor cortiça. A rede de ensaios de proveniência de sobreiro instalados em 1998, no âmbito da acção concertada “FAIR 1CT 95 0202”, onde estão representadas 35 populações cobrindo toda a sua área de distribuição natural são um excelente instrumento para a avaliação da adaptabilidade. Ainda que as respostas ao nível da qualidade da cortiça só possam ser obtidas tardiamente, o acompanhamento de parâmetros adaptativos ao longo do crescimento das árvores é importante e poderá fornecer informação relevante para a compreensão do funcionamento do sistema. Nesta comunicação apresentam-se os resultados obtidos, 5 anos após a instalação, nos ensaios de proveniência estabelecidos na Mata Nacional das Virtudes e no Monte da Fava relativamente a características adaptativas tais como: a sobrevivência, a eficiência do uso da água, o abrolhamento dos gomos foliares e o crescimento. Ao nível da sobrevivência as populações de origem francesa revelaram-se as menos adaptadas em ambos os locais. Quanto à altura, as 35 populações apresentaram crescimentos significativamente diferentes entre si nos dois ensaios, tendo as populações marroquinas registado os valores mais elevados. Relativamente ao abrolhamento dos gomos foliares observou-se um comportamento semelhante em termos das populações mais tardias e mais temporãs em ambos os ensaios. Geograficamente as primeiras localizam-se numa área mais ocidental da zona de distribuição natural da espécie enquanto que populações mais temporãs, com comportamento significativamente diferente das anteriores são originárias da região mais oriental.
Keywords: adaptabilidade; proveniência; Quercus suber; sobreiro; variabilidade genética

Epiphytic bryophytes and lichens in Quercus rotundifolia Lam. woodlands of Portugal and their value as ecological indicators - García, C; Carvalho, P; Sergio, C; Sim-Sim, M; Diogo, A (Monitoring and Indicators of Forest Biodiversity in Europe - From Ideas to Operationality, 2005)
The epiphytic bryophyte and lichen vegetation in Quercus rotundifolia woodlands in Portugal and its dependence on a number of environmental variables were investigated in six sites of Portugal. 36 bryophyte (32 mosses, 4 liverworts) and 105 lichens were found. Multivariate analysis was used to examine the epiphytic bryophyte and lichen composition of these woodlands. TWINSPAN and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) recognized four major groups of bryophytes and lichens species, one related to pastoral woodlands, another to altitudinal woodlands, a third one to the woodlands under Atlantic influence and a fourth with generalist species. Differences in bryophyte and lichen species composition and cover in the studied areas were attributed mainly to distinct humidity, precipitation, evapotranspiration and insolation levels. The bryophytes Leucodon sciuroides, Frullania dilatata, and the lichen Evernia prunastri presented the highest cover values. A very rare bryophyte species Zygodon forsteri, included in the European Red Data Book, was found. Obtained results are a good basis to improve methods based on bryophytes and lichens as bio-indicators of forest biodiversity.
Keywords: bryophytes; Ecological indicators; lichens; Portugal; TWINSPAN; woodlands

Epiphytic bryophytes and lichens in Quercus rotundifolia Lam. woodlands of Portugal and their value as ecological indicators - Garcia, C.; Carvalho, P.; Sergio, C.; Sim-Sim, M.; Diogo, A. (Monitoring and Indicators of Forest Biodiversity in Europe - From Ideas to Operationality, 2005)
The epiphytic bryophyte and lichen vegetation in Quercus rotundifolia woodlands in Portugal and its dependence on a number of environmental variables were investigated in six sites of Portugal. 36 bryophyte (32 mosses, 4 liverworts) and 105 lichens were found. Multivariate analysis was used to examine the epiphytic bryophyte and lichen composition of these woodlands. TWINSPAN and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) recognized four major groups of bryophytes and lichens species, one related to pastoral woodlands, another to altitudinal woodlands, a third one to the woodlands under Atlantic influence and a fourth with generalist species. Differences in bryophyte and lichen species composition and cover in the studied areas were attributed mainly to distinct humidity, precipitation, evapotranspiration and insolation levels. The bryophytes Leucodon sciuroides, Frullania dilatata, and the lichen Evernia prunastri presented the highest cover values. A very rare bryophyte species Zygodon forsteri, included in the European Red Data Book, was found. Obtained results are a good basis to improve methods based on bryophytes and lichens as bio-indicators of forest biodiversity.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Monitoring and Indicators of Forest Biodiversity in Europe - From Ideas to Operationality issue: 51 pub-location: TORIKATU 34, FIN-80100 JOENSUU, FINLAND
Keywords: bryophytes; Ecological indicators; lichens; Portugal; TWINSPAN; woodlands

ESCLEROFILIZACION DEL PAISAJE MEDITERRÁNEO - Corcuera, Leyre; Morales, Fermín; Gil-Pelegrín, Eustaquio (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
La encina es una especie con una amplitud bioclimática muy grande ya que aparece en los bioclimas semiáridos, subhúmedos, húmedos y perhúmedos (sensu Ememberg) de la Península Ibérica. En las variantes frías del bioclima húmedo y perhúmedo Quercus ilex ballota compite con los robles deciduos, Quercus faginea y Quercus pyrenaica, ocupando las crestas de las montañas donde las condiciones geopedológicas no son adecuadas para el establecimiento de los robles deciduos. En la región mediterránea el cambio climático global reciente se ha reflejado en un incremento de la aridez y calidez, que tiende a acentuarse en el futuro. A largo plazo, esto podría afectar al funcionamiento y la estructura de los ecosistemas mediterráneos, provocando la sustitución de especies menos resistentes a la sequía o afectando a las poblaciones en localidades subóptimas o en el límite biogeográfico de su distribución. Se estudió el efecto de los dos estreses climáticos propuestos por Mitrakos: el estrés hídrico estival y el estrés por frío invernal en el crecimiento de la esclerófila perennifolia Quercus ilex ballota. Para ello se analizó el efecto de la sequía en el crecimiento primario y secundario de las especies concurrentes Quercus faginea y Quercus ilex ballota y el efecto de las bajas temperaturas y alta insolación en el aparato fotosintético de Quercus ilex ballota en un clima mediterráneo continental.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: IV Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Zaragoza
Keywords: cambio climático; cambios en el paisaje; carácter perennifolio/caducifolio; competencia interespecífica; Quercus spp

ESCLEROFILIZACION DEL PAISAJE MEDITERRÁNEO - Corcuera, Leyre; Morales, Fermín; Gil-Pelegrín, Eustaquio (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
La encina es una especie con una amplitud bioclimática muy grande ya que aparece en los bioclimas semiáridos, subhúmedos, húmedos y perhúmedos (sensu Ememberg) de la Península Ibérica. En las variantes frías del bioclima húmedo y perhúmedo Quercus ilex ballota compite con los robles deciduos, Quercus faginea y Quercus pyrenaica, ocupando las crestas de las montañas donde las condiciones geopedológicas no son adecuadas para el establecimiento de los robles deciduos. En la región mediterránea el cambio climático global reciente se ha reflejado en un incremento de la aridez y calidez, que tiende a acentuarse en el futuro. A largo plazo, esto podría afectar al funcionamiento y la estructura de los ecosistemas mediterráneos, provocando la sustitución de especies menos resistentes a la sequía o afectando a las poblaciones en localidades subóptimas o en el límite biogeográfico de su distribución. Se estudió el efecto de los dos estreses climáticos propuestos por Mitrakos: el estrés hídrico estival y el estrés por frío invernal en el crecimiento de la esclerófila perennifolia Quercus ilex ballota. Para ello se analizó el efecto de la sequía en el crecimiento primario y secundario de las especies concurrentes Quercus faginea y Quercus ilex ballota y el efecto de las bajas temperaturas y alta insolación en el aparato fotosintético de Quercus ilex ballota en un clima mediterráneo continental.
Keywords: cambio climático; cambios en el paisaje; carácter perennifolio/caducifolio; competencia interespecífica; Quercus spp

ESTIMACIÓN DE LA COBERTURA ARBÓREA EN DEHESAS MEDIANTE MODELOS LINEALES DE MEZCLAS ESPECTRALES APLICADAS A IMÁGENES LANDSAT-TM - González Dugo, Mª Pat; Fernández Rebollo, P; Guerrero Ginel, J E; Giráldez, J V (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
La dehesa es un ecosistema característico del SW de España con un alto valor económico y ambiental pero frágil ante los cambios climáticos. En este trabajo se determina la cobertura ocupada por el arbolado en una zona de dehesa situada al norte de la provincia de Córdoba usando una imagen Landsat-TM y aplicando un modelo lineal de mezclas espectrales. Se han evaluado cinco métodos para encontrar los factores de referencia que mejor representan los componentes de dicho ecosistema, obteniendo mejor resultado al utilizar el algoritmo no supervisado IKSFA. Los valores de cobertura de vegetación verde estimada por el modelo se han validado midiendo de forma automática la cobertura ocupada por las copas de los árboles sobre fotografía aérea. Los resultados indican que el modelo sobreestima la cobertura arbórea con una desviación media del 4% y que el ajuste mejora al aumentar la cobertura arbórea de las parcelas de control.
Keywords: encina; Quercus; teledetección

Estudio de la variabilidad genética de repoblaciones de QUERCUS ILEX L. SUBSP. BALLOTA (DESF.) SAMP. IN BOL. EN ANDALUCÍA - Burgarella, C.; NAVASCUÉS, M.; FICI, S.; LORA GONZÁLEZ, A. (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
An adequate management of the reproductive material for reforestation activities is fundamental in the conservation of forest genetic resources. In the present work the levels of genetic diversity and differentiation between artificial stands of Quercus ilex and the adjacent natural stands are assessed with nuclear microsatellites. Also, it was possible to analyse the natural population used as seed source for one of the reforestations studied. The levels of genetic differentiation between natural and artificial stands and the decrease of genetic diversity from the seed origin population to the reforestation are discussed in relation to the transference of seed among provenance regions and to the seed collection strategy (number of trees used for sampling seeds)
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: IV Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Zaragoza
Keywords: forest genetic resources; genetic contamination; microsatelites; seed collection

Estudio de la variabilidad genética de repoblaciones de QUERCUS ILEX L. SUBSP. BALLOTA (DESF.) SAMP. IN BOL. EN ANDALUCÍA - Burgarella, C; Navascués, M; FICI, S; LORA GONZÁLEZ, A (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
An adequate management of the reproductive material for reforestation activities is fundamental in the conservation of forest genetic resources. In the present work the levels of genetic diversity and differentiation between artificial stands of Quercus ilex and the adjacent natural stands are assessed with nuclear microsatellites. Also, it was possible to analyse the natural population used as seed source for one of the reforestations studied. The levels of genetic differentiation between natural and artificial stands and the decrease of genetic diversity from the seed origin population to the reforestation are discussed in relation to the transference of seed among provenance regions and to the seed collection strategy (number of trees used for sampling seeds)
Keywords: forest genetic resources; genetic contamination; microsatelites; seed collection

Evaluation of amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis as a method for the identification of Botryosphaeria species. - Alves, Artur; Phillips, Alan J. L.; Henriques, Isabel; Correia, António (FEMS microbiology letters, 2005)
The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a rDNA fragment containing the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and the D1/D2 variable domains of the 28S rDNA from 10 species of the genus Botryosphaeria (Fungi, Ascomycota). Restriction analysis of the amplicons with frequent-cutting endonucleases (amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis) allowed the definition of 12 rDNA haplotypes. Each of the rDNA haplotypes could be unambiguously assigned to a single Botryosphaeria species, thus allowing clear identification of all the species tested. Intraspecific polymorphism was very low and detected only in Botryosphaeria parva and Botryosphaeria dothidea. Cluster analysis of banding patterns of the isolates corresponded well with known species delineations. The method described in this paper provides a simple and rapid procedure for the differentiation and identification of Botryosphaeria isolates at the species level.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 15837376
Keywords: ARDRA; Botryosphaeria; D1/D2 domains; ITS; rDNA; Species identification

Evaluation of amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis as a method for the identification of Botryosphaeria species. - Alves, Artur; Phillips, Alan J L; Henriques, Isabel; Correia, António (FEMS microbiology letters, 2005)
The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify a rDNA fragment containing the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and the D1/D2 variable domains of the 28S rDNA from 10 species of the genus Botryosphaeria (Fungi, Ascomycota). Restriction analysis of the amplicons with frequent-cutting endonucleases (amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis) allowed the definition of 12 rDNA haplotypes. Each of the rDNA haplotypes could be unambiguously assigned to a single Botryosphaeria species, thus allowing clear identification of all the species tested. Intraspecific polymorphism was very low and detected only in Botryosphaeria parva and Botryosphaeria dothidea. Cluster analysis of banding patterns of the isolates corresponded well with known species delineations. The method described in this paper provides a simple and rapid procedure for the differentiation and identification of Botryosphaeria isolates at the species level.
Keywords: ARDRA; Botryosphaeria; D1/D2 domains; ITS; rDNA; Species identification

EVOLUCIÓN DE LA DEFOLIACIÓN DE LA COPA DE ENCINAS EN DEHESAS ANDALUZAS DURANTE EL PERIODO 2000-2004. INFLUENCIA DE LAS PRÁCTICAS DE GESTIÓN - Fernández Rebollo, P; Carbonero Muñoz, M D; Blázquez Carrasco, A; R., Navarro Cerrillo (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
El arbolado de la dehesa atraviesa hoy por hoy una situación delicada, ya que a la ausencia de regenerado viable hay que sumar la pérdida de vigor del arbolado adulto propiciada por la sequía del periodo 1980-1995, el progresivo aumento de las temperaturas y la incidencia de determinadas plagas y enfermedades. En este trabajo se analiza la evolución que ha sufrido la defoliación de la copa de encinas en dehesas situadas en la comarca de Los Pedroches (Córdoba) durante el periodo 2000-2004, examinándose la influencia de prácticas de gestión que modifican el estado físico-químico del suelo. Se ha observado una disminución progresiva y lenta de la defoliación de la copa durante estos cinco años, debido a las abundantes lluvias acaecidas. El estado actual del arbolado así como la evolución de la defoliación ha sido mejor en aquellos suelos que presentaban mayores contenidos en materia orgánica oxidable, fósforo asimilable y menores contenidos en arena
Keywords: decaimiento; Nutrientes edáficos; Quercus; Recuperación

EVOLUCIÓN DE LA DEFOLIACIÓN DE LA COPA DE ENCINAS EN DEHESAS ANDALUZAS DURANTE EL PERIODO 2000-2004. INFLUENCIA DE LAS PRÁCTICAS DE GESTIÓN - Fernández Rebollo, P.; Carbonero Muñoz, M. D.; Blázquez Carrasco, A.; R., Navarro Cerrillo (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
El arbolado de la dehesa atraviesa hoy por hoy una situación delicada, ya que a la ausencia de regenerado viable hay que sumar la pérdida de vigor del arbolado adulto propiciada por la sequía del periodo 1980-1995, el progresivo aumento de las temperaturas y la incidencia de determinadas plagas y enfermedades. En este trabajo se analiza la evolución que ha sufrido la defoliación de la copa de encinas en dehesas situadas en la comarca de Los Pedroches (Córdoba) durante el periodo 2000-2004, examinándose la influencia de prácticas de gestión que modifican el estado físico-químico del suelo. Se ha observado una disminución progresiva y lenta de la defoliación de la copa durante estos cinco años, debido a las abundantes lluvias acaecidas. El estado actual del arbolado así como la evolución de la defoliación ha sido mejor en aquellos suelos que presentaban mayores contenidos en materia orgánica oxidable, fósforo asimilable y menores contenidos en arena
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: IV Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Zaragoza
Keywords: decaimiento; Nutrientes edáficos; Quercus; Recuperación

EVOLUCIÓN TEMPORAL DEL GRADO DE ENDURECIMIENTO DE PLANTAS DE VIVERO DE 4 ESPECIES FORESTALES ESPAÑOLAS CULTIVADAS EN LOCALIDADES CON CONDICIONES CLIMÁTICAS DISTINTAS - Fernández, M; Carvajal, F; Alejano, R; Domínguez, L; TAPIAS, R; Alesso, S P (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
Desde principio del otoño hasta principio de primavera se estudió la evolución de algunos caracteres morfo-fisiológicos indicadores de la calidad de las plantas de vivero destinadas a repoblación forestal (altura, diámetro, distribución de biomasa, nutrición mineral, capacidad de regeneración de raíces y resistencia al frío). Las especies ensayadas fueron Quercus suber, Q. ilex (de dos regiones de procedencia, 11e y 15a), Pistacia lentiscus y Olea europaea var. sylvestris. Todas ellas eran de una savia, procedentes de semillas germinadas en la primavera anterior, crecidas en el mismo tipo de envase (300 cm3) y con el mismo substrato pero cultivadas en dos viveros de localización y características climáticas diferentes. En cuanto al patrón de evolución temporal de los parámetros medidos, se advirtió una alta correlación con la temperatura ambiente, siendo el vivero de clima con estaciones más marcadas el que alcanzó con anterioridad su grado máximo de resistencia al frío y el que retrasó la salida de la dormición durante la época invierno-primavera. Indudablemente, las distintas especies se diferenciaron en su patrón de evolución y en el grado de resistencia al frío conseguido, debiendo resaltar las diferencias encontradas entre las dos procedencias de encina, siendo la de clima con estaciones más extremas (15a) la que en todo momento presentó un mayor grado de resistencia al frío. También se encontró un alto grado de correspondencia entre el contenido en K y la resistencia al frío o el contenido en N y P con la capacidad de regeneración de raíces. Las cuatro especies necesitaron acumular, al menos, 350 h (< 8 ºC) para conseguir un grado apreciable de resistencia al frío, alcanzándose el máximo resistencia entre 700 y 800 h
Keywords: Capacidad de regeneración de raíces; Olea europaea; Pistacia lentiscus; Quercus ilex; Quercus suber; Resistencia al frío

EVOLUCIÓN TEMPORAL DEL GRADO DE ENDURECIMIENTO DE PLANTAS DE VIVERO DE 4 ESPECIES FORESTALES ESPAÑOLAS CULTIVADAS EN LOCALIDADES CON CONDICIONES CLIMÁTICAS DISTINTAS - Fernández, M.; Carvajal, F.; Alejano, R.; Domínguez, L.; Tapias, R.; Alesso, S. P. (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
Desde principio del otoño hasta principio de primavera se estudió la evolución de algunos caracteres morfo-fisiológicos indicadores de la calidad de las plantas de vivero destinadas a repoblación forestal (altura, diámetro, distribución de biomasa, nutrición mineral, capacidad de regeneración de raíces y resistencia al frío). Las especies ensayadas fueron Quercus suber, Q. ilex (de dos regiones de procedencia, 11e y 15a), Pistacia lentiscus y Olea europaea var. sylvestris. Todas ellas eran de una savia, procedentes de semillas germinadas en la primavera anterior, crecidas en el mismo tipo de envase (300 cm3) y con el mismo substrato pero cultivadas en dos viveros de localización y características climáticas diferentes. En cuanto al patrón de evolución temporal de los parámetros medidos, se advirtió una alta correlación con la temperatura ambiente, siendo el vivero de clima con estaciones más marcadas el que alcanzó con anterioridad su grado máximo de resistencia al frío y el que retrasó la salida de la dormición durante la época invierno-primavera. Indudablemente, las distintas especies se diferenciaron en su patrón de evolución y en el grado de resistencia al frío conseguido, debiendo resaltar las diferencias encontradas entre las dos procedencias de encina, siendo la de clima con estaciones más extremas (15a) la que en todo momento presentó un mayor grado de resistencia al frío. También se encontró un alto grado de correspondencia entre el contenido en K y la resistencia al frío o el contenido en N y P con la capacidad de regeneración de raíces. Las cuatro especies necesitaron acumular, al menos, 350 h (< 8 ºC) para conseguir un grado apreciable de resistencia al frío, alcanzándose el máximo resistencia entre 700 y 800 h
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: IV Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Zaragoza
Keywords: Capacidad de regeneración de raíces; Olea europaea; Pistacia lentiscus; Quercus ilex; Quercus suber; Resistencia al frío

Expansion of the aphid Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) walshii (Monell) on the red oak Quercus rubra, and adaptation of local parasitoids in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula (Hom., Aphididae, Calaphidinae; Hym., Braconidae, Aphidiinae) - Pons, X.; Lumbierres, B.; Starý, P. (Journal of Pest Science, 2005)
An ongoing expansion of Myzocallis (L.) walshii (Monell) in the NE Iberian Peninsula was detected. The aphid species was recorded in Catalonia, Andorra and Navarra. Adaptation of local native parasitoids (at least Trioxys pallidus Haliday and T. tenuicaudus Stary´) to the new immigrant was documented, together with background information on their host range in the native environments. The detection of parasitoids of M. walshii is the ﬁrst published evidence in Europe. The new evidence for M. walshii in the NE Iberian Peninsula also supports the warning of the expansion of the aphid as a pest of Quercus rubra over Europe.
Keywords: Aphids; Myzocallis walshii; Parasitoids; Quercus sp.; Trioxys pallidus; Trioxys tenuicaudus

Expansion of the aphid Myzocallis (Lineomyzocallis) walshii (Monell) on the red oak Quercus rubra, and adaptation of local parasitoids in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula (Hom., Aphididae, Calaphidinae; Hym., Braconidae, Aphidiinae) - Pons, X; Lumbierres, B; Starý, P (Journal of Pest Science, 2005)
An ongoing expansion of Myzocallis (L.) walshii (Monell) in the NE Iberian Peninsula was detected. The aphid species was recorded in Catalonia, Andorra and Navarra. Adaptation of local native parasitoids (at least Trioxys pallidus Haliday and T. tenuicaudus Stary´) to the new immigrant was documented, together with background information on their host range in the native environments. The detection of parasitoids of M. walshii is the ﬁrst published evidence in Europe. The new evidence for M. walshii in the NE Iberian Peninsula also supports the warning of the expansion of the aphid as a pest of Quercus rubra over Europe.
Keywords: Aphids; Myzocallis walshii; Parasitoids; Quercus sp.; Trioxys pallidus; Trioxys tenuicaudus

Extractives of cork (Quercus suber L.): chemical composition of dichloromethane and supercritical CO2 extracts - Castola, Vincent; Marongiu, Bruno; Bighelli, Ange; Floris, Constantino; Laı̈, Adolfo; Casanova, Joseph (Industrial Crops and Products, 2005)
The polymeric matrix of the cork is mainly composed of suberin, lignin and polysaccharides and contains also extractives. Typical components of the extracted mixtures are triterpenes belonging to friedelane, lupane and steroid families and long chain alkanes and alkanols. Two extractive methods have been used, the conventional extraction with a solvent (SE) using dichloromethane (DCM) and the innovative method which uses as solvent supercritical CO2 (SFE) at moderate pressures (200–250 bar). Identiﬁcation and quantitation of the individual triterpenoids and steroids present in the extracts have been carried out by means of the computer aided 13 C NMR analysis without previous separation. Friedelin was found as the main component of the extracts. The main difference between the two extracts concerned the contents of sitost-4-en-3-one which represented 15% of the CO2 extract against 3% in the DCM extract. Similarly, -sitosterol was found in CO2 extract (3%) but not in DCM extract.
Keywords: 13 c nmr; Cork; supercritical extraction; triterpenes

Extractives of cork (Quercus suber L.): chemical composition of dichloromethane and supercritical CO2 extracts - Castola, Vincent; Marongiu, Bruno; Bighelli, Ange; Floris, Constantino; Laı̈, Adolfo; Casanova, Joseph (Industrial Crops and Products, 2005)
The polymeric matrix of the cork is mainly composed of suberin, lignin and polysaccharides and contains also extractives. Typical components of the extracted mixtures are triterpenes belonging to friedelane, lupane and steroid families and long chain alkanes and alkanols. Two extractive methods have been used, the conventional extraction with a solvent (SE) using dichloromethane (DCM) and the innovative method which uses as solvent supercritical CO2 (SFE) at moderate pressures (200–250 bar). Identiﬁcation and quantitation of the individual triterpenoids and steroids present in the extracts have been carried out by means of the computer aided 13 C NMR analysis without previous separation. Friedelin was found as the main component of the extracts. The main difference between the two extracts concerned the contents of sitost-4-en-3-one which represented 15% of the CO2 extract against 3% in the DCM extract. Similarly, -sitosterol was found in CO2 extract (3%) but not in DCM extract.
Keywords: 13 c nmr; Cork; supercritical extraction; triterpenes

FACTORES QUE AFECTAN LA INTERACCIÓN CORCHO-VINO - GONZÁLEZ ADRADOS, J R; García Vallejo, M C; Moliner Recuero, M; GONZÁLEZ HERNÁNDEZ, F; Vega García, R; Ortega Fernández, C (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
Se ha estudiado la influencia de distintos tratamientos superficiales aplicados a dos tipos de tapón de corcho (natural y 1+1) sobre los parámetros que caracterizan la interacción corcho – vino: migración global y absorción. La migración global se ha determinado con el tapón introducido en el gollete (normativa ISO) obteniendo unos valores que oscilan entre 5,3 y 26,5 mg/tapón. La migración mínima atribuible al tratamiento superficial oscila entre 2,8 y 6,0 mg/tapón, mientras que la causada por los productos naturales del corcho varía entre 5,3 mg/tapón (tapón natural) y 12,0 mg/tapón (tapón 1+1). La mayor parte de la variabilidad es atribuible al tipo de tapón, siendo el tratamiento superficial un factor de menor significación. En la práctica su efecto se reduce a la existencia o no de tratamiento, siendo mínimas las diferencias entre los distintos tratamientos ensayados. El tratamiento superficial consigue reducir la absorción a valores entre 1/2 y 1/6 de los obtenidos en los tapones sin tratamiento, lo que refleja su efecto amortiguador sobre la interacción. Se han ensayado metodologías alternativas más sencillas para la determinación de la migración global, sin obtener resultados comparables
Keywords: absorción; migración global; Tapón; tratamiento superficial

A field system to deliver desired O-3 concentrations in leaf-level gas exchange measurements: Results for Holm oak near a CO2 spring - Grulke, N. E.; Paoletti, E. (PHYTON-ANNALES REI BOTANICAE, 2005)
Conventional gas exchange systems adsorb ozone (O-3) despite attempts to saturate the system prior to measurements. A steady-state, open photosynthetic system was designed and used in the field to supply a small leaf cuvette with conditioned air stream (growth CO2 concentrations, humidified, cooled) and augmented with either background or elevated O-3. Two innovations led to success: 1) supplying the cuvette with cooled air instead of Peltier cooling within the cuvette; and 2) using a custom-designed, low flow (capable of 100 seem), fast response (20 S) O-3 monitor. We tested whether elevated CO2 would alter stomatal response to short term, steady state elevated O-3. Holm oak (Quercus ilex L., Fagaceae), an evergreen broadleaf tree growing near a geothermal CO2 vent, has been exposed over its lifetime to a gradient of CO2 concentrations. We chose trees in areas averaging 450 mu l 1(-1) (low background CO2) and 1500 mu l 1(-1) (super-elevated CO2). Background O-3 exposure at this site is moderate (10 am to 5 pm averages of 62 nl 1(-1) in June). We measured gas exchange at the growth CO2 levels, and at ambient O-3 or 1.7x ambient O-3 concentrations. At low background CO2, short term elevated O-3 depressed foliar transpiration. Because there was little concurrent change in net assimilation, instantaneous transpiration efficiency was increased. At super-elevated CO2, short term elevated O-3 did not affect foliar transpiration. Because there was a concurrent decrease in net assimilation, instantaneous transpiration efficiency was decreased at elevated CO2 and O-3.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: WIENER STRASSE 21-23, A-3580 HORN, AUSTRIA publisher: FERDINAND BERGER SOEHNE
Keywords: Carbon dioxide; instantaneous transpiration efficiency; ozone exposure; Quercus ilex

Folk phytotherapeutical plants from Maratea area (Basilicata, Italy). - Guarrera, Paolo Maria; Salerno, Giovanni; Caneva, Giulia (Journal of ethnopharmacology, 2005)
Field ethnobotanical survey was undertaken for the period of 2002-2003 in the Tyrrhenian part of the Basilicata region of southern Italy. Data of 56 species of plants belonging to 29 families where gathered through interviews; among the species, 47 are used in human therapy, 6 as insect repellents, 15 in veterinary medicine, 1 for its ichthyotoxic properties and 3 for magic therapeutic purposes. The most important findings in ethnomedicine relate to Nasturtium officinale (renal colic, liver diseases), Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum (mouth ulcers), Leopoldia comosa (toothache, headache), Micromeria graeca subsp. graeca (coughs) and Ceterach officinarum (malaria), while in the ethnoveterinary field, we have Pteridium aquilinum (wolf bites) and Spartium junceum (fractures of animal limbs).
Keywords: Abdominal Pain; Abdominal Pain: drug therapy; Anthelmintics; Anthelmintics: therapeutic use; Antiparasitic plants; Basilicata; Common Cold; Common Cold: drug therapy; Cough; Cough: drug therapy; Diuretics; Diuretics: chemistry; Diuretics: therapeutic use; Ethnobotany; Ethnopharmacology; Ethnopharmacology: methods; Furunculosis; Furunculosis: drug therapy; Geography; Humans; Italy; Lung Diseases; Lung Diseases: drug therapy; Medicinal; Medicinal plants; Medicinal: classification; Medicine; Phytotherapy; Plant Preparations; Plant Preparations: therapeutic use; Plants; Skin Diseases; Skin Diseases: drug therapy; Time Factors; Traditional; Veterinary plants; Wound Healing; Wound Healing: drug effects; Wounds and Injuries; Wounds and Injuries: drug therapy

Foraging behavior of wood mice as related to presence and activity of genets - Díaz, M.; Torre, I.; Peris, A.; Tena, L. (JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY, 2005)
Predators influence the distribution of prey directly if predation reduces local population density, or indirectly if the presence of predators induces behavioral or physiological responses to predation risk. We analyzed whether the foraging behavior of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) was affected by the presence and activity of small-spotted genets (Genetta genetta) at ``risky{''} baiting stations monitored with automatic cameras. Sampling stations in 6 x 6 grids spaced at 250 m were arranged in 3 habitat types (shrubland, pine woodland, and holm oak woodland). Grids were sampled systematically by means of groups of 2-9 cameras monitoring sampling stations during a week. We obtained 377 independent contacts of wood mice and 35 independent contacts of at least 8 different genets. Patterns of habitat use by genets and wood mice were spatially discordant, because only 2 cameras detected both. Wood mice visited baits more often and during longer periods in groups of sampling stations where genets were not detected than in groups where genets were detected within the same week. Mean time spent foraging by genets negatively influenced both the number of foraging bouts per night and the mean duration of such bouts by mice using nearby baits. Finally, temporal patterns of activity of mice along the night were different depending on whether genets were foraging nearby. Temporal patterns of mice when and where genets were absent were positively correlated with patterns of genet activity, whereas mice patterns were negatively correlated with genet patterns when and where genets were present. Sampling dates, habitat types, and moonlight levels did not seem to have influenced these results. Wood mice showed spatial and temporal changes in foraging behavior in response to the presence of genets, and decisions about how often and how long to forage were affected by foraging activity of genets. Results obtained provided direct evidence of a foraging game of stealth and fear between mice and their predator that could help to explain mice distribution in Mediterranean postfire habitats.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA publisher: ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS
Keywords: Apodemus sylvaticus; foraging behavior; genetta genetta

Foraging behavior of wood mice as related to presence and activity of genets - Diaz, M; Torre, I; Peris, A; Tena, L (JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY, 2005)
Predators influence the distribution of prey directly if predation reduces local population density, or indirectly if the presence of predators induces behavioral or physiological responses to predation risk. We analyzed whether the foraging behavior of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) was affected by the presence and activity of small-spotted genets (Genetta genetta) at ``risky{''} baiting stations monitored with automatic cameras. Sampling stations in 6 x 6 grids spaced at 250 m were arranged in 3 habitat types (shrubland, pine woodland, and holm oak woodland). Grids were sampled systematically by means of groups of 2-9 cameras monitoring sampling stations during a week. We obtained 377 independent contacts of wood mice and 35 independent contacts of at least 8 different genets. Patterns of habitat use by genets and wood mice were spatially discordant, because only 2 cameras detected both. Wood mice visited baits more often and during longer periods in groups of sampling stations where genets were not detected than in groups where genets were detected within the same week. Mean time spent foraging by genets negatively influenced both the number of foraging bouts per night and the mean duration of such bouts by mice using nearby baits. Finally, temporal patterns of activity of mice along the night were different depending on whether genets were foraging nearby. Temporal patterns of mice when and where genets were absent were positively correlated with patterns of genet activity, whereas mice patterns were negatively correlated with genet patterns when and where genets were present. Sampling dates, habitat types, and moonlight levels did not seem to have influenced these results. Wood mice showed spatial and temporal changes in foraging behavior in response to the presence of genets, and decisions about how often and how long to forage were affected by foraging activity of genets. Results obtained provided direct evidence of a foraging game of stealth and fear between mice and their predator that could help to explain mice distribution in Mediterranean postfire habitats.
Keywords: Apodemus sylvaticus; foraging behavior; genetta genetta

Fragmentation of Suberin and Composition of Aliphatic Monomers Released by Methanolysis of Cork from Quercus suber L.,Analysed by GC-MS, SEC and MALDI-MS - Bento, M F; Pereira, H; Cunha, M Á; Moutinho, A M C; van den Berg, K J; Boon, J J; van den Brink, O; Heeren, R M A (Holzforschung, 2005)
Suberin from extractive-free cork from Quercus suber L. was depolymerised by methanolysis using different sodium methanolate (NaOMe) concentrations. 1% and 3% NaOMe completely removed suberin from cork (54%–56% of extractive-free cork), but for lower concentrations there was incomplete solubilisation; with 0.05% NaOMe, only approximately 80% of total suberin was removed. The monomeric composition of the extracts differed significantly: for the 0.05% NaOMe, only alkanoic acids and diacids were found; the yield of v-hydroxy acids increased with reactant concentration, as well as alkanols and ferulic acid. Results from light scattering, SEC and MALDI-MS showed that soluble oligomeric fragments containing suberinic acids were present in the methanolysis mixture. The molecular weight of these oligomeric fragments decreased with higher sodium methanolate concentrations.
Keywords: Cork; MALDI-MS; Methanolysis; Quercus suber L.; SEC; Suberin fragmentation

Fragmentation of Suberin and Composition of Aliphatic Monomers Released by Methanolysis of Cork from Quercus suber L.,Analysed by GC-MS, SEC and MALDI-MS - Bento, M. F.; Pereira, H.; Cunha, M. Á; Moutinho, A. M. C.; van den Berg, K. J.; Boon, J. J.; van den Brink, O.; Heeren, R. M. A. (Holzforschung, 2005)
Suberin from extractive-free cork from Quercus suber L. was depolymerised by methanolysis using different sodium methanolate (NaOMe) concentrations. 1% and 3% NaOMe completely removed suberin from cork (54%–56% of extractive-free cork), but for lower concentrations there was incomplete solubilisation; with 0.05% NaOMe, only approximately 80% of total suberin was removed. The monomeric composition of the extracts differed significantly: for the 0.05% NaOMe, only alkanoic acids and diacids were found; the yield of v-hydroxy acids increased with reactant concentration, as well as alkanols and ferulic acid. Results from light scattering, SEC and MALDI-MS showed that soluble oligomeric fragments containing suberinic acids were present in the methanolysis mixture. The molecular weight of these oligomeric fragments decreased with higher sodium methanolate concentrations.
Keywords: Cork; MALDI-MS; Methanolysis; Quercus suber L.; SEC; Suberin fragmentation

Genetic diversity of European populations of the oak fine-root pathogen Phytophthora quercina - Cooke, D E L; Jung, T; Williams, N a.; Schubert, R; Osswald, W; Duncan, J M (Forest Pathology, 2005)
The recently discovered oak-specific fine root plant pathogen Phytophthora quercina is a significant factor in the current phase of European oak decline but its origins and ecology are poorly understood. A genome-wide analysis of 260 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers was used to examine the genetic diversity of 72 isolates from five oak species at 28 sites in Germany (particularly Bavaria), Italy, France, Hungary and the UK. Within-site diversity was examined at 16 sites. The limited genetic diversity (within and between sites) and lack of genetic substructuring according to geographic origin or host species suggest the rapid spread of a relatively recently introduced species. Two subgroups were distinguished and these may reflect an initial introduction of isolates of two different genetic backgrounds. The relatively low genetic diversity is probably because of the predominantly inbreeding (homothallic) nature of P. quercina. However, evidence of limited intra-site diversity, temporal variation and the lack of clonality within the European population suggest that some diversity is being maintained by occasional outcrossing and turnover of a reservoir of long-lived soil-borne oospore (sexually derived) inoculum
Keywords: AFLP; decline; diversity; pathogen (voyant); Phytophthora

Genetic diversity of European populations of the oak fine-root pathogen Phytophthora quercina - Cooke, D. E. L.; Jung, T.; Williams, N. a; Schubert, R.; Osswald, W.; Duncan, J. M. (Forest Pathology, 2005)
The recently discovered oak-specific fine root plant pathogen Phytophthora quercina is a significant factor in the current phase of European oak decline but its origins and ecology are poorly understood. A genome-wide analysis of 260 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers was used to examine the genetic diversity of 72 isolates from five oak species at 28 sites in Germany (particularly Bavaria), Italy, France, Hungary and the UK. Within-site diversity was examined at 16 sites. The limited genetic diversity (within and between sites) and lack of genetic substructuring according to geographic origin or host species suggest the rapid spread of a relatively recently introduced species. Two subgroups were distinguished and these may reflect an initial introduction of isolates of two different genetic backgrounds. The relatively low genetic diversity is probably because of the predominantly inbreeding (homothallic) nature of P. quercina. However, evidence of limited intra-site diversity, temporal variation and the lack of clonality within the European population suggest that some diversity is being maintained by occasional outcrossing and turnover of a reservoir of long-lived soil-borne oospore (sexually derived) inoculum
Keywords: AFLP; decline; diversity; pathogen (voyant); Phytophthora

Herbivory in a Mediterranean forest: browsing impact and plant compensation - Focardi, Stefano; Tinelli, Aleandro (Acta Oecologica, 2005)
The compensatory response of plants to defoliation is likely to have important effects on plant–ungulate equilibria in forested ecosystems. We investigated the responses of six species of Mediterranean bushes to defoliation by wild ungulates, comparing an index of browsing impact with the productivity of plants in both open and exclusion plots. The data revealed a great diversity of plant responses to herbivory: Rubus ulmifolius was able to over-compensate and replace the lost tissues. Phillyrea latifolia exhibited a similar, albeit less evident, pattern, while Cistus salvifolius was severely damaged by browsing. Other species, such as Quercus ilex, Juncus acutus and Erica arborea, were not attacked to a large extent and suffered little or no harm. The results strongly suggest that Mediterranean ecosystems may tolerate large stocking rates of ungulates. However, the reduction of plant biomass due to browsing was very different in the six studied species, suggesting that when herbivory becomes severe the structure of the ecosystem will change with the more tolerant plants becoming more abundant. We can apply these results to improve management and conservation of relict coastal forests in the Mediterranean basin which are usually of small size and where decision-makers have to compromise between the conservation of plants and that of large mammals.
Keywords: Browsing; mediterranean environment; plant compensation; Relative growth rate; ungulates

Herbivory in a Mediterranean forest: browsing impact and plant compensation - Focardi, Stefano; Tinelli, Aleandro (Acta Oecologica, 2005)
The compensatory response of plants to defoliation is likely to have important effects on plant–ungulate equilibria in forested ecosystems. We investigated the responses of six species of Mediterranean bushes to defoliation by wild ungulates, comparing an index of browsing impact with the productivity of plants in both open and exclusion plots. The data revealed a great diversity of plant responses to herbivory: Rubus ulmifolius was able to over-compensate and replace the lost tissues. Phillyrea latifolia exhibited a similar, albeit less evident, pattern, while Cistus salvifolius was severely damaged by browsing. Other species, such as Quercus ilex, Juncus acutus and Erica arborea, were not attacked to a large extent and suffered little or no harm. The results strongly suggest that Mediterranean ecosystems may tolerate large stocking rates of ungulates. However, the reduction of plant biomass due to browsing was very different in the six studied species, suggesting that when herbivory becomes severe the structure of the ecosystem will change with the more tolerant plants becoming more abundant. We can apply these results to improve management and conservation of relict coastal forests in the Mediterranean basin which are usually of small size and where decision-makers have to compromise between the conservation of plants and that of large mammals.
Keywords: Browsing; mediterranean environment; plant compensation; Relative growth rate; ungulates

Higher plants as bioindicators of sulphur dioxide emissions in urban environments. - Hijano, Concepción Fidalgo; Domínguez, Maria Dolores Petit; Gimínez, Rosario García; Sínchez, Pilar Hungría; García, Inís Sancho (Environmental monitoring and assessment, 2005)
The evaluation of certain vascular plants that grow in the city of Madrid as biomonitors of SO(2) air pollution in urban environments has been carried out. Total concentration of sulphur in leaves of the chosen higher plants as well as other parameters in close relation to this contaminant (visible injury symptoms, chlorophyll a- and b-content and peroxidase activity) have been determined in order to study the spatial distribution and temporal changes in SO(2) deposition. Results obtained show that coniferous species such as Pinus pinea, were more sensitive to SO(2) atmospheric concentration than leafy species as Quercux ilex subspecies ballota and, in the same way, bush species, such as Pyracantha coccinea and Nerium oleander, were more sensitive than wooded species, such as Cedrus deodara and Pinus pinea, respectively. There is a higher accumulation of sulphur in vegetable species located near highways and dense traffic incidence roads and near areas with high density of population. The minimum values for accumulation of SO(2) were registered in winter and spring seasons (from January to April) due to the vegetative stop; while maximum values are obtained during the summer season (from June to September), due to the stoma opening. The highest increments in sulphur concentration, calculated as the difference between two consecutive months, are obtained in May and June for all considered species except for Cedrus deodara and Pyracantha coccinea, both species have few seasonal changes during the whole year. Some species are more sensitive to natural washing than others, showing a decrease in sulphur concentration after rainfall periods.
Keywords: atmospheric pollution; Bioindicators; Cedrus deodara; higher plants; Nerium oleander; Pinus pinea; Pyracantha coccinea; Quercus ilex; Sulphur dioxide

Histological modifications on Quercus suber twigs (Fagaceae) caused by the gallwasp Plagiotrochus suberi (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). - Garbin, L.; Durfort, M.; Diaz, N. B.; Pujade-Villar, J. (Entomologia generalis., 2005)
Intact healthy twigs of Quercus suber were compared anatomically with twigs containing larval chambers of the gall wasp species Plagiotrochus suberi Weld 1926 using different staining techniques. A reorganisation of the tissues close to the larval chamber was found.The most important histological modifications in this zone are the presence of abnormal vessels, a higher frequency of tannin cell bundles, a higher number of cells with lipid inclusions,a highly disorganized cellular structure of the epidermis and subepidermal cortical tissues and the presence of pluriestratified epidermal invaginations. All these peculiarities are commented,compared and discussed
Keywords: gall wasp; histological modification; larval chamber; phytopathology; Plagotrochus suberi Weld 1926; plant anatomy

Histological modifications on Quercus suber twigs (Fagaceae) caused by the gallwasp Plagiotrochus suberi (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). - Garbin, L; Durfort, M; Diaz, N B; Pujade-Villar, J (Entomologia generalis., 2005)
Intact healthy twigs of Quercus suber were compared anatomically with twigs containing larval chambers of the gall wasp species Plagiotrochus suberi Weld 1926 using different staining techniques. A reorganisation of the tissues close to the larval chamber was found.The most important histological modifications in this zone are the presence of abnormal vessels, a higher frequency of tannin cell bundles, a higher number of cells with lipid inclusions,a highly disorganized cellular structure of the epidermis and subepidermal cortical tissues and the presence of pluriestratified epidermal invaginations. All these peculiarities are commented,compared and discussed
Keywords: gall wasp; histological modification; larval chamber; phytopathology; Plagotrochus suberi Weld 1926; plant anatomy

The Holm Oak leaf proteome: Analytical and biological variability in the protein expression level assessed by 2-DE and protein identification tandem mass spectrometry de novo sequencing and sequence similarity searching - Jorge, Inmaculada; Navarro, Rafael M; Lenz, Christof; Ariza, David; Porras, Carlos; Jorrín, Jesús (PROTEOMICS, 2005)
As a first approach in establishing the holm oak leaf proteome, we have optimised a protocol for this plant and tissue which includes the following steps: trichloroacetic acid-acetone extraction, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) on pH 5 to 8 linear gradient immobilised pH gradient strips as the first dimension, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on 13% polyacrylamide gels as the second one. Proteins were detected by Coomassie staining. Gel images were recorded and digitalized, and the protein spots quantified by using a linear regression equation of protein quantity on spot volume obtained against standard proteins. Analytical variance was calculated for one-hundred protein spots from three replicate 2-DE gels of the same protein extract. Biological variance was determined for the same protein spots from independent tissue extracts corresponding to leaves from different trees, or the same tree at different orientations or sampling times during a day. Values of 26% for the analytical variance and 58.6% for the biological variance among independent trees were obtained. These values provide a quantified and statistical basis for the evaluation of protein expression changes in comparative proteomic investigations with this species. A representative set of the major proteins, covering the isoelectric point range of 5 to 8 and the relative molecular massr range of 14 to 78 kDa, were subjected to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Due to the absence of Quercus DNA or protein sequence databases, a method based on the procedure reported by Liska and Shevchenko [1] including de novo sequencing and BLAST similarity searching against other plant species databases was used for protein identification. Out of 43 analysed spots, 35 were positively identified. The identified proteins mainly corresponded to enzymes involved in photosynthesis and energetic metabolism, with a significant number corresponding to RubisCO.
Keywords: De novo sequencing; Holm oak; Leaf proteome; Tandem mass spectrometry; Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis

Holm-oak (Quercus ilex subsp. Ballota) acorns infestation by insects in Mediterranean dehesas and shrublands - Leiva, María José; Fernández-Alés, Rocío (Forest Ecology and Management, 2005)
The aim of this study is to know if acorn predation by insects is limiting the sexual regeneration of holm-oak in Mediterranean dehesas and if this process plays the same or a different role in these human-managed ecosystems and in adjacent Mediterranean shrublands which are much less intensively transformed and exploited by man than Mediterranean dehesas. We conducted the study in Southern Spain, in three sites containing dehesas and in three sites containing Mediterranean shrublands and included a total of 90 holm-oak trees (15 holm-oak trees per site) and 4500 acorns (50 acorns per tree). The weevil Curculio elephas and the moth Cydia fagiglandana were the insect species that predated the acorns collected from our sites. The per-tree mean percentage of insect-infested acorns was 16.6% for the whole set of trees included in the study. However, at any given site, variability in the infestation rate among individual trees was very high (i.e., 2–72% and 0–32% infested acorns per tree in the most and less variable sites, respectively). There were signiﬁcant differences in the infestation rate among the studied sites. However, these differences were not related to the ecosystem type as the group of sites that experienced the lowest signiﬁcant infestation rate (10–16% infested acorns per tree in average) were occupied either by dehesas or by shrublands and the same was true for the group of sites that experienced the highest signiﬁcant infestation rate (16–30% infested acorns per tree in average). Infested acorns experienced a 15% decreased in viability (i.e., acorn germination and seedling emergence) comparative to sound acorns. Combining this rate and the mean per-tree average rate of acorn infestation resulted in a 2.5% failures in seedling recruitment due to insect infestation for the whole studied area. We conclude that the effect of pre-dispersive seed predation on seedling recruitment is very low in average, although it likely varies moderately (i.e., from 1.5% to 4.5%) among sites. Current management in dehesas i.e., regular pruning of holm-oak trees and high consumption of the acorn crop by livestock from year to year, does not control pre-dispersive acorn predation by weevils and moths and thus, it does not contribute to explain the poor self-regeneration of the holm-oak trees in these ecosystems comparative to adjacent Mediterranean shrublands.
Keywords: holm-oak self-regeneration; moths; pre-dispersive acorn predation; tree-to-tree variability in acorndry weight and in; weevils

Holm-oak (Quercus ilex subsp. Ballota) acorns infestation by insects in Mediterranean dehesas and shrublands - Leiva, María José; Fernández-Alés, Rocío (Forest Ecology and Management, 2005)
The aim of this study is to know if acorn predation by insects is limiting the sexual regeneration of holm-oak in Mediterranean dehesas and if this process plays the same or a different role in these human-managed ecosystems and in adjacent Mediterranean shrublands which are much less intensively transformed and exploited by man than Mediterranean dehesas. We conducted the study in Southern Spain, in three sites containing dehesas and in three sites containing Mediterranean shrublands and included a total of 90 holm-oak trees (15 holm-oak trees per site) and 4500 acorns (50 acorns per tree). The weevil Curculio elephas and the moth Cydia fagiglandana were the insect species that predated the acorns collected from our sites. The per-tree mean percentage of insect-infested acorns was 16.6% for the whole set of trees included in the study. However, at any given site, variability in the infestation rate among individual trees was very high (i.e., 2–72% and 0–32% infested acorns per tree in the most and less variable sites, respectively). There were signiﬁcant differences in the infestation rate among the studied sites. However, these differences were not related to the ecosystem type as the group of sites that experienced the lowest signiﬁcant infestation rate (10–16% infested acorns per tree in average) were occupied either by dehesas or by shrublands and the same was true for the group of sites that experienced the highest signiﬁcant infestation rate (16–30% infested acorns per tree in average). Infested acorns experienced a 15% decreased in viability (i.e., acorn germination and seedling emergence) comparative to sound acorns. Combining this rate and the mean per-tree average rate of acorn infestation resulted in a 2.5% failures in seedling recruitment due to insect infestation for the whole studied area. We conclude that the effect of pre-dispersive seed predation on seedling recruitment is very low in average, although it likely varies moderately (i.e., from 1.5% to 4.5%) among sites. Current management in dehesas i.e., regular pruning of holm-oak trees and high consumption of the acorn crop by livestock from year to year, does not control pre-dispersive acorn predation by weevils and moths and thus, it does not contribute to explain the poor self-regeneration of the holm-oak trees in these ecosystems comparative to adjacent Mediterranean shrublands.
Keywords: holm-oak self-regeneration; moths; pre-dispersive acorn predation; tree-to-tree variability in acorndry weight and in; weevils

The impact of soil water repellency on soil hydrological and erosional processes under Eucalyptus and evergreen Quercus forests in the Western Mediterranean - Coelho, C O A; Laouina, A; Regaya, K; Ferreira, A J D; Carvalho, T M M; Chaker, M; Naafa, R; Naciri, R; Boulet, A K; Keizer, J J (AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL RESEARCH, 2005)
Forest areas of the Mediterranean regions of Portugal, Morocco, and Tunisia are suffering major land use changes, with the replacement of traditional evergreen Quercus species (i. e. Quercus suber and Quercus ilex) by fast-growing Eucalyptus species. Since Eucalyptus species are amongst those with a higher impact on soil water repellency, this study examined the effect of the replacement on soil properties, water repellency, and on soil hydrological processes and erosion rates. Measurements were performed in areas that correspond to the climatic distribution of evergreen Quercus suber: at Macao and Portel in Portugal; Ben Slimane in Morocco; and Cap Bon, Sousse, and Ain Snoussi in Tunisia. Soil superficial characteristics, including vegetation and litter cover, organic matter content, soil compaction and shear strength, and water repellency were measured for evergreen oak and Eucalyptus stands and related to soil erosion rates and soil hydrological processes. The data are based on the spatial distribution of properties assessed through the use of intensive spatial sampling and on rainfall simulations to address soil hydrological and erosional processes. The results show very different wetting patterns for some of the Eucalyptus stands during dry and moist periods, as a result of strong hydrophobic characteristics following dry spells. Nevertheless, the Eucalyptus stands in semi-arid climate show no sign of water repellency, which contradicts the theory that water repellency is purely a result of dry conditions. The experiments show no significant increases on overland flow amounts and erosion rates as direct result of soil water repellence (hydrophobicity) characteristics.
Keywords: Eucalyptus spp.; Quercus suber; water repellency

The impact of soil water repellency on soil hydrological and erosional processes under Eucalyptus and evergreen Quercus forests in the Western Mediterranean - Coelho, C. O. A.; Laouina, A.; Regaya, K.; Ferreira, A. J. D.; Carvalho, T. M. M.; Chaker, M.; Naafa, R.; Naciri, R.; Boulet, A. K.; Keizer, J. J. (AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL RESEARCH, 2005)
Forest areas of the Mediterranean regions of Portugal, Morocco, and Tunisia are suffering major land use changes, with the replacement of traditional evergreen Quercus species (i. e. Quercus suber and Quercus ilex) by fast-growing Eucalyptus species. Since Eucalyptus species are amongst those with a higher impact on soil water repellency, this study examined the effect of the replacement on soil properties, water repellency, and on soil hydrological processes and erosion rates. Measurements were performed in areas that correspond to the climatic distribution of evergreen Quercus suber: at Macao and Portel in Portugal; Ben Slimane in Morocco; and Cap Bon, Sousse, and Ain Snoussi in Tunisia. Soil superficial characteristics, including vegetation and litter cover, organic matter content, soil compaction and shear strength, and water repellency were measured for evergreen oak and Eucalyptus stands and related to soil erosion rates and soil hydrological processes. The data are based on the spatial distribution of properties assessed through the use of intensive spatial sampling and on rainfall simulations to address soil hydrological and erosional processes. The results show very different wetting patterns for some of the Eucalyptus stands during dry and moist periods, as a result of strong hydrophobic characteristics following dry spells. Nevertheless, the Eucalyptus stands in semi-arid climate show no sign of water repellency, which contradicts the theory that water repellency is purely a result of dry conditions. The experiments show no significant increases on overland flow amounts and erosion rates as direct result of soil water repellence (hydrophobicity) characteristics.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA publisher: C S I R O PUBLISHING
Keywords: Eucalyptus spp.; Quercus suber; water repellency

Implications of opposite phyllotaxis for light interception efficiency of Mediterranean woody plants - Brites, Daniela; Valladares, Fernando (Trees, 2005)
Opposite leaves lead to a greater leaf overlapping than leaves spirally arranged along a shoot, decreasing light interception efﬁciency (Ea, fraction of the light reaching the plant actually intercepted by the leaves) of the crown. However, Ea results from a whole suite of morphological traits. The interplay between phyllotaxis, crown architecture, leaf morphology and Ea was explored in 12 woody species from Mediterranean-type ecosystems, where the abundance of woody species with opposite phyllotaxis is unusually high. The three-dimensional model Y-plant was used to estimate Ea in unbranched, vertical shoots of each species encompassing the natural morphological variation found from moderate shade to open light environments. Ea exhibited signiﬁcant interspeciﬁc differences, ranging from 0.25 in Daphne gnidium to 0.75 in Cistus ladanifer, Olea europaea and Salvia ofﬁcinalis, decreasing with leaf inclination angle and leaf area ratio (LAR), and increasing with internode-to-leaf-length ratio and supporting biomass. Species with spiral vs. opposite phyllotaxis did not differ in their mean Ea. However, the former had higher Ea than the latter at short internode lengths. The natural range of variation in internode length had a larger effect on Ea than the natural range of leaf elevation angle. Principal component analysis segregated species with opposite phyllotaxis from those with spiral leaves because of their greater self-shading for high sun elevation angles (>45 ◦ ); they were in turn distributed in two groups, one with high Ea, large investment in supporting biomass and long internodes, and another with low Ea and large LAR. Species with spiral phyllotaxis all had intermediate or low Ea and steep leaf elevation angles. Species with opposite phyllotaxis can compensate their less efﬁcient leaf arrangement by decreasing leaf elevation angle and increasing internode length, but they may experience a real phylogenetic constraint for light interception when biomass allocation to supporting tissues (internodes and petioles) becomes very costly. This constraint could be involved in the shade intolerance of woody Mediterranean species exhibiting opposite phyllotaxis.
Keywords: 3-D model; Crown architecture; Light interception efficiency; Mediterranean woody plants; Phyllotactic patterns

Implications of opposite phyllotaxis for light interception efficiency of Mediterranean woody plants - Brites, Daniela; Valladares, Fernando (Trees, 2005)
Opposite leaves lead to a greater leaf overlapping than leaves spirally arranged along a shoot, decreasing light interception efﬁciency (Ea, fraction of the light reaching the plant actually intercepted by the leaves) of the crown. However, Ea results from a whole suite of morphological traits. The interplay between phyllotaxis, crown architecture, leaf morphology and Ea was explored in 12 woody species from Mediterranean-type ecosystems, where the abundance of woody species with opposite phyllotaxis is unusually high. The three-dimensional model Y-plant was used to estimate Ea in unbranched, vertical shoots of each species encompassing the natural morphological variation found from moderate shade to open light environments. Ea exhibited signiﬁcant interspeciﬁc differences, ranging from 0.25 in Daphne gnidium to 0.75 in Cistus ladanifer, Olea europaea and Salvia ofﬁcinalis, decreasing with leaf inclination angle and leaf area ratio (LAR), and increasing with internode-to-leaf-length ratio and supporting biomass. Species with spiral vs. opposite phyllotaxis did not differ in their mean Ea. However, the former had higher Ea than the latter at short internode lengths. The natural range of variation in internode length had a larger effect on Ea than the natural range of leaf elevation angle. Principal component analysis segregated species with opposite phyllotaxis from those with spiral leaves because of their greater self-shading for high sun elevation angles (>45 ◦ ); they were in turn distributed in two groups, one with high Ea, large investment in supporting biomass and long internodes, and another with low Ea and large LAR. Species with spiral phyllotaxis all had intermediate or low Ea and steep leaf elevation angles. Species with opposite phyllotaxis can compensate their less efﬁcient leaf arrangement by decreasing leaf elevation angle and increasing internode length, but they may experience a real phylogenetic constraint for light interception when biomass allocation to supporting tissues (internodes and petioles) becomes very costly. This constraint could be involved in the shade intolerance of woody Mediterranean species exhibiting opposite phyllotaxis.
Keywords: 3-D model; Crown architecture; Light interception efficiency; Mediterranean woody plants; Phyllotactic patterns

In vitro gas production and its relationship to in situ disappearance and chemical composition of some Mediterranean browse species - Gasmi-Boubaker, Aziza; Kayouli, C.; Buldgen, A. (Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2005)
In vitro gas production of seven species (i.e., Arbutus unedo, Calycotum villosa, Erica arborea, Phillyrea angustifolia, Pistacia lentiscus, Myrtus communis, Quercus suber) that are widely browsed by goats were measured through 120 h and related to in situ dry matter disappearance (DMD) and chemical composition. Three goats fitted with ruminal cannulae were used for the in vitro and in situ studies. Browses varied in their crude protein (CP: 55–221 g/kg DM) and neutral detergent fibre (360–551 g/kg DM) contents. High levels of total condensed tannins (TCT) were observed in Pistacia lentiscus, and the lowest levels were in Calycotum villosa and Phillyrea angustifolia. The browses varied widely in potential (145.7–224.0 ml/g DM) and fractional rates (0.038–0.075/h) of gas production, and there were differences among species in DMD (P < 0.05). Gas production at 24 h was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with in situ DM disappearance and CP content, but negatively correlated (P < 0.05) to acid detergent lignin (ADL), free condensed tannins (FCT) and TCT contents. The fractional rate of fermentation (μ) was negatively related (P < 0.05) to FCT (r = −0.81) and TCT (r = −0.83), whereas DMD was only related to acid detergent fibre and ADL content. Results support combined use of gas production and in situ techniques to determine the nutritive value of feeds containing phenolic compounds.
Keywords: Gas production; In situ disappearance; Shrubs; Tannins

In vitro gas production and its relationship to in situ disappearance and chemical composition of some Mediterranean browse species - Gasmi-Boubaker, Aziza; Kayouli, C; Buldgen, A (Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2005)
In vitro gas production of seven species (i.e., Arbutus unedo, Calycotum villosa, Erica arborea, Phillyrea angustifolia, Pistacia lentiscus, Myrtus communis, Quercus suber) that are widely browsed by goats were measured through 120 h and related to in situ dry matter disappearance (DMD) and chemical composition. Three goats fitted with ruminal cannulae were used for the in vitro and in situ studies. Browses varied in their crude protein (CP: 55–221 g/kg DM) and neutral detergent fibre (360–551 g/kg DM) contents. High levels of total condensed tannins (TCT) were observed in Pistacia lentiscus, and the lowest levels were in Calycotum villosa and Phillyrea angustifolia. The browses varied widely in potential (145.7–224.0 ml/g DM) and fractional rates (0.038–0.075/h) of gas production, and there were differences among species in DMD (P < 0.05). Gas production at 24 h was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with in situ DM disappearance and CP content, but negatively correlated (P < 0.05) to acid detergent lignin (ADL), free condensed tannins (FCT) and TCT contents. The fractional rate of fermentation (μ) was negatively related (P < 0.05) to FCT (r = −0.81) and TCT (r = −0.83), whereas DMD was only related to acid detergent fibre and ADL content. Results support combined use of gas production and in situ techniques to determine the nutritive value of feeds containing phenolic compounds.
Keywords: Gas production; In situ disappearance; Shrubs; Tannins

In vitro leaf inoculation studies as an indication of tree foliage susceptibility to Phytophthora ramorum in the UK - Denman, S.; Kirk, S. A.; Brasier, C. M.; Webber, J. F. (PLANT PATHOLOGY, 2005)
Leaves of 11 coniferous and 23 broad-leaved tree species important to UK forestry were tested for their susceptibility to the quarantine pathogen Phytophthora ramorum using a detached leaf assay. Two European and two USA isolates were used. Wounded and unwounded leaves were dipped in zoospore suspensions during summer; conifers were also tested in winter. Successful infection of tissue and amount of necrosis were assessed. Highly susceptible broad-leaved hosts included Aesculus hippocastanum, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus ilex, Ulmus procera and, to a lesser extent, Castanea sativa, Q. cerris and Q. petraea, together with Umbellularia californica and rhododendrons. Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Carpinus betulus, Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, Prunus avium, Q. robur, Q. rubra and Q. suber showed consistently low susceptibility. Conifer species including Abies procera, Picea abies, P. sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Sequoia sempervirens and Tsuga heterophylla were also susceptible. Pseudotsuga menziesii and A. procera were severely affected. Pinus contorta, P. nigra var. maritima and P. sylvestris were virtually resistant, while Taxus baccata was only slightly affected. Increased necrosis was apparent on leaves that were wounded prior to inoculation. These results extend the known range of trees that P. ramorum is able to attack and confirm its relative host-nonspecificity.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA publisher: WILEY-BLACKWELL
Keywords: broad-leaved species; conifers; detached leaf dip assay; foliage; forest species; sudden oak death

In vitro leaf inoculation studies as an indication of tree foliage susceptibility to Phytophthora ramorum in the UK - Denman, S; Kirk, S A; Brasier, C M; Webber, J F (PLANT PATHOLOGY, 2005)
Leaves of 11 coniferous and 23 broad-leaved tree species important to UK forestry were tested for their susceptibility to the quarantine pathogen Phytophthora ramorum using a detached leaf assay. Two European and two USA isolates were used. Wounded and unwounded leaves were dipped in zoospore suspensions during summer; conifers were also tested in winter. Successful infection of tissue and amount of necrosis were assessed. Highly susceptible broad-leaved hosts included Aesculus hippocastanum, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus ilex, Ulmus procera and, to a lesser extent, Castanea sativa, Q. cerris and Q. petraea, together with Umbellularia californica and rhododendrons. Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Carpinus betulus, Corylus avellana, Fagus sylvatica, Prunus avium, Q. robur, Q. rubra and Q. suber showed consistently low susceptibility. Conifer species including Abies procera, Picea abies, P. sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Sequoia sempervirens and Tsuga heterophylla were also susceptible. Pseudotsuga menziesii and A. procera were severely affected. Pinus contorta, P. nigra var. maritima and P. sylvestris were virtually resistant, while Taxus baccata was only slightly affected. Increased necrosis was apparent on leaves that were wounded prior to inoculation. These results extend the known range of trees that P. ramorum is able to attack and confirm its relative host-nonspecificity.
Keywords: broad-leaved species; conifers; detached leaf dip assay; foliage; forest species; sudden oak death

INFLUENCIA DE DISTINTOS TRATAMIENTOS CULTURALES EN UNA FORESTACIÓN CON ENCINAS EN AMBIENTE SEMIÁRIDO - Jiménez, M N; Ripoll, M A; Navarro, F B; Gallego, E; De Simón, E (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
En este trabajo se analizó el efecto que produjeron distintos tratamientos culturales (binas, aplicación de mulches y riegos en distintas épocas del verano) en una forestación con encinas en un terreno agrícola abandonado, situado en el Altiplano del Conejo (Guadix, SE España), localidad donde la encina tiene un límite de distribución natural por excesiva xericidad. Tras cuatro años de seguimiento (2001-2004), todos los tratamientos excepto el aporte de residuos sólidos urbanos presentaron mayor supervivencia y superficie foliar respecto a la parcela testigo. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en la parcela que recibió riego estival continuo. Sin embargo, altura y diámetro no mejoraron significativamente con los tratamientos, tan sólo en el caso de riegos continuados. Palabras
Keywords: binas; mulches; quercus ilex subsp. ballota; Riegos; terreno abandonado

INFLUENCIA DE LA ENCINA SOBRE LA PRODUCCIÓN Y LA COMPOSICIÓN DEL PASTO: CONSECUENCIAS SOBRE EL MANEJO SILVOPASTORAL - Gea Izquierdo, Guillermo; Cañellas, Isabel; Calama, Rafael; Sánchez Martín, Manuel Mario; Montero, Gregorio (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
El ecosistema de dehesa se extiende por más de 3x106 ha del O y SO peninsulares. Pese a su gran importancia económica y ecológica, su persistencia a corto plazo se encuentra amenazada, fundamentalmente por la falta de regeneración del arbolado y los cambios socioeconómicos. Por ello, resulta urgente desarrollar modelos de selvicultura que aseguren un desarrollo sostenible. El árbol es la base del sistema, influyendo, entre otros, sobre la producción animal, el suelo y la biodiversidad. Cualquier modelo selvícola a desarrollar deberá incluir los diversos factores del sistema, los cuales resultan diferentes a los de los ecosistemas forestales clásicos fundamentados en la producción de madera. En este estudio se realiza una aproximación a la influencia del arbolado adulto aislado sobre una comunidad herbácea de especies anuales. Para ello se ha estudiado en un año lluvioso la producción y composición del pasto en ocho distancias proporcionales al radio de copa según orientaciones NE y SO. La influencia del arbolado se deja sentir hasta el doble del radio de copa y de un modo diferencial según orientaciones, siendo más productivo el pasto situado al SO. La producción se incrementa significativamente bajo la copa en ambas orientaciones, aumentándose la proporción de gramíneas respecto del exterior
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: IV Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Zaragoza
Keywords: comunidad de anuales; Dehesa; modelos selvicultura; Quercus ilex

INFLUENCIA DE LA ENCINA SOBRE LA PRODUCCIÓN Y LA COMPOSICIÓN DEL PASTO: CONSECUENCIAS SOBRE EL MANEJO SILVOPASTORAL - Gea Izquierdo, Guillermo; Cañellas, Isabel; Calama, Rafael; Sánchez Martín, Manuel Mario; Montero, Gregorio (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
El ecosistema de dehesa se extiende por más de 3x106 ha del O y SO peninsulares. Pese a su gran importancia económica y ecológica, su persistencia a corto plazo se encuentra amenazada, fundamentalmente por la falta de regeneración del arbolado y los cambios socioeconómicos. Por ello, resulta urgente desarrollar modelos de selvicultura que aseguren un desarrollo sostenible. El árbol es la base del sistema, influyendo, entre otros, sobre la producción animal, el suelo y la biodiversidad. Cualquier modelo selvícola a desarrollar deberá incluir los diversos factores del sistema, los cuales resultan diferentes a los de los ecosistemas forestales clásicos fundamentados en la producción de madera. En este estudio se realiza una aproximación a la influencia del arbolado adulto aislado sobre una comunidad herbácea de especies anuales. Para ello se ha estudiado en un año lluvioso la producción y composición del pasto en ocho distancias proporcionales al radio de copa según orientaciones NE y SO. La influencia del arbolado se deja sentir hasta el doble del radio de copa y de un modo diferencial según orientaciones, siendo más productivo el pasto situado al SO. La producción se incrementa significativamente bajo la copa en ambas orientaciones, aumentándose la proporción de gramíneas respecto del exterior
Keywords: comunidad de anuales; Dehesa; modelos selvicultura; Quercus ilex

La Dehesa y la sostenibilidad de un ecosistema frágil - Muñoz-Igualada, J; Guil, F (Gestion ambiental y económica del ecosistema dehesa en la Península Ibérica, 2005)
En territorios con larga historia de presencia humana, caso de la Península ibérica, no se puede comprender el funcionamiento del medio natural sin tener en cuenta la acción del hombre. Entre los múltiples ejemplos, la dehesa mediterránea representa el sistema agroforestal más representativo y emblemático. Nuestros antepasados, utilizando y gestionando sus múltiples recursos (pastos, ganado, leñas etc,), fueron modelando generación tras generación, este eco sistema que hoy en día estimamos tan valioso. Por lo tanto, si queremos conservar la dehesa debemos mantener los procesos de influencia antrópica que la originaron y mantuvieron en una especie de coevolución milenaria con la selección natural. Protegida explícitamente con rango de dos dígitos por la Directiva Hábitats, corresponde a las administraciones públicas competentes establecer, a la luz de la investigación científica y de la experiencia racional acumulada, las necesarias nonnas legales y herramientas financieras que garanticen su aprovechamiento por parte del hombre a la vez que los procesos que la originaron y que son necesarios para la conservación de su riqueza biológica y cultural.
Keywords: conservación; producción de calidad; red natura 2000

La Dehesa y la sostenibilidad de un ecosistema frágil - Muñoz-Igualada, J.; Guil, F. (Gestion ambiental y económica del ecosistema dehesa en la Península Ibérica, 2005)
En territorios con larga historia de presencia humana, caso de la Península ibérica, no se puede comprender el funcionamiento del medio natural sin tener en cuenta la acción del hombre. Entre los múltiples ejemplos, la dehesa mediterránea representa el sistema agroforestal más representativo y emblemático. Nuestros antepasados, utilizando y gestionando sus múltiples recursos (pastos, ganado, leñas etc,), fueron modelando generación tras generación, este eco sistema que hoy en día estimamos tan valioso. Por lo tanto, si queremos conservar la dehesa debemos mantener los procesos de influencia antrópica que la originaron y mantuvieron en una especie de coevolución milenaria con la selección natural. Protegida explícitamente con rango de dos dígitos por la Directiva Hábitats, corresponde a las administraciones públicas competentes establecer, a la luz de la investigación científica y de la experiencia racional acumulada, las necesarias nonnas legales y herramientas financieras que garanticen su aprovechamiento por parte del hombre a la vez que los procesos que la originaron y que son necesarios para la conservación de su riqueza biológica y cultural.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Gestion ambiental y económica del ecosistema dehesa en la Península Ibérica
Keywords: conservación; producción de calidad; red natura 2000

Large daily variation in 13C-enrichment of leaf-respired CO2 in two Quercus forest canopies - Hymus, Graham J; MASEYK, KADMIEL; Valentini, Riccardo; Yakir, Dan (New Phytologist, 2005)
* • The use of the 13C : 12C isotopic ratio (δ13C) of leaf-respired CO2 to trace carbon fluxes in plants and ecosystems is limited by little information on temporal variations in δ13C of leaf dark-respired CO2 (δ13Cr) under field conditions. * • Here, we explored variability in δ13Cr and its relationship to key respiratory substrates from collections of leaf dark-respired CO2, carbohydrate extractions and gas exchange measurements over 24-h periods in two Quercus canopies. * • Throughout both canopies, δ13Cr became progressively 13C-enriched during the photoperiod, by up to 7, then 13C-depleted at night relative to the photoperiod. This cycle could not be reconciled with δ13C of soluble sugars (δ13Css), starch (δ13Cst), lipids (δ13Cl), cellulose (δ13Cc) or with calculated photosynthetic discrimination (Δ). However, photoperiod progressive enrichment in δ13Cr was correlated with cumulative carbon assimilation (r2 = 0.91). * • We concluded that there is considerable short-term variation in δ13Cr in forest canopies, that it is consistent with current hypotheses for 13C fractionation during leaf respiration, that leaf carbohydrates cannot be used as surrogates for δ13Cr, and that diel changes in leaf carbohydrate status could be used to predict changes in δ13Cr empirically.
Keywords: carbon isotope ratio; dark respiration; forest canopies; fractionation; Quercus spp

Large-Scale Post-Glacial Distribution of Vegetation Structures in the Mediterranean Region - Quézel, Pierre (Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape, 2005)
This chapter contains sections titled: * Introduction * The Large-Scale Vegetation Structures * Conclusions * Acknowledgements
Keywords: annual grasslands; broadleaved forests; circum-Mediterranean; Holocene; matorrals and steppes; Mediterranean flora; mediterranean grasslands; Mediterranean vegetation; post-glacial distribution; pre-steppe-forests (citation)

Large-Scale Post-Glacial Distribution of Vegetation Structures in the Mediterranean Region - Quézel, Pierre (Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape, 2005)
This chapter contains sections titled: * Introduction * The Large-Scale Vegetation Structures * Conclusions * Acknowledgements
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape electronic-resource-num: 10.1002/0470093714.ch1
Keywords: annual grasslands; broadleaved forests; circum-Mediterranean; Holocene; matorrals and steppes; Mediterranean flora; mediterranean grasslands; Mediterranean vegetation; post-glacial distribution; pre-steppe-forests (citation)

Lignin and cellulose degradation and nitrogen dynamics during decomposition of three leaf litter species in a Mediterranean ecosystem - Fioretto, Antonietta; Di Nardo, Carmelina; Papa, Stefania; Fuggi, Amodio (Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2005)
Cellulose and lignin degradation dynamics was monitored during the leaf litter decomposition of three typical species of the Mediterranean area, Cistus incanus L., Myrtus communis L. and Quercus ilex L., using the litter bag method. Total N and its distribution among lignin, cellulose and acid–detergent–soluble fractions were measured and related to the overall decay process. The litter organic substance of Cistus and Myrtus decomposed more rapidly than that of Quercus. The decay constants were 0.47 yearK1 , 0.75 yearK1 and 0.30 yearK1 for Cistus, Myrtus and Quercus, respectively. Lignin and cellulose contents were different as were their relative amounts (34 and 18%, 15 and 37%, 37 and 39% of the overall litter organic matter before exposure, for Cistus, Myrtus and Quercus, respectively). Lignin began to decrease after 6 and 8 months of exposure in Cistus and Myrtus, respectively, while it did not change signiﬁcantly during the entire study period in Quercus. The holocellulose, in contrast, began to decompose in Cistus after 1 year, while in Quercus and Myrtus immediately. Nitrogen was strongly immobilized in all the litters in the early period of decay. Its release began after the ﬁrst year in Cistus and Myrtus and after 2 years of decomposition in Quercus. These litters still contained about 60, 20 and 90% of the initial nitrogen at the end of the experiment (3 years). Prior to litter exposure nitrogen associated with the lignin fraction was 65, 54 and 37% in Cistus, Myrtus and Quercus, while that associated with the cellulose fraction was 30, 24 and 28%. Although most of the nitrogen was not lost from litters, its distribution among the litter components changed signiﬁcantly during decomposition. In Cistus and Myrtus the nitrogen associated with lignin began to decrease just 4 months after exposure. In Quercus this process was slowed and after 3 years of decomposition 8% of the nitrogen remained associated with lignin or lignin-like substances. The nitrogen associated with cellulose or cellulose-like substances, in contrast, began to decrease from the beginning of cellulose decomposition in all three species. At the end of the study period most of the nitrogen was not associated to the lignocellulose fraction but to the acid–detergent–soluble substance (87, 88 and 84% of the remaining litter nitrogen).
Keywords: Cellulose; cistus incanus; decomposition dynamics; Lignin; myrtus communis; nitrogen; Quercus ilex

Lignin and cellulose degradation and nitrogen dynamics during decomposition of three leaf litter species in a Mediterranean ecosystem - Fioretto, Antonietta; Di Nardo, Carmelina; Papa, Stefania; Fuggi, Amodio (Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2005)
Cellulose and lignin degradation dynamics was monitored during the leaf litter decomposition of three typical species of the Mediterranean area, Cistus incanus L., Myrtus communis L. and Quercus ilex L., using the litter bag method. Total N and its distribution among lignin, cellulose and acid–detergent–soluble fractions were measured and related to the overall decay process. The litter organic substance of Cistus and Myrtus decomposed more rapidly than that of Quercus. The decay constants were 0.47 yearK1 , 0.75 yearK1 and 0.30 yearK1 for Cistus, Myrtus and Quercus, respectively. Lignin and cellulose contents were different as were their relative amounts (34 and 18%, 15 and 37%, 37 and 39% of the overall litter organic matter before exposure, for Cistus, Myrtus and Quercus, respectively). Lignin began to decrease after 6 and 8 months of exposure in Cistus and Myrtus, respectively, while it did not change signiﬁcantly during the entire study period in Quercus. The holocellulose, in contrast, began to decompose in Cistus after 1 year, while in Quercus and Myrtus immediately. Nitrogen was strongly immobilized in all the litters in the early period of decay. Its release began after the ﬁrst year in Cistus and Myrtus and after 2 years of decomposition in Quercus. These litters still contained about 60, 20 and 90% of the initial nitrogen at the end of the experiment (3 years). Prior to litter exposure nitrogen associated with the lignin fraction was 65, 54 and 37% in Cistus, Myrtus and Quercus, while that associated with the cellulose fraction was 30, 24 and 28%. Although most of the nitrogen was not lost from litters, its distribution among the litter components changed signiﬁcantly during decomposition. In Cistus and Myrtus the nitrogen associated with lignin began to decrease just 4 months after exposure. In Quercus this process was slowed and after 3 years of decomposition 8% of the nitrogen remained associated with lignin or lignin-like substances. The nitrogen associated with cellulose or cellulose-like substances, in contrast, began to decrease from the beginning of cellulose decomposition in all three species. At the end of the study period most of the nitrogen was not associated to the lignocellulose fraction but to the acid–detergent–soluble substance (87, 88 and 84% of the remaining litter nitrogen).
Keywords: Cellulose; cistus incanus; decomposition dynamics; Lignin; myrtus communis; nitrogen; Quercus ilex

Linking isoprene with plant thermotolerance, antioxidants and monoterpene emissions - Penuelas, J; Llusia, J; Asensio, D; MUNNÉ-BOSCH, S (Plant, Cell & Environment, 2005)
The purpose of the present study was to test the possible plant thermotolerance role of isoprene and to study its relationship with non-enzymatic antioxidants and terpene emissions. The gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, extent of photo- and oxidative stress, leaf damage, mechanisms of photo- and antioxidant protection, and terpene emission were measured in leaves of Quercus ilex seedlings exposed to a ramp of temperatures of 5 °C steps from 25 to 50 °C growing with and without isoprene (10 µL L−1) fumigation. The results showed that isoprene actually conferred thermotolerance (shifted the decrease of net photosynthetic rates from 35 to 45 °C, increased Fv/Fm at 50 °C from 0.38 to 0.65, and decreased the leaf area damaged from 27 to 15%), that it precluded or delayed the enhancement of the antioxidant non-enzymatic defence conferred by α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid or β-carotene consumption in response to increasing temperatures, and that it decreased by approximately 70% the emissions of monoterpenes at the highest temperatures. This suggests that there are inducible mechanisms triggered by the initial stages of thermal damage that up-regulate these antioxidant compounds at high temperatures and that these mechanisms are somehow suppressed in the presence of exogenous isoprene, which seems to already exert an antioxidant-like behaviour.
Keywords: antioxidants; ascorbic acid; fumigation; Fv/Fm; high temperatures; isoprene; Monoterpenes; photosynthetic rates; thermotolerance; zeaxanthin; α-tocopherol; β-carotene

Linking isoprene with plant thermotolerance, antioxidants and monoterpene emissions - Penuelas, J.; Llusia, J.; ASENSIO, D.; MUNNÉ-BOSCH, S. (Plant, Cell & Environment, 2005)
The purpose of the present study was to test the possible plant thermotolerance role of isoprene and to study its relationship with non-enzymatic antioxidants and terpene emissions. The gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, extent of photo- and oxidative stress, leaf damage, mechanisms of photo- and antioxidant protection, and terpene emission were measured in leaves of Quercus ilex seedlings exposed to a ramp of temperatures of 5 °C steps from 25 to 50 °C growing with and without isoprene (10 µL L−1) fumigation. The results showed that isoprene actually conferred thermotolerance (shifted the decrease of net photosynthetic rates from 35 to 45 °C, increased Fv/Fm at 50 °C from 0.38 to 0.65, and decreased the leaf area damaged from 27 to 15%), that it precluded or delayed the enhancement of the antioxidant non-enzymatic defence conferred by α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid or β-carotene consumption in response to increasing temperatures, and that it decreased by approximately 70% the emissions of monoterpenes at the highest temperatures. This suggests that there are inducible mechanisms triggered by the initial stages of thermal damage that up-regulate these antioxidant compounds at high temperatures and that these mechanisms are somehow suppressed in the presence of exogenous isoprene, which seems to already exert an antioxidant-like behaviour.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Science Ltd
Keywords: antioxidants; ascorbic acid; fumigation; Fv/Fm; high temperatures; isoprene; Monoterpenes; photosynthetic rates; thermotolerance; zeaxanthin; α-tocopherol; β-carotene

Long-term consequences of the alteration of the seed dispersal process of Euphorbia characias due to the Argentine ant invasion - Oliveras, J.; Bas, J. M.; Gómez, C. (ECOGRAPHY, 2005)
The alteration of the seed dispersal process due to the Argentine ant invasion and its consequences on emergence, recruitment, distribution, and survival of seedlings of Euphorbia characias were analyzed. The study was carried out in two zones of Mediterranean cork-oak secondary forest, one invaded by L. humile and the other non-invaded. Two cohorts of E. characias seedlings (those emerged in 2001 and those emerged in 2002) were studied in three study plots in each zone. The level of seed loss due to lack of viability, parasitizing, and vertebrate predation did not differ between the two zones. The mean seed sowing depth was lower in the invaded zone (13.5 mm) than in the non-invaded zone (22.4 mm). This depth difference implies a longer time needed for seedlings to emerge in the non-invaded zone but not a different emergence percent under laboratory conditions. In the field study plots seedling recruitment did not differ between the two zones, probably due to the trade-off between the differences in the initial number of seeds released (higher in the non-invaded zone) and the different emergence proportions (higher in the invaded zone). As for the spatial characteristics of emerged seedlings, no differences in the mean seedling distance to the nearest inflorescence or to the nearest seedling or in the pattern of seedling distribution were found between zones. Seedling survival was assessed once a month until they had reached maturity or until all of them had died. The median seedling survival time was similar between the invaded and the non-invaded zones. Survival curves also did not differ between zones. The present study suggests a functional equivalence of the Argentine ant after the replacement of the native ant species. Despite the initial differences found, the final reproductive success of E. characias was not altered after the invasion. However, the case of E. characias seems unlikely to be the rule, and the seed dynamics of other species may be altered, i.e. increased or decreased, and thus positively or negatively affected by the invasion.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA publisher: WILEY-BLACKWELL

Long-term consequences of the alteration of the seed dispersal process of Euphorbia characias due to the Argentine ant invasion - Oliveras, J; Bas, J M; Gómez, C (ECOGRAPHY, 2005)
The alteration of the seed dispersal process due to the Argentine ant invasion and its consequences on emergence, recruitment, distribution, and survival of seedlings of Euphorbia characias were analyzed. The study was carried out in two zones of Mediterranean cork-oak secondary forest, one invaded by L. humile and the other non-invaded. Two cohorts of E. characias seedlings (those emerged in 2001 and those emerged in 2002) were studied in three study plots in each zone. The level of seed loss due to lack of viability, parasitizing, and vertebrate predation did not differ between the two zones. The mean seed sowing depth was lower in the invaded zone (13.5 mm) than in the non-invaded zone (22.4 mm). This depth difference implies a longer time needed for seedlings to emerge in the non-invaded zone but not a different emergence percent under laboratory conditions. In the field study plots seedling recruitment did not differ between the two zones, probably due to the trade-off between the differences in the initial number of seeds released (higher in the non-invaded zone) and the different emergence proportions (higher in the invaded zone). As for the spatial characteristics of emerged seedlings, no differences in the mean seedling distance to the nearest inflorescence or to the nearest seedling or in the pattern of seedling distribution were found between zones. Seedling survival was assessed once a month until they had reached maturity or until all of them had died. The median seedling survival time was similar between the invaded and the non-invaded zones. Survival curves also did not differ between zones. The present study suggests a functional equivalence of the Argentine ant after the replacement of the native ant species. Despite the initial differences found, the final reproductive success of E. characias was not altered after the invasion. However, the case of E. characias seems unlikely to be the rule, and the seed dynamics of other species may be altered, i.e. increased or decreased, and thus positively or negatively affected by the invasion.

Long-Term Observation of Mediterranean Ecosystems with Satellite Remote Sensing - Hill, Joachim; Hostert, Patrick; Röder, Achim (Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape, 2005)
This chapter contains sections titled: * Introduction * Remote Sensing Concepts * The Analysis of Environmental Change with Landsat Satellites * Discussion * Acknowledgements
Keywords: earth observation satellites; Landsat data; Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis; Mediterranean ecosystems; NOAA-AVHRR1 satellite system; satellite remote sensing; semi-natural ecosystems; SPOT-satellite; vegetation dynamics (citation)

Long-Term Observation of Mediterranean Ecosystems with Satellite Remote Sensing - Hill, Joachim; Hostert, Patrick; Röder, Achim (Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape, 2005)
This chapter contains sections titled: * Introduction * Remote Sensing Concepts * The Analysis of Environmental Change with Landsat Satellites * Discussion * Acknowledgements
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape electronic-resource-num: 10.1002/0470093714.ch4
Keywords: earth observation satellites; Landsat data; Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis; Mediterranean ecosystems; NOAA-AVHRR1 satellite system; satellite remote sensing; semi-natural ecosystems; SPOT-satellite; vegetation dynamics (citation)

Long-term PAH accumulation after bud break in L. leaves in a polluted environment - Alfani, a; Nicola, F; Maisto, G; Prati, M (Atmospheric Environment, 2005)
The dynamics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in the leaves of Quercus ilex L. for 16 months after bud break (May 2001–September 2002) were studied at a polluted site in the urban area of Naples by comparison to the dynamics at a control site in the Vesuvius National Park. Twenty-seven PAHs were extracted by sonication and quantiﬁed by GC-MS. Total PAH concentrations in the leaves sampled at the urban site showed a considerable increase from bud break, with the highest values during the winter (about 3-fold greater than the initial value) and a subsequent decrease, unlike the control site. The control site exhibited PAH concentrations one order of magnitude lower than the urban site. At the urban site, the medium molecular weight PAHs, amounting to 72% of the total, appear responsible for the temporal trend, while the low and high molecular weight PAHs (respectively, 10% and 18%) exhibited only narrow variations over time. At the control site, the low, medium and high molecular weight PAHs contributed similarly to the total concentrations (32%, 31% and 37%, respectively); the low molecular weight PAHs showed the widest temporal variations. Carcinogenic PAHs showed a dynamic at the urban site comparable to that shown by the total PAHs. At the control site dibenzo(a,h)anthracene exhibited concentrations higher than at the urban site
Keywords: air contamination; carcinogenic pahs; pah dynamics; pah leaf accumulation; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Long-term PAH accumulation after bud break in L. leaves in a polluted environment - Alfani, a; Nicola, F.; Maisto, G.; Prati, M. (Atmospheric Environment, 2005)
The dynamics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in the leaves of Quercus ilex L. for 16 months after bud break (May 2001–September 2002) were studied at a polluted site in the urban area of Naples by comparison to the dynamics at a control site in the Vesuvius National Park. Twenty-seven PAHs were extracted by sonication and quantiﬁed by GC-MS. Total PAH concentrations in the leaves sampled at the urban site showed a considerable increase from bud break, with the highest values during the winter (about 3-fold greater than the initial value) and a subsequent decrease, unlike the control site. The control site exhibited PAH concentrations one order of magnitude lower than the urban site. At the urban site, the medium molecular weight PAHs, amounting to 72% of the total, appear responsible for the temporal trend, while the low and high molecular weight PAHs (respectively, 10% and 18%) exhibited only narrow variations over time. At the control site, the low, medium and high molecular weight PAHs contributed similarly to the total concentrations (32%, 31% and 37%, respectively); the low molecular weight PAHs showed the widest temporal variations. Carcinogenic PAHs showed a dynamic at the urban site comparable to that shown by the total PAHs. At the control site dibenzo(a,h)anthracene exhibited concentrations higher than at the urban site
Keywords: air contamination; carcinogenic pahs; pah dynamics; pah leaf accumulation; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Lucha química contra el contaminante Sphaerosporella brunnea (Alb. et Schwein.) Svrcek et Kubicka, RESPONSABLE DE “LA MICORRIZA MARRÓN” DE LOS INVERNADEROS DE PRODUCCIÓN DE PLANTA MICORRIZADA CON TRUFA NEGRA (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.) - Palazón, Carlos; Barriuso, Juan; Delgado, Ignacio (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
La “micorriza marrón” de los invernaderos, debida a Sphaerosporella brunnea Alb. et Schwein., constituye una de las principales amenazas para aquellos viveros dedicados a la producción de planta micorrizada con trufa negra (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.). Cuando las condiciones le son favorables, este ascomiceto es capaz de formar micorrizas con la planta huésped, instalándose en ellas con una precocidad mayor que la de T. melanosporum lo que inhabilita la posibilidad de que las raíces tróficas de las plantas sean ocupadas por este último. El trabajo presentado recoge diversas experiencias realizadas “in vitro” e “in vivo” para determinar la eficacia contra S. brunnea de las materias activas fungicidas utilizadas y la influencia de las mismas en el proceso de micorrización con T. melanosporum, concluyendo en la poca eficacia de las mismas en los tratamientos curativos contra el contaminante.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: IV Congreso Forestal Español issue: 1 pub-location: Zaragoza
Keywords: ectomicorrizas; fungicidas; micología; Quercus ilex; Viveros

Lucha química contra el contaminante Sphaerosporella brunnea (Alb. et Schwein.) Svrcek et Kubicka, RESPONSABLE DE “LA MICORRIZA MARRÓN” DE LOS INVERNADEROS DE PRODUCCIÓN DE PLANTA MICORRIZADA CON TRUFA NEGRA (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.) - Palazón, Carlos; Barriuso, Juan; Delgado, Ignacio (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
La “micorriza marrón” de los invernaderos, debida a Sphaerosporella brunnea Alb. et Schwein., constituye una de las principales amenazas para aquellos viveros dedicados a la producción de planta micorrizada con trufa negra (Tuber melanosporum Vitt.). Cuando las condiciones le son favorables, este ascomiceto es capaz de formar micorrizas con la planta huésped, instalándose en ellas con una precocidad mayor que la de T. melanosporum lo que inhabilita la posibilidad de que las raíces tróficas de las plantas sean ocupadas por este último. El trabajo presentado recoge diversas experiencias realizadas “in vitro” e “in vivo” para determinar la eficacia contra S. brunnea de las materias activas fungicidas utilizadas y la influencia de las mismas en el proceso de micorrización con T. melanosporum, concluyendo en la poca eficacia de las mismas en los tratamientos curativos contra el contaminante.
Keywords: ectomicorrizas; fungicidas; micología; Quercus ilex; Viveros

Medio ambiente, grupos sociales y conocimiento local en la dehesa. Un caso de estudio en la Sierra Morena extremeña - Acosta Naranjo, R (Revista Española de Estudios Agrosociales y pesqueros, 2005)
The changes in rhe economic strategies, management models and productive uses in the dehesa haie caused very differenr effects regarding the state of the ñatu¡al ¡esources, The limits to the norm of intensification and use of technology in an agricultural ecosystem with slrong socio-econornic and natural restrictions have had as a consequence the end of a series of tasks that can have degrading effects on the natu¡al resources and a possible chan- ge to more mature states $'ithin rhe ecosystem. This fact takes into account the nature buil- ding proc€ss, of "naturalization. in marginal zones, that can be found in contemporary sociéties. On the other hand, those same f¿cts can be interpreted as a degr¿dation of the productive resources. However, the social actors do not perceive as enüronmental problems the rnajority ofphenomena defined as such by üe specialists. The spatjal sPecializalion pro' cesses ánd territorial uneven development can also be observed in üe dehesa. Finall¡ one of the main consequences of the changing process has been the strong dete¡ioration of local knowledge.
Keywords: Dehesa; environmental enthropology; local knowledge; traditional agroecosistems degradation

Medio ambiente, grupos sociales y conocimiento local en la dehesa. Un caso de estudio en la Sierra Morena extremeña - Acosta Naranjo, R. (Revista Española de Estudios Agrosociales y pesqueros, 2005)
The changes in rhe economic strategies, management models and productive uses in the dehesa haie caused very differenr effects regarding the state of the ñatu¡al ¡esources, The limits to the norm of intensification and use of technology in an agricultural ecosystem with slrong socio-econornic and natural restrictions have had as a consequence the end of a series of tasks that can have degrading effects on the natu¡al resources and a possible chan- ge to more mature states $'ithin rhe ecosystem. This fact takes into account the nature buil- ding proc€ss, of "naturalization. in marginal zones, that can be found in contemporary sociéties. On the other hand, those same f¿cts can be interpreted as a degr¿dation of the productive resources. However, the social actors do not perceive as enüronmental problems the rnajority ofphenomena defined as such by üe specialists. The spatjal sPecializalion pro' cesses ánd territorial uneven development can also be observed in üe dehesa. Finall¡ one of the main consequences of the changing process has been the strong dete¡ioration of local knowledge.
Keywords: Dehesa; environmental enthropology; local knowledge; traditional agroecosistems degradation

Microrganismos Associados à Cortiça em Diferentes Fases da sua Fileira - Santos, Maria Natércia; Bragança, Maria Helena; Casimiro, Pedro Piloto (Silva Lusitana, 2005)
Several microorganisms have been considered responsible for decrease in cork quality and wine off - flavours. To improve the knowledge on cork microbiology throughout the tree to end product (stopper) steps, the work developed included two components. The first, on fungal populations colonising the tree, aims to evaluate the probable role of the tree as source of both slab and stopper contamination. The second focusing the collection of dispersed information about the microbial populations, throughout the industrial cork steps, has a main objective to constitute a basis for the delineation of further studies on this matter. The integration of results allows the following conclusions: (i) the microbial populations change throughout cork manufacture process, reflecting both the different environmental conditions and methods used; (ii) the persistence of a large part of these populations throughout the several phases (tree to end product), indicates that the tree is, probably one of the most important microorganism source; (iii) a fraction of these populations included in the group are pointed out as capable of producing secondary metabolites that affect both cork and wine quality; (iv) no significant differences between microbial population diversity and tree vigour level were found. The results obtained did not allow a relationship between decrease of tree vigour and wine-off flavours. Dispersed and sometimes inaccurate information makes it difficult to build a consistent knowledge frame, indicating that a well - balanced multidiscipline research program including all the partners involved in cork processing, is an urgent necessity.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: scielopt
Keywords: associated microorganisms; Cork oak; cork stopper manufacture

Microrganismos Associados à Cortiça em Diferentes Fases da sua Fileira - Santos, Maria Natércia; Bragança, Maria Helena; Casimiro, Pedro Piloto (Silva Lusitana, 2005)
Several microorganisms have been considered responsible for decrease in cork quality and wine off - flavours. To improve the knowledge on cork microbiology throughout the tree to end product (stopper) steps, the work developed included two components. The first, on fungal populations colonising the tree, aims to evaluate the probable role of the tree as source of both slab and stopper contamination. The second focusing the collection of dispersed information about the microbial populations, throughout the industrial cork steps, has a main objective to constitute a basis for the delineation of further studies on this matter. The integration of results allows the following conclusions: (i) the microbial populations change throughout cork manufacture process, reflecting both the different environmental conditions and methods used; (ii) the persistence of a large part of these populations throughout the several phases (tree to end product), indicates that the tree is, probably one of the most important microorganism source; (iii) a fraction of these populations included in the group are pointed out as capable of producing secondary metabolites that affect both cork and wine quality; (iv) no significant differences between microbial population diversity and tree vigour level were found. The results obtained did not allow a relationship between decrease of tree vigour and wine-off flavours. Dispersed and sometimes inaccurate information makes it difficult to build a consistent knowledge frame, indicating that a well - balanced multidiscipline research program including all the partners involved in cork processing, is an urgent necessity.
Keywords: associated microorganisms; Cork oak; cork stopper manufacture

Modelos de reconstrução do tronco e programas de simulação . Ferramentas para avaliar o potencial de produção de madeira em sobreiros jovens . - Knapic, Sofia; Pinto, Isabel; Usenius, Arto; Pereira, Helena (Congresso Florestal Nacional, 5º, Viseu, 2005, 2005)
O sobreiro (Quercus suber L.) é actualmente valorizado como produtor de cortiça, embora no passado a madeira de sobreiro tenha já sido o produto desejado. A disponibilidade da madeira de sobreiro para serração encontra-se limitada ao material proveniente de desbastes ou de abates autorizados. Este estudo teve como objectivo avaliar o potencial desta espécie para a produção de peças sólidas de madeira através da aplicação de técnicas de reconstrução tridimensionais do tronco e simulação de serração. Utilizaram-se os programas de reconstrução do tronco e de simulação de corte WoodCIM®, desenvolvidos no VTT (Technical Research Centre of Finland), que permitiram prever rendimentos da produção em serração. Pretendeu-se contribuir para o aumento do conhecimento do sobreiro como espécie madeireira e do seu potencial para o fabrico de peças de qualidade elevada. Utilizaram-se três sobreiros jovens, escolhidos aleatoriamente num povoamento em desbaste. Os troncos foram cortados em serração em tábuas com 22 mm de espessura. Nestas foi aplicada uma técnica de varrimento visual (scan) e através de análise de imagem (programa PuuPilot) e utilizando um software de reconstrução matemática foi possível desenvolver modelos bi e tridimensionais próximos da realidade, permitindo uma visualização do tronco, entrecasco e cortiça. Neste estudo analisou-se a produção de peças para painéis e soalho. As árvores foram virtualmente serradas em toros de 500 e 1000 mm de comprimento. Os rendimentos variaram entre 26,6% e 35,4% para toros de 0,5 m, e 28,75 e 34,0% para toros de 1,0 m. O melhor rendimento foi obtido para a produçao de parquet, utilizando toros de 0,5 m.
Keywords: reconstrução do tronco; rendimento em serração; sobreiro

Monitoring tropospheric ozone impact on plants in natural and urban areas with a Mediterranean climate - Manes, F.; Vitale, M.; Di Traglia, M. (Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 2005)
Abstract To investigate the real linkage and effectiveness of using the AOT40 index and ozone stomatal flux (FO3) in the assessment of physiological alteration/leaf injury on clover clones sensitive to ozone and Quercus ilex plants, two statistical techniques ? Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Neural Net Analysis (NNA) ? were applied. Different results were obtained in relation to the statistical method chosen. Linear methodologies applied to clover highlighted the role of temperature (TEMP) and O3 concentration (O3Mean) in affecting photosynthesis (PHOTO), leaf injury, and stomatal conductance (COND). In Quercus plants, COND was linearly correlated to two environmental variables, TEMP and Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD), and to two physiological variables, PHOTO and Leaf Transpiration (TRASP), whereas PHOTO was correlated with TEMP, sO3, COND and sub-stomatal CO2/external CO2 ratio (Ci/Ca). These linear relationships were, in part, modified by NNA. In fact, non-linear relationships between environmental variables, and morphological and physiological variables were evident, suggesting caution when risk assessments are made on ozone concentration-based critical levels. Both plant types showed a relationship with FO3 that negatively affected leaf injury and PHOTO in clover and Quercus plants, respectively, suggesting that ozone flux-based critical levels were more effective in linking with leaf injuries or reduction in carbon metabolism.
doi: 10.1080/11263500500333966doi: 10.1080/11263500500333966The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: AOT40; Critical levels; Neural Net Analysis; Ozone; ozone stomatal ﬂux; PLS analysis

Monitoring tropospheric ozone impact on plants in natural and urban areas with a Mediterranean climate - Manes, F; Vitale, M; Di Traglia, M (Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 2005)
Abstract To investigate the real linkage and effectiveness of using the AOT40 index and ozone stomatal flux (FO3) in the assessment of physiological alteration/leaf injury on clover clones sensitive to ozone and Quercus ilex plants, two statistical techniques ? Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Neural Net Analysis (NNA) ? were applied. Different results were obtained in relation to the statistical method chosen. Linear methodologies applied to clover highlighted the role of temperature (TEMP) and O3 concentration (O3Mean) in affecting photosynthesis (PHOTO), leaf injury, and stomatal conductance (COND). In Quercus plants, COND was linearly correlated to two environmental variables, TEMP and Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD), and to two physiological variables, PHOTO and Leaf Transpiration (TRASP), whereas PHOTO was correlated with TEMP, sO3, COND and sub-stomatal CO2/external CO2 ratio (Ci/Ca). These linear relationships were, in part, modified by NNA. In fact, non-linear relationships between environmental variables, and morphological and physiological variables were evident, suggesting caution when risk assessments are made on ozone concentration-based critical levels. Both plant types showed a relationship with FO3 that negatively affected leaf injury and PHOTO in clover and Quercus plants, respectively, suggesting that ozone flux-based critical levels were more effective in linking with leaf injuries or reduction in carbon metabolism.
doi: 10.1080/11263500500333966
Keywords: AOT40; Critical levels; Neural Net Analysis; Ozone; ozone stomatal ﬂux; PLS analysis

The Natural Dynamics of Abandoned Chestnut Stands in Southern Switzerland - Conedera, Marco; Stanga, Pietro; Oester, Bernhard; Bachmann, Peter (Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape, 2005)
This chapter contains sections titled: * Introduction * Material and Methods * Results * Discussion * Conclusions * Acknowledgements
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape electronic-resource-num: 10.1002/0470093714.ch20
Keywords: abandoned chestnut stands; artificial stand structures; artificiality of chestnut monocultures; CATMOD (CATegorical Data MODeling); chestnut belt; Chestnut distribution map; chestnut orchard trees and senescence; coppice stools (citation)

Is nest-site availability limiting Lesser Kestrel populations? A multiple scale approach - Franco, Aldina M. a; Marques, João T.; Sutherland, William J. (Ibis, 2005)
The Lesser Kestrel, a colonial migratory falcon, is one of the most endangered birds in Europe and, due to a sharp population decline across much of the breeding range, is globally threatened. The reasons for this decline are unclear, but reduced nest-site availability might be a major cause. To test this hypothesis we looked at nest-site availability within Portuguese colonies in rural and urban buildings. Nest holes were larger, longer, higher and older than unoccupied cavities. A typical nest cavity was approximately 29–30 cm long, 300–340 cm high and had an inner chamber 16.5–18 cm wide. Large-scale surveys of existing buildings in Portuguese villages suggested that 85% of sites lacked suitable nest cavities. The model for selection of buildings indicated that Lesser Kestrels prefer buildings with many roof and wall cavities, and that are surrounded by extensive cereal and fallow ﬁelds. The villages selected had many old buildings and monuments, were located in areas with few rivers, and a low percentage cover of cereal, olive groves and forest. The conservation implications of these results are discussed.
Keywords: cavities; cereal fields (voyant); Lesser kestrel; nest site availability; old buildings

Is nest-site availability limiting Lesser Kestrel populations? A multiple scale approach - Franco, Aldina M a.; Marques, João T; Sutherland, William J (Ibis, 2005)
The Lesser Kestrel, a colonial migratory falcon, is one of the most endangered birds in Europe and, due to a sharp population decline across much of the breeding range, is globally threatened. The reasons for this decline are unclear, but reduced nest-site availability might be a major cause. To test this hypothesis we looked at nest-site availability within Portuguese colonies in rural and urban buildings. Nest holes were larger, longer, higher and older than unoccupied cavities. A typical nest cavity was approximately 29–30 cm long, 300–340 cm high and had an inner chamber 16.5–18 cm wide. Large-scale surveys of existing buildings in Portuguese villages suggested that 85% of sites lacked suitable nest cavities. The model for selection of buildings indicated that Lesser Kestrels prefer buildings with many roof and wall cavities, and that are surrounded by extensive cereal and fallow ﬁelds. The villages selected had many old buildings and monuments, were located in areas with few rivers, and a low percentage cover of cereal, olive groves and forest. The conservation implications of these results are discussed.
Keywords: cavities; cereal fields (voyant); Lesser kestrel; nest site availability; old buildings

New aspects of Platypus cylindrus Fab. (Coleoptera : Platypodidae) life history on cork oak stands in Portugal - De Sousa, E M R; Inacio, M L (Entomological Research in Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems, 2005)
Platypus cylindrus is an Ambrosia beetle known to attack mainly dead and weakened trees. However, the new outbreak in cork oak stands in Portugal since the 1980's, has led to new hypotheses about the insect - host relationships. Although its biology has been studied since the beginning of the 20(th) century, it is not sufficiently known to enable a quantitative analysis of P. cylindrus population dynamics. Recent studies carried out in Portugal have developed new approaches to the understanding of host selection and colonisation mechanisms, insect bio-ecology and insect-fungus symbiosis. Host selection by P. cylindrus mainly depends on factors associated not only with the stand and tree characteristics (weakness, dimensions) but also with exploitation methods (decorking intensity and period). On the other hand, the colonization process appears to be very structured on the tree surface with a quasi-systematic vertical gradient of density and high rates of attack on the same tree suggesting the presence of aggregation pheromones. The insect life cycle takes place inside the tree over a long period of time and the temporal variability of egg laying results in the coexistence in the galleries of P. cylindrus descendants at different stages. of development. Space management strategies can e responsible for this behaviour. Because of this out of phase life cycle, the emergence period is long (from spring to autumn), and may extend to a second generation during the spring of the following year. The new observed symbiotic associations involving P. cylindrus can be partially understood as an evolution, suggesting that more favourable conditions have been developed. Recent results confirm that P. cylindrus is associated with a complex of six Ambrosia fungi. The presence of pathogenic fungi in the insect galleries suggests that this symbiosis can contribute to the weakness of the host providing the ideal conditions for the insect establishment.

New aspects of Platypus cylindrus Fab. (Coleoptera : Platypodidae) life history on cork oak stands in Portugal - De Sousa, E. M. R.; Inacio, M. L. (Entomological Research in Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems, 2005)
Platypus cylindrus is an Ambrosia beetle known to attack mainly dead andweakened trees. However, the new outbreak in cork oak stands in Portugal since the 1980's, has led to new hypotheses about the insect - host relationships. Although its biology has been studied since the beginning of the 20(th) century, it is not sufficiently known to enable a quantitative analysis of P. cylindrus population dynamics. Recent studies carried out in Portugal have developed new approaches to the understanding of host selection and colonisation mechanisms, insect bio-ecology and insect-fungus symbiosis. Host selection by P. cylindrus mainly depends on factors associated not only with the stand and tree characteristics (weakness, dimensions) but also with exploitation methods (decorking intensity and period). On the other hand, the colonization process appears to be very structured on the tree surface with a quasi-systematic vertical gradient of density and high rates of attack on the same tree suggesting the presence of aggregation pheromones. The insect life cycle takes place inside the tree over a long period of time and the temporal variability of egg laying results in the coexistence in the galleries of P. cylindrus descendants at different stages. of development. Space management strategies can e responsible for this behaviour. Because of this out of phase life cycle, the emergence period is long (from spring to autumn), and may extend to a second generation during the spring of the following year. The new observed symbiotic associations involving P. cylindrus can be partially understood as an evolution, suggesting that more favourable conditions have been developed. Recent results confirm that P. cylindrus is associated with a complex of six Ambrosia fungi. The presence of pathogenic fungi in the insect galleries suggests that this symbiosis can contribute to the weakness of the host providing the ideal conditions for the insect establishment.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Entomological Research in Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems pub-location: 147 RUE DE L'UNIVERSITE, 75007 PARIS, FRANCE

Ozone uptake by an evergreen Mediterranean Forest () in Italy. Part I: Micrometeorological flux measurements and flux partitioning - Gerosa, G; Vitale, M; Finco, A; Manes, F; Denti, A; Cieslik, S (Atmospheric Environment, 2005)
Ozone, water and energy ﬂuxes have been measured over a Mediterranean evergreen forest in Central Italy from August to October 2003 with the eddy-correlation technique in order to evaluate the amount of ozone taken up by plants in dry summer and in mild autumn conditions. The stomatal ozone ﬂuxes have been calculated using the analogy with water vapor ﬂuxes inside the stomata, which are easily measurable. The total ozone dose was obtained by integrating the stomatal ﬂuxes over time. Stomatal ﬂux resulted a minor part (31.5%) of the total ozone ﬂux over the forest ecosystem. The main part of ozone deposition follows non-stomatal pathways. Chemical sink seems to play a relevant role in the morning non-stomatal deposition. Stomatal uptake is enhanced by water availability but, on the average, it does not exceed the 34.4% of the total ozone ﬂux. A comparison between the cumulated stomatal ozone ﬂuxes and the currently used AOT40 exposure index highlighted important distortions introduced by this index. AOT40, which do not take into account plant physiology, lead to substantial overestimation of ozone risk, particularly when water supply is limited, as occurs frequently in Southern European and Mediterranean areas.
Keywords: Holm oak; mediterranean forest ecosystem; ozone deposition; Stomatal uptake

Ozone uptake by an evergreen Mediterranean Forest () in Italy. Part I: Micrometeorological flux measurements and flux partitioning - Gerosa, G.; Vitale, M.; Finco, A.; Manes, F.; Denti, A.; Cieslik, S. (Atmospheric Environment, 2005)
Ozone, water and energy ﬂuxes have been measured over a Mediterranean evergreen forest in Central Italy from August to October 2003 with the eddy-correlation technique in order to evaluate the amount of ozone taken up by plants in dry summer and in mild autumn conditions. The stomatal ozone ﬂuxes have been calculated using the analogy with water vapor ﬂuxes inside the stomata, which are easily measurable. The total ozone dose was obtained by integrating the stomatal ﬂuxes over time. Stomatal ﬂux resulted a minor part (31.5%) of the total ozone ﬂux over the forest ecosystem. The main part of ozone deposition follows non-stomatal pathways. Chemical sink seems to play a relevant role in the morning non-stomatal deposition. Stomatal uptake is enhanced by water availability but, on the average, it does not exceed the 34.4% of the total ozone ﬂux. A comparison between the cumulated stomatal ozone ﬂuxes and the currently used AOT40 exposure index highlighted important distortions introduced by this index. AOT40, which do not take into account plant physiology, lead to substantial overestimation of ozone risk, particularly when water supply is limited, as occurs frequently in Southern European and Mediterranean areas.
Keywords: Holm oak; mediterranean forest ecosystem; ozone deposition; Stomatal uptake

Palaeovegetation from a Homo neanderthalensis occupation in Western Liguria: archaeopalynology of Madonna dell'Arma (San Remo, Italy) - Kaniewski, D; Renault-Miskovsky, J; de Lumley, H (JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE, 2005)
This study presents a short local vegetation history of Western Liguria (San Remo), northwest Italy, based on a palynological analyses of an 8.30-m-long archaeological section in the dune covering Madonna dell'Arma cave. Madonna dell'Arma is one of the Mousterian caves currently located on the Ligurian coastal zone. The site contains Levallois-type Mousterian tools, four pieces of skull attributed to Homo neanderthalensis and fauna remains belonging to Rhinoceros mercki, Elephas sp. and Hippopotamus amphibius. This study is of interest as the site is situated in an area where data on palaeovegetation. are scarce. In fact, the archaeopollen analyses of Madonna dell'Arma cave's surroundings provide a rare local picture of vegetation during the beginning of OIS 4, posterior to 73,100 yr BP. The palynological taxa are grouped into three vegetation units by PCA (principal components analysis). These data suggest a huge Mediterranean pre-steppic forest (Pinus, Quercus ilex and several herbs) colonizing the area during this substage. The adjacent valleys were colonized by a caducifoliate-alluvial forest and Mediterranean scrub vegetation. These vegetation characteristics suggest a semi-arid coastal climate with an increase of precipitation according to altitude. The PCA analyses of the palynological sections inside and outside the cave suggest a nearly continuous vegetation succession from OIS 5a to OIS 4. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: archaeopalynology; Italy; Liguria; Middle Palaeolithic; OIS 4; PCA

Palynology of the northwestern Mediterranean shelf (Gulf of Lions): First vegetational record for the last climatic cycle - Beaudouin, Célia; Suc, Jean-Pierre; Acherki, Nabila; Courtois, Laurent; Rabineau, Marina; Aloïsi, Jean-Claude; Sierro, Fransisco Javier; Oberlin, Christine (Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2005)
Palynology has been performed for the ﬁrst time on Late Quaternary sediments of the Gulf of Lions. The aim is both to tighten the chronology of seismic proﬁles in the region, and to elucidate the vegetation of southern France during the Last Climatic Cycle. Four cores, taken on the shelf, mostly record Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 1 and 2 and part of MIS 3 and MIS 5. The latter sediments might have been preserved in a paleodepression on the emergent shelf between the Rhoˆne and the He´rault rivers. It would explain their preservation against transgression and regression erosions of more recent stages. This study also provides a synthesis of palynological continental data collected during the last 40 years in southern Europe. Preliminary comparisons made between the latter and new marine data demonstrate that refugia of Picea and Abies existed in southern France during MIS 3 and MIS 2. The dynamics of Artemisia, deciduous Quercus and Corylus, Abies and ﬁnally Fagus is also reconstructed for the last deglaciation. First results obtained in the Gulf of Lions conﬁrm and complete that synthesis.
Keywords: late quaternary; nw mediterranean sea; palynology

Palynology of the northwestern Mediterranean shelf (Gulf of Lions): First vegetational record for the last climatic cycle - Beaudouin, Célia; Suc, Jean-Pierre; Acherki, Nabila; Courtois, Laurent; Rabineau, Marina; Aloïsi, Jean-Claude; Sierro, Fransisco Javier; Oberlin, Christine (Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2005)
Palynology has been performed for the ﬁrst time on Late Quaternary sediments of the Gulf of Lions. The aim is both to tighten the chronology of seismic proﬁles in the region, and to elucidate the vegetation of southern France during the Last Climatic Cycle. Four cores, taken on the shelf, mostly record Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 1 and 2 and part of MIS 3 and MIS 5. The latter sediments might have been preserved in a paleodepression on the emergent shelf between the Rhoˆne and the He´rault rivers. It would explain their preservation against transgression and regression erosions of more recent stages. This study also provides a synthesis of palynological continental data collected during the last 40 years in southern Europe. Preliminary comparisons made between the latter and new marine data demonstrate that refugia of Picea and Abies existed in southern France during MIS 3 and MIS 2. The dynamics of Artemisia, deciduous Quercus and Corylus, Abies and ﬁnally Fagus is also reconstructed for the last deglaciation. First results obtained in the Gulf of Lions conﬁrm and complete that synthesis.
Keywords: late quaternary; nw mediterranean sea; palynology

Pan-European δ13C values of air and organic matter from forest ecosystems - Hemming, Deborah; Yakir, Dan; Ambus, Per; Aurela, Mika; Besson, Cathy; Black, Kevin; Buchmann, Nina; Burlett, Regis; CESCATTI, ALESSANDRO; Clement, Robert; Gross, Patrick; Granier, André; et al. (Global Change Biology, 2005)
We present carbon stable isotope, δ13C, results from air and organic matter samples collected during 98 individual field campaigns across a network of Carboeuroflux forest sites in 2001 (14 sites) and 2002 (16 sites). Using these data, we tested the hypothesis that δ13C values derived from large-scale atmospheric measurements and models, which are routinely used to partition carbon fluxes between land and ocean, and potentially between respiration and photosynthesis on land, are consistent with directly measured ecosystem-scale δ13C values. In this framework, we also tested the potential of δ13C in canopy air and plant organic matter to record regional-scale ecophysiological patterns. Our network estimates for the mean δ13C of ecosystem respired CO2 and the related ‘discrimination’ of ecosystem respiration, δer and Δer, respectively, were −25.6±1.9‰ and 17.8 ±2.0‰ in 2001 and −26.6±1.5‰ and 19.0±1.6‰ in 2002. The results were in close agreement with δ13C values derived from regional-scale atmospheric measurement programs for 2001, but less so in 2002, which had an unusual precipitation pattern. This suggests that regional-scale atmospheric sampling programs generally capture ecosystem δ13C signals over Europe, but may be limited in capturing some of the interannual variations. In 2001, but less so in 2002, there were discernable longitudinal and seasonal trends in δer. From west to east, across the network, there was a general enrichment in 13C (∼3‰ and ∼1‰ for the 2 years, respectively) consistent with increasing Gorczynski continentality index for warmer and drier conditions. In 2001 only, seasonal 13C enrichment between July and September, followed by depletion in November (from about −26.0‰ to −24.5‰ to −30.0‰), was also observed. In 2001, July and August δer values across the network were significantly related to average daytime vapor pressure deficit (VPD), relative humidity (RH), and, to a lesser degree, air temperature (Ta), but not significantly with monthly average precipitation (Pm). In contrast, in 2002 (a much wetter peak season), δer was significantly related with Ta, but not significantly with VPD and RH. The important role of plant physiological processes on δer in 2001 was emphasized by a relatively rapid turnover (between 1 and 6 days) of assimilated carbon inferred from time-lag analyses of δer vs. meteorological parameters. However, this was not evident in 2002. These analyses also noted corresponding diurnal cycles of δer and meteorological parameters in 2001, indicating a rapid transmission of daytime meteorology, via physiological responses, to the δer signal during this season. Organic matter δ13C results showed progressive 13C enrichment from leaves, through stems and roots to soil organic matter, which may be explained by 13C fractionation during respiration. This enrichment was species dependent and was prominent in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms. δ13C values of organic matter of any of the plant components did not well represent short-term δer values during the seasonal cycle, and could not be used to partition ecosystem respiration into autotrophic and heterotrophic components.
Keywords: carboeuroflux; CO2 fluxes; ecosystem carbon budget; ecosystem respiration; isotopic discrimination; Stable isotopes; δ13C

Parent material effects on Mediterranean woodland ecosystems in NE Spain - Kooijman, A M; Jongejans, J; Sevink, J (Catena, 2005)
A field survey of an evergreen Mediterranean woodland area in NE Spain on three silica-rich parent materials (granite, granodiorite and schist) was used to test whether parent material had a separate effect on ecosystem functioning in addition to aspect and position on the slope. As expected, vegetation was taller and denser on north-facing slopes and/or lower slope positions. However, parent material appeared to have additional effects, with significant increases in tree height, tree cover, shrub height and ratio of woodland to maquis vegetation from granite towards granodiorite and schist. There was also a parallel increase in mull humus forms, indicating increasing litter breakdown. The lower productivity on granite may be partly attributed to drought stress, as indicated by the greater proportion of shallow soils and the sandy to loamy sand texture. However, nutrient stress may be equally important. Plant N/P ratios were significantly greater on granite, and plant and soil P contents were less than on the other parent materials, suggesting that P-availability was limited on granite. The greater productivity of soils on schist than on granodiorite may reflect less severe drought stress because of their finer texture. These results suggest that parent material is an important factor regulating productivity in Mediterranean ecosystems through varying drought stress and availability of nutrients.
Keywords: biomass; Drought stress; nitrogen; Nutrient; phosphorus; Soil; Vegetation; water

Pathogenicity of three Phytophthora spp. causing late seedling rot of Quercus ilex ssp. ballota - Sanchez, M. E.; Andicoberry, S.; Trapero, A. (Forest Pathology, 2005)
Within a research project on quality of plants for forestation of agricultural lands, we studied the aetiology of a late seedling rot affecting holm oak (Quercus ilex ssp. ballota) in two forest nurseries in southern Spain. Major disease symptoms were foliage wilting and necrosis of feeder roots. Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phytophthora cryptogea and Phytophthora drechsleri were isolated from necrotic roots of holm oaks. Selected isolates of the three Phytophthora species were pathogenic to Quercus ilex ssp. ballota and Quercus suber seedlings in artificial inoculations. Soil flooding conditions were essential for infection and root rot development. There was no host specificity among the species, the isolates of P. cinnamomi being the most virulent in all inoculated plants. In these inoculations, Q. ilex ssp. ballota plants were more susceptible than those of Q. suber. This work is the first report of P. cinnamomi, P. drechsleri and P. cryptogea affecting Q. ilex ssp. ballota in forest nurseries.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
Keywords: Holm oak; Nurseries (voyant); Phytophthora spp.; root rot; Soil water content

Pathogenicity of three Phytophthora spp. causing late seedling rot of Quercus ilex ssp. ballota - SÁNCHEZ, M E; Andicoberry, S; TRAPERO, A (Forest Pathology, 2005)
Within a research project on quality of plants for forestation of agricultural lands, we studied the aetiology of a late seedling rot affecting holm oak (Quercus ilex ssp. ballota) in two forest nurseries in southern Spain. Major disease symptoms were foliage wilting and necrosis of feeder roots. Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phytophthora cryptogea and Phytophthora drechsleri were isolated from necrotic roots of holm oaks. Selected isolates of the three Phytophthora species were pathogenic to Quercus ilex ssp. ballota and Quercus suber seedlings in artificial inoculations. Soil flooding conditions were essential for infection and root rot development. There was no host specificity among the species, the isolates of P. cinnamomi being the most virulent in all inoculated plants. In these inoculations, Q. ilex ssp. ballota plants were more susceptible than those of Q. suber. This work is the first report of P. cinnamomi, P. drechsleri and P. cryptogea affecting Q. ilex ssp. ballota in forest nurseries.
Keywords: Holm oak; Nurseries (voyant); Phytophthora spp.; root rot; Soil water content

Persistent organic pollutants in cork used for production of wine stoppers. - Mazzoleni, V; Dallagiovanna, L; Trevisan, M; Nicelli, M (Chemosphere, 2005)
Owing to the lipophilic character of some components of cork and the long periods in the open air (during growth and barks storage), there is a risk of the cork becoming environmentally polluted. Moreover, cork stoppers are in contact with wines for periods ranging from a few months to several years; so they must maintain high levels of hygiene. The present work aims to investigate the level of PCBs, organochlorine pesticides, and PAHs in cork from different countries, used for the manufacturing of one-piece wine stoppers. Samples of cork were analysed using a multi-residue method. PCBs were not detected in all the samples; only a few samples contained detectable amounts of DDE; phenanthrene and anthracene were found in all the samples and fluoranthene in fewer cases. It was not possible to find a significant correlation between POPs concentration and origin of cork. Globally, the detected amounts are consistent with values found in foods, so the investigated cork show a suitable hygienic quality.
Keywords: Cork; Organochlorine pesticides; PAHs; PCBs

Persistent organic pollutants in cork used for production of wine stoppers. - Mazzoleni, V.; Dallagiovanna, L.; Trevisan, M.; Nicelli, M. (Chemosphere, 2005)
Owing to the lipophilic character of some components of cork and the long periods in the open air (during growth and barks storage), there is a risk of the cork becoming environmentally polluted. Moreover, cork stoppers are in contact with wines for periods ranging from a few months to several years; so they must maintain high levels of hygiene. The present work aims to investigate the level of PCBs, organochlorine pesticides, and PAHs in cork from different countries, used for the manufacturing of one-piece wine stoppers. Samples of cork were analysed using a multi-residue method. PCBs were not detected in all the samples; only a few samples contained detectable amounts of DDE; phenanthrene and anthracene were found in all the samples and fluoranthene in fewer cases. It was not possible to find a significant correlation between POPs concentration and origin of cork. Globally, the detected amounts are consistent with values found in foods, so the investigated cork show a suitable hygienic quality.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 15694474
Keywords: Cork; Organochlorine pesticides; PAHs; PCBs

Photosynthetic response of Quercus ilex L. plants grown on compost and exposed to increasing photon flux densities and elevated CO 2 - Arena, C; Vitale, L; Santo, A Virzo De (Photosynthetica, 2005)
Quercus ilex plants grown on two different substrates, sand soil (C) and compost (CG), were exposed to photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) at 390 and 800 µmol(CO2) mol -1 (C390 and C800). At C800 both C and CG plants showed a significant increase of net photosynthetic rate (PN) and electron transport rate (ETR) in response to PPFD increase as compared to C390. In addition, at C800 lower non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) values were observed. The differences between C390 and C800 were related to PPFD. The higher PN and ETR and the lower dissipative processes found in CG plants at both CO2 concentrations as compared to C plants suggest that substrate influences significantly photosynthetic response of Q. ilex plants. Moreover, short-term exposures at elevated CO2 decreased nitrate photo-assimilation in leaves independently from substrate of growth.
Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence induction; electron transport rate; irradiance; nitrate; non-photochemical quenching; oak

Photosynthetic response of Quercus ilex L. plants grown on compost and exposed to increasing photon flux densities and elevated CO 2 - Arena, C.; Vitale, L.; Santo, A. Virzo De (Photosynthetica, 2005)
Quercus ilex plants grown on two different substrates, sand soil (C) and compost (CG), were exposed to photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) at 390 and 800 µmol(CO2) mol -1 (C390 and C800). At C800 both C and CG plants showed a significant increase of net photosynthetic rate (PN) and electron transport rate (ETR) in response to PPFD increase as compared to C390. In addition, at C800 lower non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) values were observed. The differences between C390 and C800 were related to PPFD. The higher PN and ETR and the lower dissipative processes found in CG plants at both CO2 concentrations as compared to C plants suggest that substrate influences significantly photosynthetic response of Q. ilex plants. Moreover, short-term exposures at elevated CO2 decreased nitrate photo-assimilation in leaves independently from substrate of growth.
Keywords: chlorophyll fluorescence induction; electron transport rate; irradiance; nitrate; non-photochemical quenching; oak

Phytophthora ramorum on Quercus ilex in the United Kingdom. - Denman, S; Kirk, S A; Brasier, C M; Barton, V C; Hughes, K J D; Webber, J F (PLANT DISEASE, 2005)
Phytophthora ramorum causes bleeding cankers of trunks of trees native to the west coast of the United States (i.e., Quercus kelloggii, Q. parvula var. shrevei, and Lithocarpus densiflorus). In the United Kingdom so far, bleeding cankers caused by inner bark infections have been found on Aesculus hippocastanum, Fagus sylvatica, Q. cerris, Q. falcata, and Q. petraea (http://rapra.csl.gov.uk [2005]). Shoot tip dieback (ramorum dieback) and foliar necrosis (ramorum leaf blight) are other diseases caused by the pathogen on understory and ornamental plants (3). Inoculum is produced on infected shoots and leaves of foliar hosts but not on bole cankers (1). Foliar hosts are thus critical in initiating and maintaining epidemics of tree mortality resulting from lethal bark cankers. Ramorum dieback and blight occurs in Europe on genera Rhododendron, Camellia, Kalmia, Pieris, and Viburnum (http://rapra.csl.gov.uk [2005]), and now we report these diseases on foliage and shoots of holm oaks (Quercus ilex) in Cornwall (UK). First discovered in November 2003, infected young leaves had a water-soaked, dull gray appearance, and petioles were blackened. Lesions started at leaf margins, tips, or petioles, often progressing into the midrib veins. Initial infections also occurred on shoots and extended into the petioles. If shoots were infected, they were blackened at first, but later in the season clusters of dry, dead leaves and twigs characterized branch tips. Infected mature leaves bore dry, reddish-brown, restricted lesions. P. ramorum (A1 sexual compatibility type belonging to the European population) was isolated and confirmed by morphological studies, ITS sequence (GenBank Accession No. AY924253), and amplified fragment length polymorphism analyses. Lesions developed on detached leaves dipped for 10 sec in inoculum (4 × 105 zoospores per ml) and incubated in moist chambers at 20°C for 6 days (2). Two isolates were used (four leaves per isolate). The pathogen was reisolated, and the tests were repeated twice. Koch's postulates were also successfully completed once on foliage attached to saplings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. ramorum on holm oak. So far, at least 24 holm oaks are infected at various woodland and garden sites in the United Kingdom; infected rhododendrons have also been found at these sites. P. ramorum has also been recorded on saplings in nurseries. The high sporulation potential, the evergreen nature of leaves, and susceptible shoots indicate that holm oak could be a significant source of inoculum for other hosts.
APS
Keywords: pathogens; Phytophthora ramorum; Quercus ilex

Phytophthora ramorum on Quercus ilex in the United Kingdom. - Denman, S.; Kirk, S. A.; Brasier, C. M.; Barton, V. C.; Hughes, K. J. D.; Webber, J. F. (PLANT DISEASE, 2005)
Phytophthora ramorum causes bleeding cankers of trunks of trees native to the west coast of the United States (i.e., Quercus kelloggii, Q. parvula var. shrevei, and Lithocarpus densiflorus). In the United Kingdom so far, bleeding cankers caused by inner bark infections have been found on Aesculus hippocastanum, Fagus sylvatica, Q. cerris, Q. falcata, and Q. petraea (http://rapra.csl.gov.uk [2005]). Shoot tip dieback (ramorum dieback) and foliar necrosis (ramorum leaf blight) are other diseases caused by the pathogen on understory and ornamental plants (3). Inoculum is produced on infected shoots and leaves of foliar hosts but not on bole cankers (1). Foliar hosts are thus critical in initiating and maintaining epidemics of tree mortality resulting from lethal bark cankers. Ramorum dieback and blight occurs in Europe on genera Rhododendron, Camellia, Kalmia, Pieris, and Viburnum (http://rapra.csl.gov.uk [2005]), and now we report these diseases on foliage and shoots of holm oaks (Quercus ilex) in Cornwall (UK). First discovered in November 2003, infected young leaves had a water-soaked, dull gray appearance, and petioles were blackened. Lesions started at leaf margins, tips, or petioles, often progressing into the midrib veins. Initial infections also occurred on shoots and extended into the petioles. If shoots were infected, they were blackened at first, but later in the season clusters of dry, dead leaves and twigs characterized branch tips. Infected mature leaves bore dry, reddish-brown, restricted lesions. P. ramorum (A1 sexual compatibility type belonging to the European population) was isolated and confirmed by morphological studies, ITS sequence (GenBank Accession No. AY924253), and amplified fragment length polymorphism analyses. Lesions developed on detached leaves dipped for 10 sec in inoculum (4 × 105 zoospores per ml) and incubated in moist chambers at 20°C for 6 days (2). Two isolates were used (four leaves per isolate). The pathogen was reisolated, and the tests were repeated twice. Koch's postulates were also successfully completed once on foliage attached to saplings. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. ramorum on holm oak. So far, at least 24 holm oaks are infected at various woodland and garden sites in the United Kingdom; infected rhododendrons have also been found at these sites. P. ramorum has also been recorded on saplings in nurseries. The high sporulation potential, the evergreen nature of leaves, and susceptible shoots indicate that holm oak could be a significant source of inoculum for other hosts.
APSAPSThe following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA publisher: AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC
Keywords: pathogens; Phytophthora ramorum; Quercus ilex

Phytostructural characterization of several vegetation types in northern Portugal. II. The structural expressivity and the resistance of the vegetation - Crespí, A; Bernardos, S; Castro, A; Fernandes, C P; Amich, F (Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 2005)
Abstract The encouraging results obtained in a previous work induced the authors to pursue here the characterization of the structure of the vegetation in northern Portugal, using the phytostructural methodology proposed earlier by the authors. With this objective, eight different types of vegetal communities, representative of the apparent states of the successional process present in this area, and representing the diversity of plant community types in the same area, were selected. The phytostructural method was elaborated on the basis of three types of structural basic matrices regarding diversity, abundance and cover. The data obtained were collected in a contingency matrix, which was then treated by means of a statistical multivariate analysis. Three structural tendencies emerged from this analysis. With the aim of studying their stability, the results are discussed in terms of resistance and resilience, according to the Highest Expressive Amplitude (HEA) concept, and by considering the intra- and inter-community structural dynamics as structural parameters. The data obtained suggest structural situations with different degrees of non-equilibrium that reflect resistance to environmental factors. The resistance of the vegetation is correlated with the apparent functional connectivity detected for the communities analysed.
doi: 10.1080/11263500500333651
Keywords: Expressive capacity; multivariate analysis; Portugal; structural stability

Phytostructural characterization of several vegetation types in northern Portugal. II. The structural expressivity and the resistance of the vegetation - Crespí, A.; Bernardos, S.; Castro, A.; Fernandes, C. P.; Amich, F. (Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 2005)
Abstract The encouraging results obtained in a previous work induced the authors to pursue here the characterization of the structure of the vegetation in northern Portugal, using the phytostructural methodology proposed earlier by the authors. With this objective, eight different types of vegetal communities, representative of the apparent states of the successional process present in this area, and representing the diversity of plant community types in the same area, were selected. The phytostructural method was elaborated on the basis of three types of structural basic matrices regarding diversity, abundance and cover. The data obtained were collected in a contingency matrix, which was then treated by means of a statistical multivariate analysis. Three structural tendencies emerged from this analysis. With the aim of studying their stability, the results are discussed in terms of resistance and resilience, according to the Highest Expressive Amplitude (HEA) concept, and by considering the intra- and inter-community structural dynamics as structural parameters. The data obtained suggest structural situations with different degrees of non-equilibrium that reflect resistance to environmental factors. The resistance of the vegetation is correlated with the apparent functional connectivity detected for the communities analysed.
doi: 10.1080/11263500500333651doi: 10.1080/11263500500333651The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: Expressive capacity; multivariate analysis; Portugal; structural stability

Post-fire, seasonal and annual dynamics of the ectomycorrhizal community in a Quercus ilex L. forest over a 3-year period. - De Roman, Miriam; de Miguel, Ana María (Mycorrhiza, 2005)
Two study plots, burned and control, were established in autumn 1998 in a Quercus ilex forest located in northern Spain, part of which had been affected by a low intensity fire in 1994. Soil samples for ectomycorrhizae (ECM) were taken over a 3-year period in each study plot in spring, summer, autumn and winter. ECM morphotypes were identified and the relative abundance of each morphotype in each soil sample calculated, along with species richness, Shannon diversity index and percentage of mycorrhization in each soil sample. The relative abundance of certain ECM morphotypes differed between burned and control plots, and the percentage of mycorrhizal tips was significantly lower in the burned than in the control plot. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in the diversity, species richness or species composition of the ECM community in the burned and control plots. The dominant ECM morphotypes in both stands were Cenococcum geophilum and several thelephoroid fungi. Sphaerosporella brunnea and Pisolithus tinctorius thrived especially in the burned plot, whereas three ectomycorrhizal morphotypes assigned to the genus Hebeloma were especially abundant in the control plot. There was no significant variation in the relative abundance of the ECM morphotypes between seasons, but ECM community species richness was highest in autumn and lowest in summer. The percentage of mycorrhizal tips reached a maximum in winter, with its minimum in autumn. Collection of samples over the 3-year period also enabled us to detect a significant increase in percentage of ECM colonisation in the burned stand over time.
Keywords: Annual variation; Ectomycorrhizae; Post-fire dynamics; Quercus ilex; seasonal variation

Post-fire, seasonal and annual dynamics of the ectomycorrhizal community in a Quercus ilex L. forest over a 3-year period. - De Roman, Miriam; de Miguel, Ana María (Mycorrhiza, 2005)
Two study plots, burned and control, were established in autumn 1998 in a Quercus ilex forest located in northern Spain, part of which had been affected by a low intensity fire in 1994. Soil samples for ectomycorrhizae (ECM) were taken over a 3-year period in each study plot in spring, summer, autumn and winter. ECM morphotypes were identified and the relative abundance of each morphotype in each soil sample calculated, along with species richness, Shannon diversity index and percentage of mycorrhization in each soil sample. The relative abundance of certain ECM morphotypes differed between burned and control plots, and the percentage of mycorrhizal tips was significantly lower in the burned than in the control plot. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in the diversity, species richness or species composition of the ECM community in the burned and control plots. The dominant ECM morphotypes in both stands were Cenococcum geophilum and several thelephoroid fungi. Sphaerosporella brunnea and Pisolithus tinctorius thrived especially in the burned plot, whereas three ectomycorrhizal morphotypes assigned to the genus Hebeloma were especially abundant in the control plot. There was no significant variation in the relative abundance of the ECM morphotypes between seasons, but ECM community species richness was highest in autumn and lowest in summer. The percentage of mycorrhizal tips reached a maximum in winter, with its minimum in autumn. Collection of samples over the 3-year period also enabled us to detect a significant increase in percentage of ECM colonisation in the burned stand over time.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 15889285
Keywords: Annual variation; Ectomycorrhizae; Post-fire dynamics; Quercus ilex; seasonal variation

Predicting the Recovery of Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex Forests after a Large Wildfire in Northeastern Spain - Broncano, Maria José; Retana, Javier; Rodrigo, Anselm (Plant Ecology, 2005)
Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis are two of the most common tree species of the western Mediterranean basin. Both species regenerate reliably after ﬁre: P. halepensis colonizes recently disturbed areas by eﬀective seedling recruitment, while Q. ilex resprouts vigorously after disturbances. For this reason, the natural regeneration of these species after ﬁre should ensure the re-establishment of a forest similar to that which existed before the ﬁre. This study analyzes with a simple simulation model whether or not the relative abundance of monospeciﬁc and mixed forests of these species in the landscape is altered by ﬁre. We also analyze the topographic factors and the forest structure before the ﬁre that determine the changes in forest composition after ﬁre. This study has been carried out in a large ﬁre that occurred in NE Spain. Overall, 33% of plots changed to another community type, but this probability of change varied considerably among community types before the ﬁre. Monospeciﬁc forests of P. halepensis or Q. ilex had a high probability of remaining in their original composition after the ﬁre, whereas the resilience of mixed forests of these two species was quite low. Mixed forests changed for the most part to monospeciﬁc P. halepensis or Q. ilex forests. Analysis of several factors determining these changes indicated that only elevation as a signiﬁcant topographical variable. The eﬀect of ﬁre was to increase the altitudinal diﬀerentiation between the two species. P. halepensis forests that changed to mixed or Q. ilex forests were those of highest elevation, while the mixed and Q. ilex plots that changed to P. halepensis forests were those located at the lowest elevations. Concerning structural variables before ﬁre, density of Q. ilex trees before the ﬁre showed a much greater eﬀect than P. halepensis density in determining the post-ﬁre community. Finally, burn severity also inﬂuenced the changes observed. For both P. halepensis and Q. ilex forests, plots that changed to another forest type were mainly those that burned more severely. In the case of mixed forests, even low ﬁre severities involved high probabilities of change to monospeciﬁc forests.
Keywords: burn severity; mediterranean forest; natural regeneration; post-fire recovery; resilience

Predicting the Recovery of Pinus halepensis and Quercus ilex Forests after a Large Wildfire in Northeastern Spain - Broncano, Maria José; Retana, Javier; Rodrigo, Anselm (Plant Ecology, 2005)
Quercus ilex and Pinus halepensis are two of the most common tree species of the western Mediterranean basin. Both species regenerate reliably after ﬁre: P. halepensis colonizes recently disturbed areas by eﬀective seedling recruitment, while Q. ilex resprouts vigorously after disturbances. For this reason, the natural regeneration of these species after ﬁre should ensure the re-establishment of a forest similar to that which existed before the ﬁre. This study analyzes with a simple simulation model whether or not the relative abundance of monospeciﬁc and mixed forests of these species in the landscape is altered by ﬁre. We also analyze the topographic factors and the forest structure before the ﬁre that determine the changes in forest composition after ﬁre. This study has been carried out in a large ﬁre that occurred in NE Spain. Overall, 33% of plots changed to another community type, but this probability of change varied considerably among community types before the ﬁre. Monospeciﬁc forests of P. halepensis or Q. ilex had a high probability of remaining in their original composition after the ﬁre, whereas the resilience of mixed forests of these two species was quite low. Mixed forests changed for the most part to monospeciﬁc P. halepensis or Q. ilex forests. Analysis of several factors determining these changes indicated that only elevation as a signiﬁcant topographical variable. The eﬀect of ﬁre was to increase the altitudinal diﬀerentiation between the two species. P. halepensis forests that changed to mixed or Q. ilex forests were those of highest elevation, while the mixed and Q. ilex plots that changed to P. halepensis forests were those located at the lowest elevations. Concerning structural variables before ﬁre, density of Q. ilex trees before the ﬁre showed a much greater eﬀect than P. halepensis density in determining the post-ﬁre community. Finally, burn severity also inﬂuenced the changes observed. For both P. halepensis and Q. ilex forests, plots that changed to another forest type were mainly those that burned more severely. In the case of mixed forests, even low ﬁre severities involved high probabilities of change to monospeciﬁc forests.
Keywords: burn severity; mediterranean forest; natural regeneration; post-fire recovery; resilience

Quality characterization of wine cork stoppers using computer vision - Costa, A.; Pereira, H. (JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL DES SCIENCES DE LA VIGNE ET DU VIN, 2005)
Image analysis techniques were applied on the surface of wine cork stoppers (tops and lateral cylindrical surface) of seven commercial quality classes to characterize their porosity. An increasing trend from the best to the worst quality classes was found for features related to area of pores (i.e. maximum length and width or pore maximum area) and concentration variables (i.e. porosity coefficient or number of pores per 100 cm(2)). Shape variables were rather constant and mean values showed no differences between quality classes. Variation of the pores characteristics within each quality class was large especially in the mid-quality range. Therefore there were no statistically significant differences to allow the isolation of the all quality classes and overlapping was particularly important in the medium-quality classes. The reduction of grading into only three quality classes allowed to isolate statistically different subsets based on porosity coefficient and number of pores per 100 cm(2). These variables can be selected for further development into quality grades specification of wine cork stoppers.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: 42 RUE MARSAN, 33300 BORDEAUX, FRANCE publisher: VIGNE ET VIN PUBLICATIONS INT
Keywords: computer imaging; quality classes; wine cork stoppers

Quality characterization of wine cork stoppers using computer vision - Costa, a; Pereira, H (JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL DES SCIENCES DE LA VIGNE ET DU VIN, 2005)
Image analysis techniques were applied on the surface of wine cork stoppers (tops and lateral cylindrical surface) of seven commercial quality classes to characterize their porosity. An increasing trend from the best to the worst quality classes was found for features related to area of pores (i.e. maximum length and width or pore maximum area) and concentration variables (i.e. porosity coefficient or number of pores per 100 cm(2)). Shape variables were rather constant and mean values showed no differences between quality classes. Variation of the pores characteristics within each quality class was large especially in the mid-quality range. Therefore there were no statistically significant differences to allow the isolation of the all quality classes and overlapping was particularly important in the medium-quality classes. The reduction of grading into only three quality classes allowed to isolate statistically different subsets based on porosity coefficient and number of pores per 100 cm(2). These variables can be selected for further development into quality grades specification of wine cork stoppers.
Keywords: computer imaging; quality classes; wine cork stoppers

Quercus suber cork extract displays a tensor and smoothing effect on human skin: an in vivo study. - Coquet, C; Bauza, E; Oberto, G; Berghi, A; Farnet, A M; Ferré, E; Peyronel, D; Dal Farra, C; Domloge, N (Drugs under experimental and clinical research, 2005)
Recently, it has become indispensable for anti-aging active ingredients to provide a visible and immediate smoothing antiwrinkle effect. In Quercus suber, suberin is the most important structural component of cork cell walls. Studies have shown that suberin is made up mostly of hydroxycarboxylic acids and that it is endowed with many special mechanical and chemical properties that evoke a possible smoothing effect on the surface of the skin. Therefore, we were interested in investigating the effect of this cork extract on the skin's surface in a double-blind clinical study. The study was conducted in 15 healthy volunteers, aged 22 to 52 years. The volunteers applied a gel formula with 3% of cork extract, or placebo gel, on each forearm. Skin surface roughness was evaluated visually by pictures and by silicone replicas 1 and 2 h after application, followed by statistical analysis using the matched-pairs McNemar statistical test. McNemar analysis of the pictures revealed that application of cork extract on the skin resulted in a highly significant reduction of roughness 1 h after application. This effect was observed in 73.3% of volunteers. Two hours after cork extract application, a highly significant improvement of skin roughness was found in 78.6% of volunteers. Moreover, silicone replica treatment confirmed significant improvement in average of roughness at 2 h. These results demonstrate that cork extract provides a remarkable and highly significant tensor and smoothing effect on the skin, which could be of great use in anti-aging skin care products.
Journal Article,Randomized Controlled Trial,
Keywords: 2; 3-friedelanol; 6-heptanediol; Quercus suber L.; suberin; Terpens

Quercus suber cork extract displays a tensor and smoothing effect on human skin: an in vivo study. - Coquet, C.; Bauza, E.; Oberto, G.; Berghi, A.; Farnet, A. M.; Ferré, E.; Peyronel, D.; Dal Farra, C.; Domloge, N. (Drugs under experimental and clinical research, 2005)
Recently, it has become indispensable for anti-aging active ingredients to provide a visible and immediate smoothing antiwrinkle effect. In Quercus suber, suberin is the most important structural component of cork cell walls. Studies have shown that suberin is made up mostly of hydroxycarboxylic acids and that it is endowed with many special mechanical and chemical properties that evoke a possible smoothing effect on the surface of the skin. Therefore, we were interested in investigating the effect of this cork extract on the skin's surface in a double-blind clinical study. The study was conducted in 15 healthy volunteers, aged 22 to 52 years. The volunteers applied a gel formula with 3% of cork extract, or placebo gel, on each forearm. Skin surface roughness was evaluated visually by pictures and by silicone replicas 1 and 2 h after application, followed by statistical analysis using the matched-pairs McNemar statistical test. McNemar analysis of the pictures revealed that application of cork extract on the skin resulted in a highly significant reduction of roughness 1 h after application. This effect was observed in 73.3% of volunteers. Two hours after cork extract application, a highly significant improvement of skin roughness was found in 78.6% of volunteers. Moreover, silicone replica treatment confirmed significant improvement in average of roughness at 2 h. These results demonstrate that cork extract provides a remarkable and highly significant tensor and smoothing effect on the skin, which could be of great use in anti-aging skin care products.
Journal Article,Randomized Controlled Trial,Journal Article,Randomized Controlled Trial,The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: Vincience Research Center, Sophia Antipolis, France.
Keywords: 2; 3-friedelanol; 6-heptanediol; Quercus suber L.; suberin; Terpens

REFLEXIONES EN TORNO A LA SOSTENlBlLlDAD DE LA DEHESA - Pérez-Díaz, A (Geographicalia, 2005)
In tlie last century roorii tlie Spanisli deliesa llave wakened up a scien- tific interest tliat he only finds paragon and justification in tlie growing concern of tlie public opinion Sor the conservation and restoration of the environnient. In little time, tlie nieadow has passed of being tlie paradigrn of tlie .'latifun- disruo" in its inost pejorative conception, to hecorne an unquestionahle moclel of sustainable developinent. Witliout denying this new conception a priori; tliis article tries to offer the keys Sor a reflection on tlie last sostenibilidad, present ancl f~ic~ire of the rneadow. And he seeks to make it fi-0111 a geograpliical, inte- grative perspective, far froin íleeting fasliions ancl stereotyped opinions
Keywords: Dehesa; economy; land-use systems; s~istainability

REFLEXIONES EN TORNO A LA SOSTENlBlLlDAD DE LA DEHESA - Pérez-Díaz, A. (Geographicalia, 2005)
In tlie last century roorii tlie Spanisli deliesa llave wakened up a scien- tific interest tliat he only finds paragon and justification in tlie growing concern of tlie public opinion Sor the conservation and restoration of the environnient. In little time, tlie nieadow has passed of being tlie paradigrn of tlie .'latifun- disruo" in its inost pejorative conception, to hecorne an unquestionahle moclel of sustainable developinent. Witliout denying this new conception a priori; tliis article tries to offer the keys Sor a reflection on tlie last sostenibilidad, present ancl f~ic~ire of the rneadow. And he seeks to make it fi-0111 a geograpliical, inte- grative perspective, far froin íleeting fasliions ancl stereotyped opinions
Keywords: Dehesa; economy; land-use systems; s~istainability

Response of tree seedlings to the abiotic heterogeneity generated by nurse shrubs: an experimental approach at different scales - Gómez-Aparicio, LORENA; Valladares, Fernando; Zamora, Regino; Luis Quero, José (Ecography, 2005)
Spatial heterogeneity of abiotic factors influences patterns of seedling establishment at different scales. In stress-prone ecosystems such as Mediterranean ones, heterogeneity generated by shrubs has been shown to facilitate the establishment of tree species. However, how this facilitation is affected by spatial scale remains poorly understood. We have experimentally analysed the consequences of the abiotic heterogeneity generated by pioneer shrubs on survival, growth and physiology of seedlings of three important tree species from Mediterranean mountains (Acer opalus ssp. granatense, Quercus pyrenaica and Quercus ilex). Patterns of abiotic heterogeneity and seedling performance were studied at two scales differing in grain: 1) the microhabitat scale, by using open interspaces as controls of the effect of different shrub species, and 2) the microsite scale, analysing the effects of fine-grain heterogeneity (within-microhabitat heterogeneity). Results showed that, at the microhabitat scale, seedling establishment of the three tree species significantly benefited from the modification of the abiotic environment by nurse shrubs. However, we found shrub-seedling interactions to be species-specific, due to differential modification of both aboveground (light availability) and belowground (soil compaction, water content, and fertility) abiotic factors by nurse shrub species. Heterogeneity at the within-microhabitat scale was rather high, although it did not significantly affect seedling performance of any of the tree species. The study demonstrates that the effects of the abiotic heterogeneity generated by shrubs are not consistent across the range of spatial scales considered. The regeneration niche of tree species becomes very complex at fine spatial scales, and thereby estimators of abiotic heterogeneity are valuable descriptors of spatial patterns of seedling establishment only when microsite “noise” is averaged out at greater scales.
Keywords: abiotic factors; mediterranean species; microhabitat (voyant); nurse shrubs; seedling performance; soil conditions

Respuesta plástica a la luz y al agua en cuatro especies del género Quercus - Quero, J. L.; VILLAR, R.; MARAÑON, T.; Murillo, A.; Zamora, R. (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
El objetivo de este estudio es conocer el nivel de plasticidad fenotípica de plántulas de varias especies de Quercus a dos de los principales factores que regulan el crecimiento y la supervivencia de las plantas leñosas mediterráneas: la luz y el agua, así como determinar qué variables son más plásticas a uno u otro factor. Se cultivaron en condiciones controladas individuos de Quercus ilex subsp. ballota, Q. suber, Q. pyrenaica y Q. canariensis en tres tratamientos de luz (100, 25 y 3% de luz incidente) y con agua abundante. A partir de mediados de primavera, a una parte de los individuos se le suprimió el agua, de forma que se tuvieron dos tratamientos de agua (riego vs. no riego) dentro de cada tratamiento de luz. Se estudiaron distintas variables fisiológicas, como la tasa de fotosíntesis y respiración, el punto de compensación y de saturación a la luz, la conductancia estomática, la eficiencia instantánea en el uso del agua, la eficiencia fotosintética a la luz y la eficiencia en el uso del nitrógeno. También se estudiaron distintas variables morfológicas o estructurales, como el área foliar, el área específica foliar, las concentraciones de N y C y un índice de clorofila. La plasticidad de las variables estructurales al factor agua fue muy baja, mientras que el índice de plasticidad de las fisiológicas fue mayor. Con la luz, no se detectaron diferencias en los índices de plasticidad de las variables estructurales o fisiológicas. Estas diferencias se pueden explicar, por un lado porque la luz es un factor que ha condicionado el crecimiento y expansión de las hojas, afectando tanto a las variables estructurales como fisiológicas. Por el contrario, la falta de agua se puso de manifiesto cuando la planta había finalizado su crecimiento; así no respondieron a este factor modificando características estructurales, de gran componente ontogenético. Sin embargo, estas especies adaptadas a la sequía estival, sí tienen buen potencial de aclimatación a la falta de agua modificando características fisiológicas que le permiten optimizar la relación fotosíntesis/transpiración.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: IV Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Zaragoza
Keywords: área específica foliar; capacidad fotosintética; eficiencia en el uso del agua; eficiencia en el uso del nitrógeno; plasticidad fenotípica

Respuesta plástica a la luz y al agua en cuatro especies del género Quercus - Quero, J L; Villar, R; MARAÑÓN, T; Murillo, A; Zamora, R (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
El objetivo de este estudio es conocer el nivel de plasticidad fenotípica de plántulas de varias especies de Quercus a dos de los principales factores que regulan el crecimiento y la supervivencia de las plantas leñosas mediterráneas: la luz y el agua, así como determinar qué variables son más plásticas a uno u otro factor. Se cultivaron en condiciones controladas individuos de Quercus ilex subsp. ballota, Q. suber, Q. pyrenaica y Q. canariensis en tres tratamientos de luz (100, 25 y 3% de luz incidente) y con agua abundante. A partir de mediados de primavera, a una parte de los individuos se le suprimió el agua, de forma que se tuvieron dos tratamientos de agua (riego vs. no riego) dentro de cada tratamiento de luz. Se estudiaron distintas variables fisiológicas, como la tasa de fotosíntesis y respiración, el punto de compensación y de saturación a la luz, la conductancia estomática, la eficiencia instantánea en el uso del agua, la eficiencia fotosintética a la luz y la eficiencia en el uso del nitrógeno. También se estudiaron distintas variables morfológicas o estructurales, como el área foliar, el área específica foliar, las concentraciones de N y C y un índice de clorofila. La plasticidad de las variables estructurales al factor agua fue muy baja, mientras que el índice de plasticidad de las fisiológicas fue mayor. Con la luz, no se detectaron diferencias en los índices de plasticidad de las variables estructurales o fisiológicas. Estas diferencias se pueden explicar, por un lado porque la luz es un factor que ha condicionado el crecimiento y expansión de las hojas, afectando tanto a las variables estructurales como fisiológicas. Por el contrario, la falta de agua se puso de manifiesto cuando la planta había finalizado su crecimiento; así no respondieron a este factor modificando características estructurales, de gran componente ontogenético. Sin embargo, estas especies adaptadas a la sequía estival, sí tienen buen potencial de aclimatación a la falta de agua modificando características fisiológicas que le permiten optimizar la relación fotosíntesis/transpiración.
Keywords: área específica foliar; capacidad fotosintética; eficiencia en el uso del agua; eficiencia en el uso del nitrógeno; plasticidad fenotípica

A revision of the descriptions of ectomycorrhizas published since 1961 - De Roman, Miriam; Clavería, Vanessa; Maria De Miguel, Ana (Mycological Research, 2005)
All available publications providing descriptions of ectomycorrhizas (ECM) were reviewed in order to build a database containing details on fungus forming the ECM, host tree, country where the material for description was collected, and habitat of the ECM. Other secondary data were also recorded. In all 1244 descriptions of ECM published since 1961 in 479 papers were reviewed. The number of diﬀerent ECM morphotypes described was 814. Most ECM described were collected in Europe and North America. Gymnosperms were the most common tree associates, and boreal and temperate forests the most studied ecosystems. Fungal symbionts were mostly Basidiomycota, epigeous, and with mushroom-like morphology. The paper also addresses the gaps in ECM knowledge that mycorrhizologists should address in future studies.
Keywords: descriptions; Ectomycorrhizae; habitat (PG); host tree

Richesse et diversité floristique de la suberaie de la Mamora (Maroc) - Aafi, Abderrahman; KADMIRI, A. A. E. L. (Acta Botanica Malacitana, 2005)
The survey aims to quantify the floristic richeness and diversity of the Mamora’s forest oak-cork ecosystem on the basis of transects and floristic samples distributed according to a stratified and systematic sampling in the different plant formations previously distinguished. The results show that the ecosystem contains 62 families, 261 genders, 408 species, subspecies and varieties : 35 very rare taxa , 29 rare taxa ; 18 endemic taxa, 1 very rare and endemic taxa and 4 rare and endemic taxa. The survey has, otherwise, permitted to reveal the total disappearance of Erica arborea and E. scoparia from this ecosystem and to define the biological spectrum of the studied region, wich is characterized with a clear dominance of therophytes (50.5%).
Keywords: diversity; Mamora; Morocco; Quercus suber; richeness

Richesse et diversité floristique de la suberaie de la Mamora (Maroc) - Aafi, Abderrahman; KADMIRI, A A E L (Acta Botanica Malacitana, 2005)
The survey aims to quantify the floristic richeness and diversity of the Mamora’s forest oak-cork ecosystem on the basis of transects and floristic samples distributed according to a stratified and systematic sampling in the different plant formations previously distinguished. The results show that the ecosystem contains 62 families, 261 genders, 408 species, subspecies and varieties : 35 very rare taxa , 29 rare taxa ; 18 endemic taxa, 1 very rare and endemic taxa and 4 rare and endemic taxa. The survey has, otherwise, permitted to reveal the total disappearance of Erica arborea and E. scoparia from this ecosystem and to define the biological spectrum of the studied region, wich is characterized with a clear dominance of therophytes (50.5%).
Keywords: diversity; Mamora; Morocco; Quercus suber; richeness

Root Morphology, Stem Growth and Field Performance of Seedlings of Two Mediterranean Evergreen Oak Species Raised in Different Container Types - Tsakaldimi, M.; Zagas, T.; Tsitsoni, T.; Ganatsas, P. (Plant and Soil, 2005)
Outplanting container-grown oak seedlings with undesirable shoot and root characteristics result in poor establishment and reduced ﬁeld growth. The objective of this study was to determine the inﬂuence of container type on both above-and below-ground nursery growth and ﬁeld performance of one-year old taprooted seedlings Quercus ilex L. and Quercus coccifera L. The experiment was conducted in an open-air nursery and the seedlings were grown in three container types. At the end of the nursery, growth period seedlings shoot height, diameter (5 mm above root collar), shoot and root biomass, root surface area, root volume and total root length were assessed. Then the seedlings were planted in the ﬁeld and their survival and growth were recorded for two growing seasons after outplanting. The results showed a diﬀerence between the Quercus species in the eﬀect of container type. Q. ilex seedlings raised in paper-pot had signiﬁcantly greater height, diameter, shoot and root biomass and root volume than those raised in the other two container types. Similarly, Q. coccifera seedlings raised in paper-pot, had signiﬁcantly greater above-and below-ground growth than those raised in the other two container types. Both oak species showed relatively low survival in the ﬁeld; the mortality was mainly observed the ﬁrst year after outplanting, especially after the summer dry period. However, 2 years after outplanting, the paper-pot seedlings of the two oak species showed better ﬁeld performance.
Keywords: container seedlings; outplanting performance; Quercus coccifera; Quercus ilex; root morphology; stem growth

Root Morphology, Stem Growth and Field Performance of Seedlings of Two Mediterranean Evergreen Oak Species Raised in Different Container Types - Tsakaldimi, M; Zagas, T; Tsitsoni, T; Ganatsas, P (Plant and Soil, 2005)
Outplanting container-grown oak seedlings with undesirable shoot and root characteristics result in poor establishment and reduced ﬁeld growth. The objective of this study was to determine the inﬂuence of container type on both above-and below-ground nursery growth and ﬁeld performance of one-year old taprooted seedlings Quercus ilex L. and Quercus coccifera L. The experiment was conducted in an open-air nursery and the seedlings were grown in three container types. At the end of the nursery, growth period seedlings shoot height, diameter (5 mm above root collar), shoot and root biomass, root surface area, root volume and total root length were assessed. Then the seedlings were planted in the ﬁeld and their survival and growth were recorded for two growing seasons after outplanting. The results showed a diﬀerence between the Quercus species in the eﬀect of container type. Q. ilex seedlings raised in paper-pot had signiﬁcantly greater height, diameter, shoot and root biomass and root volume than those raised in the other two container types. Similarly, Q. coccifera seedlings raised in paper-pot, had signiﬁcantly greater above-and below-ground growth than those raised in the other two container types. Both oak species showed relatively low survival in the ﬁeld; the mortality was mainly observed the ﬁrst year after outplanting, especially after the summer dry period. However, 2 years after outplanting, the paper-pot seedlings of the two oak species showed better ﬁeld performance.
Keywords: container seedlings; outplanting performance; Quercus coccifera; Quercus ilex; root morphology; stem growth

Root responses of Quercus ilex L. seedlings to drought and fire - Chiatante, D; Di Iorio, A; Scippa, G S (Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 2005)
Abstract Drought treatments in holm-oak (Quercus ilex) seedlings induce variations in total root length, number of root apices, shoot/root dry weight, and root electrolyte leakage. When drought treatments last for more than 50 days a considerable number of fine lateral roots die, irrespective of branching order or distribution within the root system. Scorching of drought-treated seedlings induces a transient stimulation of root growth. These results indicate that root turnover is deeply affected during treatments, with survival of seedlings being entrusted to the tolerance of a number of roots situated in the deeper region of the root system. Activity of the meristematic tissue present within the apices of these surviving roots supports regeneration of above-ground lost organs during recovery. Knowledge of the mechanisms ensuring the survival of Mediterranean tree seedlings following drought and fire is useful for developing models of vegetation dynamics.
doi: 10.1080/11263500500160591
Keywords: Drought; Quercus ilex; root system; seedlings; ﬁre

Root responses of Quercus ilex L. seedlings to drought and fire - Chiatante, D.; Di Iorio, A.; Scippa, G. S. (Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 2005)
Abstract Drought treatments in holm-oak (Quercus ilex) seedlings induce variations in total root length, number of root apices, shoot/root dry weight, and root electrolyte leakage. When drought treatments last for more than 50 days a considerable number of fine lateral roots die, irrespective of branching order or distribution within the root system. Scorching of drought-treated seedlings induces a transient stimulation of root growth. These results indicate that root turnover is deeply affected during treatments, with survival of seedlings being entrusted to the tolerance of a number of roots situated in the deeper region of the root system. Activity of the meristematic tissue present within the apices of these surviving roots supports regeneration of above-ground lost organs during recovery. Knowledge of the mechanisms ensuring the survival of Mediterranean tree seedlings following drought and fire is useful for developing models of vegetation dynamics.
doi: 10.1080/11263500500160591doi: 10.1080/11263500500160591The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: Drought; Quercus ilex; root system; seedlings; ﬁre

Rural Changes and Landscape in Serra da Malcata, Central East of Portugal - Coelho-Silva, J Luís; Castro Rego, Francisco; Castelbranco Silveira, Sofia; Cardoso Gonçalves, C Paula; Machado, Carlos Alberto (Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape, 2005)
This chapter contains sections titled: * Introduction * Methodology and Materials * Results * Discussion
Keywords: campaign credit; forest development policy; Geographical Information System (GIS); land-use dynamics; poly-crop herbaceous system; Portuguese agrarian policies; Portuguese agriculture; private plot; schist-derived soils (citation)

Rural Changes and Landscape in Serra da Malcata, Central East of Portugal - Coelho-Silva, J. Luís; Castro Rego, Francisco; Castelbranco Silveira, Sofia; Cardoso Gonçalves, C. Paula; Machado, Carlos Alberto (Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape, 2005)
This chapter contains sections titled: * Introduction * Methodology and Materials * Results * Discussion
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Recent Dynamics of the Mediterranean Vegetation and Landscape electronic-resource-num: 10.1002/0470093714.ch16
Keywords: campaign credit; forest development policy; Geographical Information System (GIS); land-use dynamics; poly-crop herbaceous system; Portuguese agrarian policies; Portuguese agriculture; private plot; schist-derived soils (citation)

Santa Lucia superiore (Toirano, Ligurie) : reconstitution locale de la végétation ligure durant le Pléniglaciaire ancien - Kaniewski, David; Renault-Miskovsky, Josette; Tozzi, Carlo; de Lumley, Henry (Geobios, 2005)
Pollen analysis of Santa Lucia superiore cave (Italy) reports at local scale the lowland Ligurian vegetation during the Lower Pleniglacial (75 to 57 Kyr BP). The pollen proﬁle shows two AP extensions during a steppe-landscape episode in Liguria. The dry and cold phases caused the establishment of a steppe-landscape (NAP 92%) with Artemisia, Ephedra, Poaceae and Chenopodiaceae, similar to those mentioned in the Latium during the Pleniglacial. The increase of moisture generated a ﬁrst arboreal extension (Pinus, Betula, Corylus, Ulmus), which engendered the formation of an open-forest landscape (AP 43%). The second arboreal extension (AP 55%) was due to an increase of moisture and higher temperatures, which allowed the development of Mediterranean trees and shrubs (Quercus ilex, Olea, Phillyrea). This warming up occurred probably simultaneously with a secondary transgression during the glacial sea-level change. The upper part of the proﬁle shows an open vegetation, which indicates the return of a steppe-landscape. Pollen data, replaced in the multidisciplinary studies of the site, are well correlated with the fauna and sediment data.
Keywords: Full glacial; Liguria; Middle Palaeolithic; palynology; Prehistory; Upper Pleistocene

Seasonal changes in photosynthesis and photoprotection in a Quercus ilex subsp. ballota woodland located in its upper altitudinal extreme in the Iberian Peninsula - Corcuera, L; Morales, F; Abadía, A; Gil-Pelegrín, E (Tree Physiology, 2005)
Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp., a Mediterranean evergreen species growing in a continental Mediterranean climate, did not experience water stress and showed greater sensitivity to winter stress than to summer stress over a 12-month period. Net CO2 assimilation rates and photosystem II (PSII) efficiency decreased markedly during the cold months and recovered completely in spring. Lutein, neoxanthin and β-carotene to chlorophyll (Chl) molar ratios all showed the same trend throughout the year, increasing from September to March. This increase was a result of increases in carotenoid concentrations, because Chl concentration per unit leaf area remained stable, and was higher at the end than at the beginning of the first growing season. Lutein-epoxide was a minor component of the total lutein pool. Thermal energy dissipation and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were associated with the de-epoxidated forms of the xanthophyll cycle pigments in the warm months. Photosynthetic rates decreased slightly at midday in summer. These changes were accompanied by decreases in maximum potential PSII efficiency (which recovered during the night), actual and intrinsic PSII efficiencies, photochemical quenching and increases in NPQ. Overall, our data indicate down-regulation of photosynthesis during the summer. The diurnal de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin occurred throughout the year, except in January. Antioxidant enzymatic activity increased in the winter months, especially during the coldest months, highlighting its key role in photoprotection against photo-oxidation. Structural and functional modifications protected PSII from permanent damage and allowed 1-year-old leaves to photosynthesize at high rates when temperatures increased in spring.
10.1093/treephys/25.5.599
Keywords: antioxidant enzymatic activity; chlorophyll fluorescence; photosynthetic pigments; summer stress; winter stress

Seasonal changes in photosynthesis and photoprotection in a Quercus ilex subsp. ballota woodland located in its upper altitudinal extreme in the Iberian Peninsula - Corcuera, L.; Morales, F.; Abadia, A.; GIL-PELEGRÍN, E. (Tree Physiology, 2005)
Quercus ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp., a Mediterranean evergreen species growing in a continental Mediterranean climate, did not experience water stress and showed greater sensitivity to winter stress than to summer stress over a 12-month period. Net CO2 assimilation rates and photosystem II (PSII) efficiency decreased markedly during the cold months and recovered completely in spring. Lutein, neoxanthin and β-carotene to chlorophyll (Chl) molar ratios all showed the same trend throughout the year, increasing from September to March. This increase was a result of increases in carotenoid concentrations, because Chl concentration per unit leaf area remained stable, and was higher at the end than at the beginning of the first growing season. Lutein-epoxide was a minor component of the total lutein pool. Thermal energy dissipation and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were associated with the de-epoxidated forms of the xanthophyll cycle pigments in the warm months. Photosynthetic rates decreased slightly at midday in summer. These changes were accompanied by decreases in maximum potential PSII efficiency (which recovered during the night), actual and intrinsic PSII efficiencies, photochemical quenching and increases in NPQ. Overall, our data indicate down-regulation of photosynthesis during the summer. The diurnal de-epoxidation of violaxanthin to antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin occurred throughout the year, except in January. Antioxidant enzymatic activity increased in the winter months, especially during the coldest months, highlighting its key role in photoprotection against photo-oxidation. Structural and functional modifications protected PSII from permanent damage and allowed 1-year-old leaves to photosynthesize at high rates when temperatures increased in spring.
10.1093/treephys/25.5.59910.1093/treephys/25.5.599
Keywords: antioxidant enzymatic activity; chlorophyll fluorescence; photosynthetic pigments; summer stress; winter stress

Seasonal changes in the thermal environment do not affect microhabitat selection by Psammodromus algirus lizards - Diaz, J. A. (The Herpetological Journal, 2005)
We studied the thermal consequences of microhabitat selection by Psammodromus algirus lizards by combining data on the frequency of use and relative availability of three different types of microhabitats, with information about the environmental operative temperatures, and their deviations from the lizards' selected thermal range, available in these microhabitats. In both seasons, lizards preferred holm oak shrubs and avoided rockrose shrubs and open areas. However, the thermal suitability of holm oaks was highest in July but lowest in May. We suggest that microhabitat preferences were more related to other aspects of lizard ecology (e.g. antipredator behaviour) than to thermal requirements.
Keywords: lizard; operative temperatures; predation risk; thermoregulation

Seasonal changes in the thermal environment do not affect microhabitat selection by Psammodromus algirus lizards - Diaz, J A (The Herpetological Journal, 2005)
We studied the thermal consequences of microhabitat selection by Psammodromus algirus lizards by combining data on the frequency of use and relative availability of three different types of microhabitats, with information about the environmental operative temperatures, and their deviations from the lizards' selected thermal range, available in these microhabitats. In both seasons, lizards preferred holm oak shrubs and avoided rockrose shrubs and open areas. However, the thermal suitability of holm oaks was highest in July but lowest in May. We suggest that microhabitat preferences were more related to other aspects of lizard ecology (e.g. antipredator behaviour) than to thermal requirements.
Keywords: lizard; operative temperatures; predation risk; thermoregulation

SEASONAL PATTERN OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE IN A CORK OAK (QUERCUS SUBER L.) STAND IN HUELVA (SPAIN) - GONZÁLEZ-PÉREZ, ARANTZAZU; VÁZQUEZ-PIQUÉ, JAVIER; TAPIAS, RAÚL; FERNÁNDEZ, MANUEL (Suberwood2005: New challenges for integration of cork oak forests and products, Scientific and Technical Conference, Huelva, Spain, 20, 21 and 22 October 2005., 2005)
The seasonal pattern of the physiological state of Quercus suber is determined by different ecological factors, and it affects to the growth of the species. The main objective of this study is to know the seasonal pattern of water potential, photosynthesis and fluorescence in four Quercus suber L. trees and to relate these values with ecological factors during two years. In this time there were three critical periods, the first one the end of the dry period where the water potential descends to values less than -3MPa and the photosynthesis to 0.781 µmol CO2m-2 s-1Quercus suber, physiology, water potential, photosynthesis, fluorescence. . The second critical period is located in period of change of the leaf, between the months of March and May. The third critical period occurred due to the freezes and drought of the year 2005, that produced strong damages in the PSII.
Keywords: fluorescenc; photosynthesis; physiology; Quercus suber; water potential

SEASONAL PATTERN OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE IN A CORK OAK (QUERCUS SUBER L.) STAND IN HUELVA (SPAIN) - GONZÁLEZ-PÉREZ, ARANTZAZU; VÁZQUEZ-PIQUÉ, JAVIER; TAPIAS, RAÚL; FERNÁNDEZ, MANUEL (Suberwood2005: New challenges for integration of cork oak forests and products, Scientific and Technical Conference, Huelva, Spain, 20, 21 and 22 October 2005., 2005)
The seasonal pattern of the physiological state of Quercus suber is determined by different ecological factors, and it affects to the growth of the species. The main objective of this study is to know the seasonal pattern of water potential, photosynthesis and fluorescence in four Quercus suber L. trees and to relate these values with ecological factors during two years. In this time there were three critical periods, the first one the end of the dry period where the water potential descends to values less than -3MPa and the photosynthesis to 0.781 µmol CO2m-2 s-1Quercus suber, physiology, water potential, photosynthesis, fluorescence. . The second critical period is located in period of change of the leaf, between the months of March and May. The third critical period occurred due to the freezes and drought of the year 2005, that produced strong damages in the PSII.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: Suberwood2005: New challenges for integration of cork oak forests and products, Scientific and Technical Conference, Huelva, Spain, 20, 21 and 22 October 2005. pub-location: Huelva
Keywords: fluorescenc; photosynthesis; physiology; Quercus suber; water potential

Sicily represents the Italian reservoir of chloroplast DNA diversity of Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae) - Fineschi, Silvia; Cozzolino, Salvatore; Migliaccio, Marianna; Musacchio, Aldo; Innocenti, Michela; Vendramin, Giovanni G. (Ann. For. Sci., 2005)
Chloroplast DNA polymorphism was analysed in forty-four Italian holm oak populations. Results obtained with different markers (PCR-RFLP and SSR) were congruent, showing a clear geographic structure of genetic diversity and high value of genetic differentiation (Gst = 0.80). By combining PCR-RFLP and SSR, eight haplotypes were identified in Italy, six of them in Sicily. Most populations were fixed for one haplotype. Some populations from the extreme West Mediterranean (Morocco) and the extreme East Mediterranean areas (Crete) were interpreted as reproductively isolated populations because they had completely different haplotypes. These results strongly support the hypothesis of glacial refugia existing in southern Italy, and underline the high conservation value of natural tree populations in Sicily, in which most diversity was detected.
Keywords: genetic differentiation; PCR-RFLP; Quercus ilex; SSR

Sicily represents the Italian reservoir of chloroplast DNA diversity of Quercus ilex L. (Fagaceae) - Fineschi, Silvia; Cozzolino, Salvatore; Migliaccio, Marianna; Musacchio, Aldo; Innocenti, Michela; Vendramin, Giovanni G (Ann. For. Sci., 2005)
Chloroplast DNA polymorphism was analysed in forty-four Italian holm oak populations. Results obtained with different markers (PCR-RFLP and SSR) were congruent, showing a clear geographic structure of genetic diversity and high value of genetic differentiation (Gst = 0.80). By combining PCR-RFLP and SSR, eight haplotypes were identified in Italy, six of them in Sicily. Most populations were fixed for one haplotype. Some populations from the extreme West Mediterranean (Morocco) and the extreme East Mediterranean areas (Crete) were interpreted as reproductively isolated populations because they had completely different haplotypes. These results strongly support the hypothesis of glacial refugia existing in southern Italy, and underline the high conservation value of natural tree populations in Sicily, in which most diversity was detected.
Keywords: genetic differentiation; PCR-RFLP; Quercus ilex; SSR

Site quality evaluation by classification tree: an application to cork quality in Sardinia - Corona, Piermaria; Dettori, Sandro; Filigheddu, Maria Rosaria; Maetzke, Federico; Scotti, Roberto (European Journal of Forest Research, 2005)
Cork harvesting and stopper production represent a major forest industry in Sardinia (Italy). The target of the present investigation was to evaluate the ‘‘classiﬁcation tree’’ as a tool to discover possible relationships between microsite characteristics and cork quality. Seven main cork oak (Quercus suber) producing areas have been identiﬁed in Sardinia, for a total of more than 122,000 ha. Sixty-three sample trees, distributed among diﬀerent geographical locations and microsite conditions, were selected. A soil proﬁle near each sample tree was described, soil samples were collected and analysed. After debarking, cork quality of each sample tree was graded by an independent panel of experts. Microsites where trees had more than 50% of the extracted cork graded in the best quality class, according to the oﬃcial quality standard in Italy, were labelled as prime microsites, the others as nonprime microsites. Relationships between a binary dummy variable (0 for nonprime microsites, 1 for prime microsites) and site factors were investigated using classiﬁcation tree analysis to select the relevant variables and to deﬁne the classiﬁcation scheme. Prime quality microsites for cork production proved to be characterised by elevation, soil phosphorus content and sandiness. Results have been compared with those of the more conventional parametric approach by logistic regression. The work demonstrates the advantages of the classiﬁcation tree method. The model may be appropriate for classiﬁcations at landscape and stand mapping levels, where it is possible to sample a number of microsites and to evaluate distributional characteristics of model output, while its precision is only indicative when estimating the prime quality of single microsites.
Keywords: Classiﬁcation tree; Cork quality; Logistic regression; Quercus suber; Site classiﬁcation and evaluation

Site quality evaluation by classification tree: an application to cork quality in Sardinia - Corona, Piermaria; Dettori, Sandro; Filigheddu, Maria Rosaria; Maetzke, Federico; Scotti, Roberto (European Journal of Forest Research, 2005)
Cork harvesting and stopper production represent a major forest industry in Sardinia (Italy). The target of the present investigation was to evaluate the ‘‘classiﬁcation tree’’ as a tool to discover possible relationships between microsite characteristics and cork quality. Seven main cork oak (Quercus suber) producing areas have been identiﬁed in Sardinia, for a total of more than 122,000 ha. Sixty-three sample trees, distributed among diﬀerent geographical locations and microsite conditions, were selected. A soil proﬁle near each sample tree was described, soil samples were collected and analysed. After debarking, cork quality of each sample tree was graded by an independent panel of experts. Microsites where trees had more than 50% of the extracted cork graded in the best quality class, according to the oﬃcial quality standard in Italy, were labelled as prime microsites, the others as nonprime microsites. Relationships between a binary dummy variable (0 for nonprime microsites, 1 for prime microsites) and site factors were investigated using classiﬁcation tree analysis to select the relevant variables and to deﬁne the classiﬁcation scheme. Prime quality microsites for cork production proved to be characterised by elevation, soil phosphorus content and sandiness. Results have been compared with those of the more conventional parametric approach by logistic regression. The work demonstrates the advantages of the classiﬁcation tree method. The model may be appropriate for classiﬁcations at landscape and stand mapping levels, where it is possible to sample a number of microsites and to evaluate distributional characteristics of model output, while its precision is only indicative when estimating the prime quality of single microsites.
Keywords: Classiﬁcation tree; Cork quality; Logistic regression; Quercus suber; Site classiﬁcation and evaluation

Suitability of Mediterranean oak woodland for beef herd husbandry - Henkin, Z; Gutman, M; Aharon, Hava; Perevolotsky, A; Ungar, E D; Seligman, N G (Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 2005)
Traditionally, the evergreen Mediterranean woodland dominated by dense Kermes oak thickets has been grazed mainly by multi-species herds dominated by goats. With the continuing decline of goat husbandry, commercial beef husbandry in such woodland was considered as a possible alternative. A case study to determine the feasibility of this option was conducted over a period of 20 years on oak woodland in the Galilee region in Israel. The woodland was initially thinned manually to enable better access for cattle. For the first 11 years (1982–1992), the study site was grazed by a beef herd managed by a nearby communal settlement (Hatal1); it was consequently subject to the advantages and limitations of integration into a larger beef ranching operation and a complex socio-economic organization. During the following 10 years, the range was grazed by a beef herd belonging to a family in a nearby village (Hatal2) and subject to the accompanying limited manpower and economic constraints of a family farm. During both periods, one paddock was grazed at a heavier stocking rate than the other. Under heavy grazing (175–206 cow grazing days ha-1 yr-1), the basal regrowth of the oaks was closely cropped and the vegetation was maintained as predominantly open woodland. In the paddock that was grazed more moderately (122–148 cow grazing days ha-1 yr-1), the vegetation tended to return to dense thicket. It was concluded that after initial thinning, the relatively dense Mediterranean oak woodland sustained a viable beef herd with moderate supplementation, especially when grazing pressure was maintained at a relatively high level. In addition, the open woodland contributed to landscape diversity and increased the amenity value of the area for hiking and recreation.
Keywords: animal performance; Cattle; farming system; feed supplementation; landscape ecology; quercus calliprinos

Summer and winter sensitivity of leaves and xylem to minimum freezing temperatures: a comparison of co-occurring Mediterranean oaks that differ in leaf lifespan. - Cavender-Bares, J; Cortés, P; Rambal, S; Joffre, R; Miles, B; Rocheteau, A (The New phytologist, 2005)
Freezing sensitivity of leaves and xylem was examined in four co-occurring Mediterranean oaks (Quercus spp.) grown in a common garden to determine whether freezing responses of leaves and xylem were coordinated and could be predicted by leaf lifespan. Freezing-induced embolism and loss of photosynthetic function were measured after overnight exposure to a range of subzero temperatures in both summer and winter. Both measures were found to be dependent on minimum freezing temperature and were correlated with leaf lifespan and vessel diameter. The dependence of xylem embolism on minimum freezing temperature may result from the decline in water potential with ice temperature that influences the redistribution of water during freezing and leads to an increase in xylem tension. Winter acclimatization had a relatively small effect on the vulnerability to freezing-induced embolism, although leaf photosynthetic function showed a strong acclimatization response, particularly in the two evergreen species. Quercus ilex, the species with the longest leaf lifespan and narrowest vessel diameters, showed the highest freezing tolerance. This helps explain its ability to inhabit a broad range throughout the Mediterranean region. By contrast, the inability of the deciduous oaks to maintain photosynthetic and vascular function throughout the winter indicates a competitive disadvantage that may prevent them from expanding their ranges.
Keywords: cold acclimatization; decline in F V /F M; freezing-induced embolism; leaf lifespan; minimum temperatures; xylem anatomy

Summer and winter sensitivity of leaves and xylem to minimum freezing temperatures: a comparison of co-occurring Mediterranean oaks that differ in leaf lifespan. - Cavender-Bares, J.; Cortes, P.; Rambal, S.; JOFFRE, R.; Miles, B.; Rocheteau, A. (The New phytologist, 2005)
Freezing sensitivity of leaves and xylem was examined in four co-occurring Mediterranean oaks (Quercus spp.) grown in a common garden to determine whether freezing responses of leaves and xylem were coordinated and could be predicted by leaf lifespan. Freezing-induced embolism and loss of photosynthetic function were measured after overnight exposure to a range of subzero temperatures in both summer and winter. Both measures were found to be dependent on minimum freezing temperature and were correlated with leaf lifespan and vessel diameter. The dependence of xylem embolism on minimum freezing temperature may result from the decline in water potential with ice temperature that influences the redistribution of water during freezing and leads to an increase in xylem tension. Winter acclimatization had a relatively small effect on the vulnerability to freezing-induced embolism, although leaf photosynthetic function showed a strong acclimatization response, particularly in the two evergreen species. Quercus ilex, the species with the longest leaf lifespan and narrowest vessel diameters, showed the highest freezing tolerance. This helps explain its ability to inhabit a broad range throughout the Mediterranean region. By contrast, the inability of the deciduous oaks to maintain photosynthetic and vascular function throughout the winter indicates a competitive disadvantage that may prevent them from expanding their ranges.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 16313643
Keywords: cold acclimatization; decline in F V /F M; freezing-induced embolism; leaf lifespan; minimum temperatures; xylem anatomy

Sustained accumulation of methyl salicylate alters antioxidant protection and reduces tolerance of holm oak to heat stress - Llusia, Joan; Penuelas, Josep; Munné-Bosch, Sergi (Physiologia Plantarum, 2005)
Methyl salicylate (MeSA) is thought to have a major role in biotic and abiotic stresses by acting as a signal to trigger the oxidative burst, which is needed to activate gene expression in plant stress responses. To assess the potential effects of sustained foliar accumulation of MeSA on plant stress tolerance, the extent of photo- and antioxidant protection, lipid peroxidation and visual leaf area damage were evaluated in MeSA-treated (c. 60 nl l−1 in air) and control holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) plants exposed to heat stress. Control plants showed an increase in foliar MeSA levels up to 1.8 nmol [gDW]−1 as temperature increased and they displayed tolerance to temperatures as high as 45°C, which might be attributed, at least in part, to enhanced xanthophyll de-epoxidation and increases in ascorbate and α-tocopherol. MeSA-treated plants showed a sustained foliar accumulation of this compound, with values ranging from 10 to 23 nmol [gDW]−1 throughout the experiment. These plants showed lower ascorbate and tocopherol levels and higher oxidative damage at 50°C than controls, as indicated by enhanced malondialdehyde levels and leaf area damage and lower maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm ratio). These results demonstrate that a sustained foliar accumulation of MeSA is detrimental to plant function and that it can reduce thermotolerance in holm oak by altering antioxidant defences.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Munksgaard International Publishers
Keywords: antioxidant protection (voyant); foliar MeSA accumulation; heat stress; Holm oak; methyl salicylate

Temporal variations in PAH concentrations in Quercus ilex L. (holm oak) leaves in an urban area. - De Nicola, Flavia; Maisto, Giulia; Prati, Maria Vittoria; Alfani, Anna (Chemosphere, 2005)
Temporal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in leaves of a Mediterranean evergreen oak, Quercus ilex L., were investigated in order to assess the suitability of this species to biomonitor PAH air contamination. Leaf samples were collected at six sites of the urban area of Naples (Italy) and at a control site in the Vesuvius National Park, in May and September 2001, and in January and May 2002. PAH extraction was conducted by sonication in dichloromethane-acetone and quantification by GC-MS. In winter, leaf total PAH concentrations showed, at all the urban sites, values 2-fold higher than in all the other samplings, reflecting the temporal trend reported for PAH air contamination in the Naples urban area. Moreover, leaf PAH concentrations showed, at all the urban sites, a decrease in May 2002 after the winter accumulation. At the control site leaf PAH concentrations showed lower values and smaller temporal variations than at the urban sites. The findings support the suitability of Q. ilex leaves to monitor temporal variations in PAH contamination. The highest winter concentrations of total PAHs were due to the medium molecular weight PAHs that increased with respect to both low and high molecular weight PAHs. The medium molecular weight PAHs showed the same temporal trend both at the urban and remote sites.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 16182861
Keywords: Aromatic; Aromatic: analysis; Cities; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; Environmental Pollutants: analysis; Italy; Mediterranean evergreen oak; Naples (Italy); PAH biomonitoring; pah leaf accumulation; Plant Leaves; Plant Leaves: chemistry; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons; Quercus; Quercus: chemistry; Seasonal trend; Seasons; Time Factors

Temporal variations in PAH concentrations in Quercus ilex L. (holm oak) leaves in an urban area. - De Nicola, Flavia; Maisto, Giulia; Prati, Maria Vittoria; Alfani, Anna (Chemosphere, 2005)
Temporal variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in leaves of a Mediterranean evergreen oak, Quercus ilex L., were investigated in order to assess the suitability of this species to biomonitor PAH air contamination. Leaf samples were collected at six sites of the urban area of Naples (Italy) and at a control site in the Vesuvius National Park, in May and September 2001, and in January and May 2002. PAH extraction was conducted by sonication in dichloromethane-acetone and quantification by GC-MS. In winter, leaf total PAH concentrations showed, at all the urban sites, values 2-fold higher than in all the other samplings, reflecting the temporal trend reported for PAH air contamination in the Naples urban area. Moreover, leaf PAH concentrations showed, at all the urban sites, a decrease in May 2002 after the winter accumulation. At the control site leaf PAH concentrations showed lower values and smaller temporal variations than at the urban sites. The findings support the suitability of Q. ilex leaves to monitor temporal variations in PAH contamination. The highest winter concentrations of total PAHs were due to the medium molecular weight PAHs that increased with respect to both low and high molecular weight PAHs. The medium molecular weight PAHs showed the same temporal trend both at the urban and remote sites.
Keywords: Aromatic; Aromatic: analysis; Cities; Environmental Monitoring; Environmental Pollutants; Environmental Pollutants: analysis; Italy; Mediterranean evergreen oak; Naples (Italy); PAH biomonitoring; pah leaf accumulation; Plant Leaves; Plant Leaves: chemistry; Polycyclic Hydrocarbons; Quercus; Quercus: chemistry; Seasonal trend; Seasons; Time Factors

The use of climatic parameters and indices in vegetation distribution. A case study in the Spanish Sistema Central. - Gavilán, Rosario G (International journal of biometeorology, 2005)
In this study, over 100 phytoclimatic indices and other climatic parameters were calculated using the climatic data from 260 meteorological stations in a Mediterranean territory located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. The nature of these indices was very different; some of them expressed general climatic features (e.g. continentality), while others were formulated for different Mediterranean territories and included particular limits of those indices that expressed differences in vegetation distribution. We wanted to know whether all of these indices were able to explain changes in vegetation on a spatial scale, and whether their boundaries worked similarly to the original territory. As they were so numerous, we investigated whether any of them were redundant. To relate vegetation to climate parameters we preferred to use its hierarchical nature, in discrete units (characterized by one or more dominant or co-dominant species), although it is known to vary continuously. These units give clearer results in this kind of phytoclimatic study. We have therefore used the main communities that represent natural potential vegetation. Multivariate and estimative analyses were used as statistical methods. The classification showed different levels of correlation among climatic parameters, but all of them were over 0.5. One hundred and eleven parameters were grouped into five larger groups: temperature (T), annual pluviothermic indices (PTY), summer pluviothermic indices (SPT), winter potential evapotranspiration (WPET) and thermal continentality indices (K). The remaining parameters showed low correlations with these five groups; some of them revealed obvious spatial changes in vegetation, such as summer hydric parameters that were zero in most vegetation types but not in high mountain vegetation. Others showed no clear results. For example, the Kerner index, an index of thermal continentality, showed lower values than expected for certain particular types of vegetation. Parameters relating to the water balance turned out to be very discriminative for separating vegetation types according to the season or the month when water begins to be scarce. Thus, water availability in soils is a limiting factor for the development of vegetation in spring or autumn as well as in summer. As expected, precipitation and temperature discriminated the altitudinal levels of vegetation. Finally, these index limits only worked in the territories where they were formulated, or in nearby areas.
Keywords: climate; climatic indices; Mediterranean vegetation; multivariate analysis; phytoclimatology; Plants; Plants: classification; Principal component analysis; Seasons; Spain; Vegetation distribution; Weather

The use of climatic parameters and indices in vegetation distribution. A case study in the Spanish Sistema Central. - Gavilán, Rosario G. (International journal of biometeorology, 2005)
In this study, over 100 phytoclimatic indices and other climatic parameters were calculated using the climatic data from 260 meteorological stations in a Mediterranean territory located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. The nature of these indices was very different; some of them expressed general climatic features (e.g. continentality), while others were formulated for different Mediterranean territories and included particular limits of those indices that expressed differences in vegetation distribution. We wanted to know whether all of these indices were able to explain changes in vegetation on a spatial scale, and whether their boundaries worked similarly to the original territory. As they were so numerous, we investigated whether any of them were redundant. To relate vegetation to climate parameters we preferred to use its hierarchical nature, in discrete units (characterized by one or more dominant or co-dominant species), although it is known to vary continuously. These units give clearer results in this kind of phytoclimatic study. We have therefore used the main communities that represent natural potential vegetation. Multivariate and estimative analyses were used as statistical methods. The classification showed different levels of correlation among climatic parameters, but all of them were over 0.5. One hundred and eleven parameters were grouped into five larger groups: temperature (T), annual pluviothermic indices (PTY), summer pluviothermic indices (SPT), winter potential evapotranspiration (WPET) and thermal continentality indices (K). The remaining parameters showed low correlations with these five groups; some of them revealed obvious spatial changes in vegetation, such as summer hydric parameters that were zero in most vegetation types but not in high mountain vegetation. Others showed no clear results. For example, the Kerner index, an index of thermal continentality, showed lower values than expected for certain particular types of vegetation. Parameters relating to the water balance turned out to be very discriminative for separating vegetation types according to the season or the month when water begins to be scarce. Thus, water availability in soils is a limiting factor for the development of vegetation in spring or autumn as well as in summer. As expected, precipitation and temperature discriminated the altitudinal levels of vegetation. Finally, these index limits only worked in the territories where they were formulated, or in nearby areas.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 15997399
Keywords: climate; climatic indices; Mediterranean vegetation; multivariate analysis; phytoclimatology; Plants; Plants: classification; Principal component analysis; Seasons; Spain; Vegetation distribution; Weather

Using Vascular Plants as a Surrogate Taxon to Maximize Fungal Species Richness in Reserve Design - Chiarucci, Alessandro; D'AURIA, FRANCESCA; de Dominicis, Vincenzo; LAGANÀ, ANGELA; PERINI, CLAUDIA; SALERNI, ELENA (Conservation Biology, 2005)
Abstract: Fungi are a hyperdiverse taxonomic group that may be disappearing at a very high rate. Identifying fungal species is difficult in the field, and the use of highly specialized taxonomists is required. Data and expertise on vascular plants are, on the other hand, much more common and easy to find. We tested the potential of using vascular plants as surrogates to select reserve sites that maximize the pooled number of fungal species. We used data from 25 forest plots in Tuscany, Italy, that were sampled for woody plants, all other plants, and fungi. Species richness of woody plants and all other plants did not correlate with species richness of fungi. The gradients in species composition were similar among the three considered groups, as indicated by a detrended correspondence analysis ordination and species complementarity between pairs of plots. Fungal communities of the 25 plots had a lower β diversity than plant communities, and there were no pairs of totally complementary sites. Site prioritization for conservation was obtained through integer linear programming to find for any given number of sites those combinations containing the maximum pooled species richness of woody plants or all plants. The combinations of sites obtained by optimizing vascular plant species did not maximize the pooled species richness of fungi, whereas those obtained by maximizing woody plant species provided better results for sets of four to eight plots, but not for all the possible combinations. These results indicated that, in general, vascular plants cannot be used to maximize fungal species richness.
Keywords: fungi; species richness (voyant)

Using Vascular Plants as a Surrogate Taxon to Maximize Fungal Species Richness in Reserve Design - Chiarucci, Alessandro; D'AURIA, FRANCESCA; de Dominicis, Vincenzo; LAGANÀ, ANGELA; PERINI, CLAUDIA; SALERNI, ELENA (Conservation Biology, 2005)
Abstract: Fungi are a hyperdiverse taxonomic group that may be disappearing at a very high rate. Identifying fungal species is difficult in the field, and the use of highly specialized taxonomists is required. Data and expertise on vascular plants are, on the other hand, much more common and easy to find. We tested the potential of using vascular plants as surrogates to select reserve sites that maximize the pooled number of fungal species. We used data from 25 forest plots in Tuscany, Italy, that were sampled for woody plants, all other plants, and fungi. Species richness of woody plants and all other plants did not correlate with species richness of fungi. The gradients in species composition were similar among the three considered groups, as indicated by a detrended correspondence analysis ordination and species complementarity between pairs of plots. Fungal communities of the 25 plots had a lower β diversity than plant communities, and there were no pairs of totally complementary sites. Site prioritization for conservation was obtained through integer linear programming to find for any given number of sites those combinations containing the maximum pooled species richness of woody plants or all plants. The combinations of sites obtained by optimizing vascular plant species did not maximize the pooled species richness of fungi, whereas those obtained by maximizing woody plant species provided better results for sets of four to eight plots, but not for all the possible combinations. These results indicated that, in general, vascular plants cannot be used to maximize fungal species richness.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Science Inc
Keywords: fungi; species richness (voyant)

USO DE CONTENEDOR PROFUNDO EN EL CULTIVO DE QUERCINEAS. EFECTOS SOBRE EL CRECIMIENTO Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE BIOMASA. - CHIRINO MIRANDA, E.; VILAGROSA CARMONA, A.; Fernández Martínez, R.; VALLEJO CALZADA, R. (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
En especies con una importante raíz pivotante, la utilización de envases profundos favorece un mayor desarrollo de la raíz principal, lo que puede resultar ventajoso en ambientes de fuertes limitaciones hídricas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar los efectos de la utilización de un contenedor profundo sobre el crecimiento, distribución de biomasa y adaptación al campo de tres especies del género Quercus (Quercus coccifera, Quercus ilex y Quercus suber). Estas especies se cultivaron en vivero en envases de paperpot de diámetro 5 cm, con profundidad de 16 y 24 cm en Q. coccifera y de 18 y 30 cm en Q. ilex y Q. suber. Tanto en vivero como en campo, no se observó un patrón común en crecimiento y distribución de biomasa entre las especies. Los brinzales cultivados en envases profundos desarrollaron una raíz principal más larga y tendieron a presentar mayor biomasa de raíces colonizando el hoyo de plantación en las profundidades de 30 a 60 cm; lo que puede favorecer el acceso a la humedad de los horizontes más profundos del suelo
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: periodical: IV Congreso Forestal Español pub-location: Zaragoza
Keywords: biomasa; envase forestal; raíz pivotante; sistema radical

USO DE CONTENEDOR PROFUNDO EN EL CULTIVO DE QUERCINEAS. EFECTOS SOBRE EL CRECIMIENTO Y DISTRIBUCIÓN DE BIOMASA. - CHIRINO MIRANDA, E; VILAGROSA CARMONA, A; Fernández Martínez, R; VALLEJO CALZADA, R (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
En especies con una importante raíz pivotante, la utilización de envases profundos favorece un mayor desarrollo de la raíz principal, lo que puede resultar ventajoso en ambientes de fuertes limitaciones hídricas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar los efectos de la utilización de un contenedor profundo sobre el crecimiento, distribución de biomasa y adaptación al campo de tres especies del género Quercus (Quercus coccifera, Quercus ilex y Quercus suber). Estas especies se cultivaron en vivero en envases de paperpot de diámetro 5 cm, con profundidad de 16 y 24 cm en Q. coccifera y de 18 y 30 cm en Q. ilex y Q. suber. Tanto en vivero como en campo, no se observó un patrón común en crecimiento y distribución de biomasa entre las especies. Los brinzales cultivados en envases profundos desarrollaron una raíz principal más larga y tendieron a presentar mayor biomasa de raíces colonizando el hoyo de plantación en las profundidades de 30 a 60 cm; lo que puede favorecer el acceso a la humedad de los horizontes más profundos del suelo
Keywords: biomasa; envase forestal; raíz pivotante; sistema radical

Utility of ITS sequence data for phylogenetic reconstruction of Italian Quercus spp. - BELLAROSA, Rosanna; Simeone, Marco C.; Papini, Alessio; Schirone, Bartolomeo (Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 2005)
Nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences encoding the 5.8S RNA and the flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) were used to test the phylogenetic relationships within 12 Italian Quercus taxa (Fagaceae). Hypotheses of sequence orthology are tested by detailed inspection of some basic features of oak ITS sequences (i.e., general patterns of conserved domains, thermodynamic stability and predicted conformation of the secondary structure of transcripts) that also allowed more accurate sequence alignment. Analysis of ITS variation supported three monophyletic groups, corresponding to subg. Cerris, Schlerophyllodrys (=Ilex group sensu Nixon) and Quercus, as proposed by Schwarz [Feddes Rep., Sonderbeih. D, 1-200]. A derivation of the "Cerris group" from the "Ilex group" is suggested, with Q. cerris sister to the rest of the "Cerris group." Quercus pubescens was found to be sister to the rest of the "Quercus group." The status of hybrispecies of Q. crenata (Q. cerrisxQ. suber) and Q. morisii (Q. ilexxQ. suber) was evaluated and discussed. Finally, the phylogenetic position of the Italian species in a broader context of the genus is presented. The utility of the ITS marker to assess the molecular systematics of oaks is therefore confirmed. The importance of Italy as a region with a high degree of diversity at the population and genetic level is discussed.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 15619447
Keywords: ITS sequences; phylogeny; Quercus; Secondary structures

Utility of ITS sequence data for phylogenetic reconstruction of Italian Quercus spp. - BELLAROSA, Rosanna; Simeone, Marco C; Papini, Alessio; Schirone, Bartolomeo (Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 2005)
Nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences encoding the 5.8S RNA and the flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 and ITS2) were used to test the phylogenetic relationships within 12 Italian Quercus taxa (Fagaceae). Hypotheses of sequence orthology are tested by detailed inspection of some basic features of oak ITS sequences (i.e., general patterns of conserved domains, thermodynamic stability and predicted conformation of the secondary structure of transcripts) that also allowed more accurate sequence alignment. Analysis of ITS variation supported three monophyletic groups, corresponding to subg. Cerris, Schlerophyllodrys (=Ilex group sensu Nixon) and Quercus, as proposed by Schwarz [Feddes Rep., Sonderbeih. D, 1-200]. A derivation of the "Cerris group" from the "Ilex group" is suggested, with Q. cerris sister to the rest of the "Cerris group." Quercus pubescens was found to be sister to the rest of the "Quercus group." The status of hybrispecies of Q. crenata (Q. cerrisxQ. suber) and Q. morisii (Q. ilexxQ. suber) was evaluated and discussed. Finally, the phylogenetic position of the Italian species in a broader context of the genus is presented. The utility of the ITS marker to assess the molecular systematics of oaks is therefore confirmed. The importance of Italy as a region with a high degree of diversity at the population and genetic level is discussed.
Keywords: ITS sequences; phylogeny; Quercus; Secondary structures

Variación en la actividad del fotosistema ii de plantas de alcornoque (Quercus suber L.) SOMETIDAS A ESTRÉS HÍDRICO MODERADO Y BAJO DISTINTOS NIVELES DE RADIACIÓN - Jiménez, M D; Pardos, M; Aranda, I; Puértolas, J; Pardos, J A (IV Congreso Forestal Español, 2005)
Se estudió el efecto conjunto de la luz y la disponibilidad hídrica sobre la actividad del fotosistema II (PSII) en plantas de alcornoque (Quercus suber L.) cultivadas en vivero. Se consideraron cuatro niveles de luz (66-70% , 44-50%, 13.5-16% y 5-6%, con respecto a pleno sol) y dos de riego. La mitad de las plantas se regaron a capacidad de campo dos veces por semana (R+: 25-35% de humedad en el sustrato, medido con TDR) y la otra mitad se sometió a dos ciclos de sequía de 51 y 38 días, respectivamente (R-: hasta alcanzar una humedad en el sustrato del 7-10%). Las mediciones se realizaron al amanecer, mediodía y tarde, en cuatro fechas en hojas adaptadas a la oscuridad, empleándose un fluorómetro. Para todos los tratamientos, Fv/Fm presentó los valores más altos al amanecer, disminuyó al mediodía, y experimentó una ligera recuperación por la tarde en los tratamientos de máximo sombreo para la medición del 23 de Julio. Fv/Fm decreció a lo largo del ensayo (al mediodía y por la tarde) hasta alcanzar un mínimo tras finalizar el primer ciclo de sequía.. El riego afectó positivamente la relación Fv/Fm al amanecer solamente en la última medición del primer ciclo. Asimismo se detectó un efecto positivo en los niveles de luz intermedios (13.5% y 16%). Al mediodía y por la tarde, la eficiencia fotoquímica del PSII fue mayor con niveles de luz inferiores al 16%. La eficiciencia cuántica del fotosistema II mostró dos repuestas a las altas radiaciones una caída diaria al mediodía, como un mecanismo de fotoproctección en las horas de mayor radiación y una disminución a lo largo del tiempo que duró el ensayo. El tratamiento de riego no provocó cambios en la eficiencia cuántica del PSII, salvo en una fecha, coincidiendo con la máxima demanda evaporativa. Los tratamientos mayores de luz (>44%) provocaron una pérdida de la eficiencia cuántica del PSII.
Keywords: eficiencia fotoquímica máxima del PSII (Fv/Fm); fluorescencia máxima; fluorescencia variable

Vegetation dynamics in north-western Mediterranean regions: Instability of the Mediterranean bioclimate - De Beaulieu, J.-L.; Miras, Y.; Andrieu-Ponel, V.; Guiter, F. (Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 2005)
Abstract Pollen and plant macrofossil records from a selection of sites in Spain, France and Italy are used to explore the origin and the development of the Mediterranean vegetation. The role of evergreen and summergreen taxa is discussed. The expansion of sclerophyllous trees during the Pleistocene interglacials is well correlated with the orbital forcing. During the Holocene, the large number of data illustrates latitudinal and longitudinal differences in vegetation dynamics. Multidisciplinary studies identify short terms climatic fluctuations. The debate is still open between those who attribute an increase of sclerophyllous forests during the late Holocene to a trend toward aridity and those who consider this dynamic as human-induced.
doi: 10.1080/11263500500197858doi: 10.1080/11263500500197858The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Taylor & Francis
Keywords: human impact; Mediterranean ecosystems; palaeoclimates; palynology; review

Acorn (Quercus spp.) fruit lipids: Saponifiable and unsaponifiable fractions: A detailed study - León-Camacho, Manuel; Viera-Alcaide, Isabel; Vicario, Isabel M. (Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 2004)
The composition of the oils extracted from the acorn fruit of three species of Mediterranean oaks, Quercus ilex L., Q. suber L., and Q. faginea L., was characterized. Both major and minor components, including FA, TG, sterols, methyl sterols, triterpenic and aliphatic alcohols, tocopherols, and hydrocarbons, were identiﬁed by standard methods and MS. Highresolution GLC and HPLC were used for quantiﬁcation. The FA profile, together with the equivalent carbon numbers and TG carbon numbers, was compared with data for other edible vegetable oils. Oil yield, expressed as wet weight, was 5% (w/w). Sterol content was remarkable for the three species (8,563–11,420 mg/kg), with β-sitosterol being the most abundant (80%). Oils were also high in tocopherol, with a wide variation between species (165–456 mg/kg) but with γ-tocopherol predominating in all three oils (90% of the total tocopherol content). Also, high terpenic alcohol contents were found (1527–2984 mg/kg), with dammaradienol and β-amyrin being the most abundant (33–60% of the total alcohol content). Bioactive properties and industrial applications of this underutilized native product are also discussed.
Keywords: Acorn oil; fatty acid; hydrocarbons; Quercus spp.; sterols; triglycerides

Adaptive photosynthetic strategies of the Mediterranean maquis species according to their origin - Gratani, L; Varone, L (Photosynthetica, 2004)
In consideration of their origin the adaptive strategies of the evergreen species of the Mediterranean maquis were analysed. Rosmarinus officinalis L., Erica arborea L., and Erica multiflora L. had the lowest net photosynthetic rate (PN) in the favourable period [7.8±0.6 µmol(CO2) m -2 s -1 , mean value], the highest PN decrease (on an average 86 % of the maximum) but the highest recovery capacity (>70 % of the maximum) at the first rainfall in September. Cistus incanus L. and Arbutus unedo L. had the highest PN during the favourable period [15.5±5.2 µmol(CO2) m -2 s -1 , mean value], 79 % decrease during drought, and a lower recovery capacity (on an average 54 %). Quercus ilex L., Phillyrea latifolia L., and Pistacia lentiscus L. had an intermediate PN in the favourable period [9.2±1.3 µmol(CO2) m -2 s -1 , mean value], a lower reduction during drought (on an average 63 %), and a range from 62 % (Q. ilex and P. latifolia) to 39 % (P. lentiscus) of recovery capacity. The Mediterranean species had higher decrease in PN and stomatal conductance during drought and a higher recovery capacity than the pre-Mediterranean species. Among the pre-Mediterranean species, P. latifolia had the best adaptation to long drought periods also by its higher leaf mass per area (LMA) which lowered leaf temperature thus decreasing transpiration rate during drought. Moreover, its leaf longevity determined a more stable leaf biomass during the year. Among the Mediteranean species, R. officinalis was the best adapted species to short drought periods by its ability to rapidly recover. Nevertheless, R. officinalis had the lowest tolerance to high temperatures by its PN dropping below half its maximum value when leaf temperature was over 33.6 °C. R. officinalis may be used as a bioindicator species of global change.
Keywords: arbutus; cistus; drought period; Erica; Phillyrea; Pistacia; Quercus; recovery capacity; Rosmarinus; Stomatal conductance

Advantages and disadvantages of phytolith analysis for the reconstruction of Mediterranean vegetation: an assessment based on modern phytolith, pollen and botanical data (Luberon, France) - Bremond, Laurent; Alexandre, Anne; Véla, Errol; Guiot, Joël (Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2004)
We present here the results of a first study comparing modern soil phytolith assemblages with pollen and botanical data at a North Mediterranean site. This work has shown the following limitations and advantages of phytolith analysis for the reconstruction of Mediterranean vegetation: (1) Phytoliths are produced in sufficient quantities for analysis and are well preserved in limestone environments, widespread in the Mediterranean area. (2) Young stands of Quercus ilex and Quercus coccifera, widely distributed in the Mediterranean area do not produce characteristic phytolith types in sufficient quantities to allow the calculation of a reliable index of tree cover density. (3) Pine forests, dominated by Pinus halepensis and Pinus sylvestris, are not recorded in the studied phytolith assemblages. (4) Grassland and shrubland assemblages can be distinguished through their associated phytolith assemblages, in particular by the proportion of crenate phytoliths produced in the short cells of the grass epidermis. (5) The different vegetation groups on the massif cannot be distinguished by pollen analysis. Further studies, comparing modern phytolith assemblages and quantitative vegetation data, should be carried out on forest plots that have been established for several centuries to further assess the role of phytolith analysis in vegetation reconstructions in the Mediterranean region.
Keywords: Mediterranean; modern; paleovegetation; phytolith; pollen

Advantages and disadvantages of phytolith analysis for the reconstruction of Mediterranean vegetation: an assessment based on modern phytolith, pollen and botanical data (Luberon, France) - Bremond, Laurent; Alexandre, Anne; Véla, Errol; Guiot, Joël (Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2004)
We present here the results of a first study comparing modern soil phytolith assemblages with pollen and botanical data at a North Mediterranean site. This work has shown the following limitations and advantages of phytolith analysis for the reconstruction of Mediterranean vegetation: (1) Phytoliths are produced in sufficient quantities for analysis and are well preserved in limestone environments, widespread in the Mediterranean area. (2) Young stands of Quercus ilex and Quercus coccifera, widely distributed in the Mediterranean area do not produce characteristic phytolith types in sufficient quantities to allow the calculation of a reliable index of tree cover density. (3) Pine forests, dominated by Pinus halepensis and Pinus sylvestris, are not recorded in the studied phytolith assemblages. (4) Grassland and shrubland assemblages can be distinguished through their associated phytolith assemblages, in particular by the proportion of crenate phytoliths produced in the short cells of the grass epidermis. (5) The different vegetation groups on the massif cannot be distinguished by pollen analysis. Further studies, comparing modern phytolith assemblages and quantitative vegetation data, should be carried out on forest plots that have been established for several centuries to further assess the role of phytolith analysis in vegetation reconstructions in the Mediterranean region.
Keywords: Mediterranean; modern; paleovegetation; phytolith; pollen

Analysis of rainfall trends and dry periods on a pluviometric gradient representative of Mediterranean climate in the Duero Basin, Spain - Ceballos, Antonio; Martı́nez-Fernández, José; Luengo-Ugidos, Miguel Ángel (Journal of Arid Environments, 2004)
The present work studies the trends in rainfall and the behaviour of dry spells along a pluviometric gradient representative of the conditions of the Mediterranean region. The region is characterized by a marked water deﬁcit in the summer, a pronounced irregularity in its rainfall regime, and a noteworthy frequency of dry spells or periods without appreciable rainfall. The results obtained conﬁrm the general previsions of the IPCC, with a predominance of dry years over wet ones and a negative rainfall trend in the central sector. An increase in intra-annual variability in rainfall, and a very pronounced occurrence of dry periods independent of the total annual rainfall, are also seen. These circumstances will potentially increase the vulnerability of several Mediterranean ecosystems located along the gradient that are currently subject to considerable pressure from human activities; this will increase the environmental problems of these zones (agro-forestry–grazing productivity, soil degradation, recharge of aquifers, forest ﬁres, runoff models, biological diversity and composition, etc.).
Keywords: dry spells; duero basin; Mediterranean ecosystems; rainfall gradient; rainfall variability

Analysis of rainfall trends and dry periods on a pluviometric gradient representative of Mediterranean climate in the Duero Basin, Spain - Ceballos, Antonio; Martı́nez-Fernández, José; Luengo-Ugidos, Miguel Ángel (Journal of Arid Environments, 2004)
The present work studies the trends in rainfall and the behaviour of dry spells along a pluviometric gradient representative of the conditions of the Mediterranean region. The region is characterized by a marked water deﬁcit in the summer, a pronounced irregularity in its rainfall regime, and a noteworthy frequency of dry spells or periods without appreciable rainfall. The results obtained conﬁrm the general previsions of the IPCC, with a predominance of dry years over wet ones and a negative rainfall trend in the central sector. An increase in intra-annual variability in rainfall, and a very pronounced occurrence of dry periods independent of the total annual rainfall, are also seen. These circumstances will potentially increase the vulnerability of several Mediterranean ecosystems located along the gradient that are currently subject to considerable pressure from human activities; this will increase the environmental problems of these zones (agro-forestry–grazing productivity, soil degradation, recharge of aquifers, forest ﬁres, runoff models, biological diversity and composition, etc.).
Keywords: dry spells; duero basin; Mediterranean ecosystems; rainfall gradient; rainfall variability

Analysis of serpentinophytes from north-east of Portugal for trace metal accumulation--relevance to the management of mine environment. - Freitas, H; Prasad, M N V; Pratas, J (Chemosphere, 2004)
In north-east of Portugal, the serpentinized area is about 8000 ha with a characteristic geology and flora. The serpentine plant community and respective soils were analyzed to examine the trace metal budget in different tissues of the plants exhibiting resistance to trace metals. One hundred and thirty five plant species belonging to 39 families and respective soils have been analyzed for total Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Substantial amounts of Ni, Cr, Co and Mn were detected in plant tissues which are listed below: NI: Alyssum serpyllifolium (38105); Bromus hordeaceus (1467); Linaria spartea (492); Plantago radicata (140); Lavandula stoechas (118) and Cistus salvifolius (114); CR: L. spartea (706.7); Ulmus procera (173.4); A. serpyllifolium (129.3); Cistus ladanifer (40.8); L. stoechas (29.5); P. radicata (27.81); Setariopsis verticillata (25.7); Plantago lanceolata (24); Digitalis purpurea (23.4); Logfia minima (23.1); Arenaria querioides (23); Hieracium peleteranum (22.7); Arenaria montana (14.5); CO: A. serpyllifolium (145.1); L. spartea (63.2); P. radicata (10.4); H. peleteranum (7.3); Lepidium heterophyllum (6.9); A. querioides (6.6); C. salvifolius (6.5); C. ladanifer (6.3); L. stoechas (6.1); Anthyllis lotoides (6.1); L. minima (6.1); Euphorbia falcata (5.7) and B. hordeaceus (5.6); MN: A. serpyllifolium (830); L. spartea (339); L. stoechas (187.1); L. minima (182.7); Castanea sativa (125); Spergula pentandra (124); P. radicata (119); Cytisus striatus (115.4); Quercus pyrenaica (110); Teucrium scorodonia (109.4); Fraxinus vulgaris (109); Anthyllis sampaiana (108); Quercus ilex (108). The significance of serpentine flora, need for conservation of these fragile and environmentally invaluable plant resources for possible use for in situ remediation of metalliferous substrates are presented in this paper.
Keywords: Environmental significance; Metal accumulators; Phytodiversity; Remediation; Serpentinophytes

Analysis of serpentinophytes from north-east of Portugal for trace metal accumulation--relevance to the management of mine environment. - Freitas, H.; Prasad, M. N. V.; Pratas, J. (Chemosphere, 2004)
In north-east of Portugal, the serpentinized area is about 8000 ha with a characteristic geology and flora. The serpentine plant community and respective soils were analyzed to examine the trace metal budget in different tissues of the plants exhibiting resistance to trace metals. One hundred and thirty five plant species belonging to 39 families and respective soils have been analyzed for total Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Substantial amounts of Ni, Cr, Co and Mn were detected in plant tissues which are listed below: NI: Alyssum serpyllifolium (38105); Bromus hordeaceus (1467); Linaria spartea (492); Plantago radicata (140); Lavandula stoechas (118) and Cistus salvifolius (114); CR: L. spartea (706.7); Ulmus procera (173.4); A. serpyllifolium (129.3); Cistus ladanifer (40.8); L. stoechas (29.5); P. radicata (27.81); Setariopsis verticillata (25.7); Plantago lanceolata (24); Digitalis purpurea (23.4); Logfia minima (23.1); Arenaria querioides (23); Hieracium peleteranum (22.7); Arenaria montana (14.5); CO: A. serpyllifolium (145.1); L. spartea (63.2); P. radicata (10.4); H. peleteranum (7.3); Lepidium heterophyllum (6.9); A. querioides (6.6); C. salvifolius (6.5); C. ladanifer (6.3); L. stoechas (6.1); Anthyllis lotoides (6.1); L. minima (6.1); Euphorbia falcata (5.7) and B. hordeaceus (5.6); MN: A. serpyllifolium (830); L. spartea (339); L. stoechas (187.1); L. minima (182.7); Castanea sativa (125); Spergula pentandra (124); P. radicata (119); Cytisus striatus (115.4); Quercus pyrenaica (110); Teucrium scorodonia (109.4); Fraxinus vulgaris (109); Anthyllis sampaiana (108); Quercus ilex (108). The significance of serpentine flora, need for conservation of these fragile and environmentally invaluable plant resources for possible use for in situ remediation of metalliferous substrates are presented in this paper.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 14675842
Keywords: Environmental significance; Metal accumulators; Phytodiversity; Remediation; Serpentinophytes

Annual dynamics of phosphatase activities in an evergreen oak litter: influence of biotic and abiotic factors - Criquet, S.; Ferré, E.; Farnet, A. M.; Le petit, J. (Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2004)
As part of a study of the processes involved in litter biodegradation, we considered the variations over 1 year of the phosphatase activities in sclerophyllous evergreen oak litter (Quercus ilex L.). Evergreen oak is representative of tree species in the forests of the French Mediterranean area. Acid (E.C. 3.1.3.2.) and alkaline (E.C. 3.1.3.1.) phosphatases, were measured over 13 months in the forest litter, along with several biotic and abiotic variables, potentially involved in the regulation of these enzymes. These comprised moisture, temperature, pH, water-extractable inorganic P (PI ), fungi, culturable heterotrophic bacteria and protein concentrations. Moisture considerably affected the production of proteins and acid phosphatases, probably formed by litter microorganisms. This result corroborated the study of Criquet et al. [Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34 (2002) 1111] which indicated that rainfall was the most important factor regulating the production and the activity of numerous enzymes in sclerophyllous forest litter. However, it appeared that moisture cannot alone predict all of the variations in phosphatase activities and the mineralisation rate of organic P (PO). Indeed, principal component analyses (PCA) and multiple regressions showed that temperature and bacterial communities were also implicated in phosphatase dynamics and PO mineralisation. Acid phosphatases were negatively correlated with the temperature, whilst alkaline phosphatases were positively correlated with this variable. The signiﬁcant correlation obtained between bacteria and PI concentrations, and the lack of correlation between bacteria and both acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases, suggest that other important phosphatase types, such as phosphodiesterases, must be strongly implicated in PO mineralisation of the litter and in the regulation of P microbial metabolism.
Keywords: biodegradation; phosphatases; phosphate; phosphomonoesterases; phosphorus transformations; Quercus ilex

Annual dynamics of phosphatase activities in an evergreen oak litter: influence of biotic and abiotic factors - Criquet, S; Ferré, E; Farnet, A M; Le petit, J (Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2004)
As part of a study of the processes involved in litter biodegradation, we considered the variations over 1 year of the phosphatase activities in sclerophyllous evergreen oak litter (Quercus ilex L.). Evergreen oak is representative of tree species in the forests of the French Mediterranean area. Acid (E.C. 3.1.3.2.) and alkaline (E.C. 3.1.3.1.) phosphatases, were measured over 13 months in the forest litter, along with several biotic and abiotic variables, potentially involved in the regulation of these enzymes. These comprised moisture, temperature, pH, water-extractable inorganic P (PI ), fungi, culturable heterotrophic bacteria and protein concentrations. Moisture considerably affected the production of proteins and acid phosphatases, probably formed by litter microorganisms. This result corroborated the study of Criquet et al. [Soil Biology and Biochemistry 34 (2002) 1111] which indicated that rainfall was the most important factor regulating the production and the activity of numerous enzymes in sclerophyllous forest litter. However, it appeared that moisture cannot alone predict all of the variations in phosphatase activities and the mineralisation rate of organic P (PO). Indeed, principal component analyses (PCA) and multiple regressions showed that temperature and bacterial communities were also implicated in phosphatase dynamics and PO mineralisation. Acid phosphatases were negatively correlated with the temperature, whilst alkaline phosphatases were positively correlated with this variable. The signiﬁcant correlation obtained between bacteria and PI concentrations, and the lack of correlation between bacteria and both acid and alkaline phosphomonoesterases, suggest that other important phosphatase types, such as phosphodiesterases, must be strongly implicated in PO mineralisation of the litter and in the regulation of P microbial metabolism.
Keywords: biodegradation; phosphatases; phosphate; phosphomonoesterases; phosphorus transformations; Quercus ilex

Antimicrobial effects of Quercus ilex L. extract - Güllüce, M; Adıgüzel, A; Öğütçü, H; Şengül, M; Karaman, İ; Şahin, F (Phytotherapy Research, 2004)
The antimicrobial activities of the methanol extract of Quercus ilex L. (Pırnal oak) leaves were tested in vitro against a wide range of human and plant-associated microorganisms. A total of 132 microbial organisms belonging to 55 bacteria and ﬁve fungi and yeast species were studied using a disc-diffusion method and microdilution assays. The results were evaluated as inhibition zones around the disc impregnated with Q. ilex extract at a concentration of 300 µL/mL. The results showed that Q. ilex did not have any antifungal activities against Alterneria alternata, Aspergillus ﬂavus, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillum spp., whereas there were inhibition effects on the growth of all Candida albicans isolates. In total 97 bacterial strains (74%) were found to be resistant to Q. ilex extract. The remaining 35 (27%) strains of seven different bacteria genera including Brucella, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Neisseria, Pseudomonas and Escherichia were susceptible to the extract tested. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the extract ranged from 125 to 500 µL/mL. These results suggest that Q. ilex possesses compounds with antibacterial and anticandidal properties. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Keywords: antimicrobial activity; medical plant; minimal inhibition concentration; Quercus ilex

Assessment of the effects of ozone exposure and plant competition on the reproductive ability of three therophytic clover species from Iberian pastures - Gimeno, B S; Bermejo, V; Sanz, J; de la Torre, D; Gil, J M (Atmospheric Environment, 2004)
Ozone (O3 ) phytototoxicity has been reported on a wide range of crops and wild Central European plant species, however no information has been provided regarding the sensitivity of plant species from dehesa Mediterranean therophytic grasslands in spite of their great plant species richness and the high O3 levels that are recorded in this area. A study was carried out in open-top chambers (OTCs) to assess the effects of O3 and competition on the reproductive ability of three clover species: Trifolium cherleri, Trifolium subterraneum and Trifolium striatum. A phytometer approach was followed, therefore plants of these species were grown in mesoscosms composed of monocultures of four plants of each species, of three plants of each species competing against a Briza maxima individual or of a single plant of each clover species competing with three B. maxima plants. Three O3 treatments were adopted: charcoal ﬁltered air (CFA), non-ﬁltered air (NFA) and non-ﬁltered air supplemented with 40 nl l 1 of O3 (NFA+). The different mesocosms were exposed to the different O3 treatments for 45 days and then they remained in the open. Ozone exposure caused reductions in the ﬂower biomass of the three clover species assessed. In the case of T. cherleri and T. subterraneum this effect was found following their exposure to the different O3 treatments during their vegetative period. An attenuation of these effects was found when the plants remained in the open. Ozone-induced detrimental effects on the seed output of T. striatum were also observed. The ﬂower biomass of the clover plants grown in monocultures was greater than when competing with one or three B. maxima individuals. An increased ﬂower biomass was found in the CFA monoculture mesocosms of T. cherleri when compared with the remaining mesocosms, once the plants were exposed in the open for 60 days. The implications of these effects on the performance of dehesa acid grasslands and for the definition of O3 critical levels is discussed
Keywords: Critical levels; Dehesa; flower biomass; mediterranean grasslands; seed production

Assignment of the Absolute Configuration of (+)-Diplopyrone, the Main Phytotoxin Produced by Diplodia mutila, the Pathogen of the Cork Oak Decline, by a Nonempirical Analysis of Its Chiroptical Properties† - Giorgio, Egidio; Maddau, Lucia; Spanu, Emanuela; Evidente, Antonio; Rosini, Carlo (The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2004)
The nonempirical assignment of the absolute configuration of (+)-diplopyrone, the main phytotoxin of Diplodia mutila, i.e., an endophytic fungus, widespread in Sardinian oak forests, and considered one of the main causes of cork oak decline, has been approached by two different methods:? (a) the exciton analysis of the circular dichroism (CD) spectrum and (b) the ab initio calculation of the optical rotatory power. Both methods indicate that (+)-diplopyrone is 6-[(1S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2,4a(S),6(R),8a(S)-tetrahydropyrano[3,2-b]pyran-2-one, so the stereostructure of this important biomolecule is safely determined for the first time. A comparison of advantages and limitations of the two methods of analysis is also presented.
From Duplicate 2 (Assignment of the Absolute Configuration of (+)-Diplopyrone, the Main Phytotoxin Produced by Diplodia mutila, the Pathogen of the Cork Oak Decline, by a Nonempirical Analysis of Its Chiroptical Properties† - Giorgio, Egidio; Maddau, Lucia; Spanu, Emanuela; Evidente, Antonio; Rosini, Carlo)
Keywords: absolute configuration; Circular dichroism; DeVoe method; diplopyrone (voyant); Mitosporic Fungi; Mitosporic Fungi: pathogenicity; Models; Molecular; Molecular Structure; mycotoxins; Mycotoxins: chemistry; Optical rotation; Plant Diseases; Plant Diseases: microbiology; Pyrones; Pyrones: chemistry; Stereoisomerism

Bacillus spp. and Pisolithus tinctorius effects on Quercus ilex ssp. ballota: a study on tree growth, rhizosphere community structure and mycorrhizal infection - Domenech, Jezabel; Ramos-Solano, Beatriz; Probanza, Agustin; Lucas-Garcı́a, José Antonio; Colón, Juan José; Gutiérrez-Mañero, Francisco Javier (Forest Ecology and Management, 2004)
A local species of oak (Quercus ilex ssp. ballota) was inoculated or co-inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius and two plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) of the genus Bacillus (Bacillus licheniformis CECT 5106 and Bacillus pumilus CECT 5105). Effects of inoculation on growth, on N acquisition by the plant roots, changes in rhizosphere microbial communities and the degree of mycorrhization were evaluated. Only B. licheniformis promoted the growth of Q. ilex seedlings while co-inoculation of either bacterial strain with P. tinctorius had a negative effect on plant growth. Furthermore, B. licheniformis inhibited fungal growth as revealed by ergosterol/chitin analysis. As shown by phospholipid fatty acid proﬁles, the inoculation caused a slight alteration in the microbial community structure of the rhizosphere, both in the total community and the culturable populations.
Keywords: ballota; microbial community structure; mycorrhiza; PGPR; quercus ilex ssp

Bacillus spp. and Pisolithus tinctorius effects on Quercus ilex ssp. ballota: a study on tree growth, rhizosphere community structure and mycorrhizal infection - Domenech, Jezabel; Ramos-Solano, Beatriz; Probanza, Agustin; Lucas-Garcı́a, José Antonio; Colón, Juan José; Gutiérrez-Mañero, Francisco Javier (Forest Ecology and Management, 2004)
A local species of oak (Quercus ilex ssp. ballota) was inoculated or co-inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius and two plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) of the genus Bacillus (Bacillus licheniformis CECT 5106 and Bacillus pumilus CECT 5105). Effects of inoculation on growth, on N acquisition by the plant roots, changes in rhizosphere microbial communities and the degree of mycorrhization were evaluated. Only B. licheniformis promoted the growth of Q. ilex seedlings while co-inoculation of either bacterial strain with P. tinctorius had a negative effect on plant growth. Furthermore, B. licheniformis inhibited fungal growth as revealed by ergosterol/chitin analysis. As shown by phospholipid fatty acid proﬁles, the inoculation caused a slight alteration in the microbial community structure of the rhizosphere, both in the total community and the culturable populations.
Keywords: ballota; microbial community structure; mycorrhiza; PGPR; quercus ilex ssp

Biennial acorn maturation and its relationship with flowering phenology in Iberian populations of Quercus suber - Díaz-Fernández, Pedro M.; Climent, José; Gil, Luis (Trees, 2004)
Since the XIX century, there is a controversy about the existence of biennial maturation of the acorns in Quercus suber L. While some authors recognised biennial cycles as an adaptation to habitats with short vegetative periods, other authors discarded the biennial pattern. Successive flowering events from spring to autumn and annual acorn ripening are proposed as an explanation of the multiple acorn crops typical of Iberian forests. To clarify this discussion, the presence of annual and biennial acorns was assessed in seven cork oak stands, covering a wide range of environmental conditions. In each stand, 100 individuals were sampled once in spring and once in autumn. Biennial acorns were observed with variable frequencies in all populations. There was a significant and positive relationship between latitude and the percentage of trees with biennial acorns within northern and central populations. On the contrary, this trend was not significant among southern populations. The hypothesis that the presence of biennial acorns in Quercus suber is related to individual female flowering phenology was confirmed in four populations located in the southwestern Iberian Peninsula. Unregarding local differences in the distribution of phenological stages anticipated trees bore significantly less biennial acorns than delayed individuals of the same stand. This result is coherent with the idea that the length of the vegetative period plays a crucial role in the frequency of annual and biennial acorn ripening patterns. The relationship between annual and biennial ripening cycles and the multiple acorn crops is discussed
Keywords: Cork oak; iberian peninsula; Phenology; quiescent flowers; ripening cycle

Biennial acorn maturation and its relationship with flowering phenology in Iberian populations of Quercus suber - Díaz-Fernández, Pedro M; Climent, José; Gil, Luis (Trees, 2004)
Since the XIX century, there is a controversy about the existence of biennial maturation of the acorns in Quercus suber L. While some authors recognised biennial cycles as an adaptation to habitats with short vegetative periods, other authors discarded the biennial pattern. Successive flowering events from spring to autumn and annual acorn ripening are proposed as an explanation of the multiple acorn crops typical of Iberian forests. To clarify this discussion, the presence of annual and biennial acorns was assessed in seven cork oak stands, covering a wide range of environmental conditions. In each stand, 100 individuals were sampled once in spring and once in autumn. Biennial acorns were observed with variable frequencies in all populations. There was a significant and positive relationship between latitude and the percentage of trees with biennial acorns within northern and central populations. On the contrary, this trend was not significant among southern populations. The hypothesis that the presence of biennial acorns in Quercus suber is related to individual female flowering phenology was confirmed in four populations located in the southwestern Iberian Peninsula. Unregarding local differences in the distribution of phenological stages anticipated trees bore significantly less biennial acorns than delayed individuals of the same stand. This result is coherent with the idea that the length of the vegetative period plays a crucial role in the frequency of annual and biennial acorn ripening patterns. The relationship between annual and biennial ripening cycles and the multiple acorn crops is discussed
Keywords: Cork oak; iberian peninsula; Phenology; quiescent flowers; ripening cycle

BIGGER IS NOT ALWAYS BETTER: CONFLICTING SELECTIVE PRESSURES ON SEED SIZE IN QUERCUS ILEX - Gómez, José M (Evolution, 2004)
Abstract Most theoretical treatments of the evolutionary ecology of offspring size assume a simple and direct effect of investment per offspring on offspring fitness. In this paper I experimentally determine the relationship between seed mass and several main fitness components of the oak Quercus ilex, to estimate phenotypic selection acting on seed mass during the early life cycle and to discover any potential selective conflicts occurring between different stages from dispersal to establishment. I found a positive effect of acorn size on most fitness components related to seedling establishment. Large size increased germination rate and seedling survival, accelerated germination timing, and enhanced seedling growth. Nevertheless, there was also a direct negative effect of acorn size on survival to predation, because large acorns were highly preferred by the main postdispersal seed predators at the study site, wild boars and wood mice. Because of the low probability of escape from predation, the fitness of large acorns estimated on this component was significantly lower than the fitness of smaller acorns. Therefore, seed size affected fitness in two different ways, yielding opposing and conflicting selective forces. These findings suggest that the general assumption that offspring fitness is a fixed positive function of seed size needs to be reconsidered for some systems. The existence of conflicting selection might explain the occurrence of an optimal seed size in some plant species without invoking a seed number-size trade-off.
Keywords: Evolutionary conflicts; logistic selection gradients; offspring size; seed predators; seed-mass evolution; selection episodes

Brotación de encinas (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota) con edades elevadas. Experiencias en el monte de Riofrío (Segovia) - SERRADA, R.; BRAVO, J. A.; ROIG, S. (Invest. Agrar.: Sist. Recur. For. Fuera de Serie, 2004)
Results from an experiment with the objective of studying the sprouting capability —shoots of stump or root— on aged holm-oak trees are shown in this paper. Site of study is located in Riofrío forest, at 960 m a.s.l. at north facing slope of Guadarrama range (Central mountain range), on deep siliceous soils. After an ecological and dasonomic inventory 24 aged trees were fellen; dbh of fellen trees vary from 22.3 to 73.2 cm and age was estimated to be between 70 and 251 years. Contingence tables and logistic regression were used to test the dependence relationship among trees characteristics and the intensity of subsequent sprouting. One period growth after felling, 13 trees (62%) among the live ones (21) that had been felled present some shoots; after three growth periods, the same portion raised to 81% (17). We found only shoots of stump in 65% of the trees that had sprouted; 12% of trees that have only shoots of root and 23% of the trees with both types of shoots. Neither shoot production nor shoot type —stump or root— seems to be influenced by age.
Keywords: coppice; old holm-oak; Regeneration; shoot of root; shoot of stump; sprouting capability; viability

Canopy recovery after drought dieback in holm-oak Mediterranean forests of Catalonia (NE Spain) - Lloret, Francisco; Siscart, Daniel; Dalmases, Carles (Global Change Biology, 2004)
Climate change is likely to produce more frequent and longer droughts in the Mediterranean region, like that of 1994, which produced important changes in the Quercus ilex forests, with up to 76% of the trees showing complete canopy dieback. At the landscape level, a mosaic of responses to the drought was observed, linked to the distribution of lithological substrates. Damage to the dominant tree species (Q. ilex) and the most common understorey shrub (Erica arborea) was more noticeable on the compact substrates (breccia) than on the fissured ones (schist). This result was consistent with observations documenting deeper root penetration in schist than in breccia materials, allowing the plants growing on fissured substrates to use water from deeper soil levels. Smaller plants were more vulnerable to drought than larger plants in the trees, but not in the shrubs. Overall, Q. ilex was more affected than E. arborea. The resilience of the system was evaluated from the canopy recovery 1 year after the episode. Stump and crown resprouting was fairly extensive, but the damage pattern in relation to substrate, plant size, and species remained similar. The effect of recurrent drought episodes was studied on vegetation patches of Q. ilex located on mountain slopes and surrounded by bare rock. We observed that plants that resprouted weakly after a previous drought in 1985 were more likely to die or to produce poor regeneration in 1995 than plants that had resprouted vigorously. Vegetation patches located on the lower part of the slope were also less damaged than patches situated uphill. The study provides evidence of relevant changes in forest canopy as a consequence of extreme climate events. The distribution of this effect across the landscape is mediated by lithological substrate, causing patchy patterns. The results also support the hypothesis that recurrent droughts can produce a progressive loss of resilience, by depleting the ability of surviving plants to regenerate.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: publisher: Blackwell Science Ltd
Keywords: climate change; Erica arborea; Quercus ilex; resilience; resprouting; severity; shift; threshold

Caracterização e Análise de Rendimento da Operação de Traçamento na Preparação de Pranchas de Cortiça para a Produção de Rolhas - Costa, Augusta; Pereira, Helena (Silva Lusitana, 2004)
The industrial processing of natural cork stoppers, the most profitable cork product, begins with the preparation of the cork planks. The raw cork planks are boiled in water and then manually cut by expert operators into smaller planks of homogeneous thickness and quality. This operation originates the first cork wastes in the industrial process. The cutting of the cork planks was studied with a random sampling of raw cork planks taken from one industrial unit after boiling, for which a virtual cutting was made following the markings done by skilled operators. The dimension and shape of the cork planks were analyzed as well as the potential maximum number of cork stoppers to be produced. The area, length and width of the raw cork planks are related with the shape of the tree stem and branches and with the cork stripping techniques, while the dimensions of the prepared cork planks are related to the specificities of the manual handling in the following operations in the industrial flow. On average, the cutting decreased the cork plank area to half. The wastes consisting of small pieces represented 5% of the initial raw cork. The analysis of the maximum potential yield of cork stoppers showed that the regions of the raw cork planks that do not allow the cutting of cork strips for the punching out of stoppers or their excess length represent a waste residue amounting to 17% of the cork plank area. The potential maximum number of cork stoppers depended directly on the plank area but the proportion of waste showed a decreasing trend with the increase of the plank area. In order to maximize the yield in the production of cork stoppers, raw cork planks with large dimensions should be used, taking into account the probable need for automation in the industrial cutting of cork strips.
Keywords: cork industry; cork planks; cutting process; natural cork stoppers; preparation; yield

Carbon and nitrogen winter storage and remobilisation during seasonal flush growth in two-year-old cork oak (Quercus suber L.) saplings - Cerasoli, Sofia; Maillard, Pascale; Scartazza, Andrea; Brugnoli, Enrico; Chaves, Maria Manuela; Pereira, João Santos; Erasolia, Sofia C.; Aillardc, Pascale M.; Cartazzad, Andrea S.; Rugnolid, Enrico B.; Havesa, Maria Manuela C.; Ereiraa, João Santos P. (Ann. For. Sci., 2004)
A dual long-term 13C and 15N labeling was used to assess the contribution of winter assimilated carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) for the spring growth flush of two-year-old cork oak plants. Changes in concentrations and partitioning of winter assimilated C and N, total C and N, and total-non-structural carbohydrates were followed from January to August in the various plant parts (first year and second year leaves, stem, branches, coarse and fine roots). No loss of winter C and N was observed with time suggesting that winter assimilates are retained within the plant and contribute to storage. A strong mobilisation of C and N was demonstrated from first year leaves and fine roots during the spring growth flush. Leaves from the second year and, to lesser extent, branches acted as sinks for winter C and N. At the beginning of the new leaf growth, a significant decrease in starch concentration occurred in first year leaves. In August, before leaf fall we observed also a mobilisation from first year to second year leaves, of N assimilated after labeling. We conclude that under these experimental conditions, both winter and current C and N were used for the spring growth flush of the cork oak plants. The foliage grown during the previous year was a source of winter and recently assimilated N and a source of C from recent assimilates for the new growth in the spring.
Keywords: 13C labeling; 15N labeling; carbohydrates; Quercus suber; remobilisation

Carbon and nitrogen winter storage and remobilisation during seasonal flush growth in two-year-old cork oak (Quercus suber L.) saplings - Cerasoli, Sofia; Maillard, Pascale; Scartazza, Andrea; Brugnoli, Enrico; Chaves, Maria Manuela; Pereira, João Santos; Erasolia, Sofia C; Aillardc, Pascale M; Cartazzad, Andrea S; Rugnolid, Enrico B; Havesa, Maria Manuela C; Ereiraa, João Santos P (Ann. For. Sci., 2004)
A dual long-term 13C and 15N labeling was used to assess the contribution of winter assimilated carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) for the spring growth flush of two-year-old cork oak plants. Changes in concentrations and partitioning of winter assimilated C and N, total C and N, and total-non-structural carbohydrates were followed from January to August in the various plant parts (first year and second year leaves, stem, branches, coarse and fine roots). No loss of winter C and N was observed with time suggesting that winter assimilates are retained within the plant and contribute to storage. A strong mobilisation of C and N was demonstrated from first year leaves and fine roots during the spring growth flush. Leaves from the second year and, to lesser extent, branches acted as sinks for winter C and N. At the beginning of the new leaf growth, a significant decrease in starch concentration occurred in first year leaves. In August, before leaf fall we observed also a mobilisation from first year to second year leaves, of N assimilated after labeling. We conclude that under these experimental conditions, both winter and current C and N were used for the spring growth flush of the cork oak plants. The foliage grown during the previous year was a source of winter and recently assimilated N and a source of C from recent assimilates for the new growth in the spring.
Keywords: 13C labeling; 15N labeling; carbohydrates; Quercus suber; remobilisation

Change in plant spatial patterns and diversity along the successional gradient of Mediterranean grazing ecosystems - Alados, Concepción L.; ElAich, Ahmed; Papanastasis, Vasilios P.; Ozbek, Huseyin; Navarro, Teresa; Freitas, Helena; Vrahnakis, Mihalis; Larrosi, Driss; Cabezudo, Baltasar (Ecological Modelling, 2004)
In this study, we analyze the complexity of plant spatial patterns and diversity along a successional gradient resulting from grazing disturbance in four characteristic ecosystems of the Mediterranean region. Grazing disturbance include not only defoliation by animals, but also associated disturbances as animal trampling, soil compaction, and mineralization by deposition of urine and feces. The results show that woodland and dense matorral are more resistant to species loss than middle dense and scattered matorral, or grassland. Information fractal dimension declined as we moved from a dense to a discontinuous matorral, increasing as we moved to a more scattered matorral and a grassland. In all studied cases, the characteristic species of the natural vegetation declined in frequency and organization with grazing disturbance. Heliophyllous species and others with postrate or rosette twigs increased with grazing pressure, particularly in dense matorral. In the more degraded ecosystem, only species with well-adapted traits, e.g., buried buds or unpalatable qualities showed a clear increase with grazing. Indeed, the homogeneity of species distribution within the plant community declined monotonically with grazing impact. Conversely, the spatial organization of the characteristic plants of each community increased in the better-preserved areas, being also related to the sensitivity of the species to grazing impact. The degree of autocorrelation of plant spatial distribution at the species level and the information fractal dimension at the community level allow us to quantify the degree of degradation of natural communities and to determine the sensitivity of key species to disturbance.
Keywords: fractal analysis; grazing systems; spatial patterns

Change in plant spatial patterns and diversity along the successional gradient of Mediterranean grazing ecosystems - Alados, Concepción L; ElAich, Ahmed; Papanastasis, Vasilios P; Ozbek, Huseyin; Navarro, Teresa; Freitas, Helena; Vrahnakis, Mihalis; Larrosi, Driss; Cabezudo, Baltasar (Ecological Modelling, 2004)
In this study, we analyze the complexity of plant spatial patterns and diversity along a successional gradient resulting from grazing disturbance in four characteristic ecosystems of the Mediterranean region. Grazing disturbance include not only defoliation by animals, but also associated disturbances as animal trampling, soil compaction, and mineralization by deposition of urine and feces. The results show that woodland and dense matorral are more resistant to species loss than middle dense and scattered matorral, or grassland. Information fractal dimension declined as we moved from a dense to a discontinuous matorral, increasing as we moved to a more scattered matorral and a grassland. In all studied cases, the characteristic species of the natural vegetation declined in frequency and organization with grazing disturbance. Heliophyllous species and others with postrate or rosette twigs increased with grazing pressure, particularly in dense matorral. In the more degraded ecosystem, only species with well-adapted traits, e.g., buried buds or unpalatable qualities showed a clear increase with grazing. Indeed, the homogeneity of species distribution within the plant community declined monotonically with grazing impact. Conversely, the spatial organization of the characteristic plants of each community increased in the better-preserved areas, being also related to the sensitivity of the species to grazing impact. The degree of autocorrelation of plant spatial distribution at the species level and the information fractal dimension at the community level allow us to quantify the degree of degradation of natural communities and to determine the sensitivity of key species to disturbance.
Keywords: fractal analysis; grazing systems; spatial patterns

Changes in pectins and MAPKs related to cell development during early microspore embryogenesis in Quercus suber L. - Ramírez, Carmen; Testillano, Pilar S; Pintos, Beatriz; Moreno-Risueño, Miguel a; Bueno, María a; Risueño, María C (European journal of cell biology, 2004)
The occurrence and significance of changes in cell wall components and signalling molecules has been investigated during early microspore embryogenesis in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) in relation to cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Microspore embryogenesis has been induced in in vitro anther cultures of Q. suber by the application of a stress treatment of 33 degrees C. After the treatment, microspores at the responsive developmental stage of vacuolate microspore switched towards proliferation and the embryogenesis pathway to further produce haploid plantlets. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical analysis revealed changes in cell organisation after induction at different developmental stages, the cellular features displayed being in relation to the activation of proliferative activity and the beginning of differentiation in young and late proembryos. Immunogold labelling with JIM5 and JIM7 antibodies showed a different presence of pectin and level of its esterification in cell walls at different developmental stages. Non-esterified pectins were found in higher proportions in cells of late proembryos, suggesting that pectin de-esterification could be related to the beginning of differentiation. The presence and subcellular distribution of Erk 1/2 MAPK homologues have been investigated by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling. The results showed an increase in the expression of these proteins with a high presence in the nucleus, during early microspore proembryos development. The reported changes during early microspore embryogenesis are modulated in relation to proliferation and differentiation events. These findings provided new evidences for a role of MAPK signalling pathways in early microspore embryogenesis, specifically in proliferation, and would confer information for the cell fate and the direction of the cell development.
Keywords: Cell Differentiation; Cell Differentiation: physiology; Electron; MAPKs; Microscopy; microspore embryogenesis; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1: metabolism; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3: metabolism; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: metabolism; Pectins; Pectins: metabolism; Proliferation; Quercus; Quercus: embryology; Quercus: enzymology; Quercus: metabolism; Seeds; Seeds: cytology; Seeds: ultrastructure

Changes in pectins and MAPKs related to cell development during early microspore embryogenesis in Quercus suber L. - Ramírez, Carmen; Testillano, Pilar S.; Pintos, Beatriz; Moreno-Risueño, Miguel a; Bueno, María a; Risueño, María C. (European journal of cell biology, 2004)
The occurrence and significance of changes in cell wall components and signalling molecules has been investigated during early microspore embryogenesis in cork oak (Quercus suber L.) in relation to cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Microspore embryogenesis has been induced in in vitro anther cultures of Q. suber by the application of a stress treatment of 33 degrees C. After the treatment, microspores at the responsive developmental stage of vacuolate microspore switched towards proliferation and the embryogenesis pathway to further produce haploid plantlets. Ultrastructural and immunocytochemical analysis revealed changes in cell organisation after induction at different developmental stages, the cellular features displayed being in relation to the activation of proliferative activity and the beginning of differentiation in young and late proembryos. Immunogold labelling with JIM5 and JIM7 antibodies showed a different presence of pectin and level of its esterification in cell walls at different developmental stages. Non-esterified pectins were found in higher proportions in cells of late proembryos, suggesting that pectin de-esterification could be related to the beginning of differentiation. The presence and subcellular distribution of Erk 1/2 MAPK homologues have been investigated by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and immunogold labelling. The results showed an increase in the expression of these proteins with a high presence in the nucleus, during early microspore proembryos development. The reported changes during early microspore embryogenesis are modulated in relation to proliferation and differentiation events. These findings provided new evidences for a role of MAPK signalling pathways in early microspore embryogenesis, specifically in proliferation, and would confer information for the cell fate and the direction of the cell development.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: accession-num: 15346811
Keywords: Cell Differentiation; Cell Differentiation: physiology; Electron; MAPKs; Microscopy; microspore embryogenesis; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1: metabolism; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3: metabolism; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases: metabolism; Pectins; Pectins: metabolism; Proliferation; Quercus; Quercus: embryology; Quercus: enzymology; Quercus: metabolism; Seeds; Seeds: cytology; Seeds: ultrastructure

Climatic factors and establishment of Quercus ilex-communities in Trieste Province (NE Italy) - Codogno, M.; Furlanetto, A. (Annali di Botanica, 2004)
In the coastal area called "Cernizza" (near Duino. ca 15 km NW from Trieste), at an altitude between 0 and 40 m. is located a wood vegetation complex characterized by Quercus ilex and Carpinus orientalis. The bedrocks of this site is carbonatic. This wood vegetation does not occur in other sites or the Trieste province, where deciduous oak woods (Q. pubescells, Q. petraea s.1.) are dominant both on arenaceus and on carbonatic rocks. Other Quercus ilex communities are occurring only as scrubs on the calcareous coastal cliffs characterized by primitive lithosoils. In order to detect if this wood community might be an expression of the c1imate dominating this particular zone, some Duino's c1imatic data, relative lo a record period of 9 years. have been compared with the Trieste's ones. The analysed parameters were the following: air temperature. rainfall, evaporation. wind speed and relative humidity. From the comparison of these paramenters it emerged that the Duino's climate is more humid than the Trieste's one. Only in springtime Duino is less rainy than Trieste according lo the analysis of the monthly mean values of precipitation. From the ecophysiological point of view, a study of the seasonal changes of the root hydraulic conductance in some forest trees (Nardini el al .. 1998) has pointed out the superiority of Quercus ilex compared to Quercus pubescens, as regards the competitive ability of the seedlings during the spring. For this reason, the smaller spring rainfall could explain the occurrence of Quercus ilex stands not only in the neighbourhood of Duino but also at the beginning of the large valleys characterized by S•N direction in the South Eastern Alps.
Keywords: climate; Holm oak; plant ecology; Quercus ilex; Trieste province; Vegetation

Climatic factors and establishment of Quercus ilex-communities in Trieste Province (NE Italy) - Codogno, M; Furlanetto, A (Annali di Botanica, 2004)
In the coastal area called "Cernizza" (near Duino. ca 15 km NW from Trieste), at an altitude between 0 and 40 m. is located a wood vegetation complex characterized by Quercus ilex and Carpinus orientalis. The bedrocks of this site is carbonatic. This wood vegetation does not occur in other sites or the Trieste province, where deciduous oak woods (Q. pubescells, Q. petraea s.1.) are dominant both on arenaceus and on carbonatic rocks. Other Quercus ilex communities are occurring only as scrubs on the calcareous coastal cliffs characterized by primitive lithosoils. In order to detect if this wood community might be an expression of the c1imate dominating this particular zone, some Duino's c1imatic data, relative lo a record period of 9 years. have been compared with the Trieste's ones. The analysed parameters were the following: air temperature. rainfall, evaporation. wind speed and relative humidity. From the comparison of these paramenters it emerged that the Duino's climate is more humid than the Trieste's one. Only in springtime Duino is less rainy than Trieste according lo the analysis of the monthly mean values of precipitation. From the ecophysiological point of view, a study of the seasonal changes of the root hydraulic conductance in some forest trees (Nardini el al .. 1998) has pointed out the superiority of Quercus ilex compared to Quercus pubescens, as regards the competitive ability of the seedlings during the spring. For this reason, the smaller spring rainfall could explain the occurrence of Quercus ilex stands not only in the neighbourhood of Duino but also at the beginning of the large valleys characterized by S•N direction in the South Eastern Alps.
Keywords: climate; Holm oak; plant ecology; Quercus ilex; Trieste province; Vegetation

Common cranes Grus grus and habitat management in holm oak dehesas of Spain - Aviles, J M (BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION, 2004)
Changes in agricultural policies have favored tree clearing and removal of shrubs to favor intensive farming in the holm oak Quercus ilex dehesas of Iberia. The effect of these changes for bird species wintering in this agricultural landscape has been rarely analyzed. Here the effects are studied of farming changes in traditional holm oak dehesas on population size, social structure and time budget of common cranes Grus grus in eight traditional wintering sites in Spain. The role of acorn availability, the principal winter food of the species, in relation to management is also assessed. The number of cranes in each wintering area was not related to degree of agricultural intensification, nor to the availability of acorns. However, crane flock size decreased, and the relative occurrence of isolated family groups increased in less intensively transformed wintering areas characterized by the predominance of fallow lands. The age composition of crane flocks varied with acorn availability since more juveniles were reported in areas with relatively lower acorn availability. Time budget was also related to acorn availability, since cranes spent relatively more time preening in those wintering areas with higher availability of acorns. Globally evidence suggests the need to maintain the fallow land (posios) to sustain the wintering populations of cranes in Iberia, since this agro-grazing system maintains most of the juvenile cranes using the western migratory route.
Keywords: acorns; agricultural policies; holm oak dehesas

Common cranes Grus grus and habitat management in holm oak dehesas of Spain - Aviles, J. M. (BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION, 2004)
Changes in agricultural policies have favored tree clearing and removal of shrubs to favor intensive farming in the holm oak Quercus ilex dehesas of Iberia. The effect of these changes for bird species wintering in this agricultural landscape has been rarely analyzed. Here the effects are studied of farming changes in traditional holm oak dehesas on population size, social structure and time budget of common cranes Grus grus in eight traditional wintering sites in Spain. The role of acorn availability, the principal winter food of the species, in relation to management is also assessed. The number of cranes in each wintering area was not related to degree of agricultural intensification, nor to the availability of acorns. However, crane flock size decreased, and the relative occurrence of isolated family groups increased in less intensively transformed wintering areas characterized by the predominance of fallow lands. The age composition of crane flocks varied with acorn availability since more juveniles were reported in areas with relatively lower acorn availability. Time budget was also related to acorn availability, since cranes spent relatively more time preening in those wintering areas with higher availability of acorns. Globally evidence suggests the need to maintain the fallow land (posios) to sustain the wintering populations of cranes in Iberia, since this agro-grazing system maintains most of the juvenile cranes using the western migratory route.
The following values have no corresponding Zotero field: pub-location: VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS publisher: KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL
Keywords: acorns; agricultural policies; holm oak dehesas

Congruency analysis of species ranking based on leaf traits: which traits are the more reliable? - Roche, Philip; Díaz-Burlinson, Natalia; Gachet, Sophie (Plant Ecology formerly `Vegetatio', 2004)
Nine leaf traits area, fresh weight, dry weight, volume, density, thickness, speciﬁc leaf area SLA, dry matter content LDMC, leaf nitrogen content LNC from ten plant species at eight sites in southern mediterranean France were investigated in order to assess their variability along a climatic gradient and their ranking congruency power. After examination of trait correlation patterns, we reduced the nine initial leaf traits to four traits, representative of three correlation groups: allometric traits dry weight, functional traits SLA and dry matter percentage and Leaf Thickness. We analysed the variability of these four leaf traits at species and site level. We observed that between species variation between 64.5 for SLA and 91% for LDMC is higher than within species variation. Allowing a good congruency of species ranking assessed by spearman rank correlation and a good reallocation of individuals to species by discriminant analysis. A site level variability between 0.7% for Dry weight and 6.9% for SLA was identiﬁed and environmental parameters altitude, temperature, precipitation, nitrogen, pH were considered as probable control factors. We found signiﬁcant correlation between SLA, LDMC and the average minimum temperature respectively r0.87 and r-0,9 and no correlation for the other traits or environmental parameters. Furthermore, we conclude that two leaf traits appear to be central in describing species: speciﬁc leaf area SLA, percentage of dry matter LDMC. While, SLA and LDMC are strongly correlated, LDMC appears to be less variable than SLA. According to our results the Dry Matter Content or its reversal Leaf Water Content appears the best leaf trait to be quantiﬁed for plant functional screening. Leaf thickness appeared to be rather uncorrelated with other leaf traits and show no environmental contingency; its variability could not have been explained in this study. Further studies should focus on this trait.
Keywords: dry matter content; France; Mediterranean; sla

Congruency analysis of species ranking based on leaf traits: which traits are the more reliable? - Roche, Philip; Díaz-Burlinson, Natalia; Gachet, Sophie (Plant Ecology formerly `Vegetatio', 2004)
Nine leaf traits area, fresh weight, dry weight, volume, density, thickness, speciﬁc leaf area SLA, dry matter content LDMC, leaf nitrogen content LNC from ten plant species at eight sites in southern mediterranean France were investigated in order to assess their variability along a climatic gradient and their ranking congruency power. After examination of trait correlation patterns, we reduced the nine initial leaf traits to four traits, representative of three correlation groups: allometric traits dry weight, functional traits SLA and dry matter percentage and Leaf Thickness. We analysed the variability of these four leaf traits at species and site level. We observed that between species variation between 64.5 for SLA and 91% for LDMC is higher than within species variation. Allowing a good congruency of species ranking assessed by spearman rank correlation and a good reallocation of individuals to species by discriminant analysis. A site level variability between 0.7% for Dry weight and 6.9% for SLA was identiﬁed and environmental parameters altitude, temperature, precipitation, nitrogen, pH were considered as probable control factors. We found signiﬁcant correlation between SLA, LDMC and the average minimum temperature respectively r0.87 and r-0,9 and no correlation for the other traits or environmental parameters. Furthermore, we conclude that two leaf traits appear to be central in describing species: speciﬁc leaf area SLA, percentage of dry matter LDMC. While, SLA and LDMC are strongly correlated, LDMC appears to be less variable than SLA. According to our results the Dry Matter Content or its reversal Leaf Water Content appears the best leaf trait to be quantiﬁed for plant functional screening. Leaf thickness appeared to be rather uncorrelated with other leaf traits and show no environmental contingency; its variability could not have been explained in this study. Further studies should focus on this trait.
Keywords: dry matter content; France; Mediterranean; sla

Consequences of dehesa land use on nutritional status of vegetation in Central-Western Spain - Obrador-Olán, J J (…systems. Advances in …, 2004)
A dehesa is a silvoarable system, which results in structure and species simplification of Mediterranean forests. Activities like livestock, forestry, agriculture and, recently, hunting are carried out in these places, in which three main structures are found: trees with native grasses (G), trees with crops (C) and trees with woody understorey (M). In order to find out the effect of dehesa land use on nutritional status, we have measured the nutrient content (N and P) of the vegetation (holm-oak and crop) in three farms located in Central Western Spain, considering in each one the three aforementioned dehesa types. Additionally, the effect of the tree on soil fertility was studied in order to map soil resources around the oak-trees, which will be useful to model the tree-understorey interactions and dehesa functioning. Soil samples (first 20-cm depth) were taken at different distances from the tree (from 2 up to 20 m) in three trees per plot (9 plots: 3 farms x 3 land uses). In all samples, pH, soil organic matter (SOM), cationic exchange capacity (CEC), total N and available P were determined. Foliar nutrient content of holm-oak (N and P) was measured in mature leaves of nine trees per plot. Crop samples were collected at four distances (2, 5, 10 and 15 m) of the trunk of 9 mature trees per plot (only cropped plots). Trees in C plots presented the highest values of leaf-N, which is related to fertiliser application and to organic material incorporation/mineralization. Trees in M plots showed the lowest values of leaf-N, indicating a competitive effect of the matorral. By contrast, highest values of P were found in M plots, indicating a positive interaction between trees and shrubs in P uptake. Differences between C and G plots were not significant. In soils, values of all measured parameters, except pH, diminished according to the distance from the holm-oak, which indicates a marked and positive effect of trees on soil fertility. Regarding the land use, both N and P presented significant differences, being M and C, respectively, which had the highest contents, which does not coincide with the results from leaf nutrient contents. By contrast, N and P values in cereal had a similar behaviour to those of soil, indicating the high dependence of the crop on the nutrients of the first cm of the soil.
Keywords: dehesa management intercropped systems; leaf nutrients; Soil fertility; tree-understorey interactions

Consequences of dehesa land use on nutritional status of vegetation in Central-Western Spain - Obrador-Olán, J. J. (…systems. Advances in …, 2004)
A dehesa is a silvoarable system, which results in structure and species simplification of Mediterranean forests. Activities like livestock, forestry, agriculture and, recently, hunting are carried out in these places, in which three main structures are found: trees with native grasses (G), trees with crops (C) and trees with woody understorey (M). In order to find out the effect of dehesa land use on nutritional status, we have measured the nutrient content (N and P) of the vegetation (holm-oak and crop) in three farms located in Central Western Spain, considering in each one the three aforementioned dehesa types. Additionally, the effect of the tree on soil fertility was studied in order to map soil resources around the oak-trees, which will be useful to model the tree-understorey interactions and dehesa functioning. Soil samples (first 20-cm depth) were taken at different distances from the tree (from 2 up to 20 m) in three trees per plot (9 plots: 3 farms x 3 land uses). In all samples, pH, soil organic matter (SOM), cationic exchange capacity (CEC), total N and available P were determined. Foliar nutrient content of holm-oak (N and P) was measured in mature leaves of nine trees per plot. Crop samples were collected at four distances (2, 5, 10 and 15 m) of the trunk of 9 mature trees per plot (only cropped plots). Trees in C plots presented the highest values of leaf-N, which is related to fertiliser application and to organic material incorporation/mineralization. Trees in M plots showed the lowest values of leaf-N, indicating a competitive effect of the matorral. By contrast, highest values of P were found in M plots, indicating a positive interaction between trees and shrubs in P uptake. Differences between C and G plots were not significant. In soils, values of all measured parameters, except pH, diminished according to the distance from the holm-oak, which indicates a marked and positive effect of trees on soil fertility. Regarding the land use, both N and P presented significant differences, being M and C, respectively, which had the highest contents, which does not coincide with the results from leaf nutrient contents. By contrast, N and P values in cereal had a similar behaviour to those of soil, indicating the high dependence of the crop on the nutrients of the first cm of the soil.
Keywords: dehesa management intercropped systems; leaf nutrients; Soil fertility; tree-understorey interactions

Determination of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Binding to Browse Foliage, as an Assay of Tannin, by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy - Landau, Serge; Dvash, Levana; Decandia, Mauro; Cabiddu, Andrea; Shapiro, Fira; Molle, Giovanni; Silanikove, Nissim (Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2004)
Nutritionists are interested in functional assays of tannins that do not require time-consuming and expensive extraction, such as the 14C-labeled poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-binding (PEG-b) assay. This paper reports the application of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to determine the percentage of PEG binding, in place of the 14C-labeled PEG-b assay of tannin, in Mediterranean woodland vegetation. Calibration was done with 53 samples from 14 species and was validated on 25 samples from 10 species. PEG-b ranged between 1.4 and 20.7% in the samples. The calibration obtained by using the modified partial least-squares (MPLS) method, with all wavelengths in the 1100?2500 nm range combined, and the validation were reasonably linear (R?2 = 0.96 and 0.91, respectively). The accuracies, estimated from the standard errors of cross-validation and prediction, were ±1.6 and ±1.7% PEG-b, respectively. The NIRS-aided procedure proposed here can serve as an accurate, inexpensive, time-saving, and environment-friendly functional assay of tannin in Mediterranean browse. Keywords: NIRS; goats; nutrition; poly(ethylene glycol); pasture
From Duplicate 1 (Determination of Poly(ethylene glycol)-Binding to Browse Foliage, as an Assay of Tannin, by Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy - Landau, Serge; Dvash, Levana; Decandia, Mauro; Cabiddu, Andrea; Shapiro, Fira; Molle, Giovanni; Silanikove, Nissim)
Keywords: Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Carbon Radioisotopes; Fabaceae; Fabaceae: chemistry; Goats; Hydrolyzable Tannins; Hydrolyzable Tannins: analysis; Near-Infrared; NIRS; nutrition; pasture; poly(ethylene glycol); Polyethylene Glycols; Polyethylene Glycols: metabolism; Spectroscopy

Development of a stochastic dynamic model for ecological indicators’ prediction in changed Mediterranean agroecosystems of north-eastern Portugal - Santos, Mário; Cabral, João Alexandre (Ecological Indicators, 2004)
A holistic stochastic dynamic model was developed by focusing on the interactions between conceptually isolated keycomponents, such as local passerine guilds and changes in habitat conditions, in Mediterranean agroecosystems of the “Terra Quente Transmontana region” (north-eastern Portugal). The ecological integrity of the typical patchwork of this region, with respect to land use, can be partly assessed by the observation of the occurrence of passerine guilds. These important indicators and state variables are the underlying database of our model. This model aimed the prediction of the ecological changes which can be expected when olive orchards are being intensiﬁed. The model proposed was preceded by a conventional multivariate statistical procedure (stepwise multiple regression analysis) performed to discriminate the signiﬁcant relationships between guild richness and environmental variables. Since this statistical analysis is static, the dataset recorded from the ﬁeld included true gradients of habitat changes. The model parameters were estimated from the results of the stochastic treatment and from regional data regarding tendencies within the use of land. A period of 50 years was considered. The ﬁnal model provided some basis to analyse the responses of passerine guilds to the environmental scenarios that will characterize the new agroecosystems of the region. The model simulations were incorporated into a Geographical Information System (GIS) approach. The results of the simulation revealed a structural drift within the different guild richness in response to the expected gradient of habitat changes. The possible local extinction of several species within the less well-represented guilds, such as the steppe passerine species, may be associated with a predictable reduction in ecological integrity of the typical agroecosystems. Therefore, a new structure of the passerine communities indicates that future agroecosystems will diverge from the initial or actual ecological state.
Keywords: ecological integrity indicators; mediterranean agroecosystems; olive orchards; passerine functional guilds; stochastic dynamic model

Development of a stochastic dynamic model for ecological indicators’ prediction in changed Mediterranean agroecosystems of north-eastern Portugal - Santos, Mário; Cabral, João Alexandre (Ecological Indicators, 2004)
A holistic stochastic dynamic model was developed by focusing on the interactions between conceptually isolated keycomponents, such as local passerine guilds and changes in habitat conditions, in Mediterranean agroecosystems of the “Terra Quente Transmontana region” (north-eastern Portugal). The ecological integrity of the typical patchwork of this region, with respect to land use, can be partly assessed by the observation of the occurrence of passerine guilds. These important indicators and state variables are the underlying database of our model. This model aimed the prediction of the ecological changes which can be expected when olive orchards are being intensiﬁed. The model proposed was preceded by a conventional multivariate statistical procedure (stepwise multiple regression analysis) performed to discriminate the signiﬁcant relationships between guild richness and environmental variables. Since this statistical analysis is static, the dataset recorded from the ﬁeld included true gradients of habitat changes. The model parameters were estimated from the results of the stochastic treatment and from regional data regarding tendencies within the use of land. A period of 50 years was considered. The ﬁnal model provided some basis to analyse the responses of passerine guilds to the environmental scenarios that will characterize the new agroecosystems of the region. The model simulations were incorporated into a Geographical Information System (GIS) approach. The results of the simulation revealed a structural drift within the different guild richness in response to the expected gradient of habitat changes. The possible local extinction of several species within the less well-represented guilds, such as the steppe passerine species, may be associated with a predictable reduction in ecological integrity of the typical agroecosystems. Therefore, a new structure of the passerine communities indicates that future agroecosystems will diverge from the initial or actual ecological state.
Keywords: ecological integrity indicators; mediterranean agroecosystems; olive orchards; passerine functional guilds; stochastic dynamic model

Differences between structural and functional environmental heterogeneity caused by seed dispersal - GÓMEZ, J M; Valladares, F; PUERTA-PIÑERO, C (Functional Ecology, 2004)
* 1This paper explores the idea that functional heterogeneity (variability of a system property affecting ecological processes) is only a fraction of the available structural heterogeneity (variability of a property measured without reference to ecological effects) caused by non-random propagule dispersal. We report the effect of acorn dispersal by jays on the light environment experienced by Holm Oaks (Quercus ilex L.) during early recruitment in a Mediterranean montane forest. * 2Four light variables were estimated by studying hemispherical photographs: direct site factor (DSF); indirect site factor (ISF); and potential direct radiation during April (PDRApril) and August (PDRAugust). Means and variances of these variables were compared before and after the dispersal of acorns by jays. * 3The landscape occupied by Holm Oaks was very heterogeneous, which translated into differences in the available light among microhabitats of up to one order of magnitude. * 4Because of the spatial pattern of acorn dispersal, the light environment of the oaks during their establishment was much more homogeneous than that in the whole landscape. * 5This demonstrates that the heterogeneity relevant for plant recruitment is not necessarily that of the landscape as a whole.
Keywords: light environment; Quercus ilex; seed dispersal; spatial heterogeneity; structural vs functional heterogeneity